consti_digests on principles and state policies

8/17/2019 Consti_Digests on Principles and State Policies

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LLAVICENCIO v. LUKBAN9 PHIL 778

ACTS:sto Lukb!" #$o% o& '!()" o%*+%+* t,+ *(st%(-t o& ())

+/ut+ 0o#+! -)os+*. O!+ ,u!*%+* !* s+v+!t$ 0o#+!+%+ *+/o%t+* to 1vo 0(t,out t,+(% k!o0)+*2+ !*o!s+!t. T,+ 0o#+! 0+%+ %+-+(v+* s )bo%+%s (! !! /)!tt(o!. So#+ o& t,+ 0o#+! 0+%+ b)+ tos-/+ !* %+tu%! to '!(). T,+ tto%!+$ &o% t,+ %+)t(v+s!* &%(+!*s o& -o!s(*+%b)+ !u#b+% o& t,+ *+/o%t++s%+s+!t+* ! //)(-t(o! &o% ,+b+s -o%/us to t,+u/%+#+ Cou%t

SUE: 5,+t,+% o% !ot t,+ %+s/o!*+!ts ,* ut,o%(t$ to *+/o%t+ 0o#+! to 1vo6 !* 5,+t,+% o% !ot t,+ C(t$ o& '!() ,s u%(s*(-t(o! tosu+ 0%(t o& ,b+s -o%/us to 1vo

EL1:,+ %+s/o!*+!ts ,* !o ut,o%(t$ to *+/o%t t,+ 0o#+!.o o-()" !o #tt+% ,o0 ,(2," (s bov+ t,+ )0. T,+ou%ts %+ t,+ &o%u# 0,(-, &u!-t(o! to s&+2u%* )(b+%t$!* to /u!(s, o-() t%!s2%+sso%s. T,+ +ss+!t() ob+-t!* /u%/os+ o& 0%(t o& ,b+s -o%/us (s to (!u(%+ (!to ))!!+% o& (!vo)u!t%$ %+st%(!t" !* to %+)(+v+ /+%so!

+%+&%o# (& su-, %+st%(!t (s ())+2). I& t,+ #$o% !* t,+,(+& o& /o)(-+ -ou)* *+/o%t t,+ 0o#+!" t,+$ #ust ,v++ #+!s to %+tu%! t,+# &%o# 1vo to '!(). T,+

+s/o!*+!ts #$ !ot b+ /+%#(tt+* to %+st%(! &+))o0t(;+! o& ,+% )(b+%t$ b$ &o%-(!2 ,+% to -,!2+ ,+% *o#(-()+!* to vo0 t,+ -t 0(t, (#/u!(t$ (! t,+ -ou%ts. T,+ 2%+t%(t o& )(b+%t$ #$ !ot b+ +s()$ +v*+*. No o!+ o& t,++&+!s+ oov+%!o% S)+s. I! o/+! -ou%t" t,+ s-) *#(tt+*" (!

!s0+% to u+st(o! o& #+#b+% o& t,+ -ou%t" t,t t,+s+


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o#+! ,* b++! s+!t out o& '!() 0(t,out t,+(% -o!s+!t.,+ -ou%t 0%*+* t,+ 0%(t" (! ! o%*+% o& Nov+#b+% ?"t *(%+-t+* Justo Lukb!" '$o% o& t,+ -(t$ o& '!()"

!to! Ho,#!!" -,(+& o& /o)(-+ o& t,+ -(t$ o& '!()"!-(s-o S)+s" 2ov+%!o% o& t,+ /%ov(!-+ o& 1vo" !*

+)(-(!o (2o" ! ,-+!*+%o o& 1vo" to b%(!2 b+&o%++ -ou%t t,+ /+%so!s t,+%+(! !#+*" ))+2+* to b+

+/%(v+* o& t,+(% )(b+%t$" o! 1+-+#b+% " 98.

+&o%+ t,+ *t+ #+!t(o!+*" s+v+! o& t,+ 0o#+! ,*+tu%!+* to '!() t t,+(% o0! +/+!s+. O! #ot(o! o&ou!s+) &o% /+t(t(o!+%s" t,+(% t+st(#o!$ 0s tk+! b+&o%++ -)+%k o& t,+ Su/%+#+ Cou%t s(tt(!2 s -o##(ss(o!+%s.! t,+ *$ !#+* (! t,+ o%*+%" 1+-+#b+% !*" 98"o!+ o& t,+ /+%so!s (! 0,os+ b+,)& t,+ 0%(t 0s (ssu+*+%+ /%o*u-+* (! -ou%t b$ t,+ %+s/o!*+!ts. It ,s b++!,o0! t,t t,%++ o& t,os+ 0,o ,* b++! b)+ to -o#+-k to '!() t,%ou2, t,+(% o0! +ov+%!o%>+!+%) -! o%*+% t,+ +v(-t(o! o& u!*+s(%b)+)(+!s &t+% ,+%(!2 &%o# t,+ Is)!*s. A-t No. 9 o& t,+P,()(//(!+ Co##(ss(o! !* s+-t(o! 733 o& t,+ =+v(s+*O%*(!!-+s o& t,+ -(t$ o& '!() /%ov(*+ &o% t,+ -o!v(-t(o!* /u!(s,#+!t b$ -ou%t o& ust(-+ o& !$ /+%so! 0,o -o##o! /%ost(tut+. A-t No. 899 ut,o%(;+s t,+ %+tu%! o!$ -(t(;+! o& t,+ U!(t+* Stt+s" 0,o #$ ,v+ b++!-o!v(-t+* o& v2%!-$" to t,+ ,o#+)!*. N+0 o%k !*ot,+% Stt+s ,v+ sttut+s /%ov(*(!2 &o% t,+ -o##(t#+!tto t,+ Hous+ o& =+&u2+ o& 0o#+! -o!v(-t+* o& b+(!2-o##o! /%ost(tut+s. A)0$s )0 Ev+! 0,+! t,+ ,+)t,ut,o%(t(+s -o#/+) v--(!t(o!" o% +stb)(s, u%!t(!+o% /)-+ )+/%ous /+%so! (! t,+ Cu)(o! )+/+% -o)o!$" (t (s*o!+ /u%su!t to so#+ )0 o% o%*+%. But o!+ -! s+%-,

v(! &o% !$ )0" o%*+%" o% %+2u)t(o!" 0,(-, +v+! ,(!ts t,+ %(2,t o& t,+ '$o% o& t,+ -(t$ o& '!() o% t,+ -,(+& o&/o)(-+ o& t,t -(t$ to &o%-+ -(t(;+!s o& t,+ P,()(//(!+ Is)!*D !* t,+s+ 0o#+! *+s/(t+ t,+(% b+(!2 (! s+!s+ )+/+%so& so-(+t$ %+ !+v+%t,+)+ss !ot -,tt+)s but P,()(//(!+-(t(;+!s /%ot+-t+* b$ t,+ s#+ -o!st(tut(o!) 2u%!t(+ss %+ ot,+% -(t(;+!s D to -,!2+ t,+(% *o#(-()+ &%o#'!() to !ot,+% )o-)(t$. O! t,+ -o!t%%$" P,()(//(!+/+!) )0 s/+-(-))$ /u!(s,+s !$ /ub)(- o-+% 0,o" !ob+(!2 +/%+ss)$ ut,o%(;+* b$ )0 o% %+2u)t(o!" -o#/+)s!$ /+%so! to -,!2+ ,(s %+s(*+!-+.

I! ot,+% -ou!t%(+s" s (! S/(! !* J/!" t,+ /%(v()+2+ o&*o#(-()+ (s *++#+* so (#/o%t!t s to b+ &ou!* (! t,+ B(o& =(2,ts o& t,+ Co!st(tut(o!. U!*+% t,+ A#+%(-!

-o!st(tut(o!) s$st+#" )(b+%t$ o& bo*+ (s /%(!-(/)+ so


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++/)$ (#b+**+* (! u%(s/%u*+!-+ !* -o!s(*+%+* so+#+!t%$ (! !tu%+ s !ot +v+! to %+u(%+

o!st(tut(o!) s!-t(o!. Ev+! t,+ >ov+%!o%>+!+%) o& t,+,()(//(!+ Is)!*s" +v+! t,+ P%+s(*+!t o& t,+ U!(t+* Stt+s",o ,s o&t+! b++! s(* to ++%-(s+ #o%+ /o0+% t,! !$!2 o% /ot+!tt+" ,s !o su-, %b(t%%$ /%+%o2t(v+" +(t,+%,+%+!t o% +/%+ss. 'u-, )+ss" t,+%+&o%+" ,s t,++-ut(v+ o& #u!(-(/)(t$" 0,o -ts 0(t,(! s/,+%+ o&+)+2t+* /o0+%s. I& t,+ #$o% !* t,+ -,(+& o& /o)(-+ou)*" t t,+(% #+%+ b+,+st o% +v+! &o% t,+ #ost%(s+0o%t,$ o& #ot(v+s" %+!*+% t,+ )(b+%t$ o& t,+ -(t(;+!o (!s+-u%+" t,+! t,+ /%+s(*+!ts !* -,(+&s o& /o)(-+ o& o!+ous!* ot,+% #u!(-(/)(t(+s o& t,+ P,()(//(!+s ,v+ t,+

#+ /%(v()+2+. I& t,+s+ o-()s -! tk+ to t,+#s+)v+su-, /o0+%" t,+! !$ ot,+% o-() -! *o t,+ s#+. A!* (& !$ o-() -! ++%-(s+ t,+ /o0+%" t,+! )) /+%so!s 0ou)*v+ ust s #u-, %(2,t to *o so. A!* (& /%ost(tut+ -ou)*+ s+!t 2(!st ,+% 0(s,+s !* u!*+% !o )0 &%o# o!+-)(t$ to !ot,+% 0(t,(! t,+ -ou!t%$" t,+! o-()*o# -!o)* t,+ s#+ -)ub ov+% t,+ ,+* o& !$ -(t(;+!.

0 *+!+s /o0+%. C+!tu%(+s 2o '2! C,%t *+-%++*t D MNo &%++#! s,)) b+ tk+!" o% (#/%(so!+*" o% b+ss+(;+* o& ,(s &%++,o)*" o% )(b+%t(+s" o% &%++ -usto#s" o%+ out)0+*" o% +()+*" o% !$ ot,+% 0(s+ *+st%o$+*6 !o%()) 0+ /ss u/o! ,(# !o% -o!*+#! ,(#" but b$ )0&u)*2#+!t o& ,(s /++%s o% b$ t,+ )0 o& t,+ )!*. 5+ 0()) s+))

!o #!" 0+ 0()) !ot *+!$ o% *+&+% to !$ #! +(t,+%st(-+ o% %(2,t.M '2! C,%t" 9 H+!." " " C/.96 +!2. stt. t L%2+" 7.4 No o-()" !o #tt+% ,o02," (s bov+ t,+ )0. T,+ -ou%ts %+ t,+ &o%u# 0,(-,!-t(o!t+ to s&+2u%* (!*(v(*u) )(b+%t$ !* to /u!(s,

-() t%!s2%+sso%s. MT,+ )0"M s(* Just(-+ '())+%"+)(v+%(!2 t,+ o/(!(o! o& t,+ Su/%+#+ Cou%t o& t,+ U!(t+*tt+s" M(s t,+ o!)$ su/%+#+ /o0+% (! ou% s$st+# o&ov+%!#+!t" !* +v+%$ #! 0,o b$ --+/t(!2 o-+%t(-(/t+s (! (ts &u!-t(o!s (s o!)$ t,+ #o%+ st%o!2)$ou!* to sub#(t to t,t su/%+#-$" !* to obs+%v+ t,+#(tt(o!s 0,(-, (t (#/os+s u/o! t,+ ++%-(s+ o& t,+ut,o%(t$ 0,(-, (t 2(v+s.M U.S. vs. L++ 88" G@ U.S."9@" G.4 MT,+ v+%$ (*+"M s(* Just(-+ 'tt,+0s o& t,+#+ ,(2, t%(bu!) (! !ot,+% -s+" Mt,t o!+ #! #$ b+

o#/+))+* to ,o)* ,(s )(&+" o% t,+ #+!s o& )(v(!2" o% !$t+%() %(2,t +ss+!t() to t,+ +!o$#+!t o& )(&+" t t,++%+ 0()) o& !ot,+%" s++#s to b+ (!to)+%b)+ (! !$

ou!t%$ 0,+%+ &%++*o# /%+v()s" s b+(!2 t,+ +ss+!-+ o&v+%$ (ts+)&.M (-k 5o vs. Ho/k(!s 88@" 8 U.S." 3@"7G.4 A)) t,(s +/)(!s t,+ #ot(v+ (! (ssu(!2 t,+ 0%(t o&b+s -o%/us" !* #k+s -)+% 0,$ 0+ s(* (! t,+ v+%$+2(!!(!2 t,t t,+ /%(#%$ u+st(o! 0s 0,+t,+% t,+ou%ts s,ou)* /+%#(t 2ov+%!#+!t o& #+! o% ov+%!#+!t o& )0s to b+ +stb)(s,+* (! t,+ P,()(//(!+)!*s.

,t %+ t,+ %+#+*(+s o& t,+ u!,//$ v(-t(#s o& o-()//%+ss(o! T,+ %+#+*(+s o& t,+ -(t(;+! %+ t,%++: 4 C(v()

-t(o!6 4 -%(#(!) -t(o!" !* 34 ,b+s -o%/us.

,+ %st (s ! o/t(o!) but %t,+% s)o0 /%o-+ss b$ 0,(-,+ 22%(+v+* /%t$ #$ %+-ou/ #o!+$ *#2+s. It #$()) %+st 0(t, t,+ /%t(+s (! (!t+%+st to /u%su+ su-, !-t(o!" but (t 0s !+v+% (!t+!*+* +


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+tu%!b)+ b+&o%+ t,+ Su/%+#+ Cou%t o% b+&o%+ ! (!&+%(o%ou%t %+sts (! t,+ *(s-%+t(o! o& t,+ Su/%+#+ Cou%t !* (s+/+!*+!t o! t,+ /%t(-u)% -(%-u#st!-+s. I! t,(sst!-+ (t 0s !ot s,o0! t,t t,+ Cou%t o& F(%st I!st!-+& 1vo 0s (! s+ss(o!" o% t,t t,+ 0o#+! ,* !$+!s b$ 0,(-, to *v!-+ t,+(% /)+ b+&o%+ t,t -ou%t.! t,+ ot,+% ,!*" (t 0s s,o0! t,t t,+ /+t(t(o!+%s 0(t,+(% tto%!+$s" !* t,+ t0o o%(2(!) %+s/o!*+!ts 0(t, t,+(%

tto%!+$" 0+%+ (! '!()6 (t 0s s,o0! t,t t,+ -s+vo)v+* /%t(+s s(tut+* (! *(


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v+! (& !+-+ss%$ ,(#s+)& 2o &t+% t,+ -,()*" !* *ov+%$t,(!2 t,t #o%t) #! -ou)* *o (! t,+ #tt+%6 !*t t,+ -ou%t 0ou)* o!)$ --+/t -)+% /%oo& o& ! bso)ut+

#/oss(b()(t$ b$ 0$ o& +-us+.M I! ot,+% 0o%*s" t,+ %+tu%!* !ot s,o0 t,t +v+%$ /oss(b)+ +


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%ost(tut(o! s(tut+* (! >%*+!( St%++t" *(st%(-t o&#/)o-" to -,!2+ t,+(% %+s(*+!-+.

+ k!o0 !o +/%+ss )0" %+2u)t(o!" o% o%*(!!-+ 0,(-,+%)$ /%o,(b(ts t,+ o/+!(!2 o& /ub)(- ,ous+s o&%ost(tut(o!" s t,os+ (! t,+ s(* >%*+!( St%++t"#/)o-. Fo% t,(s %+so!" 0,+! #o%+ t,! o!+ ,u!*%+*!* &t$ 0o#+! 0+%+ ss+#b)+* !* /)-+* bo%* +#+% !* t%!s/o%t+* to 1vo" -o!s(*+%(!2 t,t t,+(st+!-+ o& t,+ s(* ,ous+s o& /%ost(tut(o! ,s b++!)+%t+* &o% so )o!2 t(#+" (t (s u!*+!(b)+ t,t t,+$o% o& t,+ -(t$" (! /%o-++*(!2 (! t,+ #!!+% s,o0!"

-t+* 0(t,out ut,o%(t$ o& !$ )+2) /%ov(s(o! 0,(-,o!st(tut+s ! +-+/t(o! to t,+ )0s 2u%!t++(!2 t,+b+%t$ !* t,+ (!*(v(*u) %(2,ts o& t,+ %+s(*+!ts o& t,+ -(t$

'!().

