consortium leader peter pazmany catholic university...– 802.19 coexistence technical advisory...
TRANSCRIPT
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Development of Complex Curricula for Molecular Bionics and Infobionics Programs within a consortial* framework**
Consortium leader
PETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITYConsortium members
SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY, DIALOG CAMPUS PUBLISHER
The Project has been realised with the support of the European Union and has been co-financed by the European Social Fund ***
**Molekuláris bionika és Infobionika Szakok tananyagának komplex fejlesztése konzorciumi keretben
***A projekt az Európai Unió támogatásával, az Európai Szociális Alap társfinanszírozásával valósul meg.
PETER PAZMANY
CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY
SEMMELWEIS
UNIVERSITY
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Peter Pazmany Catholic University
Faculty of Information Technology
Ad hoc Sensor Networks
Standardized wireless systems
www.itk.ppke.hu
Érzékelő mobilhálózatok
Standardizált vezeték nélküli rendszerek
Dr. Oláh András
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Ad hoc Sensor Networks: Standardized wireless systems
Lecture 7 review• Network layer functions
• Routing algorithmrequirements and strategies
• Network of networks: the Internet
• Routing in traditional networking technologies (Dijkstra, Belman-Ford routing algorithm)
• Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks
• Routing as a quadratic optimization problem
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Ad hoc Sensor Networks: Standardized wireless systems
Outline• The IEEE 802 Family of Standards
• Cellular Systems (recall)
• Wireless LANs alias Wifi (recall)
• Bluetooth
• ZigBee
• Summary of– 3G standards
– WLAN standards
– WPAN standards
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Standards• Interacting systems require standardization
• Companies want their systems adopted as standard– Alternatively try for de-facto standards
• Standards determined by TIA/CTIA in US– IEEE standards often adopted
– Process fraught with inefficiencies and conflicts
• Worldwide standards determined by ITU-T
– In Europe, ETSI is equivalent of IEEE
Ad hoc Sensor Networks: Standardized wireless systems
Recall from Chapter 1
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The IEEE 802 Family of Standards• The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers:
– A technical, professional, and student society.
– Publishes many journals and magazines.
– Also has developed a few technical standards.
• Working Groups– 802.1 High Level Interface (HILI) Working Group (active)
– 802.2 Logical Link Control (LLC) Working Group (hibernating)
– 802.3 CSMA/CD Working Group (active) – Ethernet, standard for wiredLAN’s
– 802.4 Token Bus Working Group (hibernating)
– 802.5 Token Ring Working Group (hibernating)
– 802.6 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) Working Group (hibernating)
Ad hoc Sensor Networks: Standardized wireless systems
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The IEEE 802 Family of Standards (cont’)• Working Groups (cont’)
– 802.7 Broadband Technical Adv. Group (BBTAG) (hibernating)
– 802.9 Integrated Services LAN (ISLAN) Working Group (hibernating)
– 802.10 Standard for Interoperable LAN Security (SILS) Working Group(hibernating)
– 802.11 Wireless LAN (WLAN) Working Group (active)– 802.12 Demand Priority Working Group (hibernating)
– 802.14 Cable-TV Based Broadband Communication Network WorkingGroup (disbanded, no publications)
– 802.15 Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) Working Group(active)
– 802.16 Broadband Wireless Access (BBWA) Working Group (active)
– 802.17 Resilient Packet Ring (RPR) (active)
Ad hoc Sensor Networks: Standardized wireless systems
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The IEEE 802 Family of Standards (cont’)• Working Groups (cont’)
– 802.18 Radio Regulatory Technical Advisory Group (active)
– 802.19 Coexistence Technical Advisory Group (active)
– 802.20 Mobile Wireless Access Working Group (active)
Ad hoc Sensor Networks: Standardized wireless systems
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Ad hoc Sensor Networks: Standardized wireless systems
Cellular Systems (cont’)• Typically require different access and routing strategies since data
is bursty, whereas voice is continuous
• 3G features:– 384 Kbps (802.11n has 100s of Mbps).
– Standard based on wideband CDMA
– Packet-based switching for both voice and data
– 3G cellular popular in Asia and Europe
• Evolution of existing systems in US (2.5G++)– GSM+EDGE, IS-95(CDMA)+HDR
– 100 Kbps may be enough
– Dual phone (2/3G+Wifi) use growing (iPhone, Google)
• What means beyond 3G? Good question.
Recall from Chapter 1
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Ad hoc Sensor Networks: Standardized wireless systems
Cellular Systems (cont’)• 4G and Long Term Evolution (LTE) features:
– Ortgogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing/ Multiple Input Multiple Output technology (OFDM/MIMO)
– Much higher data rates (50-100 Mbps)
– Greater spectral efficiency (bits/s/Hz)
– Flexible use of up to 100 MHz of spectrum
– Low packet latency (<5ms).
