consti case list asg david final

7/25/2019 Consti Case List Asg David Final

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asCONSTITUTIONAL LAW IICourse Syllabus1

A.Y. 2015 2016

Associate Solicitor Jose Angelo A. David

THE CONSTITUTION AND E!UISITES O" #UDICIAL E$IEW

"UNDA%ENTAL &OWES O" THE STATE

&OLICE &OWE

1. Aquino v. Municipality of Malay Aklan [G.R. No. 211356, Septeme! 2",2#1$%

& Gene!ally, 'G() *ave no po+e! to ecla!e a pa!ticula! t*in- a) anui)ance unle)) )uc* a t*in- i) a nui)anceper se.e)pite t*e *otel/)cla))i0cation a) a nui)anceper accidens, *o+eve!, t*e 'G( mayneve!t*ele)) p!ope!ly o!e! t*e *otel/) emolition. *i) i) ecau)e, in

t*e ee!ci)e of police po+e! an t*e -ene!al +elfa!e clau)e,p!ope!ty !i-*t) of iniviual) may e )uecte to !e)t!aint) anu!en) in o!e! to ful0ll t*e oective) of t*e -ove!nment. Mo!eove!,t*e 'ocal Gove!nment 4oe aut*o!ie) city an municipal-ove!nment), actin- t*!ou-* t*ei! local c*ief eecutive), to i))ueemolition o!e!). *e oce of t*e mayo! *a) qua)i&uicial po+e!)to o!e! t*e clo)inan emolition of e)tali)*ment).

2. MMA v. 7el&Ai! [G.R. No. 135"62, Ma!c* 28, 2###%& Not ein- a political )uivi)ion ut me!ely an eecutive aut*o!ity it

*a) no police po+e!.

1 9*ilippine A))ociation of Se!vice :po!te!) v). !ilon [G.R. No. '&;1"5;,


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& *e ta i) levie +it* a !e-ulato!y pu!po)e, to p!ovie mean) fo!t*e !e*ailitation an )tailiation of t*e t*!eatene )u-a! inu)t!y. @not*e! +o!), t*e act i) p!ima!ily an ee!ci)e of t*e police po+e!.

1 A))ociation of Small 'ano+ne!) v). Sec!eta!y of A-!a!ian Refo!m [G.R.No. 8;8$2,


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& An o!inance of Eueon 4ity, une! t*e -ui)e of ee!ci)in- policepo+e!, p!e)c!ie t*at at lea)t 6F of t*e totala!ea of memo!ial pa!k)mu)t e evelope an )et a)ie fo! t*e u!ial of paupe!). *e 4ou!t*el t*at )uc* o!inance i) not an ee!ci)e of police po+e! ut t*etakin- of p!ivate p!ope!ty fo! pulic u)e. ence, to )ati)fy t*e4on)titution, t*e!e mu)t e compen)ation.

& *e!e i) no !ea)onale !elation et+een t*e )ettin- a)ie of at lea)t)i 6H pe!cent of t*e total a!ea of an p!ivate cemete!ie) fo! c*a!ityu!ial -!oun) of ecea)e paupe!) an t*e p!omotion of *ealt*,mo!al), -oo o!e!, )afety, o! t*e -ene!al +elfa!e of t*e people. *eo!inance i) actually a takin- +it*out compen)ation of a ce!tain a!eaf!om a p!ivate cemete!y to ene0t paupe!) +*o a!e c*a!-e) of t*emunicipal co!po!ation

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- 7ot* equity an t*e la+ i!ect t*at a p!ope!ty o+ne! )*oul ecompen)ate if *i) p!ope!ty i) taken fo! pulic u)e. *e!e i) a lon-&)tanin- !ule t*at +*e!e p!ivate p!ope!ty i) taken y t*e Gove!nmentfo! pulic u)e +it*out 0!)t acqui!in- title t*e!eto eit*e! t*!ou-*ep!op!iation o! ne-otiate )ale, t*e o+ne!/) action to !ecove! t*elan o! t*e value t*e!eof oe) not p!e)c!ie.

8. 4ity of Manila v). 4*ine)e 4ommunity of Manila [G.R. No. 1$355,=ctoe! 31, 1"1"%& 9!ivate p!ope!ty al!eay evote to pulic u)e cannot e ep!op!iate

y a ele-ate actin- une! a general grant of authority& t*e 4ou!t )ai t*at J[%*e ve!y founation of t*e !i-*t to ee!ci)e

eminent omain i) a -enuine nece))ity an t*at nece))ity mu)t e ofpulic c*a!acte!.K

& *e !i-*t of ep!op!iation i) not an in*e!ent po+e! in a municipalco!po!ation, an efo!e it can ee!ci)e t*e !i-*t )ome la+ mu)t ei)tconfe!!in- t*e po+e! upon it.

1 Repulic v). 9*ilippine 'on- i)tance elep*one 4o. [G.R. No. '&1;;$1,aa!o [G.R. No. '&12182, Au-u)t 2", 1"5;%& *e o!inance i) un!ea)onale an opp!e))ive, in t*at it ope!ate) to

pe!manently ep!ive appellant) of t*e !i-*t to u)e t*ei! o+n p!ope!tyB*ence, it ove!)tep) t*e oun) of police po+e!, an amount) to atakin- of appellant/) p!ope!ty +it*out u)t compen)ation.

1 Repulic v). a. e 4a)tellvi [G.R. No. '&2#62#, Au-u)t 15, 1"8$%& e'u(s()es (Republic vs Castellvi)*

aH ep!op!iato! mu)t ente! a p!ivate p!ope!tyH ent!y mu)t e fo! mo!e t*an a momenta!y pe!iocH ent!y mu)t e une! t*e +a!!ant of le-al aut*o!ityH ent!y i) fo! pulic u)eeH t*e o+ne! i) ep!ive of enoyin- *i) p!ope!ty

;. Ami-ale v). 4uenca [G.R. No. '&26$##, >e!ua!y 2", 1"82%& +*e!e t*e!e i) takin- in t*e con)titutional )en)e, t*e p!ope!ty

o+ne! nee not 0le a claim fo! u)t compen)ation +it* t*e4ommi))ion of AuitB *e may -o i!ectly to t*e cou!t to emanpayment. A!it!a!y action of t*e -ove!nment )*all e eeme a+aive! of it) immunity f!om )uit.& A) !e-i)te!e o+ne!, )*e coul !inan action to !ecove! po))e))ionof t*e po!tion of lan in que)tion at anytime ecau)e po))e))ion i)one of t*e att!iute) of o+ne!)*ip. o+eve!, )ince !e)to!ation of

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une! Section ", A!ticle @@@ of t*e 4on)titution, an ot*e! pe!tinentla+). $H A vali an e0nite oIe! *a) een p!eviou)ly mae to t*eo+ne! of t*e p!ope!ty )ou-*t to e ep!op!iate, ut )ai oIe! +a)not accepte.

11. R9 v. ei!) of 7o!on [G.R. No. 16535$, e!!e! v. 7auti)ta [G.R. No. 21#551,


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&@t i) )ettle t*at a municipal co!po!ation unlike a )ove!ei-n )tate i)clot*e +it* no in*e!ent po+e! of taation. *e c*a!te! o! )tatute mu)tplainly )*o+ an intent to confe! t*at po+e! o! t*e municipality, cannota))ume it. An t*e po+e! +*en -!ante i) to e con)t!ue in)t!icti))imi u!i). Any out o! ami-uity a!i)in- out of t*e te!m u)e in-!antin- t*at po+e! mu)t e !e)olve a-ain)t t*e municipality.

@nfe!ence), implication), euction) all t*e)e *ave no place in t*einte!p!etation of t*e tain- po+e! of a municipal co!po!ation.

ATICLE III THE ,ILL O" I-HTS

1$. 97M :mployee) A))ociation v). 9*ilippine 7loomin- Mill) [G.R. No. '&311"5, e!tilie! 4o!p. v). o!!e) [G.R. No. ";#5#, Ma!c*18, 1""$%& an oppo!tunity to e *ea! o!, a) applie to amini)t!ative

p!oceein-), an oppo!tunity to eplain oneQ) )ie o! an oppo!tunity to)eek a !econ)ie!ation of t*e action o! !ulin- complaine of. ?*e!e,a) in t*e in)tant ca)e, petitione! 9@'9=S a-!ee to 0le it) po)ition

pape! +it* t*e Meiato!&A!ite! an to con)ie! t*e ca)e )umittefo! eci)ion on t*e a)i) of t*e po)ition pape!) 0le y t*e pa!tie),t*e!e +a) )ucient compliance +it* t*e !equi!ement of ue p!oce)),a) petitione! +a) aIo!e !ea)onale oppo!tunity to p!e)ent it) )ie.

1 Dnot v). @nte!meiate Appellate 4ou!t [G.R. No. 8$$58, Ma!c* 2#, 1";8%& *e 4ou!t *e!e !ule t*at t*e an on t!an)po!tation of ca!aao une!

t*e a))aile o!inance an t*ei! out!i-*t con0)cation an i)po)al+it*out cou!t *ea!in- i) a violation of ue p!oce)) *ence it i) aninvali ee!ci)e of police po+e!.

& eve!y pe!)on, face y t*e a+e)ome po+e! of t*e State, i) entitle toPt*e la+ of t*e lan,P +*ic* aniel ?e)te! e)c!ie almo)t t+o*un!e yea!) a-o in t*e famou) a!tmout* 4olle-e 4a)e, a) Pt*e

la+ +*ic* *ea!) efo!e it conemn), +*ic* p!ocee) upon inqui!yan !ene!) u-ment only afte! t!ial.P

1 Alonte v). Savellano [G.R. No. 131652, Ma!c* ", 1"";%& (: 9R=4:SS @N 4R@M@NA' 9R=4::@NGS, in pa!ticula!, !equi!e

aH t*at t*e cou!t o! t!iunal t!yin- t*e ca)e i) p!ope!ly clot*e +it*uicial po+e! to *ea! an ete!mine t*e matte! efo!e itB H t*atu!i)iction i) la+fully acqui!e y it ove! t*e pe!)on of t*e accu)eBcH t*at t*e accu)e i) -iven an oppo!tunity to e *ea!B an H t*atu-ment i) !ene!e only upon la+ful *ea!in-.

1 Ania- v). 4=M:':4 [G.R. No. 1#$"61, =ctoe! 8, 1""$%

& t+enty mete!) a+ay f!om t*e -ate of t*e 7ata)an, a t!uck +a))toppe an )ea!c*e. *e moto!i)t) *a not -iven any evience of)u)piciou) e*aviou! no! *a t*e )ea!c*in- oce!) !eceive any

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con0ential info!mation aout t*e ca!. *e 4ou!t *el t*at t*e )ea!c*+a) not u)ti0ale a) a +a!!antle)) a!!e)t of a movin- ve*icle a)t*e!e +a) no p!oale cau)e

1 9*ilippine 4ommunication) Satellite 4o!p. v). Alcua [G.R. No. ;$;1;,eceme! 1;, 1";"%

& ?*ile t*e N4 may 0 a tempo!a!y !ate penin- 0nalete!mination of t*e application of 9@'4=MSA, )uc* !ate&0in-o!e!, tempo!a!y t*ou-* it may e, i) not eempt f!om t*e )tatuto!yp!oceu!al !equi!ement) of notice an *ea!in-, a) +ell a) t*e!equi!ement of !ea)onalene)).