+ *o !ot b+)(+v+ (! t,+ /o#/ !* obst+!tt(o! o& &o%-+s/)$+* b$ t,+ /o)(-+ (! -o#/)$(!2 0(t, t,+ o%*+% o& t,+$o% o& t,+ -(t$6 !+(t,+% *o 0+ b+)(+v+ (! t,+ !+-+ss(t$ o& k(!2 t,+# to t,+ *(st!t *(st%(-t o& 1vo. T,+ s(*

ov+%!#+!t) ut,o%(t$" (! -%%$(!2 out ,(s (!t+!t(o! tou//%+ss t,+ s+2%+2t+* *(st%(-t o% t,+ -o##u!(t$ &o%#+*$ t,os+ 0o#+! (! >%*+!( St%++t" -ou)* ,v+ ob)(2+*+ s(* 0o#+! to %+tu%! to t,+(% &o%#+% %+s(*+!-+s (! t,(st$ o% (! t,+ /%ov(!-+s" 0(t,out t,+ !+-+ss(t$ o&!s/o%t(!2 t,+# to '(!*!o6 ,+!-+ t,+ s(* o-() (s

b)(2+* to b%(!2 b-k t,+ 0o#+! 0,o %+ st()) (! 1vo sot t,+$ #$ %+tu%! to t,+ /)-+s (! 0,(-, t,+$ )(v+* /%(o% t,+(% b+-o#(!2 (!#t+s o& -+%t(! ,ous+s (! >%*+!(

t%++t.

s %+2%*s t,+ #!!+% 0,+%+b$ t,+ #$o% -o#/)(+* 0(t,+ o%*+%s o& t,(s -ou%t" 0+ *o !ot !* !$ //%+!tsob+*(+!-+ !* #%k+* bs+!-+ o& %+s/+-t (! t,+ st+/sk+! b$ t,+ #$o% o& t,+ -(t$ !* ,(s subo%*(!t+s" (& 0+k+ (!to --ou!t t,+ *(-u)t(+s +!-ou!t+%+* (! b%(!2(!2+ s(* 0o#+! 0,o 0+%+ &%++ t 1vo !* /%+s+!t(!2+# b+&o%+ t,(s -ou%t 0(t,(! t,+ t(#+ +*" (!s#u-, s*o+s !ot //+% t,t t,+ s(* 0o#+! 0+%+ )(v(!22+t,+% (! 2(v+! /)-+. It 0s !ot b+-us+ t,+$ 0+%+

+))$ *+t(!+*" but b+-us+ o! t,+ %st *$s t,+%+ 0+%+

o ,ous+s (! 0,(-, t,+$ -ou)* )(v+ 0(t, %+)t(v+*+/+!*+!t &%o# o!+ !ot,+%" !* s /%oo& t,t t,+$+%+ &%++ !u#b+% o& t,+# %+tu%!+* to '!() !* t,+t,+%s su--++*+* (! )(v(!2 s+/%t+ &%o# t,+(% -o#/!(o!s,o -o!t(!u+* )(v(!2 to2+t,+%.

o *+t+%#(!+ 0,+t,+% o% !ot t,+ #$o% -t+* 0(t, 2oo*u%/os+ !* )+2) ob+-t !* 0,+t,+% ,+ ,s -t+* (!oo* o% b* &(t, (! /%o-++*(!2 to *(sso)v+ t,+ s(*o##u!(t$ o& /%ost(tut+s !* to ob)(2+ t,+# to -,!2++(% *o#(-()+" (t (s !+-+ss%$ to -o!s(*+% !ot o!)$ t,+2,ts !* (!t+%+sts o& t,+ s(* 0o#+! !* +s/+-())$ o&+ /t%o!s 0,o ,v+ b++! *(%+-t(!2 !* -o!*u-t(!2 su-,%+/%o-,b)+ +!t+%/%(s+ !* s,#+&u) bus(!+ss (! o!+ o&

+ subu%bs o& t,(s -(t$" but )so t,+ %(2,ts !* (!t+%+sts o& + v+%$ !u#+%ous /+o/)+ o& '!() 0,+%+ %+)t(v+)$ &+0!s(+!ts --(*+!t))$ !* &o% so#+ *$s %+s(*+" t,+,b(t!ts t,+%+o& b+(!2 #o%+ t,! t,%++ ,u!*%+*ous!* 3GG"GGG4 0,o -! !ot" 0(t, (!*(


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o% t,+ &o%+2o(!2 %+so!s" 0+ %+-, t,+ -o!-)us(o! t,t,+! t,+ /+t(t(o!+%s" b+-us+ o& t,+ b!o%#) )(&+ t,+$ssu#+*" 0+%+ ob)(2+* to -,!2+ t,+(% %+s(*+!-+ !ot b$ %(vt+ -(t(;+! but b$ t,+ #$o% o& t,+ -(t$ 0,o (s *(%+-t)$+s/o!s(b)+ &o% t,+ -o!s+%vt(o! o& /ub)(- ,+)t, !* so-()o%)(t$" t,+ )tt+% -ou)* tk+ t,+ st+/ ,+ ,* tk+!"

v()(!2 ,(#s+)& o& t,+ s+%v(-+s o& t,+ /o)(-+ (! 2oo* &(t,!* o!)$ 0(t, t,+ /u%/os+ o& /%ot+-t(!2 t,+ (##+!s+o%(t$ o& t,+ /o/u)t(o! &%o# t,+ so-() +v()s !*s+s+s 0,(-, t,+ ,ous+s o& /%ost(tut(o! s(tut+* (!%*+!( St%++t ,v+ b++! /%o*u-(!2" 0,(-, ,ous+s ,v+++! -o!st(tut(!2 &o% $+%s t%u+ -+!t+% &o% t,+%o/2t(o! o& 2+!+%) *(s+s+s !* ot,+% +v()s *+%(v+*+%+&%o#. H+!-+" (! o%*+%(!2 t,+ *(sso)ut(o! !*

b!*o!#+!t o& t,+ s(* ,ous+s o& /%ost(tut(o! !* t,+,!2+ o& t,+ *o#(-()+ o& t,+ (!#t+s t,+%+o&" t,+ #$o%* !ot (! b* &(t, v(o)t+ t,+ -o!st(tut(o!) )0s 0,(-,u%!t++s t,+ )(b+%t$ !* t,+ (!*(v(*u) %(2,ts o& +v+%$(/(!o" (!s#u-, s t,+ 0o#+! /+t(t(o!+%s *o !ot

bso)ut+)$ +!o$ t,+ s(* )(b+%t$ !* %(2,ts" t,+ ++%-(s+ o& ,(-, t,+$ ,v+ vo)u!t%()$ %+!ou!-+* (! +-,!2+ &o% t,+++ /%-t(-+ o& t,+(% s,#+&u) /%o&+ss(o!.

v+%$ ,(2,)$ *v!-+* !* -(v()(;+* -ou!t%(+s" t,+%+ ,v+++! *o/t+* b$ t,+ *#(!(st%t(v+ ut,o%(t(+s s(#()%+su%+s" #o%+ o% )+ss %(2o%ous" %+s/+-t(!2 /%ost(tut+s"

o!s(*+%(!2 t,+# /%+u*(-() to t,+ /+o/)+" )t,ou2, (t (s

u+ t,t (! t,+ ++-ut(o! o& su-, #+su%+s #o%+ ,u#!+!* )+ss *%st(- /%o-+*u%+s" &o%t(t+% (! %+ +t suv(t+% (!%#" ,v+ b++! *o/t+*" but su-, /%o-+*u%+s ,v+0$s ,* (! v(+0 t,+ u)t(#t+ ob+-t o& t,+ >ov+%!#+!t% t,+ sk+ o& t,+ -o##u!(t$" t,t (s" /utt(!2 ! +!* to+ )(v(!2 to2+t,+% (! -+%t(! /)-+ o& 0o#+! *+*(-t+* /%ost(tut(o! !* -,!2(!2 t,+(% *o#(-()+" 0(t, t,+

%ob)+#t(-) ,o/+ t,t t,+$ *o/t !ot,+% #!!+% o&v(!2 0,(-, (s b+tt+% !* #o%+ us+&u) to t,+#s+)v+s !*

so-(+t$.

v(+0 o& t,+ &o%+2o(!2 %+#%ks" 0+ s,ou)* ,o)*" s 0++%+b$ ,o)*" t,t '$o% Justo Lukb! (s ob)(2+* to tk+-k !* %+sto%+ t,+ s(* 0o#+! 0,o %+ t /%+s+!t &ou!*1vo" !* 0,o *+s(%+ to %+tu%! to t,+(% &o%#+%

+s/+-t(v+ %+s(*+!-+s" !ot (! >%*+!( St%++t" S#/)o-st%(-t" 0(t, t,+ +-+/t(o! o& t,+ /%ost(tut+s 0,o s,ou)*

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t,+ s(* *+-(s(o!" (t (s s(*:

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#u!(-(/)(t$ o& 1vo" !* t,t bout t,(s !u#b+% +(t,+%%+tu%!+* t t,+(% o0! +/+!s+ o% 0+%+ /%o*u-+* t t,+s+-o!* ,+%(!2 b$ t,+ %+s/o!*+!ts.M

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10/31

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,+ u!*(s/ut+* (#/o%t!-+ o& t,+ o%*+%s o& t,(s -ou%t,(-, ,v+ b++! *(sob+$+*6 t,+ )oss o& t,+ /%+st(2+ o& t,+ut,o%(t$ o& t,+ -ou%t 0,(-, (ssu+* t,+ s(* o%*+%s" 0,(-,ss #(2,t ,v+ b++! -us+* b$ !o!-o#/)(!-+ 0(t, t,+

#+ o%*+%s o! t,+ /%t o& t,+ %+s/o!*+!t Justo Lukb!6+ *#2+s 0,(-, #(2,t ,v+ b++! suov+%!#+!t o& )0s !* to

%ot+-t (!*(v(*u) )(b+%t$ &%o# ())+2) +!-%o-,#+!ts.

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S. 79" 7 S.Ct. 8@3" 9@ L.E*. 3 94.

T,+ St++) S+(;u%+ Cs+

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5,+! t,+ P%+s(*+!t -ts /u%su!t to ! +/%+ss o% (#/)(+ut,o%(;t(o! o& Co!2%+ss" t,+ P%+s(*+!ts ut,o%(t$ (s t(ts 2%+t+st.5,+! t,+ P%+s(*+!t -ts (! t,+ bs+!-+ o& +(t,+% -o!2%+ss(o!) 2%!t o% *+!() o& ut,o%(t$" ,+ -! o!)$ %+u/o! ,(s o0! (!*+/+!*+!t /o0+%s" but t,+%+ (s ;o!+ (!0,(-, ,+ !* Co!2%+ss #$ ,v+ -o!-u%%+!t ut,o%(t$.5,+! t,(s (s t,+ -s+" t,+ t+st *+/+!*s o! t,+ (#/+%t(vo& +v+!ts !* -o!t+#/o%%$ (#/o!*+%b)+s %t,+% t,! obst%-t t,+o%(+s o& )0.5,+! t,+ P%+s(*+!t tk+s #+su%+s (!-o#/t(b)+ 0(t, t,+/%+ss+* o% (#/)(+* 0()) o& Co!2%+ss" t,+ ut,o%(t$ o& t,

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11/31

st(-+ J-kso! stt+* t,t t,(s -s+ &))s (!to -t+2o%$%++. I& t,+ P%+s(*+!ts %2u#+!t 0+%+ --+/t+* t,+

+-ut(v+ b%!-, -ou)* ++%t (ts ut,o%(t$ ov+% !$us(!+ss o% (!*ust%$.

ot+s,+ #ost (#/o%t!t /%t o& t,(s -s+ (s t,+ t,%++ /%t t+st+t &o%t, (! Just(-+ J-kso!s -o!-u%%+!-+. T,(s -s+ (s )sot+* s ou!2sto0! v. S0$+% !* s ou!2sto0! S,++t

ub+ v. S0$+%.

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+/o%ts ,(s -o!-)us(o!s to t,+ P%+s(*+!t. T,+ P%+s(*+!t (!%! #ust (ssu+ Ms+u+st%t(o!M o%*+% #!*t(!2 t,+

/+!*(!2 %+*u-t(o!s s/+-(+* b$ t,+ Co#/t%o))+% >+!+%)"!* t,+ s+u+st%t(o! o%*+% b+-o#+s ++!+%)s /%t(-(/t(o!4 tok+ +ov+%!#+!t (!*+/+!*+!t o& t,+ ++-ut(v+*+/%t#+!ts"M !* Co!2%+ss ,s -o!s(st+!t)$ v(+0+* t,+Co#/t%o))+% >+!+%) s ! o-+% o& t,+ L+2(s)t(v+ B%!-Ov+% t,+ $+%s" t,+ Co#/t%o))+%s >+!+%) ,v+ )so v(+0t,+#s+)v+s s /%t o& t,+ L+2(s)t(v+ B%!-,. T,us"b+-us+ Co!2%+ss ,s %+t(!+* %+#ov) ut,o%(t$ ov+% t,Co#/t%o))+% >+!+%)" ,+ #$ !ot b+ +!t%ust+* 0(t,++-ut(v+ /o0+%s. P/. ?78 U. S. 7773.

-4 U!*+% W o& t,+ A-t" t,+ Co#/t%o))+% >+!+%) ,sb++! (#/%o/+%)$ ss(2!+* ++-ut(v+ /o0+%s. A)t,ou2, ,+(s to ,v+ M*u+ %+2%*M &o% t,+ +st(#t+s !* %+*u-t(o!s-o!t(!+* (! t,+ o(!t %+/o%t o&

P2+ ?78 U. S. 7@

t,+ 1(%+-to%s o& t,+ CBO !* t,+ O'B" t,+ A-t -)+%)$-o!t+#/)t+s t,t" (! /%+/%(!2 ,(s %+/o%t" t,+ Co#/t%o))>+!+%) 0()) ++%-(s+ ,(s (!*+/+!*+!t u*2#+!t !*+v)ut(o! 0(t, %+s/+-t to t,os+ +st(#t+s" !* 0()) #k*+-(s(o!s o& t,+ k(!* t,t %+ #*+ b$ o-+%s -,%2+*0(t, ++-ut(!2 sttut+. T,+ A-ts /%ov(s(o!s 2(v+ ,(#" !t,+ P%+s(*+!t" t,+ u)t(#t+ ut,o%(t$ (! *+t+%#(!(!2 0,t

bu*2+t -uts %+ to b+ #*+. B$ /)-(!2 t,+ %+s/o!s(b()(t$


12/31

% ++-ut(o! o& t,+ A-t (! t,+ ,!*s o& ! o-+% 0,o (sub+-t to %+#ov) o!)$ b$ (ts+)&" Co!2%+ss" (! ++!+%)"t,+% t,! to (!v)(*t+ W o& t,+ A-t. I! W 7?&4"

o!2%+ss ,s +/)(-(t)$ /%ov(*+* M&))b-kM /%ov(s(o!s t,tk+ +E=" C.J." *+)(v+%+* t,+ o/(!(o! o& t,+ Cou%t. (! 0,(-,=ENNAN" PO5ELL" =EHNQUIST" !* OCONNO=" JJ."(!+*. STEVENS" J." )+* ! o/(!(o! -o!-u%%(!2 (! t,+*2#+!t" (! 0,(-, 'A=SHALL" J." o(!+*" /ost" /. ?78 U. S.3@. 5HITE" J." /ost" /. ?78 U. S. 79" !* BLACK'UN" J."ost" /. ?78 U. S. 77@" )+* *(ss+!t(!2 o/(!(o!s.

+!t+ vs. E%#(t " >= @9777" A/%() G" GG@

+!t+ vs. E%#(t " >= @9777" A/%() G" GG@

ACTS:,(s (s /+t(t(o! &o% -+%t(o%%( !* /%o,(b(t(o! /%o)o%(2t+ S-!*).

(* o-()s 0+%+ !ot b)+ to tt+!* *u+ to )-k o&o!s+!t &%o# t,+ P%+s(*+!t s /%ov(*+* b$ E.O. ?@?"+-t(o! 3 0,(-, %+u(%+s )) t,+ /ub)(- o-()s +!u#+%t+*S+-t(o! b4 to s+-u%+ t,+ -o!s+!t o& t,+ P%+s(*+!t /%(o%

//+%(!2 b+&o%+ +(t,+% ,ous+ o& Co!2%+ss.