– Increased system capacity
– Reduced cost-per-bit
– Support for multimedia
Recall from Chapter 1
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Ad hoc Sensor Networks: Standardized wireless systems
• Wireless Multimedia (wireless HDTV, and gaming) everywhere
• Wifi features:– Streaming video
– Gbps data rates
– High reliability
• WLANs connect “local” computers (100m range)
• Breaks data into packets
• Channel access is shared (random access)
• Backbone Internet provides best-effort service(no QoS)
– Poor performance in some apps (e.g. video)
Wireless LANs alias WifiRecall from Chapter 1
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Wireless LANs alias Wifi (cont’)• 802.11b (Old – 1990s)
– Standard for 2.4GHz ISM band (80 MHz)– Direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS)– Speeds of 11 Mbps, approx. 120m range
• 802.11a/g (1999/2003 -)– Standard for 5GHz – OFDM in 20 MHz with adaptive rate/codes– Speeds of 54 Mbps, approx. 30-50m range
802.11n (2009 - )– Standard in 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz band– Adaptive OFDM /MIMO in 20/40 MHz (2-4 antennas)– Speeds up to 600Mbps, approx. 50m range
Ad hoc Sensor Networks: Standardized wireless systems
Recall from Chapter 1
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Bluetooth idea and features
Ad hoc Sensor Networks: Standardized wireless systems
• Cable replacement RF technology (low cost)• Short range (10m, extendable to 100m)• 2.4 GHz band (crowded)• 1 Data (700 Kbps) and 3 voice channels, up to
3 Mbps• Widely supported by telecommunications, PC,
and consumer electronics companies• Few applications beyond cable replacement• Universal radio interface for ad-hoc wireless
connectivity• Embedded in other devices, goal: $5/device
(2005: $40 bluetooth headset)
2001
2010
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Ad hoc Sensor Networks: Standardized wireless systems
Bluetooth history• History
– 1994: Ericsson (Mattison/Haartsen), “MC-link” project– Renaming of the project: Bluetooth according to Harald “Blåtand” Gormsen[son of
Gorm], King of Denmark in the 10th century– 1998: foundation of Bluetooth SIG– 1999: erection of a rune stone at Ercisson/Lund– 2001: first consumer products for mass market, spec. version 1.1 released– Nov. 8, 2004 (Overland Park, KS): Version 2.0 + EDR (Enhanced Data Rate) is
announced. Up to 3 Mbps.
• Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG)– Original founding members: Ericsson, Intel, IBM, Nokia, Toshiba– Added promoters: 3Com, Agere (was: Lucent), Microsoft, Motorola– > 2500 members– Common specification and certification of products
• IEEE founded IEEE 802.15 for Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPAN) and approved a Bluetooth-based standard.
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Ad hoc Sensor Networks: Standardized wireless systems
Bluetooth characteristics• 2.4 GHz ISMband, 79 RF channels, 1 MHz carrier spacing
• Channel 0: 2402 MHz … channel 78: 2480 MHz• GFSK modulation, 1-100 mWtransmit power
• FHSS and TDD• Frequency hopping with 1600 hops/s• Hopping sequence in a pseudo random fashion, determined bya master• Time division duplex for send/receive separation
• Two type of links:• Voice link – SCO (Synchronous Connection Oriented): FEC (forward error
correction), no retransmission, 64 kbit/s duplex, point-to-point, circuitswitched
• Data link – ACL (Asynchronous Connectionless): Asynchronous, fastacknowledge, point-to-multipoint, up to 433.9 kbit/s symmetric or723.2/57.6 kbit/s asymmetric, packet switched
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Ad hoc Sensor Networks: Standardized wireless systems
Bluetooth characteristics (cont’)• Topology: Overlapping piconets (stars) forming a scatternet• Advantage:
– already integrated into several products, available worldwide,– free ISM-band, several vendors,– simple system, simple ad-hoc networking, peer to peer, scatternets
• Disadvantage:– interference on ISM-band,– limited range,– max. 8 devices/network,– high set-up latency
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Ad hoc Sensor Networks: Standardized wireless systems
Bluetooth protocol stack
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Ad hoc Sensor Networks: Standardized wireless systems
Bluetooth network: piconet• Collection of devices connected in an ad hoc fashion.• One unit acts asmaster and the others asslavesfor the lifetime
of the piconet.• Master determines hopping pattern, slaves have to synchronize:
– Master gives slaves its clock and device ID Addressing (Active MemberAddress(AMA , 3 bit) andParked Member Address(PMA , 8 bit))
– Phase in hopping pattern determined by clock– Each piconet has a unique hopping pattern determined by device ID (48
bit, unique worldwide)• Participation in a piconet = synchronization to hopping
sequence:• Each piconet has one master and up to 7 simultaneous slaves (>
200 could be parked).