1 An- iay v). 4ou!t of @nu)t!ial Relation) [G.R. No. $6$"6, >e!ua!y28, 1"$#%

& e'u(s()es*aH Ri-*t to a *ea!in-H !iunal mu)t con)ie! t*e evience p!e)entecH eci)ion mu)t *ave )omet*in- to )uppo!t it)elf

H :vience mu)t e Su)tantialeH eci)ion mu)t e !ene!e on t*e evience p!e)ente att*e *ea!in-, o! at lea)t containe in t*e !eco! an i)clo)eto t*e pa!tie) aIectefH !iunal, oy, o! any of it) u-e) mu)t act on it) o! *i)o+n inepenent con)ie!ation of t*e fact) an la+ of t*econt!ove!)y-H eci)ion i) !ene!e in )uc* a manne! t*at t*e pa!tie) tot*e p!oceein- can kno+ t*e va!iou) i))ue) involve, ant*e !ea)on fo! t*e eci)ion !ene!e

16. Ateneo e Manila v). 4apulon- [G.R. No. ""328, May 28, 1""3%

& *e Minimum )tana!) to e )ati)0e in t*e impo)ition ofi)ciplina!y )anction) in acaemic in)titution), )uc* a) petitione!unive!)ity *e!ein, t*u)

& 1H t*e )tuent) mu)t e info!me in ?R@@NG of t*e natu!e ancau)e of any accu)ation a-ain)t t*emB 2H t*at t*ey )*all *ave t*e!i-*t to an)+e! t*e c*a!-e) a-ain)t t*em +it* t*e a))i)tance ofcoun)el, if e)i!e 3H t*ey )*all e info!me of t*e evience a-ain)tt*em $H t*ey )*all *ave t*e !i-*t to auce evience in t*ei! o+ne*alfB an 5H t*e evience mu)t e uly con)ie!e y t*einve)ti-atin- committee o! ocial e)i-nate y t*e )c*oolaut*o!itie) to *ea! an ecie t*e ca)e.

1 4uia v. Supe!intenent of t*e 9MA [G.R. No. 211362, >e!ua!y 2$,2#15%-*u), 9MA i not act +it* -!ave au)e of i)c!etion +*en it

i)mi))e 4uia. @n fact, 4uia +a) acco!e ue p!oce)). @n t*i)ca)e, t*e inve)ti-ation of 4uia/) ono! 4oe violation follo+e t*ep!e)c!ie p!oceu!e an ei)tin- p!actice) in t*e 9MA. e +a)noti0e of t*e ono! Repo!t )umitte y *i) =. e +a) t*en -ivent*e oppo!tunity to eplain t*e !epo!t a-ain)t *im. e +a) info!meaout *i) option) an t*e enti!e p!oce)) t*at t*e ca)e +oul une!-o.*e p!elimina!y inve)ti-ation immeiately follo+e afte! *e !epliean )umitte a +!itten eplanation. (pon it) completion, t*einve)ti-atin- team )umitte a +!itten !epo!t to-et*e! +it* it)!ecommenation to t*e 4 4*ai!man. *e 4 t*e!eafte! !evie+e t*e

0nin-) an !ecommenation).

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18. Mo!tel v. Te!! [G.R. No. 1562"6, Noveme! 12, 2#12%&t*e 4ou!t ecla!e t*at an eception to t*e !ulet*at a client i) oun y t*e mi)take) of *i) coun)el i) +*en t*ene-li-enceof t*e coun)el i) )o -!o)) t*at t*e client +a) ep!ive of *i) ay incou!t,

t*e!ey al)o ep!ivin- t*e client of *i) p!ope!ty +it*out ue p!oce)) ofla+.&@nee, +e *ave !emine t!ial cou!t) t*atalt*ou-* t*e!e a!e in)tance) +*en a pa!ty may e p!ope!ly efaulte,)uc*in)tance) )*oul e t*e eception !at*e! t*an t*e !ule an )*oul eallo+eonly in clea! ca)e) of a liti-ant/) o)tinate !efu)al o! ino!inate ne-lecttocomply +it* t*e o!e!) of t*e cou!t. ?it*out )uc* a )*o+in-, t*eliti-antmu)t e -iven eve!y !ea)onale oppo!tunity to p!e)ent *i) )ie an to!efute

t*e evience of t*e ave!)e pa!ty in efe!ence to ue p!oce)) of la+.

E'ual ro)e)(o/ o )3e Las

1;. 9eople v). e!a [G.R. No. $56;5, Noveme! 16, 1"38%& J 7:?::N A 'A? ?@4 :N@:S :E(A' 9R=:4@=NK an a

J 'A? ?@4 9:RM@S => S(4 :N@A'K. A la+ may appea! to efai! on it) face an impa!tial in appea!ance, yet, if it pe!mit) of unu)tan ille-al i)c!mmination, it i) +it*in t*e con)titutional p!o*iition.

1 @c*on- v). e!nane [G.R. No. '&8""5, May 31, 1"58%& *e equal p!otection clau)e i) not inf!in-e y le-i)lation +*ic*

applie) only to t*o)e pe!)on) fallin- +it*in a )peci0e cla)), if itapplie) alike to all pe!)on) +it*in )uc* cla)), an !ea)onale -!oun)ei)t) fo! makin- a i)tinction et+een t*o)e +*o fall +it*in )uc*cla)) an t*o)e +*o o not.

1 ille-a) v). iu 4*ion- )ai 9ao o [G.R. No. '&2"6$6, Noveme! 1#,1"8;%& 9(R9=S:'D >=R : RA@S@NG => M=N:D (N:R : G(@S: => A

R:G('A@=N . >u!t*e!, t*e a))aile o!inance violate) t*e equalp!otection clau)e. o !equi!e a pe!)on to -et a +o!k pe!mit efo!e *ecan e employe f!om t*e Mayo! +*o may +it**ol o! !efu)e it at +illi) tantamount to t*e enial of t*e a)ic !i-*t of a pe!)on to en-a-e ina mean) of liveli*oo. Alien) once amitte cannot e ep!ive oflife +it*out ue p!oce)) of la+.

1 umlao v). 4=M:':4 [G.R. No. '&522$5,


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1 9*ilippine A))ociation of Se!vice :po!te!) v). !ilon [G.R. No. '&;1"5;,


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1 =!moc Su-a! 4o., @nc. v). !ea)u!e! of =!moc 4ity [G.R. No. '&238"$,>e!ua!y 18, 1"6;%& =!moc 4ity impo)e) a ta on =!moc Su-a! 4ent!al y name. =!mo)

Su-a! 4ent!al i) t*e only )u-a! cent!al in =!moc 4ity. *e 4ou!t *elt*at )uc* o!inance i) not vali fo! it +oul e i)c!iminatoo!y

a-ain)t t*e =!moc Su-a! 4ent!al +*ic* alone come) une! t*eo!inance.

1 =e!-efell v. o-e), 586 (S VVV 2#15H& 1H *e funamental lie!tie) p!otecte y t*e >ou!teent*Amenment/) ue 9!oce)) 4lau)e eten to ce!tain pe!)onal c*oice)cent!al to iniviual i-nity an autonomy, incluin- intimate c*oice)e0nin- pe!)onal ientity an elief). 2H >ou! p!inciple) ant!aition) emon)t!ate t*at t*e !ea)on) ma!!ia-e i) funamentalune! t*e 4on)titution apply +it* equal fo!ce to )ame&)e couple). 3H*e !i-*t of )ame&)e couple) to ma!!y i) al)o e!ive f!om t*e>ou!teent* Amenment/) -ua!antee of equal p!otection $H *e !i-*t

to ma!!y i) a funamental !i-*t in*e!ent in t*e lie!ty of t*e pe!)on,an une! t*e ue 9!oce)) an :qual 9!otection 4lau)e) of t*e>ou!teent* Amenment couple) of t*e )ame&)e 5H ?*ile t*e4on)titution contemplate) t*at emoc!acy i) t*e app!op!iate p!oce))fo! c*an-e, iniviual) +*o a!e *a!me nee not a+ait le-i)lativeaction efo!e a))e!tin- a funamental !i-*t.

Se)(o/ 2 Sear3es a/4 Se(ures

2#. 9eople v). Ma!ti [G.R. No. ;1561,


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an, on t*e a)i) t*e!eof, i))ue a +a!!ant of a!!e)tB o! 2H if ont*e a)i) t*e!eof *e 0n) no p!oale cau)e, *e may i)!e-a! t*e0)calQ) !epo!t an !equi!e t*e )umi))ion of )uppo!tin- aavit) of+itne))e) to ai *im in a!!ivin- at a conclu)ion a) to t*e ei)tence ofp!oale cau)e.

1 Silva v). 9!e)iin-


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& Sea!c* an )eiu!e) )uppo!te y a vali +a!!ant of a!!e)t i) not ana)olute !ule. Rule 126, Sec 12 of Rule) of 4!iminal 9!oceu!ep!ovie) t*at a pe!)on la+fully a!!e)te may e )ea!c*e fo!an-e!ou) +eapon) o! anyt*in-, +*ic* may e u)e a) p!oof of t*ecommi))ion of an oIen)e, +it*out a )ea!c* +a!!ant.

1 9eople v). Ro!i-uea [G.R. No. "5"#2, >e!ua!y $, 1""2%& !ue, in )ome in)tance), t*i) 4ou!t *a) allo+e -ove!nment

aut*o!itie) to conuct )ea!c*e) an )eiu!e) even +it*out a )ea!c*+a!!ant. *u), 1H +*en t*e o+ne! of t*e p!emi)e) +aive) *i) !i-*ta-ain)t )uc* incu!)ionB 2H +*en t*e )ea!c* i) inciental to a la+fula!!e)tB 3H +*en it i) mae on ve))el) an ai!c!aft fo! violation ofcu)tom) la+)B $H +*en it i) mae on automoile) fo! t*e pu!po)e ofp!eventin- violation) of )mu--lin- o! immi-!ation la+)B 5H +*en itinvolve) p!o*iite a!ticle) in plain vie+B o! 6H in ca)e) of in)pectionof uilin-) an ot*e! p!emi)e) fo! t*e enfo!cement of 0!e, )anita!yan uilin- !e-ulation), a )ea!c* may e valily mae even +it*outa )ea!c* +a!!ant.

1 Go. ). 4ou!t of Appeal) [G.R. No. 1#1;38, >e!ua!y 11, 1""2%& *e info!mation upon +*ic* t*e police acte *a een e!ive f!om

)tatement) mae y alle-e eye+itne))e) to t*e )*ootin-. *atinfo!mation i not, *o+eve!, con)titute Ppe!)onal kno+le-e.P

1 9o)aa) v). 4ou!t of Appeal) [G.R. No. ;"13", Au-u)t 2, 1""#%& *ey )u)pecte t*at *e +a) *iin- )omet*in- in t*e u!i a-. *e

)ai ci!cum)tance) i not u)tify an a!!e)t +it*out a +a!!ant.

1 9eople v). Men-ote [G.R. No. ;8#5",


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of accu)e, *o+eve!, une! t*e ci!cum)tance) of t*e ca)e, t*e!e +a))ucient p!oale cau)e fo! )ai oce!) to elieve t*at accu)e+a) t*en an t*e!e committin- a c!ime.