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o!*+!t() (! /u%su(t o& t,+ /ub)(- (!t+%+st. T,+ /%(v()+2++(!2" b$ *+!(t(o!" ! ++#/t(o! &%o# t,+ ob)(2t(o! to

s-)os+ (!&o%#t(o!" (! t,(s -s+ to Co!2%+ss" t,+

!+-+ss(t$ #ust b+ o& su-, ,(2, *+2%++ s to out0+(2, t,/ub)(- (!t+%+st (! +!&o%-(!2 t,t ob)(2t(o! (! /%t(-u)%-s+.Co!2%+ss u!*oubt+*)$ ,s %(2,t to (!&o%#t(o! &%o# t,++-ut(v+ b%!-, 0,+!+v+% (t (s sou2,t (! (* o&)+2(s)t(o!. I& t,+ ++-ut(v+ b%!-, 0(t,,o)*s su-,(!&o%#t(o! o! t,+ 2%ou!* t,t (t (s /%(v()+2+*" (t #ust soss+%t (t !* stt+ t,+ %+so! t,+%+&o% !* 0,$ (t #ust b%+s/+-t+*. T,+ (!%# /%ov(s(o!s o& E.O. ?@?" ,o0+v+%" ))o0 t,+++-ut(v+ b%!-, to +v*+ -o!2%+ss(o!) %+u+sts &o%(!&o%#t(o! 0(t,out !++* o& -)+%)$ ss+%t(!2 %(2,t to *so !*Xo% /%o


13/31

%o,(b(t 1(!2)s! !* t,+ F(s-) &%o# /%o-++*(!2 0(t, t,+s+. H+ v+%%+* t,t EO @ 0s (ssu+* b$ v(%tu+ o&o##o!0+)t, A-t CA4 No. @7 0,(-, ,+ -)(#+* -+s+* +(st" ,+!-+" t,+ EO ,s !o )+2) bs(s.

,%++ ot,+% -s+s 0+%+ -o!so)(*t+* 0(t, t,(s o!+. L3G,(-, (s ! //+) b$ L+o! '. >u+%%+%o" s,o+ +/o%t+%"2(!st EO 9 0,(-, -o!t%o)s +/o%ts (! t,+ P,()(//(!+s6+ (s s++k(!2 to ,v+ /+%#(t (ssu+* to ,(#.

3G? (s )+* b$ Eu)o2(o =o*%(2u+; to /%o,(b(t t,++su%$ &%o# *(sbu%s(!2 &u!*s &%o# ?9ZG /u%su!t toO .

3G@ )+* b$ A!to!(o B%%+*o (s tt-k(!2 EO @ 0,(-,s //%o/%(t(!2 &u!*s to ,o)* t,+ !t(o!) +)+-t(o!s.

,+$ )) v+% t,t CA @7" ot,+%0(s+ k!o0! s AN ACTECLA=IN> A STATE OF TOTAL E'E=>ENC AS A =ESULTF 5A= INVOLVIN> THE PHILIPPINES AN1 AUTHO=IIN>HE P=ESI1ENT TO P=O'UL>ATE =ULES AN1E>ULATIONS TO 'EET SUCH E'E=>ENC o% s(#/)$ t,+#+%2+!-$ Po0+%s A-t" (s )%+*$ (!o/+%t(v+ !* t,t ))Os (ssu+* /u%su!t to s(* CA ,* )(k+0(s+ -+s+*.

SUE: 5,+t,+% o% !ot CA @7 ,s -+s+*.

EL1: +s. CA @7" 0,(-, 2%!t+* +#+%2+!-$ /o0+%s to+ /%+s(*+!t" b+-#+ (!o/+%t(v+ + /%o/%(o v(2o%+ 0,+!o!2%+ss #+t (! %+2u)% s+ss(o! o! '$ " 9?@" !* t,t+-ut(v+ O%*+%s Nos. @" 9" !* @ 0+%+ (ssu+*(t,out ut,o%(t$ o& )0. I! s+tt(!2 t,+ %st %+2u)% s+ss(o!& Co!2%+ss (!st+* o& t,+ %st s/+-() s+ss(o! 0,(-,%+-+*+* (t s t,+ /o(!t o& +/(%t(o! o& t,+ A-t" t,+ SC (sv(!2 +ATION OF PO5E=SEu)o2(oo*%(2u+;S=." ETC." ET AL." /+t(t(o!+%sv. V(-+!t++))ETC." ET AL." %+s/o!*+!ts9 PHIL. @G3 F+b. "934Po!+!t+: P%s" C.J.:F-ts:P+t(t(o!+%s ,+%+(! s++k tov)(*t+ E.O. Nos. ? !* ?@(ssu+* o! Nov+#b+% G"9" t,+ %st //%o/%(t(!2 t,+ su#o& P37"8G"GG &o%%2+!t !* +ss+!t() /ub)(- 0o%ks" !* t,+s+-o!* s+tt(!2s(*+ t,+ su# o& P"3@7"@GG &o% %+)(+& (! t,+ /%ov(!-+s!* -(t(+s v(s(t+* b$ t$/,oo!s" oo*s" *%ou2,t"+%t,uk+s

!* ot,+% -)#(t(+s. E.O.s 0+%+ (ssu+* b$ v(%tu+o& C.A.o. @7 T,+ E#+%2+!-$ Po0+%s A-t.Issu+:5ON E.O.sos. ? !* ?@ %+ v)(*H+)*: NO. S+-t(o! @ o& A%t(-)+ o& t,+ Co!st(tut(o! /%ov(*+s t,t(! t(#+s o& 0% o%

t,+% !t(o!) +#+%2+!-$" t,+ Co!2%+ss#$ b$ )0ut,o%(;+ t,+ P%+s(*+!t" to /%+s-%(b+X/%o#u)2t+)+s !* %+2u)t(o!s to -%%$ out *+-)%+* !t(o!)

o)(-$. T,+ s(* /o0+%s %+ )(#(t+* (! t,+ /%+s-%(b+*+%(o*. It -!!ot b+ ++%-(s+* t !$ t(#+ s t,+P%+s(*+!t$ 0!t to b+.

INE=S ASSOCIATION OF THE PHILIPPINES" INC."+t(t(o!+%"s.

HON. FUL>ENCIO S. FACTO=AN" J=." S+-%+t%$ o&E!v(%o!#+!t !* Ntu%) =+sou%-+s" !* JOEL 1. 'UCO1(%+-to% o& '(!+s !* >+os-(+!-+s Bu%+u" %+s/o!*+!ts>.=. No. 9833 J!u%$ @" 99

=O'E=O" J.:

F-ts: Fo%#+% P%+s(*+!t Co%$ Au(!o" ++%-(s(!2 )+2(s)t(v+/o0+%" (ssu+* EO /%+s-%(b(!2 t,+ (!t+%(# /%o-+*u%+s t,+ /%o-+ss(!2 !* //%ov) o& +/)o%t(o!" *+v+)o/#+!!* ut()(;t(o! o& #(!+%)s. To (#/)+#+!t t,+ -t" S+-%+to& 1EN= /%o#u)2t+* AO No. 7 !* 8. O! Ju)$ 98t,+ t,+! P%+s(*+!t Au(!o (ssu+* EO79 ut,o%(;(!2 t,+1EN= SEC=ETA= to !+2ot(t+ !* -o!-)u*+ o(!t v+!tu-o/%o*u-t(o!" /%o*u-t(o! s,%(!2" *+v+)o/#+!t !* t,o2%++#+!ts (!vo)v(!2 t+-,!(-) o% !!-() ss(st!-+ b$&o%+(2! o0!+* -o%/o%t(o!s &o% )%2+ s-)+ E1U.Pu%su!t to S+- @ o& EO 79" t,+ 1EN= (ssu+* AO No.70,(-, /%ov(*+s t,t )) +(st(!2 #(!(!2 )+s+s o%2%++#+!ts 0,(-, 0+%+ 2%!t+* AFTE= t,+


14/31

U/o! t,+ +(v+!+s+ -o!s(*+%t(o!s" t,+%+ (s !o -)+% s,o0(!2 t,t t,+EN= S+- ,s t%!s-+!*+* t,+ bou!*s *+#%-t+* (! t,+O79 &o% t,+ ++%-(s+ o& ,(s %u)+#k(!2 /o0+%.

A%t(-)+ [II" S+- o& t,+ 987 Co!st( *o+s !ot //)$+t%o-t(v+)$ to )(-+!s+" -o!-+ss(o! o% )+s+ 2%!t+* b$ t,+ov+%!#+!t u!*+% t,+ 973 Co!st( o% b+&o%+ t,+


15/31

,+t,+% o% !ot t,+ %+o%2!(;t(o! v(o)t+ t,+ s+-u%(t$ o&!u%+ o& ust(-+s !* u*2+s s /%ov(*+* &o% u!*+% t,+o!st(tut(o!.

ULIN>:,t (s (!vo)v+* (! t,(s -s+ (s !ot t,+ %+#ov) o%

+/%t(o! o& t,+ u*2+s !* ust(-+s &%o# t,+(% s+%v(-+s.,t (s (#/o%t!t (s t,+ v)(*(t$ o& t,+ bo)(t(o! o& t,+(%

-+s.

+))s+tt)+* (s t,+ %u)+ t,t t,+ bo)(t(o! o& ! o-+ *o+sot #ou!t to ! ())+2) %+#ov) o& (ts (!-u#b+!t (s t,+%(!-(/)+ t,t" (! o%*+% to b+ v)(*" t,+ bo)(t(o! #ust b+*+ (! 2oo* &(t,.

=ABAASHI v. UNITE1 STATES%(!t t,(s P2+s+ Bs(-so-k+t No.7G+t(t(o!+%%b$s,(

+s/o!*+!t!(t+* Stt+s+-(*+* B$to!+ Cou%t 9?39?4/(!(o!

G U.S. 8 9?34%2u+*o!*$" '$ G" 9?3+-(*+*o!*$" Ju!+ " 9?3

+%#: 9?G9?99?-ts o& t,+ Cs+

t,+ 0k+ o& t,+ J/!+s+ tt-k o! P+%) H%bo%"%+s(*+!t =oos+v+)t -t+* to /%+v+!t (!-(*+!ts o&ubv+%s(o! !* +s/(o!2+ &%o# (!*(v(*u)s o& J/!+s++s-+!t )(v(!2 (! t,+ U!(t+* Stt+s. H+ (ssu+* t0o+-ut(v+ o%*+%s 0,(-, 0+%+ u(-k)$ +!-t+* (!to )0. O!+v+ t,+ S+-%+t%$ o& 5% t,+ /o0+% to *+s(2!t+ -+%t(!%ts o& t,+ -ou!t%$ M#()(t%$ %+sM !* +-)u*+ -+%t(!+%so!s &%o# t,+#. T,+ s+-o!* +stb)(s,+* t,+ 5%

+)o-t(o! Aut,o%(t$ 0,(-, ,* t,+ /o0+% to %+#ov+"(!t(!" !* su/+%v(s+ /+%so!s 0,o 0+%+ +-)u*+* &%o#+ #()(t%$ %+s. >o%*o! K($os,( H(%b$s,(" stu*+!t

t t,+ U!(v+%s(t$ o& 5s,(!2to!" 0s -o!v(-t+* o& v(o)t(!2-u%&+0 !* %+)o-t(o! o%*+%.

u+st(o!* t,+ P%+s(*+!ts ++-ut(v+ o%*+%s !* t,+ /o0+%

+)+2t+* to t,+ #()(t%$ ut,o%(t(+s *(s-%(#(!t+ 2(!st#+%(-!s !* %+s(*+!t )(+!s o& J/!+s+ *+s-+!t (!o)t(o! o& t,+ F(&t, A#+!*#+!t

o!-)us(o!,+ Cou%t &ou!* t,+ P%+s(*+!ts o%*+%s !* t,+

#/)+#+!tt(o! o& t,+ -u%&+0 to b+ -o!st(tut(o!). C,(+&st(-+ Sto!+" 0%(t(!2 &o% t,+ u!!(#ous Cou%t" took (!to--ou!t t,+ 2%+t (#/o%t!-+ o& #()(t%$ (!st))t(o!s !*+/o!s /%o*u-t(o! t,t o--u%%+* o! t,+ 5+st Cost !*+ Mso)(*%(t$M t,t (!*(v(*u)s o& J/!+s+ *+s-+!t &+)t(t, t,+(% #ot,+%)!*. H+ %+so!+* t,t %+st%(-t(o!s o!/!+s+ -t(o!s s+%v+* ! (#/o%t!t !t(o!) (!t+%+st.,+ Cou%t *u-k+* t,+ t,o%!$ %+)o-t(o! (ssu+ !* &o-us+*o)+)$ o! t,+ -u%&+0" 0,(-, t,+ Cou%t v(+0+* s +-+ss%$ M/%ot+-t(v+ #+su%+.M Sto!+ %2u+* t,t %-()s-%(#(!t(o! 0s ust(+* s(!-+ M(! t(#+ o& 0% %+s(*+!tsv(!2 +t,!(- )(t(o!s 0(t, ! (!v*(!2 +!+#$ #$ b+ %+t+% sou%-+ o& *!2+% t,! t,os+ o& *(


16/31

o%2!(;(!2,+#.

su+

5XN t,+ /o0+% to #+%2+ *#(!(st%t(v+ %+2(o!s (s2(s)t(v+ /+t(t(o!+%s st!*4 (!

,%-t+% o% ++-ut(v+ s t,+ %+s/o!*+!ts -o!t+!*

+t(t(o!+%s: It u!*u)$ *+)+2t+s /o0+% to t,+ P%+s(*+!t to

+%2+ %+2(o!s t,%ou2, *#(!(st%t(v+ *+t+%#(!t(o! o% t!$ %t+ /%ov(*+s !o st!*%* &o% t,+ ++%-(s+ o& t,+o0+% *+)+2t+*

+s/o!*+!ts: No u!*u+ *+)+2t(o! but o!)$ 2%!t o&o0+% to) u/% /%ov(*+ t,+ *+t()s o& )+2(s)t(o! b+-us+ t,+ Co!2%+ss* !ot ,v+ t,+ &-()(t$ to /%ov(*+ &o% t,+#u)(!2:+t(t(o! (s 1IS'ISSE1.

,+ -%+t(o! !* subs+u+!t %+o%2!(;t(o! o&

*#(!(st%t(v+ %+2(o!s ,v+ b++! b$ t,+ P%+s(*+!tu%su!t to ut,o%(t$ 2%!t+* to ,(# b$ )0! -o!&+%%(!2 o! t,+ P%+s(*+!t t,+ /o0+% to #+%2+ t,+(st(!2 %+2(o!s &o))o0(!2 t,+ +stb)(s,#+!t o& t,+uto!o#ous =+2(o! (! 'us)(# '(!*!o"o!2%+ss #+%+)$ &o))o0+* t,+ /tt+%! s+t (! /%+v(ous2(s)t(o! *t(!2 b-k to t,+ (!(t() o%2!(;t(o! o&*#(!(st%t(v+ %+2(o!s (! 97=A?34

,(s 0s )so t,+ bs(s &o% t,+ su-(+!t st!*%* b$ 0,(-,+ P%+s(*+!t (s to b+ 2u(*+* (! t,+ ++%-(s+ o& /o0+%.

t!*%* -! b+ 2t,+%+* o% (#/)(+*

t!*%* -! b+ &ou!* (! t,+ s#+ /o)(-$ u!*+%)$(!2 2%!t&o0+% to t,+ P%+s(*+!t (! =A No. ?3 o& t,+ /o0+% to+o%2!(;+ t,+ E+-ut(v+ 1+/%t#+!t:to /%o#ot+#/)(-(t$" +-o!o#$" +-(+!-$" (! t,+ 2ov+%!#+!t to!b)+ (t to /u%su+ (ts /%o2%#s -o!s(st+* 0(t, t,+t(o!) 2o)s &o% --+)+%t+* so-() !* +-o!o#(- *+v+)o/#+!t.

,o!2 vs H+%!!*+;ACTS:,+ L+2(s)tu%+ /ss+* =.A. 8G A! A-t to =+2u)t+ t,++t() Bus(!+ss4. Its /u%/os+ 0s to /%+v+!t /+%so!s 0,o%+ !ot -(t(;+!s o& t,+ P,(). &%o# ,v(!2 st%!2)+,o)*/o! t,+ /+o/)+s +-o!o#(- )(&+.