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Ad hoc Sensor Networks: Standardized wireless systems
Bluetooth network: piconet (cont’)
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Bluetooth network: scatternet• Linking of multiple co-located piconets through the sharing of common
master or slave devices• Devices can be slave in one piconet and master of another: as soon as a master
leaves a piconnet, all traffic within this piconet is suspended until the masterreturns.
• Communication between piconets• Devices jumping back and forth between the piconets
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Operational state of a Bluetooth device
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IEEE 802.15.4 / ZigBee Radios
Ad hoc Sensor Networks: Standardized wireless systems
• Low-Rate WPAN• Data rates of 20, 40, 250 Kbps• Support for large mesh networking
or star clusters• Support for low latency devices• CSMA-CA channel access• Very low power consumption• Frequency of operation in ISM
bands (2.4GHz)• Focus is primarily on low power
wireless sensor networks
Mesh, Star or Tree topology
Recall from Chapter 1
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IEEE 802.15.4 / ZigBee Radios (cont’)
Ad hoc Sensor Networks: Standardized wireless systems
• ZigBee Aliance– „the software” – Network, Security & Application layers– Brand management
• IEEE 802.15.4– “the hardware” – Physical & Media Access Control layers
• What does ZigBee do?– Designed for wireless controls and
sensors– Operates in Personal Area Networks
(PAN’s) and device-to-device networks– Connectivity between small packet
devices– Control of lights, switches, thermostats,
appliances, etc.
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ZigBee Mesh Networking
Ad hoc Sensor Networks: Standardized wireless systems
• Topology– Star– Cluster Tree– Mesh
• Network coordinator, routers, end devices
• States of operation– Active– Sleep
• Devices– Full Function Devices (FFD’s)– Reduced Function Devices (RFD’s)
• Modes of operation– Beacon– Non-beacon
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Summary of current wireless systems
Ad hoc Sensor Networks: Standardized wireless systems
3G standars cdma2000 W-CDMA
Subclass 1X 1XEV-D0 1xEV-DV 3X UMTS FOMA J-Phone
Bandwidth (MHz) 1.25 3.75 5
Chip Rate (Mchips/s) 1.2288 3.6864 3.84
Max. data rate (Mbps) 0.144 2.4 4.8 5-8 2.4 (8-10 with HSDPA)
Modulaton QPSK (Down link), BPSK (Up link)
Coding Convolutional (low rate), Turbo coding (high rate)
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Recall from Chapter 1
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Summary of current wireless systems (cont’)
Ad hoc Sensor Networks: Standardized wireless systems
WLAN standards 802.11 802.11a 802.11b 802.11g
Bandwidth (MHz) 83.5
Frequency 2.4 GHz 5.2GHz 2.4GHz 2.4GHz
Number of Channels 3 12 3 3
Modulation BPSK, QPSK
DSSS, FHSS
BPSK, QPSK
MQAM, OFDM
BPSK, QPSK
DSSS
BPSK, QPSK
MQAM, OFDM
Coding Convolutional Convolutional
Max. data rate (Mbps)
1.2 54 11 54
Range 27-30 75-100 30
Access CSMA/CA
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Recall from Chapter 1
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Summary of current wireless systems (cont’)
Ad hoc Sensor Networks: Standardized wireless systems
WPAN standards ZigBee
(802.15.4)
Bluetooth
(802.15.1)
UWB
(802.15.3)
Frequency Range (GHz) 2.4 -2.4835 2.4 -2.4835 3.1-10.6
Max. Data Rate (Mbps) 0.25 1 100
Range (m) 30 10 10
Modulation BPSK, OQPSK
DSSS
GFSK
FHSS
BPSK, QPSK
OFDM or DSSS
Power Consumption (mW) 5-20 40-100 80-150
Access CSMA/CS Time Division Undefined
Networking Mesh/Star/Tree Subnet Clusters Undefined
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Recall from Chapter 1
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Summary• The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) is
the most important technical society which publishes manyjournals and magazines and it also has developed a fewtechnical standards.
• The cellular mobile networks are developing constantly.• Wifi is also developing and capable of offering higher data
speed to a larger number of users.• Bluetooth has completed its mission: it ensures small range,
small size, integrated and cheap wireless networks• ZigBee is a protocol stack built on IEEE 802.15.4 physical and
MAC layer.• Next lecture: Communication protocols for wireless sensor
networks
Ad hoc Sensor Networks: Standardized wireless systems