1 :)pano v). 4ou!t of Appeal) [G.R. No. 12#$31, Ap!il 1, 1"";%& An eception to t*e )ai !ule i) a +a!!antle)) )ea!c* inciental to a

la+ful a!!e)t fo! an-e!ou) +eapon) o! anyt*in- +*ic* may e u)ea) p!oof of t*e commi))ion of an oIen)e. @t may eten eyon t*epe!)on of t*e one a!!e)te to inclue t*e p!emi)e) o! )u!!ounin-)une! *i) immeiate cont!ol. @n t*i) ca)e, t*e ten cellop*ane a-) ofma!iuana )eie at petitione!Q) *ou)e afte! *i) a!!e)t at 9anacanan Oamo!a St!eet) o not fall une! t*e )ai eception).

1 9apa v). Ma-o [G.R. No. '&2836#, >e!ua!y 2;, 1"6;%& 7ut even if t*e!e +a) a )ea!c*, t*e!e i) )till aut*o!ity to t*e eIect

t*at no )ea!c* +a!!ant +oul e neee une! t*e ci!cum)tance)otainin- in t*e in)tant ca)e. *e -ua!anty of f!eeom f!omun!ea)onale )ea!c*e) an )eiu!e) i) con)t!ue a) !eco-niin- a

nece))a!y iIe!ence et+een a )ea!c* of a +ellin- *ou)e o! ot*e!)t!uctu!e in !e)pect of +*ic* a )ea!c* +a!!ant may !eaily eotaine an a )ea!c* of a )*ip, moto!oat, +a-on, o! automoilefo! cont!aan -oo) , +*e!e it i) not p!acticale to )ecu!e a+a!!ant, ecau)e t*e ve*icle can e quickly move out of t*elocality o! u!i)iction in +*ic* t*e +a!!ant mu)t e )ou-*t.

1 9eople v). Mu)a [G.R. No. "6188,


15/49

&>o! +a!!antle)) )ea!c*e), p!oale cau)e +a) e0ne a) a !ea)onale-!oun of )u)picion )uppo!te y ci!cum)tance) )uciently )t!on- int*em)elve) to +a!!ant a cautiou) man to elieve t*at t*e pe!)onaccu)e i) -uilty of t*e oIen)e +it* +*ic* *e i) c*a!-e.

22. 4eleonio v. 9eople [G.R. No. 2#"138,


16/49

&?*e!e a police oce! o)e!ve) an unu)ual conuct +*ic* lea) *im!ea)onaly to conclue in li-*t of *i) epe!ience t*at c!iminal activitymay e afoot an t*at t*e pe!)on) +it* +*om *e i) ealin- may ea!me an p!e)ently an-e!ou), +*e!e in t*e cou!)e of inve)ti-atin-t*i) e*avio! *e ienti0e *im)elf a) a policeman an make)!ea)onale inqui!ie), an +*e!e not*in- in t*e initial )ta-e) of t*e

encounte! )e!ve) to i)pel *i) !ea)onale fea! fo! *i) o+n o! ot*e!))afety, *e i) entitle fo! t*e p!otection of *im)elf an ot*e!) in t*e a!eato conuct a ca!efully limite )ea!c* of t*e oute! clot*in- of )uc*pe!)on) in an attempt to i)cove! +eapon) +*ic* mi-*t e u)e toa))ault *im. Suc* a )ea!c* i) a !ea)onale )ea!c* une! t*e >ou!t*Amenment, an any +eapon )eie may p!ope!ly e int!ouce inevience a-ain)t t*e pe!)on f!om +*om t*ey +e!e taken.

28. e!!y v. =*io, 3"2 (.S. 11"6;H& t*e )top&an&f!i)k !ule i) )tate t*u) J?H*e!e a police oce!

o)e!ve) unu)ual conuct +*ic* lea) *im !ea)onaly to conclue int*e li-*t of *i) epe!ience t*at c!iminal activity may e afoot an t*att*e pe!)on +it* +*om *e i) ealin- may e a!me an p!e)entlyan-e!ou), +*e!e in t*e cou!)e of inve)ti-ation of t*i) e*avio! *e

ienti0e) *im)elf a) a policeman an make) !ea)onale inqui!ie), an+*e!e not*in- in t*e initial )ta-e) of t*e encounte! )e!ve) to i)pel*i) !ea)onale fea! fo! *i) o+n o! ot*e!)Q )afety, *e i) entitle fo! t*ep!otection of *im)elf an ot*e!) in t*e a!ea to conuct a ca!efullylimite )ea!c* of t*e oute! clot*in- of )uc* pe!)on) in an attempt toi)cove! +eapon) +*ic* mi-*t e u)e to a))ault *im.K

Rule) 113 an 126 of t*e Revi)e Rule) of 4ou!t

Se)(o/ 7 &r(8ay o Co99u/(a)(o/ a/4 Correso/4e/e

1 Rami!e v). 4ou!t of Appeal) [G.R. No. "3;33, Septeme! 2;, 1""5%

& *e afo!e)tate p!ovi)ion clea!ly an unequivocally make) it ille-alfo! any pe!)on, not aut*o!ie y all t*e pa!tie) to any p!ivatecommunication to )ec!etly !eco! )uc* communication y mean) of atape !eco!e!. *e la+ make) no i)tinction a) to +*et*e! t*e pa!ty)ou-*t to e penalie y t*e )tatute ou-*t to e a pa!ty ot*e! t*ano! iIe!ent f!om t*o)e involve in t*e p!ivate communication

1 Oulueta v). 4ou!t of Appeal) [G.R. No. 1#83;3, >e!ua!y 2#, 1""6%& *e only eception to t*e p!o*iition in t*e 4on)titution i) if t*e!e i) a

Pla+ful o!e! [f!om a% cou!t o! +*en pulic )afety o! o!e! !equi!e)ot*e!+i)e, a) p!e)c!ie y la+.P Any violation of t*i) p!ovi)ion!ene!) t*e evience otaine inami))ile Pfo! any pu!po)e in anyp!oceein-.P

1 Nava!!o v). 4ou!t of Appeal) [G.R. No. 121#;8, Au-u)t 26, 1"""%& *e la+ p!o*iit) t*e ove!*ea!in-, inte!ceptin-, o! !eco!in- of

9R@A: 4=MM(N@4A@=NS. Since t*e ec*an-e et+een petitione!Nava!!o an 'in-an +a) not p!ivate, it) tape !eco!in- i) notp!o*iite. No! i) t*e!e any que)tion t*at it +a) uly aut*enticate. Avoice !eco!in- i) aut*enticate y t*e te)timony of a +itne)) 1Ht*at *e pe!)onally !eco!e t*e conve!)ationB 2H t*at t*e tape playein cou!t +a) t*e one *e !eco!eB an 3H t*at t*e voice) on t*e tapea!e t*o)e of t*e pe!)on) )uc* a!e claime to elon-.

1 =ple v). o!!e) [G.R. No. 1286;5,


17/49

u)ti0e y )ome compellin- )tate inte!e)t an t*at it i) na!!o+ly!a+n.

& A.=. No. 3#; i) p!eicate on t+o con)ie!ation) 1H t*e nee top!ovie ou! citien) an fo!ei-ne!) +it* t*e facility to convenientlyt!an)act u)ine)) +it* a)ic )e!vice an )ocial )ecu!ity p!ovie!) anot*e! -ove!nment in)t!umentalitie) an 2H t*e nee to !euce, if

not totally e!aicate, f!auulent t!an)action) an mi)!ep!e)entation)y pe!)on) )eekin- a)ic )e!vice). @t i) eatale +*et*e! t*e)einte!e)t) a!e compellin- enou-* to +a!!ant t*e i))uance of A.=. No.3#;. 7( ?A @S N= ARG(A7': @S : 7R=AN:SS, :AG(:N:SS, : =:R7R:A => A.=. N=. 3#; ?@4 @>@M9':M:N: ?@'' 9( =(R 9:=9':QS R@G = 9R@A4D @N 4':ARAN 9R:S:N ANG:R.

1 iva!e) v. S4 [G.R. No. 2#2666, Septeme! 2", 2#1$%- @n t*i) ca)e, *o+eve!, t*e!e i) no )*o+in- t*at t*e )tuent)

conce!ne mae u)e of )uc* p!ivacy tool). :vience +oul )*o+ t*att*at t*ei! po)t )tatu)H on >aceook +e!e puli)*e a) J9ulicK

- S4 i not violate t*e )tuent)/ !i-*t to p!ivacy. *e manne! +*ic*t*e )c*ool -at*e!e t*e pictu!e) cannot e con)ie!e ille-al. A) itappea!), it +a) t*e cla))mate) of t*e )tuent) +*o )*o+e t*epictu!e to t*ei! teac*e! an t*e latte!, ein- t*e !ecipient of )aipictu!e), me!ely elive!e t*em to t*e p!ope! )c*ool aut*o!ity an it+a) fo! a le-al pu!po)e, t*at i), to i)cipline t*ei! )tuent) acco!in-to t*e )tana!) of t*e )c*ool to +*ic* t*e )tuent) an t*ei!pa!ent) a-!ee to in t*e 0!)t place ecau)e of t*e fact t*at t*eyen!olle t*ei! c*il!en t*e!eH.

2;. Gamoa v. 4*an [G.R. No. 1"3636, ou!t* Amenment of t*e 4on)titution a) *ea))ume) t*at t*e +o!) *e utte!) into t*e telep*one +ill not e!oaca)t to t*e +o!l. =nce t*i) i) ackno+le-e, it i) clea! t*at t*e

>ou!t* Amenment of t*e 4on)titution p!otect) pe!)on) an not a!ea)f!om un!ea)onale )ea!c*e) an )eiu!e). *e Gove!nment/)activitie) in elect!onically li)tenin- to an !eco!in- t*e petitione!/)telep*one conve!)ation) con)titute a )ea!c* an )eiu!e une! t*e>ou!t* Amenment an a)ent a )ea!c* +a!!ant p!eicate upon)ucient p!oale cau)e, all evience otaine i) inami))ile.

3#. =lm)tea v. (nite State), 288 (.S. $3; 1"2;H& J*e [>ou!t*% amenment oe) not fo!i +*at +a) one *e!e.*e!e +a) no )ea!c*in-. *e!e +a) no )eiu!e. *e evience +a))ecu!e y t*e u)e of t*e )en)e of *ea!inan t*at only. *e!e +a)

no ent!y of t*e *ou)e) o! oce) of t*e efenant). 7y t*e inventionof t*e telep*one 5# yea!) a-o, an it) application fo! t*e pu!po)e of

18


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etenin- communication), one can talk +it* anot*e! at a fa! i)tantplace. *e lan-ua-e of t*e amenment cannot e etene anepane to inclue telep*one +i!e), !eac*in- to t*e +*ole +o!lf!om t*e efenant/) *ou)e o! oce. *e inte!venin- +i!e) a!e notpa!t of *i) *ou)e o! oce, any mo!e t*an a!e t*e *i-*+ay) alon-+*ic* t*ey a!e )t!etc*e.K

Se)(o/ :

"ree4o9 o Eress(o/

31. (nite State) v). 7u)to) [G.R. No. '&125"2, Ma!c* ;, 1"1;%& 7u)to) an )eve!al people )ent complaint lette!) via coun)el a-ain)tou! ay) of Revolution )ai ni 4!uHK W JAan-e!ou) 'ife )ai ni Nac*u!aHK W J*e >ou! ay Revolution )ai )aca)eHK +oul not e *i)to!ically fait*ful +it*out incluin- t*e!ein t*epa!ticipation of :n!ile in t*e :SA !evolution.