/%o,(b(t(o! 2(!st )(+!s !* 2(!st sso-(t(o!s"%t!+%s,(/s" o% -o%/o%t(o!s t,+ -/(t) o& 0,(-, %+ !ot,o))$ o0!+* b$ F()(/(!os" &%o# +!22(!2 *(%+-t)$ o%*(%+-t)$ (! t,+ %+t() t%*+(+!s -tu))$ +!22+* (! t,+ %+t() bus(!+ss o! '$ "9? %+ ))o0+* to -o!t(!u+ t,+(% bus(!+ss" u!)+ss t,+(%-+!s+s %+ &o%&+(t+* (! --o%*!-+ 0(t, )0" u!t() t,+(%+t, o% vo)u!t%$ %+t(%+#+!t. I! -s+ o& u%(*(-) /+%so!s"! $+%s &t+% t,+ //%ov) o& t,+ A-t o% u!t() t,+

/(%t(o! o& t+%#.t(;+!s !* u%(*(-) +!t(t(+s o& t,+ U!(t+* Stt+s 0+%+

+#/t+* &%o# t,(s A-t.%ov(s(o! &o% t,+ &o%&+(tu%+ o& )(-+!s+s to +!22+ (! t,++t() bus(!+ss &o% v(o)t(o! o& t,+ )0s o! !t(o!)(;t(o!"

-o!o#(- -o!t%o) 0+(2,ts !* #+su%+s !* )bo% !*,+% )0s %+)t(!2 to t%*+" -o##+%-+ !* (!*ust%$.

/%ov(s(o! 2(!st t,+ +stb)(s,#+!t o% o/+!(!2 b$ )(+!s-tu))$ +!22+* (! t,+ %+t() bus(!+ss o& **(t(o!) sto%+o% b%!-,+s o& %+t() bus(!+ssLo I-,o!2" (! ,(s o0! b+,)& !* b+,)& o& ot,+% )(+!%+s(*+!ts" -o%/o%t(o!s !* /%t!+%s,(/s .=. No. ?8? Au2ust GGG Ju*(-() =+v(+06 C(v()(su/%+#-$ -)us+

FACTS:I!vok(!2 ,(s /o0+%s s Co##!*+%(!C,(+& u!*+% S+- A%t. VII o& t,+ Co!st(tut(o!" P%+s(*+!t Est%*" (! v+%b)*(%+-t(v+" *(%+-t+* t,+ AFP C,(+& o& St< !* PNP C,(+& t-oo%*(!t+ 0(t, +-, ot,+% &o% t,+ /%o/+% *+/)o$#+!t !

-#/(2! &o% t+#/o%%$ /+%(o* o!)$. T,+ IBP u+st(o!+


17/31

+ v)(*(t$ o& t,+ *+/)o$#+!t !* ut()(;t(o! o& t,+%(!+s to ss(st t,+ PNP (! )0 +!&o%-+#+!t.

SUE:5oN t,+ P%+s(*+!ts &-tu) *+t+%#(!t(o! o& t,+

+-+ss(t$ o& -))(!2 t,+ %#+* &o%-+s (s sub+-t to u*(-()v(+0.5oN t,+ -))(!2 o& AFP to ss(st t,+ PNP (! o(!t v(s(b()(t$

t%o)s v(o)t+ t,+ -o!st(tut(o!) /%ov(s(o!s o! -(v()(!u/%+#-$ ov+% t,+ #()(t%$.

ULIN>:T,+ /o0+% o& u*(-() %+v(+0 (s s+t &o%t, (! S+-t(o! "

%t(-)+ VIII o& t,+ Co!st(tut(o!" to 0(t:+-t(o! . T,+ u*(-() /o0+% s,)) b+ v+st+* (! o!+u/%+#+ Cou%t !* (! su-, )o0+% -ou%ts s #$ b+stb)(s,+* b$ )0.*(-() /o0+% (!-)u*+s t,+ *ut$ o& t,+ -ou%ts o& ust(-+ to

+tt)+ -tu) -o!t%ov+%s(+s (!vo)v(!2 %(2,ts 0,(-, %+2))$ *+#!*b)+ !* +!&o%-+b)+" !* to *+t+%#(!+,+t,+% o% !ot t,+%+ ,s b++! 2%v+ bus+ o& *(s-%+t(o!#ou!t(!2 to )-k o% +-+ss o& u%(s*(-t(o! o! t,+ /%t o&!$ b%!-, o% (!st%u#+!t)(t$ o& t,+ >ov+%!#+!t.,+! u+st(o!s o& -o!st(tut(o!) s(2!(-!-+ %+ %(s+*"+ Cou%t -! ++%-(s+ (ts /o0+% o& u*(-() %+v(+0 o!)$ (&+ &o))o0(!2 %+u(s(t+s %+ -o#/)(+* 0(t," !#+)$: 4 t,+

(st+!-+ o& ! -tu) !* //%o/%(t+ -s+6 4 /+%so!)

!* subst!t() (!t+%+st o& t,+ /%t$ %(s(!2 t,+o!st(tut(o!) u+st(o!6 34 t,+ ++%-(s+ o& u*(-() %+v(+0/)+*+* t t,+ +%)(+st o//o%tu!(t$6 !* ?4 t,+

o!st(tut(o!) u+st(o! (s t,+ )(s #ot o& t,+ -s+.

T,+ *+/)o$#+!t o& t,+ '%(!+s *o+s !ot -o!st(tut+ %+-, o& t,+ -(v()(! su/%+#-$ -)us+. T,+ -))(!2 o& t,+%(!+s (! t,(s -s+ -o!st(tut+s /+%#(ss(b)+ us+ o& #()(t%$ss+ts &o% -(v()(! )0 +!&o%-+#+!t. T,+ /%t(-(/t(o! o&+ '%(!+s (! t,+ -o!*u-t o& o(!t v(s(b()(t$ /t%o)s (s

//%o/%(t+)$ -(%-u#s-%(b+*. It (s t,+(% %+s/o!s(b()(t$ to%+-t !* #!2+ t,+ *+/)o$#+!t o& t,+ '%(!+s. It (s"

k+0(s+" t,+(% *ut$ to /%ov(*+ t,+ !+-+ss%$ +u(/#+!t to+ '%(!+s !* %+!*+% )o2(st(-) su//o%t to t,+s+ so)*(+%s.v(+0 o& t,+ &o%+2o(!2" (t -!!ot b+ /%o/+%)$ %2u+* t,t

()(t%$ ut,o%(t$ (s su/%+#+ ov+% -(v()(! ut,o%(t$.o%+ov+%" t,+ *+/)o$#+!t o& t,+ '%(!+s to ss(st t,+ PNPo+s !ot u!#k+ t,+ -(v()(! -,%-t+% o& t,+ /o)(-+ &o%-+.+(t,+% *o+s (t #ou!t to ! (!s(*(ous (!-u%s(o! o& t,+()(t%$ (! t,+ tsk o& )0 +!&o%-+#+!t (! v(o)t(o! o&

+-t(o! ?4" A%t(-)+ [VI o& t,+ Co!st(tut(o!.

))!2 vs. 5())(#s" 7G P,() 7@ost u!*+% -s+ *(2+sts" )bo% )0 t 5+*!+s*$" F+b%u%$8" G Post+* b$ S-,(;o/,%+!(- '(!*-ts: Pu%su!t to t,+ /o0+% *+)+2t+* to (t b$ t,++2(s)tu%+" t,+ 1(%+-to% o& Pub)(- 5o%ks /%o#u)2t+* %u)+s!* %+2u)t(o!s /+%t(!(!2 to t,+ -)osu%+ o& =os%(o St%++t!* =(;) Av+!u+ to t%- o& !(#)*%0! v+,(-)+s &o%

+% (! /%o,(b(t(o! 2(!st %+s/o!*+!t/ub)(- o-+%s.#o!2 ot,+%s" t,+ /+t(t(o!+%s v+% t,t t,+ %u)+s !*+2u)t(o!s -o#/)(!+* o& (!&%(!2+ u/o! -o!st(tut(o!)%+-+/t o! t,+ /%o#ot(o! o& so-() ust(-+ to (!su%+ t,++)) b+(!2 !* +-o!o#(- s+-u%(t$ o& )) /+o/)+.

su+: 5,+t,+% o% !ot t,+ %u)+s !* %+2u)t(o! /%o#ot+o-() ust(-+.

+)*: +s. T,+ /%o#ot(o! o& So-() Just(-+ (s to b+ *,+%+*ot t,%ou2, #(stk+! s$#/t,$ to0%*s !$ 2(v+!%ou/.

o-() ust(-+ (s M!+(t,+% -o##u!(s#" !o% *+s/ot(s#" !o%to#(s#" !o% !%-,$"M but t,+ ,u#!(;t(o! o& )0s !*

+ +u)(;t(o! o& so-() !* +-o!o#(- &o%-+ b$ t,+ Stt+

so t,t ust(-+ (! (ts %t(o!) !* ob+-t(v+)$ s+-u)%-o!-+/t(o! #$ t )+st b+ //%o(#t+*. So-() ust(-+#+!s t,+ /%o#ot(o! o& t,+ 0+)&%+ o& )) t,+ /+o/)+" t,+*o/t(o! b$ t,+ >ov+%!#+!t o& #+su%+s -)-u)t+* to(!su%+ +-o!o#(- stb()(t$ o& )) t,+ -o#/+t+!t +)+#+!ts oso-(+t$" t,%ou2, t,+ #(!t+!!-+ o& /%o/+% +-o!o#(-!* so-() +u()(b%(u# (! t,+ (!t+%%+)t(o!s o& t,+ #+#b+o& t,+ -o##u!(t$" -o!st(tut(o!))$" t,%ou2, t,+ *o/t(o!o& #+su%+s )+2))$ ust(b)+" o% +t%-o!st(tut(o!))$"t,%ou2, t,+ ++%-(s+ o& /o0+%s u!*+%)$(!2 t,+ +(st+!-+ )) 2ov+%!#+!ts o! t,+ t(#+,o!o%+* /%(!-(/)+ o& s)us/o/u)( +st su/%+# )+. So-() ust(-+" t,+%+&o%+" #ust b+&ou!*+* o! t,+ %+-o2!(t(o! o& t,+ !+-+ss(t$ o&(!t+%*+/+!*+!-+ #o!2 *(v+%s !* *(v+%s+ u!(ts o& so-(+t$ !* o& t,+ /%ot+-t(o! t,t s,ou)* b+ +u))$ !*+v+!)$ +t+!*+* to )) 2%ou/s s -o#b(!+* &o%-+ (! ou%so-() !* +-o!o#(- )(&+" -o!s(st+!t 0(t, t,+ &u!*#+!t!* /%#ou!t ob+-t(v+ o& t,+ stt+ o& /%o#ot(!2 t,+,+)t," -o#&o%t !* u(+t o& )) /+%so!s" !* o& b%(!2(!2bout Mt,+ 2%+t+st 2oo* to t,+ 2%+t+st !u#b+%.M

'A[I'O CALALAN>" P+t(t(o!+%" v. A. 1. 5ILLIA'S" ET AL.=+s/o!*+!ts.

'(#o C))!2 (! ,(s o0! b+,)&.

So)(-(to% >+!+%) O;+t !* Ass(st!t So)(-(to% >+!+%)

A#/%o &o% %+s/o!*+!ts 5())(#s" F%2!t+ !* B$!

C(t$ F(s-) 'b!2 &o% t,+ ot,+% %+s/o!*+!ts.

SLLABUS

. CONSTITUTIONAL LA56 CONSTITUTIONALIT OFCO''ON5EALTH ACT No. @?86 1ELE>ATION OFLE>ISLATIVE PO5E=6 AUTHO=IT OF 1I=ECTO= OF PUBL5O=KS AN1 SEC=ETA= OF PUBLIC 5O=KS AN1CO''UNICATIONS TO P=O'UL>ATE =ULES AN1=E>ULATIONS. D T,+ /%ov(s(o!s o& s+-t(o! o&Co##o!0+)t, A-t No. @?8 *o !ot -o!&+% )+2(s)t(v+/o0+% u/o! t,+ 1(%+-to% o& Pub)(- 5o%ks !* t,+ S+-%+to& Pub)(- 5o%ks !* Co##u!(-t(o!s. T,+ ut,o%(t$

t,+%+(! -o!&+%%+* u/o! t,+# !* u!*+% 0,(-, t,+$/%o#u)2t+* t,+ %u)+s !* %+2u)t(o!s !o0 -o#/)(!+* o(s !ot to *+t+%#(!+ 0,t /ub)(- /o)(-$ *+#!*s but #+%+to -%%$ out t,+ )+2(s)t(v+ /o)(-$ )(* *o0! b$ t,+ Nt(o!Ass+#b)$ (! s(* A-t" to 0(t" Mto /%o#ot+ s&+ t%!s(t u/o!* vo(* obst%u-t(o!s o!" %o*s !* st%++ts *+s(2!t+* !t(o!) %o*s b$ -ts o& t,+ Nt(o!) Ass+#b)$ o% b$++-ut(v+ o%*+%s o& t,+ P%+s(*+!t o& t,+ P,()(//(!+sM !* -)os+ t,+# t+#/o%%()$ to !$ o% )) -)ss+s o& t%-M0,+!+v+% t,+ -o!*(t(o! o& t,+ %o* o% t,+ t%- t,+%+o!#k+s su-, -t(o! !+-+ss%$ o% *v(sb)+ (! t,+ /ub)(--o!v+!(+!-+ !* (!t+%+st.M T,+ *+)+2t+* /o0+%" (& t ))t,+%+&o%+" (s !ot t,+ *+t+%#(!t(o! o& 0,t t,+ )0 s,))b+" but #+%+)$ t,+ s-+%t(!#+!t o& t,+ &-ts !*

-(%-u#st!-+s u/o! 0,(-, t,+ //)(-t(o! o& s(* )0 (s tb+ /%+*(-t+*. To /%o#u)2t+ %u)+s !* %+2u)t(o!s o! t,us+ o& !t(o!) %o*s !* to *+t+%#(!+ 0,+! !* ,o0 )o! !t(o!) %o* s,ou)* b+ -)os+* to t%-" (! v(+0 o& t,+-o!*(t(o! o& t,+ %o* o% t,+ t%- t,+%+o! !* t,+%+u(%+#+!ts o& /ub)(- -o!v+!(+!-+ !* (!t+%+st" (s !*#(!(st%t(v+ &u!-t(o! 0,(-, -!!ot b+ *(%+-t)$*(s-,%2+* b$ t,+ Nt(o!) Ass+#b)$. It #ust *+/+!* o!t,+ *(s-%+t(o! o& so#+ ot,+% 2ov+%!#+!t o-() to 0,o#(s -o!*+* t,+ *ut$ o& *+t+%#(!(!2 0,+t,+% t,+ /%o/+%o--s(o! +(sts &o% ++-ut(!2 t,+ )0. But (t -!!ot b+ st,t t,+ ++%-(s+ o& su-, *(s-%+t(o! (s t,+ #k(!2 o& t,+)0.

. I1.6 I1.6 POLICE PO5E=6 PE=SONAL LIBE=T6

>OVE=N'ENTAL AUTHO=IT. D Co##o!0+)t, A-t No.


18/31

?8 0s /ss+* b$ t,+ Nt(o!) Ass+#b)$ (! t,+ ++%-(s+& t,+ /%#ou!t /o)(-+ /o0+% o& t,+ stt+. S(* A-t" b$%tu+ o& 0,(-, t,+ %u)+s !* %+2u)t(o!s -o#/)(!+* o&+%+ /%o#u)2t+*" (#s to /%o#ot+ s&+ t%!s(t u/o! !*vo(* obst%u-t(o!s o! !t(o!) %o*s" (! t,+ (!t+%+st !*o!v+!(+!-+ o& t,+ /ub)(-. I! +!-t(!2 s(* )0" t,+%+&o%+"+ Nt(o!) Ass+#b)$ 0s /%o#/t+* b$ -o!s(*+%t(o!s o&

ub)(- -o!v+!(+!-+ !* 0+)&%+. It 0s (!s/(%+* b$ *+s(%+ %+)(+v+ -o!2+st(o! o& t%-" 0,(-, (s" to s$ t,+ )+st" +!-+ to /ub)(- s&+t$. Pub)(- 0+)&%+" t,+!" )(+s t t,+

otto# o& t,+ +!-t#+!t o& s(* )0" !* t,+ stt+ (!%*+% to /%o#ot+ t,+ 2+!+%) 0+)&%+ #$ (!t+%&+%+ 0(t,+%so!) )(b+%t$" 0(t, /%o/+%t$" !* 0(t, bus(!+ss !*--u/t(o!s. P+%so!s !* /%o/+%t$ #$ b+ sub+-t+* to ))!*s o& %+st%(!ts !* bu%*+!s" (! o%*+% to s+-u%+ t,++!+%) -o#&o%t" ,+)t," !* /%os/+%(t$ o& t,+ stt+ U.S. v.o#+% J+sus" 3 P,()." 84. To t,(s &u!*#+!t) (# o& ou%ov+%!#+!t t,+ %(2,ts o& t,+ (!*(v(*u) %+ subo%*(!t+*.b+%t$ (s b)+ss(!2 0(t,out 0,(-, )(&+ (s #(s+%$" butb+%t$ s,ou)* !ot b+ #*+ to /%+v() ov+% ut,o%(t$+-us+ t,+! so-(+t$ 0()) &)) (!to !%-,$. N+(t,+% s,ou)*ut,o%(t$ b+ #*+ to /%+v() ov+% )(b+%t$ b+-us+ t,+! t,+*(v(*u) 0()) &)) (!to s)v+%$. T,+ -(t(;+! s,ou)* -,(+v++ %+u(%+* b)!-+ o& )(b+%t$ !* ut,o%(t$ (! ,(s #(!*%ou2, +*u-t(o! !*" /+%so!) *(s-(/)(!+" so t,t t,+%+$ b+ +stb)(s,+* t,+ %+su)t!t +u()(b%(u#" 0,(-,+!s /+-+ !* o%*+% !* ,//(!+ss &o% )). T,+ #o#+!t

%+t+% ut,o%(t$ (s -o!&+%%+* u/o! t,+ 2ov+%!#+!t"2(-))$ so #u-, (s 0(t,*%0! &%o# t,+ %+s(*uu# o&b+%t$ 0,(-, %+s(*+s (! t,+ /+o/)+. T,+ /%*o )(+s (! t,+-t t,t t,+ //%+!t -u%t()#+!t o& )(b+%t$ (s /%+-(s+)$+ v+%$ #+!s o& (!su%(!2 (ts /%+s+%vt(o!.

I1.6 I1.6 SOCIAL JUSTICE. D So-() ust(-+ (s M!+(t,+%o##u!(s#" !o% *+s/ot(s#" !o% to#(s#" !o% !%-,$"Mut t,+ ,u#!(;t(o! o& )0s !* t,+ +u)(;t(o! o& so-()!* +-o!o#(- &o%-+s b$ t,+ Stt+ so t,t ust(-+ (! (tst(o!) !* ob+-t(v+)$ s+-u)% -o!-+/t(o! #$ t )+st b+

//%o(#t+*. So-() ust(-+ #+!s t,+ /%o#ot(o! o& t,++)&%+ o& )) t,+ /+o/)+" t,+ *o/t(o! b$ t,+ >ov+%!#+!t& #+su%+s -)-u)t+* to (!su%+ +-o!o#(- stb()(t$ o& ))+ -o#/+t+!t +)+#+!ts o& so-(+t$" t,%ou2, t,+

(!t+!!-+ o& /%o/+% +-o!o#(- !* so-() +u()(b%(u#t,+ (!t+%%+)t(o!s o& t,+ #+#b+%s o& t,+ -o##u!(t$"

o!st(tut(o!))$" t,%ou2, t,+ *o/t(o! o& #+su%+s )+2))$st(b)+" o% +t%-o!st(tut(o!))$" t,%ou2, t,+ ++%-(s+& /o0+%s u!*+%)$(!2 t,+ +(st+!-+ o& )) 2ov+%!#+!ts o!+ t(#+,o!o%+* /%(!-(/)+ o& s)us /o/u)( +st su/%+# )+.

o-() ust(-+" t,+%+&o%+" #ust b+ &ou!*+* o! t,++-o2!(t(o! o& t,+ !+-+ss(t$ o& (!t+%*+/+!*+!-+ #o!2v+%s !* *(v+%s+ u!(ts o& so-(+t$ !* o& t,+ /%ot+-t(o!t s,ou)* b+ +u))$ !* +v+!)$ +t+!*+* to )) 2%ou/s

s -o#b(!+* &o%-+ (! ou% so-() !* +-o!o#(- )(&+"o!s(st+!t 0(t, t,+ &u!*#+!t) !* /%#ou!t ob+-t(v+& t,+ stt+ o& /%o#ot(!2 t,+ ,+)t," -o#&o%t" !* u(+t o&) /+%so!s" !* o& b%(!2(!2 bout Mt,+ 2%+t+st 2oo* to

+ 2%+t+st !u#b+%.M

E C I S I O N

AU=EL" J.:

(#o C))!2" (! ,(s -/-(t$ s /%(vt+ -(t(;+! !*s t/$+% o& '!()" b%ou2,t b+&o%+ t,(s -ou%t t,(s+t(t(o! &o% 0%(t o& /%o,(b(t(o! 2(!st t,+ %+s/o!*+!ts"

1. 5())(#s" s C,(%#! o& t,+ Nt(o!) T%-o##(ss(o!6 V(-+!t+ F%2!t+" s 1(%+-to% o& Pub)(- 5o%ks6+%2(o B$!" s A-t(!2 S+-%+t%$ o& Pub)(- 5o%ks !*

o##u!(-t(o!s6 Eu)o2(o =o*%(2u+;" s '$o% o& t,+ C(t$

o& '!()6 !* Ju! 1o#(!2u+;" s A-t(!2 C,(+& o& Po)(-+ '!().

It (s ))+2+* (! t,+ /+t(t(o! t,t t,+ Nt(o!) T%-Co##(ss(o!" (! (ts %+so)ut(o! o& Ju)$ 7" 9?G" %+so)v+* to%+-o##+!* to t,+ 1(%+-to% o& Pub)(- 5o%ks !* to t,+S+-%+t%$ o& Pub)(- 5o%ks !* Co##u!(-t(o!s t,t!(#)*%0! v+,(-)+s b+ /%o,(b(t+* &%o# /ss(!2 )o!2=os%(o St%++t +t+!*(!2 &%o# P); C)*+%o! *+ ) B%-to 1s#%(s St%++t" &%o# 7:3G .#. to :3G /.#. !*&%o# :3G /.#. to :3G /.#.6 !* )o!2 =(;) Av+!u++t+!*(!2 &%o# t,+ %()%o* -%oss(!2 t A!t(/o)o St%++t toE-,2u+ St%++t" &%o# 7 .#. to /.#." &%o# /+%(o* o&o!+ $+% &%o# t,+ *t+ o& t,+ o/+!(!2 o& t,+ Co)2!t+B%(*2+ to t%-6 t,t t,+ C,(%#! o& t,+ Nt(o!) T%-Co##(ss(o!" o! Ju)$ 8" 9?G %+-o##+!*+* to t,+1(%+-to% o& Pub)(- 5o%ks t,+ *o/t(o! o& t,+ #+su%+/%o/os+* (! t,+ %+so)ut(o! &o%+#+!t(o!+*" (! /u%su!-+o& t,+ /%ov(s(o!s o& Co##o!0+)t, A-t No. ?8 0,(-,ut,o%(;+s s(* 1(%+-to% o& Pub)(- 5o%ks" 0(t, t,+ //%ovo& t,+ S+-%+t%$ o& Pub)(- 5o%ks !* Co##u!(-t(o!s" to/%o#u)2t+ %u)+s !* %+2u)t(o!s to %+2u)t+ !* -o!t%ot,+ us+ o& !* t%- o! !t(o!) %o*s6 t,t o! Au2ust 9?G" t,+ 1(%+-to% o& Pub)(- 5o%ks" (! ,(s %st (!*o%s+#+!to t,+ S+-%+t%$ o& Pub)(- 5o%ks !* Co##u!(-t(o!s"%+-o##+!*+* to t,+ )tt+% t,+ //%ov) o& t,+%+-o##+!*t(o! #*+ b$ t,+ C,(%#! o& t,+ Nt(o!)

T%- Co##(ss(o! s &o%+s(*" 0(t, t,+ #o*(-t(o! t,t,+ -)os(!2 o& =(;) Av+!u+ to t%- to !(#)*%0!v+,(-)+s b+ )(#(t+* to t,+ /o%t(o! t,+%+o& +t+!*(!2 &%o#t,+ %()%o* -%oss(!2 t A!t(/o)o St%++t to A;-%%2St%++t6 t,t o! Au2ust G" 9?G" t,+ S+-%+t%$ o& Pub)(-5o%ks !* Co##u!(-t(o!s" (! ,(s s+-o!* (!*o%s+#+!t**%+ss+* to t,+ 1(%+-to% o& Pub)(- 5o%ks" //%ov+* t,+%+-o##+!*t(o! o& t,+ )tt+% t,t =os%(o St%++t !* =(;Av+!u+ b+ -)os+* to t%- o& !(#)*%0! v+,(-)+s"b+t0++! t,+ /o(!ts !* *u%(!2 t,+ ,ou%s s bov+(!*(-t+*" &o% /+%(o* o& o!+ $+% &%o# t,+ *t+ o& t,+o/+!(!2 o& t,+ Co)2!t+ B%(*2+ to t%-6 t,t t,+ '$o% '!() !* t,+ A-t(!2 C,(+& o& Po)(-+ o& '!() ,v++!&o%-+* !* -us+* to b+ +!&o%-+* t,+ %u)+s !*%+2u)t(o!s t,us *o/t+*6 t,t s -o!s+u+!-+ o& su-,

+!&o%-+#+!t" )) !(#)*%0! v+,(-)+s %+ !ot ))o0+* t/ss !* /(-k u/ /ss+!2+%s (! t,+ /)-+s bov+#+!t(o!+* to t,+ *+t%(#+!t !ot o!)$ o& t,+(% o0!+%s but t,+ %(*(!2 /ub)(- s 0+)).

It (s -o!t+!*+* b$ t,+ /+t(t(o!+% t,t Co##o!0+)t, A-tNo. ?8 b$ 0,(-, t,+ 1(%+-to% o& Pub)(- 5o%ks" 0(t, t,+//%ov) o& t,+ S+-%+t%$ o& Pub)(- 5o%ks !*Co##u!(-t(o!s" (s ut,o%(;+* to /%o#u)2t+ %u)+s !*%+2u)t(o!s &o% t,+ %+2u)t(o! !* -o!t%o) o& t,+ us+ o& !t%- o! !t(o!) %o*s !* st%++ts (s u!-o!st(tut(o!)b+-us+ (t -o!st(tut+s ! u!*u+ *+)+2t(o! o& )+2(s)t(v+/o0+%. T,(s -o!t+!t(o! (s u!t+!b)+. As 0s obs+%v+* b$t,(s -ou%t (! =ub( v. P%ov(!-() Bo%* o& '(!*o%o 39 P,()"

@@G" 7GG4" MT,+ %u)+ ,s !o0,+%+ b++! b+tt+% stt+* t,(! t,+ +%)$ O,(o -s+ *+-(*+* b$ Ju*2+ =!!+$" !* s(!-&o))o0+* (! #u)t(tu*+ o& -s+s" !#+)$: T,+ t%u+*(st(!-t(o! t,+%+&o%+ (s b+t0++! t,+ *+)+2t(o! o& /o0+% #k+ t,+ )0" 0,(-, !+-+ss%()$ (!vo)v+s *(s-%+t(o! s 0,t (t s,)) b+" !* -o!&+%%(!2 ! ut,o%(t$ o% *(s-%+t(o!s to (ts ++-ut(o!" to b+ ++%-(s+* u!*+% !* (! /u%su!o& t,+ )0. T,+ %st -!!ot b+ *o!+6 to t,+ )tt+% !o v)(*ob+-t(o! -! b+ #*+. C(!-(!!t(" 5. R . =. Co. v.Co##%s. C)(!to! Cou!t$" O,(o St." 88.4 1(s-%+t(o!" s,+)* b$ C,(+& Just(-+ '%s,)) (! 5$#! v. Sout,%* G5,+t." 4 #$ b+ -o##(tt+* b$ t,+ L+2(s)tu%+ to !++-ut(v+ *+/%t#+!t o% o-(). T,+ L+2(s)tu%+ #$#k+ *+-(s(o!s o& ++-ut(v+ *+/%t#+!ts o% subo%*(!t+o-()s t,+%+o&" to 0,o# (t ,s -o##(tt+* t,+ ++-ut(o!

o& -+%t(! -ts" !) o! u+st(o!s o& &-t. U.S. v. K(!k+*


19/31

?8 F+*." ?.4 T,+ 2%o0(!2 t+!*+!-$ (! t,+ *+-(s(o!s (s tov+ /%o#(!+!-+ to t,+ !+-+ss(t$ o& t,+ -s+.M-%)0%tu0 )(b%%$

+-t(o! o& Co##o!0+)t, A-t No. ?8 %+*s s))o0s:2-:-,!%ob)+s.-o#./,

SECTION . To /%o#ot+ s&+ t%!s(t u/o!" !* vo(*bst%u-t(o!s o!" %o*s !* st%++ts *+s(2!t+* s !t(o!)*s b$ -ts o& t,+ Nt(o!) Ass+#b)$ o% b$ ++-ut(v+

%*+%s o& t,+ P%+s(*+!t o& t,+ P,()(//(!+s" t,+ 1(%+-to% o&ub)(- 5o%ks" 0(t, t,+ //%ov) o& t,+ S+-%+t%$ o& Pub)(-o%ks !* Co##u!(-t(o!s" s,)) /%o#u)2t+ t,+

+-+ss%$ %u)+s !* %+2u)t(o!s to %+2u)t+ !* -o!t%o)+ us+ o& !* t%- o! su-, %o*s !* st%++ts. Su-, %u)+s

!* %+2u)t(o!s" 0(t, t,+ //%ov) o& t,+ P%+s(*+!t" #$o!t(! /%ov(s(o!s -o!t%o))(!2 o% %+2u)t(!2 t,+o!st%u-t(o! o& bu()*(!2s o% ot,+% st%u-tu%+s 0(t,(! +so!b)+ *(st!-+ &%o# )o!2 t,+ !t(o!) %o*s. Su-,*s #$ b+ t+#/o%%()$ -)os+* to !$ o% )) -)ss+s o&- b$ t,+ 1(%+-to% o& Pub)(- 5o%ks !* ,(s *u)$ut,o%(;+* %+/%+s+!tt(v+s 0,+!+v+% t,+ -o!*(t(o! o& t,+* o% t,+ t%- t,+%+o! #k+s su-, -t(o! !+-+ss%$ o%

*v(sb)+ (! t,+ /ub)(- -o!v+!(+!-+ !* (!t+%+st" o% &o% /+-(+* /+%(o*" 0(t, t,+ //%ov) o& t,+ S+-%+t%$ o&ub)(- 5o%ks !* Co##u!(-t(o!s.M-%)0 v(%tu0b%%$

,+ bov+ /%ov(s(o!s o& )0 *o !ot -o!&+% )+2(s)t(v+o0+% u/o! t,+ 1(%+-to% o& Pub)(- 5o%ks !* t,+ S+-%+t%$& Pub)(- 5o%ks !* Co##u!(-t(o!s. T,+ ut,o%(t$+%+(! -o!&+%%+* u/o! t,+# !* u!*+% 0,(-, t,+$

%o#u)2t+* t,+ %u)+s !* %+2u)t(o!s !o0 -o#/)(!+* o&!ot to *+t+%#(!+ 0,t /ub)(- /o)(-$ *+#!*s but #+%+)$ -%%$ out t,+ )+2(s)t(v+ /o)(-$ )(* *o0! b$ t,+ Nt(o!)ss+#b)$ (! s(* A-t" to 0(t" Mto /%o#ot+ s&+ t%!s(t u/o!!* vo(* obst%u-t(o!s o!" %o*s !* st%++ts *+s(2!t+* st(o!) %o*s b$ -ts o& t,+ Nt(o!) Ass+#b)$ o% b$+-ut(v+ o%*+%s o& t,+ P%+s(*+!t o& t,+ P,()(//(!+sM !* toos+ t,+# t+#/o%%()$ to !$ o% )) -)ss+s o& t%-

0,+!+v+% t,+ -o!*(t(o! o& t,+ %o* o% t,+ t%- #k+su-, -t(o! !+-+ss%$ o% *v(sb)+ (! t,+ /ub)(-

o!v+!(+!-+ !* (!t+%+st.M T,+ *+)+2t+* /o0+%" (& t ))"+%+&o%+" (s !ot t,+ *+t+%#(!t(o! o& 0,t t,+ )0 s,))

+" but #+%+)$ t,+ s-+%t(!#+!t o& t,+ &-ts !*%-u#st!-+s u/o! 0,(-, t,+ //)(-t(o! o& s(* )0 (s to+ /%+*(-t+*. To /%o#u)2t+ %u)+s !* %+2u)t(o!s o! t,+s+ o& !t(o!) %o*s !* to *+t+%#(!+ 0,+! !* ,o0 )o!2!t(o!) %o* s,ou)* b+ -)os+* to t%-" (! v(+0 o& t,+

o!*(t(o! o& t,+ %o* o% t,+ t%- t,+%+o! !* t,++u(%+#+!ts o& /ub)(- -o!v+!(+!-+ !* (!t+%+st" (s !*#(!(st%t(v+ &u!-t(o! 0,(-, -!!ot b+ *(%+-t)$s-,%2+* b$ t,+ Nt(o!) Ass+#b)$. It #ust *+/+!* o!+ *(s-%+t(o! o& so#+ ot,+% 2ov+%!#+!t o-() to 0,o#-o!*+* t,+ *ut$ o& *+t+%#(!(!2 0,+t,+% t,+ /%o/+%