& Succinctly put, : R@G => 9R@A4D cannot e invoke !e)i)tpulication an i))emination of MA:RS => 9(7'@4 @N:R:S.*e inte!e)t )ou-*t to e p!otecte y t*e !i-*t of p!ivacy i) t*e !i-*t

to e f!ee f!om un+a!!ante pulicity, f!om t*e +!on-ful puliciin-of t*e p!ivate aIai!) an activitie) of an iniviual +*ic* a!e out)iet*e !ealm of le-itimate pulic conce!n

1 7o!al v). 4ou!t of Appeal) [G.R. No. 126$66,


19/49

elon- Pp!ivate communication)P an Pfai! an t!ue !epo!t +it*outany comment) o! !ema!k).P

& >A@R 4=MM:NAR@:S =N MA:RS => 9(7'@4 @N:R:S a!ep!ivile-e an con)titute a vali efen)e in an action fo! liel o!)lane!. *e oct!ine of fai! comment mean) t*at +*ile in -ene!aleve!y i)c!eitale imputation pulicly mae i) eeme fal)e,

ecau)e eve!y man i) p!e)ume innocent until *i) -uilt i) uiciallyp!ove, an eve!y fal)e imputation i) eeme maliciou),neve!t*ele)), +*en t*e i)c!eitale imputation i) i!ecte a-ain)t a9(7'@4 9:RS=N @N @S 9(7'@4 4A9A4@D, it i) not nece))a!ilyactionale.

1 Reye) v). 7a-at)in- [G.R. No. '&65366, Noveme! ", 1";3%& t*e enial of a pe!mit to *ol a pulic !ally +a) invali a) t*e!e +a)

no )*o+in- of t*e p!oaility of a clea! an p!e)ent an-e! of an evilt*at mi-*t a!i)e a) a !e)ult of t*e meetin-. *e u!en of p!ovin-)uc* eventually !e)t) on t*e Mayo!.

& !eti!e


20/49

allo+in- ot*e! type) )uc* a) eito!ial), etc. an 2H t*e !e)t!iction i)-!eate! t*an +*at i) neee to p!otect -ove!nment inte!e)t ecau)et*e inte!e)t can e p!otecte y na!!o+e! !e)t!iction )uc* a))u)equent puni)*ment.

1 Social ?eat*e! Station), @nc. v). 4=M:':4 [G.R. No. 2#;#62, Ap!il 8,

2#15%& t*e con)titutional e)i!e to P-ua!antee equal acce)) to oppo!tunitie)fo! pulic )e!viceP i) t*e )ame intent t*at animate) t*e 4on)titution/)inve)titu!e in 4=M:':4 of t*e po+e! to P)upe!vi)e o! !e-ulate t*eenoyment o! utiliation of all f!anc*i)e) o! pe!mit) fo! t*e ope!ation oft!an)po!tation an ot*e! pulic utilitie), meia of communication o!info!mation, all -!ant), )pecial p!ivile-e), o! conce))ion) -!ante yt*e Gove!nment o! any )uivi)ion, a-ency, o! in)t!umentality t*e!eof,incluin- any -ove!nment&o+ne o! cont!olle co!po!ation o! it))u)iia!y.P

32. 1&(nite !an)po!t v. 4=M:':4 [G.R. No. 2#6#2#, Ap!il 1$, 2#15%&A !e-ulation a)e on t*e captive&auience oct!ine i) in t*e -ui)e ofcen)o!)*ip, +*ic* une!take) )electively to )*iel t*e pulic f!om )omekin) of )peec* on t*e -!oun t*at t*ey a!e mo!e oIen)ive t*anot*e!). Suc* )elective !e)t!iction) *ave een up*el only +*en t*e)peake! int!ue) on t*e p!ivacy of t*e *ome o! t*e e-!ee of captivitymake) it eit*e! impo))ile o! imp!actical fo! t*e un+illin- vie+e! o!auito! to avoi epo)u!e*u), +e conclue t*at t*e limite p!ivacy inte!e)t of pe!)on) on t*epulic )t!eet) cannot u)tify t*i) cen)o!)*ip of ot*e!+i)e p!otecte)peec* on t*e a)i) of it) content.Pt*e !i-*t of t*e commute!) to e f!ee f!om fo!ce int!u)ion) on t*ei!p!ivacy p!eclue) t*e city f!om t!an)fo!min- it) ve*icle) of pulict!an)po!tation into fo!um) fo! t*e i))emination of iea) upon t*i)captive auience.P

33. ioce)e of 7acolo v. 4=M:':4 [G.R. No. 2#582;, !eeom of )peec* inclue) t*e !i-*t to e )ilent. Aptly *a) it een)ai t*at t*e 7ill of Ri-*t) t*at -ua!antee) to t*e iniviual t*e lie!tyto utte! +*at i) in *i) min al)o -ua!antee) to *im t*e lie!ty not toutte! +*at i) not in *i) min. *e )alute i) a )ymolic manne! ofcommunication t*at convey) it) me))a-ea) clea!ly a) t*e +!itten o!)poken +o!. A) a vali fo!m of ep!e))ion, it cannot e compelle anymo!e t*an it can e p!o*iite in t*e face of vali !eli-iou) oection)like t*o)e !ai)e in t*i) petition. o impo)e it on t*e petitione!) i) toeny t*em t*e !i-*t not to )peak +*en t*ei! !eli-ion i) t*em to e

)ilent. *i) coe!cion of con)cience *a) no place in t*e f!ee )ociety.&*e po)tin- of t*e ta!paulin oe) not fall +it*in t*e cate-o!y ofmatte!) t*at a!e eyon t*e u!i)iction of civil cou!t) a) enume!atein t*e Au)t!iaca)e )uc* a) Pp!oceein-) fo! ecommunication,o!ination) of !eli-iou) mini)te!), amini)t!ation of )ac!ament) anot*e! activitie) +it*attac*e !eli-iou) )i-ni0cance.P

Asse9bly a/4 &e)()(o/

3$. 9!imicia) v). >u-o)o [G.R. No. '&1;##,


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conition of Manila at t*at time i not u)tify t*e mayo!Q) fea!). t*e!e+a) no clea! an p!e)ent an-e!. ecie in 1"$8.

& @f a))emly i) to e *el at a pulic place, pe!mit fo! t*e u)e of )uc*place, an not fo! t*e a))emly it)elf, may e valily !equi!e. 9o+e!of local ocial) i) me!ely fo! !e-ulation an not fo! p!o*iition

1 Malaanan v). Ramento [G.R. No. 6228#, May 21, 1";$%& )eve!al )tuent) +e!e )u)pene fo! 1 yea! fo! conuctin-

emon)t!ation in t*e p!emi)e) of a unive!)ity out)ie t*e a!eape!mitte y t*e )c*ool aut*o!itie)H S4 emp*a)ie t*at t*e )tuent)i not )*e t*ei! con)titutional !i-*t) to f!ee )peec* at t*e)c*ool*ou)e -ate, an pe!mitte t*e )tuent) to !e&en!oll an 0ni)*t*ei! )tuie).

1 e la 4!u v). 4ou!t of Appeal) [G.R. No. 1261;3, Ma!c* 25, 1"""%& a) *el t*at fo! t*e !i-*t to peacealy a))emle an petition t*e

-ove!nment fo! !e!e)) of -!ievance) to e up*el, like any ot*e!lie!ty, it mu)t e ee!ci)e +it*in !ea)onale limit) )o a) not to

p!euice t*e pulic +elfa!e.

1 97M :mployee) A))ociation v). 9*ilippine 7loomin- Mill) [G.R. No. '&311"5, : ASS:M7'@:S. *i) +a)ave!te to in =)mea v. 4omelec,[2#% +*e!e t*e 4ou!t !efe!!e to ita) a Jcontent&neut!alK !e-ulation of t*e time, place, an manne! of*olin- pulic a))emlie)

7ata) 9aman)a 7l-. ;;#

Se)(o/ 5 "ree4o9 o el(;(o/

1 A-lipay v). Rui [G.R. No. $5$5", Ma!c* 13, 1"38%

& !eli-ion i) e0ne a) Ja p!ofe))ion of fait* to an active po+e! t*atin) an elevate) man to *i) 4!eato!.

& @t )*oul e )tate t*at +*at i) -ua!antee y ou! 4on)titution i)R:'@G@=(S '@7:RD, not me!e R:'@G@=(S =':RA@=N.

1 Ga!ce) v). :)teno [G.R. No. '&53$;8, May 25, 1";1%& *e!e can e no que)tion t*at t*e ima-e in que)tion elon-) to t*e

a!an-ay council. >at*e! =)mea claim t*at it elon-) to *i) c*u!c* i)+!on-. *e a!an-ay council, a) o+ne! of t*e ima-e, *a) t*e !i-*t toete!mine +*o )*oul *ave cu)toy t*e!eof. @f it c*oo)e) to c*an-eit) min an ecie) to -ive t*e ima-e to t*e 4at*olic c*u!c* t*ataction +oul not violate t*e 4on)titution ecau)e t*e ima-e +a)acqui!e +it* p!ivate fun) an i) it) p!ivate p!ope!ty.

21


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1 Ame!ican 7ile Society v). 4ity of Manila [G.R. No. '&"638, Ap!il 3#,1"58%& t*e con)titutional -ua!antee of f!ee ee!ci)e ca!!ie) +it* it t*e !i-*t to

i))eminate info!mation, an any !e)t!aint of )uc* !i-*t can eu)ti0e only on t*e -!oun t*at t*e!e i) a clea! an p!e)ent an-e!of an evil +*ic* t*e State *a) t*e !i-*t to p!eventB ence, 4ity

o!inance impo)in- licen)e fee) to on )ale i) inapplicale to t*e)ociety

1 @-le)ia Ni 4!i)to v). 4ou!t of Appeal) [G.R. No. 11"683,


23/49


24/49

1 Silve!io v). 4ou!t of Appeal) [G.R. No. "$2;$, Ap!il ;, 1""1%& A!ticle @@@, Section 6 of t*e 1";8 4on)titution )*oul e inte!p!eteto mean t*at +*ile t*e lie!ty of t!avel may e impai!e even +it*out4ou!t =!e!, t*e app!op!iate eecutive oce!) o! amini)t!ativeaut*o!itie) a!e not a!me +it* a!it!a!y i)c!etion to impo)elimitation). *ey can impo)e limit) only on t*e a)i) of Pnational

)ecu!ity, pulic )afety, o! pulic *ealt*P an Pa) may e p!ovie yla+,P a limitive p*!a)e +*ic* i not appea! in t*e 1"83 tet.