--s(o! +(sts &o% ++-ut(!2 t,+ )0. But (t -!!ot b+ s(*

t t,+ ++%-(s+ o& su-, *(s-%+t(o! (s t,+ #k(!2 o& t,+0. As 0s s(* (! Lo-k+s A//+) 7 P. ?94: MTo ss+%tt )0 (s )+ss t,! )0" b+-us+ (t (s #*+ to *+/+!*

! &utu%+ +v+!t o% -t" (s to %ob t,+ L+2(s)tu%+ o& t,+o0+% to -t 0(s+)$ &o% t,+ /ub)(- 0+)&%+ 0,+!+v+% )0/ss+* %+)t(!2 to stt+ o& .=. Nos?@G7@ !* ?@G77" /%o#u)2t+* Ju!+ " 939" !* (!P!2s(!! T%!s/o%tt(o! v. T,+ Pub)(- S+%v(-+Co##(ss(o!" >.=. No. ?7G@" /%o#u)2t+* Ju!+ @" 9?Gt,(s Cou%t ,* o--s(o! to obs+%v+ t,t t,+ /%(!-(/)+ o&s+/%t(o! o& /o0+%s ,s b++! #*+ to */t (ts+)& to t,-o#/)+(t(+s o& #o*+%! 2ov+%!#+!ts" 2(v(!2 %(s+ to t,+*o/t(o!" 0(t,(! -+%t(! )(#(ts" o& t,+ /%(!-(/)+ o&Msubo%*(!t+ )+2(s)t(o!"M !ot o!)$ (! t,+ U!(t+* Stt+s !E!2)!* but (! /%-t(-))$ )) #o*+%! 2ov+%!#+!ts.A--o%*(!2)$" 0(t, t,+ 2%o0(!2 -o#/)+(t$ o& #o*+%! )(&+"t,+ #u)t(/)(-t(o! o& t,+ sub+-ts o& 2ov+%!#+!t)%+2u)t(o!s" !* t,+ (!-%+s+* *(-u)t$ o& *#(!(st+%(!2t,+ )0s" t,+ %(2(*(t$ o& t,+ t,+o%$ o& s+/%t(o! o&2ov+%!#+!t) /o0+%s ,s" to )%2+ +t+!t" b++! %+)+b$ /+%#(tt(!2 t,+ *+)+2t(o! o& 2%+t+% /o0+%s b$ t,+)+2(s)t(v+ !* v+st(!2 )%2+% #ou!t o& *(s-%+t(o! (!*#(!(st%t(v+ !* ++-ut(v+ o-()s" !ot o!)$ (! t,+++-ut(o! o& t,+ )0s" but )so (! t,+ /%o#u)2t(o! o&-+%t(! %u)+s !* %+2u)t(o!s -)-u)t+* to /%o#ot+ /ub)((!t+%+st.

T,+ /+t(t(o!+% &u%t,+% -o!t+!*s t,t t,+ %u)+s !*%+2u)t(o!s /%o#u)2t+* b$ t,+ %+s/o!*+!ts /u%su!t to

t,+ /%ov(s(o!s o& Co##o!0+)t, A-t No. ?8 -o!st(tut+ u!)0&u) (!t+%&+%+!-+ 0(t, )+2(t(#t+ bus(!+ss o% t%*+ b%(*2+ t,+ %(2,t to /+%so!) )(b+%t$ !* &%++*o# o&)o-o#ot(o!. Co##o!0+)t, A-t No. ?8 0s /ss+* b$t,+ Nt(o!) Ass+#b)$ (! t,+ ++%-(s+ o& t,+ /%#ou!t/o)(-+ /o0+% o& t,+ stt+.

S(* A-t" b$ v(%tu+ o& 0,(-, t,+ %u)+s !* %+2u)t(o!s-o#/)(!+* o& 0+%+ /%o#u)2t+*" (#s to /%o#ot+ s&+t%!s(t u/o! !* vo(* obst%u-t(o!s o! !t(o!) %o*s" (!t,+ (!t+%+st !* -o!v+!(+!-+ o& t,+ /ub)(-. I! +!-t(!2s(* )0" t,+%+&o%+" t,+ Nt(o!) Ass+#b)$ 0s /%o#/t+*b$ -o!s(*+%t(o!s o& /ub)(- -o!v+!(+!-+ !* 0+)&%+. It0s (!s/(%+* b$ *+s(%+ to %+)(+v+ -o!2+st(o! o& t%-.0,(-, (s" to s$ t,+ )+st" #+!-+ to /ub)(- s&+t$. Pub

0+)&%+" t,+!" )(+s t t,+ botto# o& t,+ +!-t#+!t o& s(*)0" !* t,+ stt+ (! o%*+% to /%o#ot+ t,+ 2+!+%) 0+)&%#$ (!t+%&+%+ 0(t, /+%so!) )(b+%t$" 0(t, /%o/+%t$" !* 0bus(!+ss !* o--u/t(o!s. P+%so!s !* /%o/+%t$ #$ b+sub+-t+* to )) k(!*s o& %+st%(!ts !* bu%*+!s" (! o%*+% s+-u%+ t,+ 2+!+%) -o#&o%t" ,+)t," !* /%os/+%(t$ o& t,+stt+ U.S. v. >o#+; J+sus" 3 P,()." 84. To t,(s&u!*#+!t) (# o& ou% >ov+%!#+!t t,+ %(2,ts o& t,+(!*(v(*u) %+ subo%*(!t+*. L(b+%t$ (s b)+ss(!2 0(t,out0,(-, )(&+ (s #(s+%$" but )(b+%t$ s,ou)* !ot b+ #*+ to/%+v() ov+% ut,o%(t$ b+-us+ t,+! so-(+t$ 0()) &)) (!to!%-,$. N+(t,+% s,ou)* ut,o%(t$ b+ #*+ to /%+v() ov+)(b+%t$ b+-us+ t,+! t,+ (!*(v(*u) 0()) &)) (!to s)v+%$. T,+ -(t(;+! s,ou)* -,(+v+ t,+ %+u(%+* b)!-+ o& )(b+%t$

!* ut,o%(t$ (! ,(s #(!* t,%ou2, +*u-t(o! !* /+%so!*(s-(/)(!+" so t,t t,+%+ #$ b+ +stb)(s,+* t,+ %+su)t!t+u()(b%(u#" 0,(-, #+!s /+-+ !* o%*+% !* ,//(!+s&o% )). T,+ #o#+!t 2%+t+% ut,o%(t$ (s -o!&+%%+* u/o!t,+ 2ov+%!#+!t" )o2(-))$ so #u-, (s 0(t,*%0! &%o# t,+%+s(*uu# o& )(b+%t$ 0,(-, %+s(*+s (! t,+ /+o/)+. T,+/%*o )(+s (! t,+ &-t t,t t,+ //%+!t -u%t()#+!t o&)(b+%t$ (s /%+-(s+)$ t,+ v+%$ #+!s o& (!su%(!2 (ts/%+s+%vt(o!.

T,+ s-o/+ o& /o)(-+ /o0+% k++/s +/!*(!2 s -(v()(;t(o*v!-+s. As 0s s(* (! t,+ -s+ o& 1obb(!s v. LosA!2+)+s 9 U.S. 3" 386 ?9 L. +*. @94" Mt,+ %(2,t to++%-(s+ t,+ /o)(-+ /o0+% (s -o!t(!u(!2 o!+" !* bus(!+ss )0&u) to*$ #$ (! t,+ &utu%+" b+-us+ o& t,+

-,!2+* s(tut(o!" t,+ 2%o0t, o& /o/u)t(o! o% ot,+%


20/31

us+s" b+-o#+ #+!-+ to t,+ /ub)(- ,+)t, !*+)&%+" !* b+ %+u(%+* to $(+)* to t,+ /ub)(- 2oo*.M A!*P+o/)+ v. Po#% ?@ P,()." ??G4" (t 0s obs+%v+* t,t

*v!-(!2 -(v()(;t(o! (s b%(!2(!2 0(t,(! t,+ /o)(-+ /o0+%& t,+ stt+ to*$ t,(!2s 0,(-, 0+%+ !ot t,ou2,t o& s+(!2 0(t,(! su-, /o0+% $+st+%*$. T,+ *+v+)o/#+!t o&v()(;t(o!" t,+ %/(*)$ (!-%+s(!2 /o/u)t(o!" t,+ 2%o0t,& /ub)(- o/(!(o!" 0(t, ! (!-%+s(!2 *+s(%+ o! t,+ /%t o&+ #ss+s !* o& t,+ 2ov+%!#+!t to )ook &t+% !* -%+% t,+ (!t+%+sts o& t,+ (!*(v(*u)s o& t,+ stt+" ,v+

%ou2,t 0(t,(! t,+ /o)(-+ /o0+% #!$ u+st(o!s &o%2u)t(o! 0,(-, &o%#+%)$ 0+%+ !ot so -o!s(*+%+*.M-%)0%tu0 )(b%%$

,+ /+t(t(o!+% !))$ v+%s t,t t,+ %u)+s !* %+2u)t(o!so#/)(!+* o& (!&%(!2+ u/o! t,+ -o!st(tut(o!) /%+-+/t+2%*(!2 t,+ /%o#ot(o! o& so-() ust(-+ to (!su%+ t,+ 0+))+(!2 !* +-o!o#(- s+-u%(t$ o& )) t,+ /+o/)+. T,+%o#ot(o! o& so-() ust(-+" ,o0+v+%" (s to b+ -,(+v+* !ot%ou2, #(stk+! s$#/t,$ to0%*s !$ 2(v+! 2%ou/.

o-() ust(-+ (s M!+(t,+% -o##u!(s#" !o% *+s/ot(s#" !o%to#(s#" !o% !%-,$"M but t,+ ,u#!(;t(o! o& )0s !*+ +u)(;t(o! o& so-() !* +-o!o#(- &o%-+s b$ t,+ Stt+

o t,t ust(-+ (! (ts %t(o!) !* ob+-t(v+)$ s+-u)%o!-+/t(o! #$ t )+st b+ //%o(#t+*. So-() ust(-++!s t,+ /%o#ot(o! o& t,+ 0+)&%+ o& )) t,+ /+o/)+" t,+

*o/t(o! b$ t,+ >ov+%!#+!t o& #+su%+s -)-u)t+* to

su%+ +-o!o#(- stb()(t$ o& )) t,+ -o#/+t+!t +)+#+!ts o&o-(+t$" t,%ou2, t,+ #(!t+!!-+ o& /%o/+% +-o!o#(-!* so-() +u()(b%(u# (! t,+ (!t+%%+)t(o!s o& t,+ #+#b+%s& t,+ -o##u!(t$" -o!st(tut(o!))$" t,%ou2, t,+ *o/t(o!& #+su%+s )+2))$ ust(b)+" o% +t%-o!st(tut(o!))$"%ou2, t,+ ++%-(s+ o& /o0+%s u!*+%)$(!2 t,+ +(st+!-+ o& ) 2ov+%!#+!ts o! t,+ t(#+,o!o%+* /%(!-(/)+ o& s)uso/u)( +st su/%+# )+.

o-() ust(-+" t,+%+&o%+" #ust b+ &ou!*+* o! t,++-o2!(t(o! o& t,+ !+-+ss(t$ o& (!t+%*+/+!*+!-+ #o!2v+%s !* *(v+%s+ u!(ts o& so-(+t$ !* o& t,+ /%ot+-t(o!t s,ou)* b+ +u))$ !* +v+!)$ +t+!*+* to )) 2%ou/s

s -o#b(!+* &o%-+ (! ou% so-() !* +-o!o#(- )(&+"o!s(st+!t 0(t, t,+ &u!*#+!t) !* /%#ou!t ob+-t(v+

& t,+ stt+ o& /%o#ot(!2 t,+ ,+)t," -o#&o%t" !* u(+t o&) /+%so!s" !* o& b%(!2(!2 bout Mt,+ 2%+t+st 2oo* to+ 2%+t+st !u#b+%.M-%)0 v(%tu0 )(b%%$

v(+0 o& t,+ &o%+2o(!2" t,+ 0%(t o& /%o,(b(t(o! /%$+* &o%,+%+b$ *+!(+*" 0(t, -osts 2(!st t,+ /+t(t(o!+%. So

%*+%+*.

v!-+" C.J." I#/+%()" 1(;. !* Ho%%())+!o. JJ. -o!-u%.

/os vs. F-to%! Cs+ 1(2+st >.=. No. GG83" Ju)$ 3G"9934ACTS:

,+ /)(!t(


21/31

+-o!* /%2%/," S+-t(o! o& A%t(-)+ VIII o& t,+o!st(tut(o! /%ov(*+s &o% t,+ +/!*+* u%(s*(-t(o! v+st+*/o! t,+ Su/%+#+ Cou%t. It ))o0s t,+ Cou%t to %u)+ u/o!v+! o! t,+ 0(s*o# o& t,+ *+-(s(o! o& t,+ E+-ut(v+ !*+2(s)tu%+ !* to *+-)%+ t,+(% -ts s (!v)(* &o% )-k o%-+ss o& u%(s*(-t(o! b+-us+ (t (s t(!t+* 0(t, 2%v+bus+ o& *(s-%+t(o!.

,(%* Issu+: V(o)t(o! o& t,+ !o!(#/(%#+!t -)us+.

,+ Cou%t ,+)* t,t t,+ T(#b+% L(-+!s+ A2%++#+!t (s !st%u#+!t b$ 0,(-, t,+ stt+ %+2u)t+s t,+ ut()(;t(o! !*s/os(t(o! o& &o%+st %+sou%-+s to t,+ +!* t,t /ub)(-+)&%+ (s /%o#ot+*. It (s !ot -o!t%-t 0(t,(! t,+ /u%v(+0& t,+ *u+ /%o-+ss -)us+ t,us" t,+ !o!(#/(%#+!t -)us+!!ot b+ (!vok+*. It -! b+ v)(*)$ 0(t,*%0 0,+!+v+%-tt+* b$ /ub)(- (!t+%+st o% /ub)(- 0+)&%+ s (! t,(s -s+.,+ 2%!t(!2 o& )(-+!s+ *o+s !ot -%+t+ (%%+vo-b)+ %(2,ts"+(t,+% (s (t /%o/+%t$ o% /%o/+%t$ %(2,ts.

o%+ov+%" t,+ -o!st(tut(o!) 2u%!t$ o& !o!(#/(%#+!t& ob)(2t(o!s o& -o!t%-t (s )(#(t b$ t,+ ++%-(s+ b$ t,+o)(-+ /o0+% o& t,+ Stt+" (! t,+ (!t+%+st o& /ub)(- ,+)t,"&+t$" #o%) !* 2+!+%) 0+)&%+. I! s,o%t" t,+ !o!#/(%#+!t -)us+ #ust $(+)* to t,+ /o)(-+ /o0+% o& t,+

tt+.

,+ (!st!t /+t(t(o!" b+(!2 (#/%+ss+* 0(t, #+%(t" (s ,+%+b$=ANTE1 !* t,+ =TC *+-(s(o! (s SET ASI1E.

=. No. 787? Ju)$ ?" 989

SSOCIATION OF S'ALL LAN1O5NE=S IN THEHILIPPINES" INC." JUANITO 1. >O'E" >E=A=1O B.LA=CIO" FELIPE A. >UICO" J=." BE=NA=1O '. AL'ONTE"ANUTO =A'I= B. CAB=ITO" ISI1=O T. >UICO" FELISA I.LA'I1O" FAUSTO J. SALVA" =ENAL1O >. EST=A1A"ELISA C. BAUTISTA" ES'ENIA J. CABE" TEO1O=O B.A1=IA>A" AU=EA J. P=ESTOSA" E'E=ENCIANA J. ISLA"ELICISI'A C. A==ESTO" CONSUELO '. 'O=ALES"

ENJA'IN =. SE>IS'UN1O" CI=ILA A. JOSE R NAPOLEON S.E==E=" /+t(t(o!+%s"s.ONO=ABLE SEC=ETA= OF A>=A=IAN =EFO='"+s/o!*+!t.

=. No. 793G Ju)$ ?" 989

=SENIO AL. ACUNA" NE5TON JISON" VICTO=INOE==A=IS" 1ENNIS JE=EA" HE='INI>IL1O >USTILO"AULINO 1. TOLENTINO !* PLANTE=S CO''ITTEE" INC."-to%(s '()) 1(st%(-t" V(-to%(s" N+2%os O--(*+!t)"

+t(t(o!+%s"s.