Se)(o/ < (;3) )o I/or9a)(o/

38. 'e-a)pi v). 4ivil Se!vice 4ommi))ion [G.R. No. 8211", May 2", 1";8%& 9e!)onal inte!e)t i) not !equi!e in a))e!tin- t*e !i-*t to info!mation

on matte!) of pulic conce!n. ?*at matte!) con)titute Jpulicconce!nK )*oul e ete!mine y t*e cou!t on a ca)e to ca)e a)i).

& @n !eco-niin- t*e peopleQ) !i-*t to e info!me, ot* t*e 1"834on)titution an t*e Ne+ 4*a!te! ep!e))ly manate t*e uty of t*eState an it) a-ent) to aIo! acce)) to ocial !eco!), ocument),

pape!) an in aition, -ove!nment !e)ea!c* ata u)e a) a)i) fo!policy evelopment, )uect to )uc* limitation) a) may e p!oviey la+

1 almonte v). 7elmonte,

until t*e cont!act, +*ic* may e -!o))ly i)avanta-eou) to t*e-ove!nment o! even ille-al, ecome) fait accompli. *i) ne-ate) t*eState policy of full t!an)pa!ency on matte!) of pulic conce!n, a)ituation +*ic* t*e f!ame!) of t*e 4on)titution coul not *aveintene. Suc* a !equi!ement +ill p!event t*e citien!y f!ompa!ticipatin- in t*e pulic i)cu))ion of any p!opo)e cont!act,eIectively t!uncatin- a a)ic !i-*t en)*!ine in t*e 7ill of Ri-*t)

1 :c*a-a!ay v). Sec!eta!y of


25/49

1H national )ecu!ity, 2H t!ae )ec!et), 3H c!iminal matte!) penin- incou!t,

& *e!e a!e no )peci0c la+) p!e)c!iin- t*e eact limitation) +it*in+*ic* t*e !i-*t may e ee!ci)e o! t*e co!!elative )tate uty may eoli-e. o+eve!, t*e follo+in- a!e )ome of t*e !eco-nie!e)t!iction)

& 1H national )ecu!ity matte!) an intelli-ence info!mation 2H t!ae)ec!et) an ankin- t!an)action) 3H c!iminal matte!), an $H ot*e!con0ential info!mation.

1 Akayan v. Aquino [G.R. No. 18#516, v.

Man-lapu), it i) clea! t*at +*ile t*e 0nal tet of t*e


26/49

1 'oano v). Ma!tine [G.R. No. '&63$1", eceme! 1;, 1";6%& *e f!eeom of cont!act +*ic* i) con)titutionally p!otecte i) f!eeom

to ente! into Pla+fulP cont!act) . 4ont!act) +*ic* cont!avene pulicpolicy a!e not la+ful. ?e mu)t ea! in min t*at c*eck) can not ecate-o!ie a) me!e cont!act). @t i) a comme!cial in)t!ument +*ic*, in

t*i) moe!n ay an a-e, *a) ecome a convenient )u)titute fo!moneyB it fo!m pa!t of t*e ankin- )y)tem an t*e!efo!e not enti!elyf!ee f!om t*e !e-ulato!y po+e! of t*e )tate.

1 Ganon v). @n)e!to [G.R. No. '&56$5#,


27/49

$1. 9eople v). Macam [G.R. No). "1#11&12, Noveme! 2$, 1""$%& A police line&up i) con)ie!e a Pc!iticalP )ta-e of t*e p!oceein-).

Afte! t*e )ta!t of t*e cu)toial inve)ti-ation, any ienti0cation of anuncoun)ele accu)e mae in a police line&up i) inami))ile.

1 9eople v).


28/49


29/49


30/49

& *ea!in- i) like+i)e !equi!e if t*e p!o)ecution !efu)e) to auceevience in oppo)ition to t*e application to -!ant an 0 ail

1 9eople v).


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inve)ti-ation. 7ut an unue elay in t*e conuct of a p!elimina!yinve)ti-ation can not e co!!ecte, fo! until no+, man *a) not yetinvente a evice fo! )ettin- ack time.

1 Galman v). Sani-anayan [G.R. No. 8268#, Septeme! 12, 1";6%& Mo!e )o, in t*e ca)e at a! +*e!e t*e people an t*e +o!l a!e

entitle to kno+ t*e t!ut*, an t*e inte-!ity of ou! uicial )y)tem i)at )take. @n life, a) an accu)e efo!e t*e milita!y t!iunal, Ninoy *apleae in vain t*at a) a civilian *e +a) entitle to ue p!oce)) of la+an t!ial in t*e !e-ula! civil cou!t) efo!e an impa!tial cou!t +it* anunia)e p!o)ecuto!

1 Alonte v). Savellano [G.R. No. 131652, Ma!c* ", 1"";%& (: 9R=4:SS @N 4R@M@NA' 9R=4::@NGS, in pa!ticula!, !equi!eaH t*at t*e cou!t o! t!iunal t!yin- t*e ca)e i) p!ope!ly clot*e+it* uicial po+e! to *ea! an ete!mine t*e matte! efo!e itB Ht*at u!i)iction i) la+fully acqui!e y it ove! t*e pe!)on of t*eaccu)eB cH t*at t*e accu)e i) -iven an oppo!tunity to e *ea!B

an H t*at u-ment i) !ene!e only upon la+ful *ea!in-.

&resu9)(o/ o I//oe/e52. 9eople v). !amayo [G.R. No. '&21325, =ctoe! 2", 1"81%

& Accu)ation i) not, acco!in- to t*e funamental la+, )ynonymou)+it* -uilt. @t i) incument on t*e p!o)ecution to emon)t!ate t*atculpaility lie). Appellant) +e!e not even calle upon t*en to oIe!evience on t*ei! e*alf. *ei! f!eeom i) fo!feit only if t*e !equi)itequantum of p!oof nece))a!y fo! conviction e in ei)tence. *ei! -uiltmu)t e )*o+n eyon !ea)onale out. o )uc* a )tana!, t*i)4ou!t *a) al+ay) een committe. *e!e i) nee, t*e!efo!e, fo! t*emo)t ca!eful )c!utiny of t*e te)timony of t*e )tate, ot* o!al anocumenta!y, inepenently of +*ateve! efen)e i) oIe!e y t*e

accu)e. =nly if t*e u-e elo+ an t*e appellate t!iunal coula!!ive at a conclu)ion t*at t*e c!ime *a een committe p!eci)ely yt*e pe!)on on t!ial une! )uc* an eactin- te)t )*oul t*e )entencee one of conviction.

1 umlao v). 4=M:':4 [G.R. No. '&522$5, li-*tZ -uilt, it may even e t!uly )ai t*at it i) not t*e c*allen-e

i)qualifyin- p!ovi)ion +*ic* ove!come) t*e p!e)umption ofinnocence ut !at*e! t*e i)quali0e pe!)on *im)elf +*o *a) p!oven*i) -uilt.

53. 4o!pu) v). 9eople [G.R. No. 8$25", >e!ua!y 1$, 1""1%

31


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- Equipoise rule: applicable only where the evidence of the parties is evenly

balanced. This favours the accused.

5$. >eee! @nte!national 'ine v). 4A [G.R. No. "$262 May 31, 1""1%& A co!po!ate entity, *a) no pe!)onality to invoke t*e !i-*t to e

p!e)ume innocent +*ic* !i-*t i) availale only to an iniviual +*oi) an accu)e in a c!iminal ca)e.

(;3) )o be Hear4 by H(9sel a/4 Cou/sel55. 9eople v). ol-ao [G.R. No. '&2;#", Ma!c* 22, 1"5#%

& (ne! t*i) p!ovi)ion, +*en a efenant appea!) +it*out atto!ney, t*ecou!t *a) fou! impo!tant utie) to comply +it* 1 @t mu)t info!mt*e efenant t*at it i) *i) !i-*t to *ave atto!ney efo!e ein-a!!ai-neB 2 Afte! -ivin- *im )uc* info!mation t*e cou!t mu)t a)k*im if *e e)i!e) t*e ai of an atto!neyB 3 @f *e e)i!e) an i)unale to employ atto!ney, t*e cou!t mu)t a))i-n atto!ney e o0cio toefen *imB an $ @f t*e accu)e e)i!e) to p!ocu!e an atto!ney of*i) o+n t*e cou!t mu)t -!ant *im a !ea)onale time t*e!efo!.

1 9eople v). A-ayani [G.R. No. 12288#,


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& (ne! t*e Rule) of 4ou!t, +*en t*e!e i) va!iance et+een t*e oIen)ec*a!-e in t*e complaint of info!mation, an t*at p!ove o!e)tali)*e y t*e evience, an t*e oIen)e a) c*a!-e i) inclue ino! nece))a!ily inclue) t*e oIen)e p!ove, t*e accu)e )*all econvicte of t*e oIen)e p!ove inclue in t*at +*ic* i) c*a!-e, o!of t*e oIen)e c*a!-e inclue in t*at +*ic* i) p!ove.

1 So!iano v). Sani-anayan [G.R. No. '&65"52,


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63. @n !e !eque)t fo! 'ive Raio an 4ove!a-e of t*e !ial in t*eSani-anayan of t*e 9lune! 4a)e) a-ain)t >o!me! 9!e)ient =R RA@= AN :':@S@=N 4=:RAG: => : M('@9':M(R:R 4AS:S AGA@NS MAG(@NANA= G=:RN=R OA'DAM9A(AN, : A'. [A.M. No. 1#&11&5&S4,


35/49

p!ouction of )peci0c ocument), o! !at*e! fo! )peci0c p!oof, an)econly, +*et*e! t*at p!oof i) p!ima facie )uciently !elevant tou)tify enfo!cin- it) p!ouction. A -ene!al inqui)ito!ial eamination ofall t*e ook), pape!), an ocument) of an ave!)a!y, conucte+it* a vie+ to a)ce!tain +*et*e! )omet*in- of value may not )*o+up, +ill not e enfo!ce.

Se)(o/ 15 Suse/s(o/ o )3e &r(8(le;e o )3e Wr() o Habeas Corus6;. 'an)an- v). Ga!cia [G.R. No. '&33"6$, eceme! 11, 1"81%

- 2 conition) mu)t concu! fo! t*e vali ee!ci)e of t*e aut*o!ity to)u)pen t*e p!ivile-e to t*e +!it, to +it aH t*e!e mu)t e Pinva)ion,in)u!!ection, o! !eellionP o! Pimminent an-e! t*e!eof,P an HPpulic )afetyP mu)t !equi!e t*e )u)pen)ion of t*e p!ivile-e.

6". lo!e) v). 9eople [G.R. No. '&2586", eceme! 1#, 1"8$%& 4on)titutional !i-*t to a )peey t!ial mean) one f!ee f!om veatiou),cap!iciou) an opp!e))ive elay). An accu)e i) entitle to a t!ial att*e ea!lie)t oppo!tunity. e cannot e opp!e))e y elayin- t*ecommencement of t*e t!ial fo! an un!ea)onale len-t* of time. *e4on)titution oe) not )ay t*at )uc* !i-*t may e availe only +*e!e

t*e p!o)ecution of a c!ime i) commence an une!taken y t*e0)cal. @t oe) not eclue f!om it) ope!ation ca)e) commence yp!ivate iniviual). J?*e!e a pe!)on i) p!o)ecute c!iminally, *e i)entitle to a )peey t!ial, i!!e)pective of t*e natu!e of t*e oIen)e o!t*e manne! in +*ic* it i) aut*o!ie to e commenceK.