OKE= A==OO" PHILIP E. JUICO !* P=ESI1ENTIAL>=A=IAN =EFO=' COUNCIL" %+s/o!*+!ts.

=. No. 797?? Ju)$ ?" 989

OCENTES PABICO" /+t(t(o!+%"s.ON. PHILIP E. JUICO" SEC=ETA= OF THE 1EPA=T'ENT OF>=A=IAN =EFO='" HON. JOKE= A==OO" E[ECUTIVEEC=ETA= OF THE OFFICE OF THE P=ESI1ENT" !*+ss%s. SALVA1O= TALENTO" JAI'E ABO>A1O" CON=A1OVANCENA !* =OBE=TO TAA" %+s/o!*+!ts.

=. No. 79777 Ju)$ ?" 989

NICOLAS S. 'ANAA !* A>USTIN HE='ANO" J=."/+t(t(o!+%s"vs.HON. PHILIP ELLA JUICO" s S+-%+t%$ o& A2%%(! =+&o%#!* LAN1 BANK OF THE PHILIPPINES"%+s/o!*+!ts.

C=U" J.:

FACTS:

T,+s+ %+ -o!so)(*t+* -s+s (!vo)v(!2 -o##o! )+2)u+st(o!s (!-)u*(!2 s+%(ous -,))+!2+s to t,+-o!st(tut(o!)(t$ o& =.A. No. @@7 )so k!o0! s t,+MCo#/%+,+!s(v+ A2%%(! =+&o%# L0 o& 988M

I! >.=. No. 79777" t,+ /+t(t(o!+%s %+ u+st(o!(!2 t,+ P.1No. 7 !* E.O Nos. 8 !* 9 o! t,+ 2%ou!*s (!t+% )o& s+/%t(o! o& /o0+%s" *u+ /%o-+ss" +u) /%ot+-t(o! t,+ -o!st(tut(o!) )(#(tt(o! t,t !o /%(vt+ /%o/+%t$ s,b+ tk+! &o% /ub)(- us+ 0(t,out ust -o#/+!st(o!.

I! >.=. No. 793G" t,+ /+t(t(o!+%s (! t,(s -s+ -)(# t,tt,+ /o0+% to /%ov(*+ &o% Co#/%+,+!s(v+ A2%%(! =+&oP%o2%# s *+-%++* b$ t,+ Co!st(tut(o! b+)o!2s to t,+Co!2%+ss !* !ot to t,+ P%+s(*+!t" t,+ )so ))+2+ t,tP%o-)#t(o! No. 3 !* E.O No. 9 s,ou)* b+ !!u))+

&o% v(o)t(o! o& t,+ -o!st(tut(o!) /%ov(s(o!s o! ust-o#/+!st(o!" *u+ /%o-+ss !* +u) /%ot+-t(o!. T,+$-o!t+!*+* t,t t,+ tk(!2 #ust b+ s(#u)t!+ous 0(t,/$#+!t o& ust -o#/+!st(o! 0,(-, su-, /$#+!t (s !o-o!t+#/)t+* (! S+-t(o! o& t,+ E.O No. 9.

I! >.=. No. 797??" t,+ /+t(t(o!+% %2u+s t,t E.O Nos. !* 9 0+%+ (!v)(*)$ (ssu+* b$ t,+ P%+s(*+!t !* t,tt,+ s(* ++-ut(v+ o%*+%s v(o)t+ t,+ -o!st(tut(o!)/%ov(s(o! t,t !o /%(vt+ /%o/+%t$ s,)) b+ tk+! 0(t,out*u+ /%o-+ss o% ust -o#/+!st(o! 0,(-, 0s *+!(+* to t,/+t(t(o!+%s.

I! >.=. No 787? t,+ /+t(t(o!+%s -)(# t,t t,+$ -!!ot++-t t,+(% t+!!ts !* so %+ u!b)+ to +!o$ t,+(% %(2,t

%+t+!t(o! b+-us+ t,+ 1+/%t#+!t o& A2%%(! =+&o%# ,so &% !ot (ssu+* t,+ (#/)+#+!t(!2 %u)+s o& t,+ *+-%++. T,+$ t,+%+&o%+ sk t,+ Ho!o%b)+ Cou%t &o% 0%(t o&#!*#us to -o#/+) t,+ %+s/o!*+!ts to (ssu+ t,+ s(*%u)+s.

ISSUE:

5,+t,+% o% !ot t,+ )0s b+(!2 -,))+!2+* (s v)(*++%-(s+ o& Po)(-+ /o0+% o% Po0+% o& E#(!+!t 1o#(!.

=ULIN>:

Po)(-+ Po0+% t,%ou2, t,+ Po0+% o& E#(!+!t 1o#(!"

t,ou2, t,+%+ %+ t%*(t(o!) *(st(!-t(o! b+t0++! t,+ /o)(-/o0+% !* t,+ /o0+% o& +#(!+!t *o#(!" /%o/+%t$-o!*+#!+* u!*+% /o)(-+ /o0+% (s !o(ous o% (!t+!*+* &o!o(ous /u%/os+" t,+ -o#/+!st(o! &o% t,+ tk(!2 o& su-/%o/+%t$ (s !ot sub+-t to -o#/+!st(o!" u!)(k+ t,+ tk(!o& t,+ /%o/+%t$ (! E#(!+!t 1o#(! o% t,+ /o0+% o&+/%o/%(t(o! 0,(-, %+u(%+s t,+ /$#+!t o& ust-o#/+!st(o! to t,+ o0!+% o& t,+ /%o/+%t$ +/%o/%(t+*

=EPUBLIC v. COU=T OF APPEALS>= Nos. G388" G7@ Nov+#b+% " 998

FACTS: O! Ju!+ " 97" =A 899 0s //%ov+*2%!t(!2 ut,o%(t$ to )) #u!(-(/)(t(+s !* -,%t+%+* -(t(

to u!*+%tk+ !* -%%$ out t t,+(% o0! +/+!s+ t,+


22/31

+-)#t(o! b$ *%+*2(!2" ))(!2" o% ot,+% #+!s" o& !$%+s,o%+ )!*s bo%*+%(!2 t,+#" !* to +stb)(s," /%ov(*+"

o!st%u-t" #(!t(! !* %+/(% /%o/+% !* *+ut+o-k(!2 !* ,%bo% &-()(t(+s s su-, #u!(-(/)(t(+s !*,%t+%+* -(t(+s #$ *+t+%#(!+ (! -o!su)tt(o! 0(t, t,++-%+t%$ o& F(!!-+ !* t,+ S+-%+t%$ o& Pub)(- 5o%ks !*o##u!(-t(o!s.

u%su!t to t,+ s(* )0" O%*(!!-+ No. 0s /ss+*$ t,+ -(t$ o& Ps$ &o% t,+ %+-)#t(o! o& &o%+s,o%+ )!*s(t,(! t,+(% u%(s*(-t(o! !* +!t+%+* (!to ! 2%++#+!t(t, =+/ub)(- =+) Estt+ Co%/o%t(o! &o% t,+ s(* /%o+-t.

+/ub)(- u+st(o!+* t,+ 2%++#+!t. It -o!t+!*+*" #o!2t,+%s" t,t t,+ 2%++#+!t b+t0++! ==EC !* t,+ C(t$ o&s$ 0s vo(* &o% t,+ ob+-t o& t,+ -o!t%-t (s outs(*+ t,+o##+%-+ o& #!" (t b+(!2 &o%+s,o%+ )!*.s$ C(t$ !* ==EC -ou!t+%+* t,t t,+ ob+-t (! u+st(o!0(t,(! t,+ -o##+%-+ o& #! b+-us+ =A 899 2(v+s

%o*+% #+!(!2 o! t,+ t+%# &o%+s,o%+ )!* t,! t,t (!+ *+!(t(o! /%ov(*+* b$ t,+ *(-t(o!%$.

TC %+!*+%+* u*2#+!t (! &vou% o& Ps$ C(t$ !* ==EC"!* t,+ *+-(s(o! 0s %#+* b$ t,+ CA 0(t,o*(-t(o!s.

SUE:

5,+t,+% o% !ot t,+ t+%# &o%+s,o%+ )!* (!-)u*+s+ sub#+%2+* %+.5,+t,+% o% !ot &o%+s,o%+ )!* !* t,+ %+-)(#+*

%+ (s 0(t,(! t,+ -o##+%-+ o& #!.

EL1:,+ Cou%t %u)+* t,t (t (s +%%o!+ous !* u!sust(!b)+ to/,o)* t,+ o/(!(o! o& t,+ %+s/o!*+!t -ou%t t,t t,+ t+%#o%+s,o%+ )!* (!-)u*+s t,+ sub#+%2+* %+s. To %+/+t"+ t+%# M&o%+s,o%+ )!*sM %+&+%s to:

,+ st%(/ o& )!* t,t )(+s b+t0++! t,+ ,(2, !* )o0 0t+%%ks !* t,t (s )t+%!t+)$ 0+t !* *%$ --o%*(!2 to t,+

o0 o& t,+ t(*+.st%(/ o& )!* #%2(!(!2 bo*$ o& 0t+% s )k+ o%%+#46 t,+ /%t o& s+s,o%+ b+t0++! t,+ )o00t+% )(!+

su))$ t t,+ s+0%* #%2(! o& )o0t(*+ t+%%-+ !*+ u//+% )(#(t o& 0v+ 0s, t ,(2, t(*+ usu))$ #%k+*

$ b+-, s-%/ o% b+%#. 5+bst+%s T,(%* N+0t+%!t(o!) 1(-t(o!%$4,+ *ut$ o& t,+ -ou%t (s to (!t+%/%+t t,+ +!b)(!2 A-t" =A899. I! so *o(!2" 0+ -!!ot b%o*+! (ts #+!(!26 #u-,ss 0(*+! t,+ -ov+%2+ t,+%+o&. I& t,+ (!t+!t(o! o&o!2%+ss 0+%+ to (!-)u*+ sub#+%2+* %+s" (t s,ou)* ,v+%ov(*+* +/%+ss)$. T,t Co!2%+ss *(* !ot so /%ov(*+ -ou)*!)$ s(2!(&$ t,+ +-)us(o! o& sub#+%2+* %+s &%o# t,+%# &o%+s,o%+ )!*s.b+%s st%+ss(!2 t,t t,+ sub+-t #tt+% o& Ps$ C(t$%*(!!-+ No. " s #+!*+* b$ O%*(!!-+ No. 8"!* t,+ A2%++#+!t u!*+% tt-k" ,v+ b++! &ou!* to b+

uts(*+ t,+ (!t+!*#+!t !* s-o/+ o& =A 899" !*+%+&o%+ u)t% v(%+s !* !u)) !* vo(*.

%u; vs S+-%+t%$ o& 1EN=tu%) =+sou%-+s !* E!v(%o!#+!t) L06 Co!st(tut(o!)06 IP=A6 =+2)(! 1o-t%(!+

=. No. 338" 1+-. @" GGG

ACTS:+t(t(o!+%s Is2!( C%u; !* C+s% Eu%o/ )+* su(t &o%%o,(b(t(o! !* #!*#us s -(t(;+!s !* t/$+%s"ss()(!2 t,+ -o!st(tut(o!)(t$ o& -+%t(! /%ov(s(o!s o&+/ub)(- A-t No. 837" ot,+%0(s+ k!o0! s t,+ I!*(2+!ous+o/)+s =(2,ts A-t o& 997 IP=A4 !* (ts (#/)+#+!t(!2

)+s !* %+2u)t(o!s I==4. T,+ /+t(t(o!+%s ss() -+%t(!

/%ov(s(o!s o& t,+ IP=A !* (ts I== o! t,+ 2%ou!* t,t t,+s#ou!t to ! u!)0&u) *+/%(vt(o! o& t,+ Stt+so0!+%s,(/ ov+% )!*s o& t,+ /ub)(- *o#(! s 0+)) s#(!+%)s !* ot,+% !tu%) %+sou%-+s t,+%+(!" (! v(o)t(o!o& t,+ %+2)(! *o-t%(!+ +#bo*(+* (! s+-t(o! " A%t(-)+ [Io& t,+ Co!st(tut(o!.

ISSUE:1o t,+ /%ov(s(o!s o& IP=A -o!t%v+!+ t,+ Co!st(tut(o!

HEL1:No" t,+ /%ov(s(o!s o& IP=A *o !ot -o!t%v+!+ t,+Co!st(tut(o!. E#(!(!2 t,+ IP=A" t,+%+ (s !ot,(!2 (! t,+)0 t,t 2%!ts to t,+ ICCsXIPs o0!+%s,(/ ov+% t,+ !tu%%+sou%-+s 0(t,(! t,+(% !-+st%) *o#(!. O0!+%s,(/ ov+%t,+ !tu%) %+sou%-+s (! t,+ !-+st%) *o#(!s %+#(!s0(t, t,+ Stt+ !* t,+ %(2,ts 2%!t+* b$ t,+ IP=A to t,+ICCsXIPs ov+% t,+ !tu%) %+sou%-+s (! t,+(% !-+st%)*o#(!s #+%+)$ 2(v+s t,+#" s o0!+%s !* o--u/!ts o&t,+ )!* o! 0,(-, t,+ %+sou%-+s %+ &ou!*" t,+ %(2,t to t,s#)) s-)+ ut()(;t(o! o& t,+s+ %+sou%-+s" !* t t,+ s#t(#+" /%(o%(t$ (! t,+(% )%2+ s-)+ *+v+)o/#+!t !*+/)o(tt(o!.

A**(t(o!))$" !-+st%) )!*s !* !-+st%) *o#(!s %+!ot /%t o& t,+ )!*s o& t,+ /ub)(- *o#(!. T,+$ %+/%(vt+ )!*s !* b+)o!2 to t,+ ICCsXIPs b$ !t(v+ t(t)+"

0,(-, (s -o!-+/t o& /%(vt+ )!* t(t)+ t,t +(st+*(%%+s/+-t(v+ o& !$ %o$) 2%!t &%o# t,+ Stt+. Ho0+v+%"t,+ %(2,t o& o0!+%s,(/ !* /oss+ss(o! b$ t,+ ICCsXIPs o&t,+(% !-+st%) *o#(!s (s )(#(t+* &o%# o& o0!+%s,(/ !*o+s !ot (!-)u*+ t,+ %(2,t to )(+!t+ t,+ s#+.

LA BU>ALBLAAN vs 1EN= J!. " GG?

F-ts: =.A. No. 79? *+!+s t,+ #o*+s o& #(!+%)2%++#+!ts &o% #(!(!2 o/+%t(o!s" out)(!+s t,+ /%o-+*u%&o% t,+(% )(!2 !* //%ov)" ss(2!#+!tXt%!s&+% !*0(t,*%0)" !* +s t,+(% t+%#s. S(#()% /%ov(s(o!s2ov+%! !!-() o% t+-,!(-) ss(st!-+ 2%++#+!ts.

P+t(t(o!+%s )+* t,+ /%+s+!t /+t(t(o! &o% /%o,(b(t(o! !*#!*#us" 0(t, /%$+% &o% t+#/o%%$ %+st%(!(!2o%*+% ))+2(!2 t,t t t,+ t(#+ o& t,+ )(!2 o& t,+ /+t(t(o!GG FTAA //)(-t(o!s ,* )%+*$ b++! )+*" -ov+%(!2 %+ o& 8.? #())(o! ,+-t%+s" @? o& 0,(-, //)(-t(o!s %+b$ &u))$ &o%+(2!o0!+* -o%/o%t(o!s -ov+%(!2 tot) o& .#())(o! ,+-t%+s" !* t )+st o!+ b$ &u))$ &o%+(2!o0!+#(!(!2 -o#/!$ ov+% o


23/31

!u#+%t(o! #ust b+ ,+)* to ,v+ b++! o#(tt+*t+!t(o!))$.

A BU>ALBLAAN vs 1EN=+-. " GG?

-ts: O! J!u%$ 7" GG?" t,+ Cou%t +! b!-%o#u)2t+* (ts 1+-(s(o! 2%!t(!2 t,+ P+t(t(o! !*+-)%(!2 t,+ u!-o!st(tut(o!)(t$ o& -+%t(! /%ov(s(o!s o& =A9?" 1AO 9@?G" s 0+)) s o& t,+ +!t(%+ FTAA ++-ut+*+t0++! t,+ 2ov+%!#+!t !* 5'CP" #(!)$ o! t,+ !*(!2t FTAAs %+ s+%v(-+ -o!t%-ts /%o,(b(t+* b$ t,+ 987o!st(tut(o!.