Se)(o/ 1< (;3) A;a(/s) Sel>I/r(9(/a)(o/82. (nite State) v). an en- [G.R. No. 8#;1, Septeme! 8, 1"12%

& @f, in ot*e! +o!), it t*e !uleH c!eate inviolaility not only fo! *i)[p*y)ical cont!ol% in +*ateve! fo!m ee!ci)e, t*en it +oul epo))ile fo! a -uilty pe!)on to )*ut *im)elf up in *i) *ou)e, +it* allt*e tool) an inicia of *i) c!ime, an efy t*e aut*o!ity of t*e la+to employ in evience anyt*in- t*at mi-*t e otaine y fo!cily

ove!t*!o+in- *i) po))e))ion an compellin- t*e )u!!ene! of t*eeviential a!ticle) a clea! !euctio a a)u!um. @n ot*e! +o!), it

35


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i) not me!ely compul)ion t*at i) t*e ke!nel of t*e p!ivile-e, . . . utte)timonial compul)ion.

83. illaCo! v). Summe!) [G.R. No. 16$$$, Septeme! ;, 1"2#%& )ince t*e Jke!nel of t*e p!ivile-eK +a) t*e p!o*iition of Jte)timonial

compul)ionK, t*e 4ou!t +a) +illin- to compel a p!e-nant +omanaccu)e of aulte!y to )umit to t*e ini-nity of einte)te fo!

p!e-nancy. 7ein- pu!ely a mec*anical act, it i) not a violation of *e!con)titutional !i-*t a-ain)t )elf&inc!imination

1 7elt!an v). Sam)on [G.R. No. 32#25, Septeme! 23, 1"2"%& *e p!ivile-e not to -ive )elf&inc!iminatin- evience, +*ile a)olute

+*en claime, maye +aive y any one entitle to invoke it.

& it was sought to exhibit something already in existence, while in thecase at bar, the question deals with something not yet in existence, and

it is precisely sought to compel the petitioner to make, prepare, or

produce by this means, evidence not yet in existence; in short, to create

this evidence which may seriously incriminate him.8$. 9eople v). Galla!e [G.R. No. 133#25, >e!ua!y 28, 2###%

& *e takin- of pictu!e) of an accu)e, even +it*out t*e a))i)tance ofcoun)el, ein- pu!ely a mec*anical act, i) not a violation of *i)con)titutional !i-*t) a-ain)t )elf&inc!imination

85. 4*ave v). 4ou!t of Appeal) [G.R. No. '&2"16", Au-u)t 1", 1"6;%& At t*e out)et, it i) not i)pute t*at t*e accu)e in a c!iminal ca)emay !efu)e not only to an)+e! inc!iminato!y que)tion) ut al)o totake t*e +itne)) )tan.

86.9a)cual v). 7oa! of Meical :amine!) [G.R. No. '&25#1;, May 26,1"6"%

& t*at t*e Self&@nc!imination 4lau)e of t*e >ift* Amenment *a) eena)o!e in t*e >ou!teent*, t*at it eten) it) p!otection to la+ye!)

a) +ell a) to ot*e! iniviual), an t*at it )*oul not e +ate!eo+n y impo)in- t*e i)*ono! of i)a!ment an t*e ep!ivationof a liveli*oo a) a p!ice fo! a))e!tin- it.P ?e !eite!ate t*at )uc* ap!inciple i) equally applicale to a p!oceein- t*at coul po))ily!e)ult in t*e lo)) of t*e p!ivile-e to p!actice t*e meical p!ofe))ion.

& @t i) like+i)e of inte!e)t to note t*at +*ile ea!lie! eci)ion) )t!e))et*e p!inciple of *umanity on +*ic* t*i) !i-*t i) p!eicate,p!ecluin- a) it oe) all !e)o!t to fo!ce o! compul)ion, +*et*e!p*y)ical o! mental, cu!!ent uicial opinion place) equal emp*a)i)on it) ienti0cation +it* t*e !i-*t to p!ivacy. *u) acco!in- toift* Amenment in it) Self&@nc!iminationclau)e enale) t*e citien to c!eate a one of p!ivacy +*ic*-ove!nment may not fo!ce to )u!!ene! to *i) et!iment.P So al)o

+it* t*e o)e!vation of t*e late !ank +*o )poke of Pa !i-*t toa p!ivate enclave +*e!e *e may lea a p!ivate life. *at !i-*t i) t*e*allma!k of ou! emoc!acy.P

88. Mapa,


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& t*e )u!!ene! of t*ei! p!eciou) !i-*t to e )ilent. =u! *ie!a!c*y ofvalue) eman) t*at t*e !i-*t a-ain)t )elf&inc!imination an t*e !i-*tto e )ilent )*oul e acco!e -!eate! !e)pect an p!otection. 'a+)t*at ten to e!oe t*e fo!ce of t*e)e p!eeminent !i-*t) mu)tnece))a!ily e -iven a lie!al inte!p!etation in favo! of t*e iniviual.*e -ove!nment *a) a !i-*t to )olve c!ime) ut it mu)t o it, !i-*tly.

Se)(o/ 1= (;3) A;a(/s) I/8olu/)ary Ser8()u4e

Se)(o/ 1 &ro3(b()e4 &u/(s39e/)8;. 9eople v). :)toi)ta [G.R. No. '&58"3, Au-u)t 28, 1"53%

- Repulic Act. No. $ i) con)titutional. @t oe) not -o a-ain)t t*econ)titutional p!o*iition on c!uel an unu)ual puni)*ment *avin-ue !e-a! to t*e p!evalent conition) +*ic* t*e la+ p!opo)e) to cu!

8". 9eople v). :)pa!a) [G.R. No. 12##3$, Au-u)t 2#, 1""6%- eat* penaltyB 4on)titutional- 4ou!t) a!e not t*e fo!a fo! a p!ot!acte eate on t*e mo!ality o!

p!op!iety of t*e eat* )entence +*e!e t*e la+ it)elf p!ovie) t*e!efo!)peci0c an +ell e0ne c!iminal act)B- 4on-!e)) *a) t*e po+e! to !e&impo)e t*e eat* penalty fo! compellin-

!ea)on) involvin- *einou) c!ime)B *i) entail)

1)define and describe what heinous crimes mean;

2)specify and penalize by death only crimes that qualify as heinous;

3)Congress be move by compelling reasons involving heinous crimes.

Despite absence, courts can automatically review Esparas death sentence.;#. :c*a-a!ay v). Sec!eta!y of I9r(so/9e/) or Deb);1. Se!a0n v). 'inaya- [A.M. No. 2"8&M


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- @n e))ence, +*e!e a c!iminal ca)e i) i)mi))e p!ovi)ionally not only+it* t*e ep!e)) con)ent of t*e accu)e ut even upon t*e u!-in- of*i) coun)el t*e!e can e no oule eopa!y une! Sect. " Rule 113, ift*e inictment a-ain)t *im i) !evive y t*e 0)cal.

;$. 9aulin v). Gimene [G.R. No. 1#3323,


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te!mination +*ic* +oul mean t*at !e)ponent) *a no ep!e))econ)ent to t*e i)mi))al of t*e ca)e.

- i)mi))al +a) ue to incapaility of t*e complainant to fu!ni)*evience

"1. 9eople v). 9inea [G.R. No. '&$$2#5, >e!ua!y 16, 1""3%

-*e me!e 0lin- of t+o info!mation) c*a!-in- t*e )ame oIence i) notan app!op!iate a)i) fo! t*e invocation of oule eopa!y )ince t*e0!)t eopa!y *a) not yet )et in y a p!eviou) conviction, acquittal o!te!mination of t*e ca)e +it*out t*e con)ent of t*e accu)e

"2. 9eople v). ampal [G.R. No. 1#2$;5, May 22, 1""5%- i)mi))al Z acquittal &\ cannot en)ue a) t*e )tate i not violate

!i-*t) to a )peey t!ial

"3. Melo v). 9eople [G.R. No. '&35;#, Ma!c* 22, 1"5#%-*e!e i) ientity et+een t*e t+o oIen)e) +*en t*e evience to

)uppo!t a conviction fo! one oIen)e +oul e )ucient to +a!!ant a

conviction fo! t*e ot*e!. *i) )o calle P)ame&evience te)tP +*ic*+a) foun to e va-ue an e0cient, +a) !e)tate y t*e Rule) of4ou!t in a clea!e! an mo!e accu!ate fo!m. (ne! )ai Rule) t*e!e i)ientity et+een t+o oIen)e) not only +*en t*e )econ oIen)e i)eactly t*e )ame a) t*e 0!)t, ut al)o +*en t*e )econ oIen)e i) anattempt to commit t*e 0!)t o! a f!u)t!ation t*e!eof, o! +*en itnece))a!y inclue) o! i) nece))a!ily inclue in t*e oIen)e c*a!-e int*e 0!)t info!mation.

"$. 9eople v). Ail [G.R. No. '&$1;63, Ap!il 22, 1"88%- if afte! t*e 0!)t p!o)ecution a ne+ fact )upe!vene) on +*ic*

efenant may e *el liale, !e)ultin- in alte!in- t*e c*a!acte! of t*ec!ime an -ivin- !i)e to a ne+ an i)tinct oIen)e, t*e accu)e

cannot e )ai to e in )econ eopa!y if inicte fo! t*e ne+ ofen)e

"5. 9eople v). Relova [G.R. No. '&$512", Ma!c* 6, 1";8%- :ven if t*e oIen)e) c*a!-e a!e not t*e )ame, o+in- t*at t*e 0!)t

c*a!-e con)titute) a violation of an o!inance an t*e )econ c*a!-e+a) a violation a-ain)t t*e !evi)e penal coe, t*e fact t*at t*e t+oc*a!-e) )p!un- f!om one an t*e )ame act of conviction o! acquittalune! eit*e! t*e la+ o! t*e o!inance )*all a! a p!o)ecution une!t*e ot*e! t*u) makin- it a-ain)t t*e lo-ic of oule eopa!y.

-*e fact t*at M!. =pulencia +a) acquitte on t*e 0!)t oIen)e )*oula! t*e 2n complaint a-ain)t *im comin- f!om t*e )ame ientity a)t*at of t*e 1)t oIen)e c*a!-e a-ain)t M!.=pulencia.

Se)(o/ 22 E &os) "a)o La a/4 ,(ll o A))a(/4er

CITIENSHI&ea4 a/4 9e9or(e*

4itien)*ip p!ovi)ion) une! t*e 1"35, 1"83 an 1";8 4on)titution)

4ommon+ealt* Act No. 63 & AN A4 9R=@@NG >=R : ?ADS @N ?@4

9@'@99@N: 4@@O:NS@9 MAD 7: '=S =R R:A4E(@R:

3"


40/49

4ommon+ealt* Act No. 625 & AN A4 9R=@@NG : MANN:R @N ?@4 :=9@=N = :':4 9@'@99@N: 4@@O:NS@9 SA'' 7: :4'AR: 7D A 9:RS=N?=S: M=:R @S A >@'@9@N= 4@@O:N

4ommon+ealt* Act No. $83 & AN A4 = 9R=@: >=R : A4E(@S@@=N =>

9@'@99@N: 4@@O:NS@9 7D NA(RA'@OA@=N, AN = R:9:A' A4S N(M7:R:?:ND&N@N: (NR: AN ?:ND&S::N AN @RD&>=(R (NR: AN>=RD&:@G.

Repulic Act No. 53# & R:9(7'@4 A4 N=. 53# & AN A4 MAT@NG A@@=NA'9R=@S@=NS >=R NA(RA'@OA@=N

Repulic Act No. "13" & AN A4 9R=@@NG >=R : A4E(@S@@=N => 9@'@99@N:

4@@O:NS@9 >=R 4:RA@N A'@:NS 7D AM@N@SRA@: NA(RA'@OA@=N AN >=R=:R 9(R9=S:S

Repulic Act No. ;181 & AN A4 9R=@@NG >=R : R:9AR@A@=N => >@'@9@N=?=M:N ?= A: '=S :@R 9@'@99@N: 4@@O:NS@9 7D MARR@AG: = A'@:NSAN => NA(RA'&7=RN >@'@9@N=S.

Repulic Act No. "225

Se)(o/ 21 4o v). ou)e of Rep!e)entative) [G.R. No). "21"1&"2, 9< i) a natu!al&o!n citien, +*ic*,epene on +*et*e! o! not t*e fat*e! of !e)ponent, Allan >. 9oe,

+oul *ave *im)elf een a >ilipino citien an, in t*e a!mative,+*et*e! o! not t*e alle-e ille-itimacy of !e)ponent p!event) *im

$#


41/49

f!om takin- afte! t*e >ilipino citien)*ip of *i) putative fat*e!. Anyconclu)ion on t*e >ilipino citien)*ip of 'o!eno 9ou coul only e!a+n f!om t*e p!e)umption t*at *avin- ie in 1"5$ at ;$ yea!) ol,'o!eno +oul *ave een o!n )ometime in t*e yea! 1;8#, +*en t*e9*ilippine) +a) une! Spani)* !ule, an t*at San 4a!lo), 9an-a)inan,*i) place of !e)ience upon *i) eat* in 1"5$, in t*e a)ence of any

ot*e! evience, coul *ave +ell een *i) place of !e)ience efo!eeat*, )uc* t*at 'o!eno 9ou +oul *ave ene0te f!om t*e enma))e >ilipiniation t*at t*e 9*ilippine 7ill *a eIecte in 1"#2. *atcitien)*ip of 'o!eno 9ouH, if acqui!e, +oul t*e!ey eten to *i))on, Allan >. 9oe, fat*e! of !e)ponent >9e!ua!y2#12-*e!e i) no )peci0c )tatuto!y o! p!oceu!al !ule +*ic* aut*o!ie) t*e

i!ect 0lin- of a petition fo! ecla!ation of election of 9*ilippinecitien)*ip efo!e t*e cou!t). *e )pecial p!oceein- p!ovie une!Section 2, Rule 1#; of t*e Rule) of 4ou!t on 4ancellation o! 4o!!ectionof :nt!ie) in t*e 4ivil Re-i)t!y, me!ely allo+) any inte!e)te pa!ty to0le an action fo! cancellation o! co!!ection of ent!y in t*e civil !e-i)t!y,i.e., election, lo)) an !ecove!y of citien)*ip, +*ic* i) not t*e !eliefp!aye fo! y t*e !e)ponent.

"". Ma v. >e!nane, G.R. No. 1;3133,


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- Mo!eove!, t*e 4ou!t ackno+le-e t*at t*e main oective ofetenin- t*e citien)*ip p!ivile-e to an alien +ife i) to maintain aunity of alle-iance amon- family meme!).

1#1. @n t*e Matte! of t*e 9etition of 7an (an, 15$ 9*il. 552 1"8$H& Q@t i) not enou-* fo! an applicant fo! natu!aliation not to e a

0nancial u!en upon t*e community. e mu)t, al)o, *ave aPluc!ative t!ae, p!ofe))ion, o! la+ful occupation.P An t*i)quali0cation *a) een con)t!ue to mean, not only t*at *e i) not ae--a!, a paupe! o! ini-ent, ut, al)o, t*at *i) 0nancial conitionmu)t e )uc* a) to pe!mit *im an t*e meme!) of *i) family to live+it* !ea)onale comfo!t, in acco!ance +it* t*e p!evailin- )tana!of livin-, an con)i)tently +it* t*e eman) of *uman i-nity, at t*i))ta-e of ou! civiliation.

1#2. 4*ua Tian 'ai v. Repulic, 15; 9*il. $$ 1"8$H- 1. =ne quali0cation fo! 9*ilippine citien)*ip i) t*at t*e petitione!

Pmu)t e of -oo mo!al c*a!acte!P. *at ci!cum)tance )*oul e

)peci0cally alle-e in t*e petition Sec). 2[3!% an 8, 4om. Act No.$83H. *e State, in it) !ief, note) t*at 4*ua Tian 'ai i not ave! in*i) petition t*at *e i) a pe!)on of -oo mo!al c*a!acte!. e )implymae a lanket alle-ation t*at *e *a Pall t*e quali0cation) !equi!eof 4ommon+ealt* Act No. $83P 6 Reco! on AppealH. *at -ene!al)tatement i) not )ucient.

- 2. *e la+ eplicitly !equi!e) t*at t*e applicant )*oul inicate in *i)petition P*i) p!e)ent an fo!me! place) of !e)ienceP See. 8, 4om.Act No. $83H. *e fact t*at t*e petitione! te)ti0e u!in- t*e *ea!in-on all of *i) fo!me! place) of !e)ience i not cu!e t*e e0ciency of*i) petition 'o v). Repulic, 111 9*il. 1#36H. Non&compliance +it*t*at impo!tant !equi!ement !ene!) t*e pulication incomplete an,con)equently, aIect) t*e cou!tQ) u!i)iction to *ea! an ecie t*e

ca)e. @t +a!!ant) t*e i)mi))al of t*e petition Go v). Repulic, '&2#55;, Ma!c* 31, 1"6,PH, 13 S4RA 5$;B 9e v). Repulic, '&2#385,


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caniacy an fo! *olin- oce, a) )*e i) a natu!al&o!n >ilipinocitien

1#6. :i)on So v. Repulic, G.R. No. 18#6#3,


44/49

& *e )up!eme cou!t !ule t*at 9!ivate !e)ponent i) ecla!e N= acitien of t*e 9*ilippine) an t*e!efo!e i)quali0e f!om continuin- to)e!ve a) -ove!no! of t*e 9!ovince of So!)o-on. e i) o!e!e tovacate *i) oce an to )u!!ene! t*e )ame to t*e ice&Gove!no! oft*e 9!ovince of So!)o-on once t*i) eci)ion ecome) 0nal aneecuto!y. *e p!oceein-) of t*e t!ial cou!t +a) ma!!e y t*e

follo+in- i!!e-ula!itie)(1) the hearing of the petition was set ahead of the scheduled date of

hearing, without a publication of the order advancing the date of hearing,

and the petition itself;

(2) the petition was heard within six months from the last publication of the

petition;

(3) petitioner was allowed to take his oath of allegiance before the finality of

the judgment; and

(4) petitioner took his oath of allegiance without observing the two-year

waiting period.

111. Mo Da 'im Dao v). 4ommi))ione! of @mmi-!ation, G.R. No. '&212;",=ctoe! $, 1"81

& (ne! Section 15 of 4ommon+ealt* Act $83, an alien +omanma!!yin- a >ilipino, native o!n o! natu!alie, ecome) ip)o facto a>ilipina p!ovie )*e i) not i)quali0e to e a citien of t*e9*ilippine) une! Section $ of t*e )ame la+. 'ike+i)e, an alien +omanma!!ie to an alien +*o i) )u)equently natu!alie *e!e follo+) t*e9*ilippine citien)*ip of *e! *u)an t*e moment *e take) *i) oat* a)>ilipino citien, p!ovie t*at )*e oe) not )uIe! f!om any of t*ei)quali0cation) une! )ai Section $. ?*et*e! t*e alien +oman!equi!e) to une!-o t*e natu!aliation p!oceein-), Section 15 i) apa!allel p!ovi)ion to Section 16. *u), if t*e +io+ of an applicant fo!

natu!aliation a) >ilipino, +*o ie) u!in- t*e p!oceein-), i) not!equi!e to -o t*!ou-* a natu!aliation p!oceein-), in o!e! to econ)ie!e a) a >ilipino citien *e!eof, it )*oul follo+ t*at t*e +ife ofa livin- >ilipino cannot e enie t*e )ame p!ivile-e.

112. 7en-on @@@ v). R: [G.R. No. 1$2;$#, May 8, 2##1%- @n !e)ponent 4!uQ) ca)e, *e lo)t *i) >ilipino citien)*ip +*en *e

!ene!e )e!vice in t*e A!me >o!ce) of t*e (nite State). o+eve!,*e )u)equently !eacqui!e 9*ilippine citien)*ip une! R.A. No. 263#.

- avin- t*u) taken t*e !equi!e oat* of alle-iance to t*e Repulic an*avin- !e-i)te!e t*e )ame in t*e 4ivil Re-i)t!y of Ma-anta!em,9an-a)inan in acco!ance +it* t*e afo!ecite p!ovi)ion, !e)ponent4!u i) eeme to *ave !ecove!e *i) o!i-inal )tatu) a) a natu!al&o!n

citien, a )tatu) +*ic* *e acqui!e at i!t* a) t*e )on of a >ilipinofat*e!. @t ea!) )t!e))in- t*at t*e act of !epat!iation allo+) *im to!ecove!, o! !etu!n to, *i) o!i-inal )tatu) efo!e *e lo)t *i) 9*ilippinecitien)*ip

113. Altae!o) v). 4=M:':4, G.R. No. 163256, Noveme! 1#, 2##$-*e !e-i)t!ation of ce!ti0cate of !epat!iation +it* t*e p!ope! local civil

!e-i)t!y an +it* t*e 7u!eau of @mmi-!ation i) a p!e!equi)ite ineIectin- !epat!iation. 9etitione! complete all t*e !equi!ement) of!epat!iation only afte! *e 0le *i) ce!ti0cate of caniacy fo! amayo!alty po)ition ut efo!e t*e election). 9etitione!/) !epat!iation!et!oacte to t*e ate *e 0le *i) application an +a), t*e!efo!e,

quali0e to !un fo! a mayo!alty po)ition in t*e -ove!nment in t*e May1#, 2##$ election)

$$


45/49

Se)(o/ 511$. Ana! v). 4=M:':4 [G.R. No. ;3;2#, May 25, 1""#%

-*e !e)ponent i not lo)e *i) >ilipino 4itien)*ip an t*e!eyquali0e a) a caniate fo! t*e 9!ovincial Gove!no! of 4eu 9!ovince.*e petitione! faile to p!e)ent i!ect p!oof t*at p!ivate !e)ponent*a lo)t *i) >ilipino 4itien)*ip y any of t*e moe) p!ovie une!

4.A. No. 63 namely 1H 7y natu!aliation in a fo!ei-n count!yB 2H 7yep!e)) !enunciation of 4itien)*ipB an 3H 7y )u)c!iin- to an oat*of alle-iance to )uppo!t t*e 4on)titution o! la+) of a fo!ei-n count!y.*u), it i) clea! t*at p!ivate !e)ponent =)mea i not lo)e *i)9*ilippine citien)*ip y any of t*e t*!ee mentione *e!ein aove o!y any ot*e! moe of lo)in- 9*ilippine 4itien)*ip

115. Me!cao v). Manano [G.R. No. 135#;3, May 26, 1"""%& *e cou!t !ule t*at t*e 0lin- of ce!ti0cate of caniacy of!e)ponent )uce to !enounce *i) Ame!ican citien)*ip, eIectively!emovin- any i)quali0cation *e mi-*t *ave a) a ual citien. 7yecla!in- in *i) ce!ti0cate of caniacy t*at *e i) a >ilipino citienBt*at *e i) not a pe!manent !e)ient o! immi-!ant of anot*e! count!yBt*at *e +ill efen an )uppo!t t*e 4on)titution of t*e 9*ilippine) anea! t!ue fait* an alle-iance t*e!eto an t*at *e oe) )o +it*outmental !e)e!vation, p!ivate !e)ponent *a), a) fa! a) t*e la+) of t*i)count!y a!e conce!ne, eIectively !epuiate *i) Ame!icancitien)*ip an anyt*in- +*ic* *e may *ave )ai efo!e a) a ualcitien.

116. Soeana&4onon v. 4=M:':4, G.R. No. 1";8$2, Au-u)t 1#, 2#12- Natu!al&o!n citien) of t*e 9*ilippine) +*o, afte! t*e eIectivity of t*i)

Act, ecome citien) of a fo!ei-n count!y )*all !etain t*ei! 9*ilippinecitien)*ip upon takin- t*e afo!e)ai oat*.

-*e oat* i) an a!eviate !epat!iation p!oce)) t*at !e)to!e) one/)

>ilipino citien)*ip an all civil an political !i-*t) an oli-ation)concomitant t*e!e+it*, )uect to ce!tain conition) impo)e inSection 5.

-*e )up!eme cou!t )ai t*at, t*e !enunciation of *e! Au)t!aliancitien)*ip +a) invali ue to it +a) not oat* efo!e any pulic oce!aut*o!ie to amini)te! it !ene!in- t*e act of 4onon voi.

118.


46/49

)uc* t*at t*e!e +oul e mo!e t*an a ""F c*ance t*at a c*il o!n int*e p!ovince +oul e a >ilipino, +oul inicate mo!e t*an amplep!oaility if not )tati)tical ce!tainty, t*at petitione!/) pa!ent) a!e>ilipino). *at p!oaility an t*e evience on +*ic* it i) a)e a!eami))ile une! Rule 12;, Section $ of t*e Revi)e Rule) on:vience. 7H @t i) cont!a!y to common )en)e ecau)e fo!ei-ne!) o

not come to t*e 9*ilippine) )o t*ey can -et p!e-nant an leave t*ei!ne+o!n aie) e*in. 4H A) a matte! of la+, founlin-) a!e a) acla)), natu!al&o!n citien). ?*ile t*e 1"35 4on)titution/)enume!ation i) )ilent a) to founlin-), t*e!e i) no !e)t!ictive lan-ua-e+*ic* +oul e0nitely eclue founlin-) eit*e!. @n ot*e! +o!), t*econ)titutional )ilence i) fully eplaine in te!m) of lin-ui)tic eciencyan t*e avoiance of !eunancy. *e policy i) clea! it i) to !eco-niefounlin-), a) a cla)), a) >ilipino) une! A!t. @, Section 13H of t*e1"35 4on)titution. *i) inclu)ive policy i) ca!!ie ove! into t*e 1"83an 1";8 4on)titution. @n )um, all of t*e inte!national la+ convention)an in)t!ument) on t*e matte! of nationality of founlin-) +e!ee)i-ne to a!e)) t*e pli-*t of a efen)ele)) cla)) +*ic* )uIe!)f!om a mi)fo!tune not of t*ei! o+n makin-.

HU%AN I-HTSRea Ma-allona, Me!lin M., >unamental) of 9ulic @nte!national 'a+, 4Y: 9u. 2##5Hpp. 2$3 28#pp. 281 2;" a!e et!a !eain- matte!) not inclue fo! t*e !ecitation ut may einclue in t*e 0nal eamH

Hu9a/ (;3)s Trea)(es (/ &3(l((/e #ur(sru4e/e11". 7o!i) MeoI v. i!ecto! of 9!i)on), G.R. No. '&$25$, Septeme! 26,

1"51& t*e 9*ilippine) Paopt) t*e -ene!ally accepte p!inciple) ofinte!national la+ a) pa!t of t*e la+ of Nation.P An in a !e)olution

entitle P(nive!)al ecla!ation of uman Ri-*t)P an app!ove y t*eGene!al A))emly of t*e (nite Nation) of +*ic* t*e 9*ilippine) i) ameme!, at it) plena!y meetin- on eceme! 1#, 1"$;, t*e !i-*t to lifean lie!ty an all ot*e! funamental !i-*t) a) applie to all *umanein-) +e!e p!oclaime. @t +a) t*e!e !e)olve t*at PAll *uman ein-)a!e o!n f!ee an equal in e-!ee an !i-*t)P A!t. 1HB t*at P:ve!yone i)entitle to all t*e !i-*t) an f!eeom )et fo!t* in t*i) ecla!ation,+it*out i)tinction of any kin, )uc* a) !ace, colou!, )e, lan-ua-e,!eli-ion, political o! ot*e! opinion, nationality o! )ocial o!i-in, p!ope!ty,i!t*, o! ot*e! )tatu)P A!t. 2H t*at P:ve!y one *a) t*e !i-*t to aneIective !emey y t*e competent national t!iunal) fo! act) violatin-t*e funamental !i-*t) -!ante *im y t*e 4on)titution o! y la+P A!t.;HB t*at PNo one )*all e )uecte to a!it!a!y a!!e)t, etention o!

eileP A!t. "HB etc.12#. Ma!co) v. Man-lapu), G.R. No. ;;211, Septeme! 15, 1";"

& >i!)tly, t*e fo!me! 9!e)ient, alt*ou-* al!eay ea, i) )till entitleto ce!tain !i-*t). @t i) not co!!ect to )ay t*at a ea man, )ince *e i)no lon-e! a *uman ein-, *a) cea)e to *ave !i-*t). >o! in)tance,ou! Revi)e 9enal 4oe p!o*iit) t*e commi))ion of liel a-ain)t aecea)e iniviual.

& @t i) al)o )ai t*at M!. Ma!co), in caave! fo!m, *a) no con)titutionalo! *uman !i-*t), to )peak of. *i) contention enti!ely e-) t*ei))ue. @n t*e 0!)t place, one cannot ove!look t*at t*e !i-*t of M!.Ma!co), a) a >ilipino, to e u!ie in t*i) count!y, i) a))e!te not fo!t*e 0!)t time afte! *i) eat*. @t +a) vi-o!ou)ly a))e!te lon- efo!e*i) eat*. 7ut, mo!e impo!tantly, t*e !i-*t of eve!y >ilipino to eu!ie in *i) count!y, i) pa!t of a continuin- !i-*t t*at )ta!t) f!omi!t* an en) only on t*e ay *e i) 0nally lai to !e)t in *i) count!y.

$6


47/49

121. Gove!nment of on- Ton- v. =lalia, G.R. No. 153685, Ap!il 1", 2##8&*e 9*ilippine), alon- +it* t*e ot*e! meme!) of t*e family ofnation), committe to up*ol t*e funamental *uman !i-*t) a) +ell a)value t*e +o!t* an i-nity of eve!y pe!)on. *i) commitment i)en)*!ine in Section @@, A!ticle @@ of ou! 4on)titution +*ic* p!ovie)P*e State value) t*e i-nity of eve!y *uman pe!)on an -ua!antee)

full !e)pect fo! *uman !i-*t).P *e 9*ilippine), t*e!efo!e, *a) t*e!e)pon)iility of p!otectin- an p!omotin- t*e !i-*t of eve!y pe!)on tolie!ty an ue p!oce)), en)u!in- t*at t*o)e etaine o! a!!e)te canpa!ticipate in t*e p!oceein-) efo!e a cou!t, to enale it to ecie+it*out elay on t*e le-ality of t*e etention an o!e! t*ei! !elea)e ifu)ti0e. @n ot*e! +o!), t*e 9*ilippine aut*o!itie) a!e une! oli-ationto make availale to eve!y pe!)on une! etention )uc* !emeie)+*ic* )afe-ua! t*ei! funamental !i-*t to lie!ty. *e)e !emeie)inclue t*e !i-*t to e amitte to ail. ?*ile t*i) 4ou!t in 9u!-ananlimite t*e ee!ci)e of t*e !i-*t to ail to c!iminal p!oceein-),*o+eve!, in li-*t of t*e va!iou) inte!national t!eatie) -ivin- !eco-nitionan p!otection to *uman !i-*t), pa!ticula!ly t*e !i-*t to life an lie!ty,

122. @SA: v. Eui)umin-, G.R. No. 12;;$5,


48/49

4on)titution +oul *ave ep!e))ly )ai )o. P


49/49

-*e t*!eatene emolition i) not inclue amon- t*e enume!ation of!i-*t) p!otecte y t*e +!it. *ei! claim to t*ei! +ellin- oe) notcon)titute !i-*t to life, lie!ty, an )ecu!ity

12". Sec!eta!y of efen)e v. Manalo, G.R. No. 1;#"#6, =ctoe! 8, 2##;& *e p!ouction o!e! une! t*e Rule on t*e ?!it of Ampa!o )*oul

not e confu)e +it* a )ea!c* +a!!ant fo! la+ enfo!cement une! A!t.@@@, )ec. 2 of t*e 1";8 4on)titution. @t )ai t*at t*e p!ouction o!e!)*oul e likene to t*e p!ouction of ocument) o! t*in-) une! )ec.1, Rule 28 of t*e Rule) of 4ivil 9!oceu!e +*ic* )tate) t*at Juponmotion of any pa!ty )*o+in- -oo cau)e t*e!efo!, t*e cou!t in +*ic*an action i) penin- may aH o!e! any pa!ty to p!ouce an pe!mitt*e in)pection an copyin- o! p*oto-!ap*in-, y o! on e*alf of t*emovin- pa!ty, of any e)i-nate ocument), pape!), ook) ofaccount), lette!), p*oto-!ap*), oect) o! tan-ile t*in-), notp!ivile-e, +*ic* con)titute o! contain evience mate!ial to anymatte! involve in t*e action an +*ic* a!e in *i) po))e))ion, cu)toyo! cont!ol.K

T3e Wr() o Habeas Da)a13#. iva!e) v. St. *e!e)a/) 4olle-e, G.R. No. 1;#"#6, =ctoe! 8, 2##;

- >i!)t, t*e Rule on aea) ata oe) not )tate t*at it can e applieonly in ca)e) of et!ale-al killin-) o! enfo!ce i)appea!ance).Secon, not*in- in t*e Rule +oul )u--e)t t*at t*e *aea) atap!otection )*all e availale only a-ain)t au)e) of a pe!)on o! entityen-a-e in t*e u)ine)) of -at*e!in-, )to!in-, an collectin- of ata.

131. Gamoa v. 4*an, G.R. No. 1"3636,

consti case list asg david final

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