,+ 1+-(s(o! st%u-k *o0! t,+ sub+-t FTAA &o% b+(!2#()% to s+%v(-+ -o!t%-ts" 0,(-," t,ou2, /+%#(tt+*!*+% t,+ 973 Co!st(tut(o!" 0+%+ subs+u+!t)$+!ou!-+* &o% b+(!2 !t(t,+t(-) to t,+ /%(!-(/)+ o&ov+%+(2!t$ ov+% ou% !tu%) %+sou%-+s" b+-us+ t,+$)o0+* &o%+(2! -o!t%o) ov+% t,+ +/)o(tt(o! o& ou% !tu%)sou%-+s" to t,+ /%+u*(-+ o& t,+ F()(/(!o !t(o!.

su+: A%+ &o%+(2!o0!+* -o%/o%t(o!s (! t,+ )%2+s-)+/)o%t(o!" *+v+)o/#+!t" !* ut()(;t(o! o& /+t%o)+u#"(!+%)s !* #(!+%) o()s )(#(t+* to t+-,!(-) o%

!!-() ss(st!-+ o!)$

u)(!2: O!)$ t+-,!(-) ss(st!-+ o% !!-() ss(st!-+2%++#+!ts #$ b+ +!t+%+* (!to" !* o!)$ &o% )%2+s-)+-t(v(t(+s. Fu)) -o!t%o) (s !ot !t,+#t(- to *$to*$!2+#+!t b$ t,+ -o!t%-to%" /%ov(*+* t,t t,+ Stt+

+t(!s t,+ /o0+% to *(%+-t ov+%)) st%t+2$6 !* to s+ts(*+" %+v+%s+ o% #o*(&$ /)!s !* -t(o!s o& t,+o!t%-to%. T,+ (*+ o& &u)) -o!t%o) (s s(#()% to t,t 0,(-,++%-(s+* b$ t,+ bo%* o& *(%+-to%s o& /%(vt+

o%/o%t(o!: t,+ /+%&o%#!-+ o& #!2+%()" o/+%t(o!)"!!-()" #%k+t(!2 !* ot,+% &u!-t(o!s #$ b+ *+)+2t+* subo%*(!t+ o-+%s o% 2(v+! to -o!t%-tu) +!t(t(+s" but+ bo%* %+t(!s &u)) %+s(*u) -o!t%o) o& t,+ bus(!+ss.

=ANCISCO I. CHAVE" /+t(t(o!+%" vs. PUBLIC ESTATESUTHO=IT !* A'A=I COASTAL BA 1EVELOP'ENT

O=PO=ATION" %+s/o!*+!ts.E S O L U T I O NA=PIO" J.:

,(s Cou%t (s sk+* to )+2(t(#(;+ 2ov+%!#+!t -o!t%-tt -o!v+$+* to /%(vt+ +!t(t$ 7.8? ,+-t%+s o&-)(#+* /ub)(- )!*s )o!2 =os Bou)+v%* (! '+t%o!() t t,+ !+2ot(t+* /%(-+ o& P"GG /+% su%+ #+t+%.o0+v+%" /ub)(s,+* %+/o%ts /)-+ t,+ #%k+t /%(-+ o& )!*+% t,t %+ t t,t t(#+ t ,(2, o& P9G"GGG /+% su%++t+%. T,+ *(ov+%!#+!t Au*(t(!2o*+.

o%tu!t+)$ &o% t,+ F()(/(!o /+o/)+" t0o S+!t+

o##(tt++s" t,+ S+!t+ B)u+ =(bbo! Co##(tt++ !* t,+

Co##(tt++ o! A--ou!tb()(t$ o& Pub)(- O-+%s" -o!*u-t++t+!s(v+ /ub)(- ,+%(!2s to *+t+%#(!+ t,+ -tu) #%k+v)u+ o& t,+ /ub)(- )!*s so)* to t,+ /%(vt+ +!t(t$. T,+S+!t+ Co##(tt++s +stb)(s,+* t,+ -)+%" (!*(s/utb)+ u!)t+%b)+ &-t t,t t,+ s)+ o& t,+ /ub)(- )!*s (s 2%oss!* u!-o!s-(o!b)$ u!*+%v)u+* bs+* o! o-()*o-u#+!ts sub#(tt+* b$ t,+ /%o/+% 2ov+%!#+!t 2+!-(+*u%(!2 t,+ S+!t+ (!v+st(2t(o!. 5+ uot+ t,+ o(!t %+/o%o& t,+s+ t0o S+!t+ Co##(tt++s" S+!t+ Co##(tt++=+/o%t No. @G" s //%ov+* b$ t,+ S+!t+ (! /)+!%$s+ss(o! o! 7 S+/t+#b+% 997:3

T,+ Co!s(*+%t(o! &o% t,+ P%o/+%t$

PEA" u!*+% t,+ JVA" ob)(2t+* (ts+)& to -o!v+$ t(t)+ !*/oss+ss(o! ov+% t,+ P%o/+%t$" -o!s(st(!2 o& //%o(#t+)O!+ '())(o! F(v+ Hu!*%+* S+v+!t$ E(2,t T,ous!* Fou%Hu!*%+* Fo%t$ O!+ "78"??4 Su%+ '+t+%s &o% tot)-o!s(*+%t(o! o& O!+ B())(o! E(2,t Hu!*%+* N(!+t$ Fou%'())(o! O!+ Hu!*%+* T0+!t$ N(!+ T,ous!* T0o Hu!*%+*P"89?"9"GG.GG4 P+sos" o% /%(-+ o& O!+ T,ous!* T0o Hu!*%+* P"GG.GG4 P+sos /+% su%+ #+t+%.

A--o%*(!2 to t,+ ;o!) v)ut(o! o& t,+ Bu%+u o& I!t+%!=+v+!u+" t,+ v)u+ o& t,+ P%o/+%t$ (s S+v+! T,ous!*E(2,t Hu!*%+* P+sos P7"8GG.GG4 /+% su%+ #+t+%. T,+'u!(-(/) Ass+sso% o& P%u+" '+t%o '!()" 0,+%+ t,+

P%o/+%t$ (s )o-t+*" /+2s t,+ #%k+t v)u+ o& t,+ P%o/+%tt S( T,ous!* P+sos P@"GGG.GG4 /+% su%+ #+t+%.Bs+* o! t,+s+ )o!+" t,+ /%(-+ t 0,(-, PEA 2%++* to-o!v+$ t,+ /%o/+%t$ (s /(tt!-+. A!* PEA -!!ot -)(#(2!o%!-+ o& t,+s+ v)ut(o!s" t )+st !ot t,os+ o& t,+'u!(-(/) Ass+sso%s o-+" s(!-+ (t ,s b++! t%$(!2 to-o!v(!-+ t,+ O-+ o& t,+ 'u!(-(/) Ass+sso% o& P%uto %+*u-+ t,+ v)ut(o! o& v%(ous %+-)(#+* /%o/+%t(+st,+%+t (! o%*+% &o% PEA to sv+ o! --%u+* %+) /%o/+%t$t+s.

PEAs ust(-t(o! &o% t,+ /u%-,s+ /%(-+ %+ v%(ous//%(s) %+/o%ts" /%t(-u)%)$ t,+ &o))o0(!2:

4 A! //%(s) b$ V(- T. S)(!s =+)t$ !* Co!su)t!-$

S+%v(-+s -o!-)u*(!2 t,t t,+ P%o/+%t$ (s 0o%t, PGG.GG /su%+ #+t+% &o% t,+ s#))+st (s)!* !* P7G.GG /+%su%+ #+t+% &o% t,+ t0o ot,+% (s)!*s" o% tot) o&P"7G"GGG.GG s o& F+b%u%$ 996

4 A! //%(s) b$ V)+!-( A//%(s) Co%/o%t(o!-o!-)u*(!2 t,t t,+ P%o/+%t$ (s 0o%t, P8G /+% su%+#+t+% &o% Is)!* I" P8GG /+% su%+ #+t+% &o% Is)!* II !*P@GG /+% su%+ #+t+% &o% t,+ s#))+st (s)!*" o% tot) P"89"73"GGG" )so s o& F+b%u%$ 996 !*

34 A! A//%(s) b$ As(! A//%(s) Co#/!$" I!-. AACI4stt(!2 t,t t,+ P%o/+%t$ (s 0o%t, //%o(#t+)$ P"GGG/+% su%+ #+t+% &o% Is)!* I" P9G /+% su%+ #+t+% &o%

Is)!* II !* P@GG /+% su%+ #+t+% &o% Is)!* III" o% toto& P"8"8G"GGG s o& 7 F+b%u%$ 99.

T,+ -%+*(b()(t$ o& t,+ &o%+2o(!2 //%(s)s" ,o0+v+%" %+s(- 2%+t)$ (#/(%+* b$ subs+u+!t //%(s) %+/o%t oAACI stt(!2 t,t t,+ /%o/+%t$ (s 0o%t, P?"GG.GG /+%su%+ #+t+% s o& @ '%-, 99@. Su-, *(s-%+/!-(+s (!t,+ //%(s+* v)u+ s //+%(!2 (! t0o *(


24/31

,+%+ 0+%+ )so ot,+% oV" t,+ +t+%!) u*(to%s o& A'A=I"t+st(+* t,t s(* L+tt+%A2%++#+!t 0s //%ov+* b$ t,+A'A=I Bo%*.@ E#/,s(s su//)(+*4

T,+ /%(vt+ +!t(t$ t,t /u%-,s+* t,+ %+-)(#+* )!*s &oP.89? b())(o! +/%+ss)$ *#(tt+* b+&o%+ t,+ S+!t+Co##(tt++s t,t (t s/+!t P.7? b())(o! (! -o##(ss(o!s t/$ v%(ous (!*(v(*u)s &o% /%o&+ss(o!) +


25/31

,us" 0+ !o0 -o#+ to t,+ %+so)ut(o! o& t,+ s+-o!*ot(o!s &o% =+-o!s(*+%t(o!7 )+* b$ /ub)(- %+s/o!*+!tub)(- Estt+s Aut,o%(t$ PEA4 !* /%(vt+ %+s/o!*+!t#%( Cost) B$ 1+v+)o/#+!t Co%/o%t(o! A#%(4. Aso%%+-t)$ /o(!t+* out b$ /+t(t(o!+% F%!-(s-o I. C,v+; (!s Co!so)(*t+* Co##+!t"8 t,+ s+-o!* 'ot(o!s &o%+-o!s(*+%t(o! %(s+ !o !+0 (ssu+s.

o0+v+%" t,+ Su//)+#+!t to S+/%t+ O/(!(o!" Co!-u%%(!2!* 1(ss+!t(!2 o& Just(-+ Josu+ N. B+))os())o b%(!2s to t,+ou%ts tt+!t(o! t,+ =+so)ut(o!s o& t,(s Cou%t o! 3+b%u%$ 9@ !* ? Ju!+ 9@@ (! L 87G +!t(t)+*!u+) O. Po!-+" +t ). v. Ho!. A#*o% >o#+;" +t ). !*o. L@@9 +!t(t)+* '!u+) O. Po!-+" +t ). v. T,+ C(t$ o&+bu" +t ). Po!-+ Cs+s4. I! +


26/31

s 0+ ,+)* (! t,+ 998 -s+ o& =+/ub)(- =+) Estt+o%/o%t(o! v. Cou%t o& A//+)s"G -(t(!2 t,+ Po!-+s+s" =A No. 899 //)(+s o!)$ to &o%+s,o%+ )!*s" !ot toub#+%2+* )!*s. I! ,(s -o!-u%%(!2 o/(!(o! (! =+/ub)(-+) Estt+ Co%/o%t(o!" Just(-+ =+$!to S. Pu!o stt+*t u!*+% Co##o!0+)t, A-t No. ?" &o%+s,o%+ !*!*s u!*+% 0t+% 0+%+ !ot to b+ )(+!t+* !* so)* to%(vt+ /%t(+s" !* t,t su-, )!*s %+#(!+* /%o/+%t$ o&+ Stt+. Just(-+ Pu!o +#/,s(;+* t,t Co##o!0+)t,

-t No. ? ,s %+#(!+* (! +


27/31

+ +(2,t, 2%*+. T,+ Su/%+#+ Cou%t o& N+b%sk u/,+)*+ -o!v(-t(o!.

su+. 1o+s t,+ sttut+ s -o!st%u+* !* //)(+*!%+so!b)$ (!&%(!2+ o! t,+ )(b+%t$ 2u%!t++* b$ t,+ou%t++!t, A#+!*#+!t+)*. T,+ sttut+ s //)(+* (s u!-o!st(tut(o!) b+-us+ (t&%(!2+s o! t,+ )(b+%t$ (!t+%+sts o& t,+ /)(!t(< !* &()s to

+so!b)$ %+)t+ to !$ +!* 0(t,(! t,+ -o#/+t+!-$ o& t,+t+.,+ Fou%t++!t, A#+!*#+!t +!-o#/ss+s #o%+ t,!+%+)$ t,+ &%++*o# &%o# bo*()$ %+st%(!t. T,+ stt+ %2u+st t,+ /u%/os+ o& t,+ sttut+ (s to +!-ou%2+ t,+ E!2)(s,!2u2+ to b+ t,+ !t(v+ to!2u+ o& )) -,()*%+! %(s+* (!+ stt+. No!+t,+)+ss" t,+ /%ot+-t(o! o& t,+ Co!st(tut(o!

t+!*s to t,os+ 0,o s/+k ot,+% )!2u2+s. E*u-t(o! (s&u!*#+!t) )(b+%t$ (!t+%+st t,t #ust b+ /%ot+-t+*" !*+%+ k!o0)+*2+ o& t,+ >+%#! )!2u2+ -!!ot b+so!b)$ %+2%*+* s ,%#&u).

s-uss(o!. L(b+%t$ (!t+%+sts #$ !ot b+ (!t+%&+%+* 0(t, b$+ stt+s 0,+! t,+ (!t+%&+%+!-+ (s %b(t%%$ !* !ot

+so!b)$ %+)t+* to /u%/os+ 0,(-, t,+ stt+ #$+%#(ss(v+)$ %+2u)t+.

+%-+ v So-(+t$ o& S(st+%s

%(+& F-t Su##%$. A//+))++s" t0o !o!/ub)(- s-,oo)s"+%+ /%ot+-t+* b$ /%+)(#(!%$ %+st%(!(!2 o%*+%%o,(b(t(!2 //+))!ts &%o# +!&o%-(!2 ! O%+2o! A-t t,t+u(%+* /%+!ts !* 2u%*(!s to s+!* t,+(% -,()*%+! toub)(- s-,oo). A//+))!ts //+)+* t,+ o%*+%.

$!o/s(s o& =u)+ o& L0. T,+ ?t, A#+!*#+!t /%ov(*+s b+%t$ (!t+%+st (! /%+!ts o% 2u%*(!s %(2,t to *+-(*++ #o*+ (! 0,(-, t,+(% -,()*%+! %+ +*u-t+*. Stt+s$ !ot usu%/ t,(s %(2,t 0,+! t,+ u+st(o!+* )+2(s)t(o!

o+s !ot %+so!b)$ %+)t+ to v(b)+ stt+ (!t+%+st.

-ts. A//+))++ t,+ So-(+t$ o& S(st+%s" -o%/o%t(o! 0(t,+ /o0+% to +stb)(s, !* #(!t(! -*+#(+s o% s-,oo)s

!* A//+))++ H()) '()(t%$ A-*+#$" /%(vt+ o%2!(;t(o!o!*u-t(!2 ! +)+#+!t%$" -o))+2+ /%+/%to%$" !*()(t%$ t%(!(!2 s-,oo)" obt(!+* /%+)(#(!%$ %+st%(!(!2

%*+%s /%o,(b(t(!2 //+))!ts &%o# +!&o%-(!2 O%+2o!so#/u)so%$ E*u-t(o! A-t. T,+ A-t %+u(%+* )) /%+!ts!* 2u%*(!s to s+!* -,()*%+! b+t0++! 8 !* @ $+%s to/ub)(- s-,oo). T,+ //+))!ts //+)+* t,+ 2%!t(!2 o&+ /%+)(#(!%$ %+st%(!(!2 o%*+%s.

su+. 1o+s t,+ A-t u!%+so!b)$ (!t+%&+%+ 0(t, t,+ )(b+%t$& /%+!ts !* 2u%*(!s to *(%+-t t,+ u/b%(!2(!2 !**u-t(o! o& -,()*%+! u!*+% t,+(% -o!t%o)

+)*. T,+ A-t v(o)t+s t,+ ?t, A#+!*#+!t b+-us+ (tt+%&+%+s 0(t, /%ot+-t+* )(b+%t$ (!t+%+sts !* ,s !o

+so!b)+ %+)t(o!s,(/ to !$ /u%/os+ 0(t,(! t,+o#/+t+!-$ o& t,+ stt+.,+ A//+))++s ,v+ st!*(!2 b+-us+ t,+ %+su)t o&!&o%-(!2 t,+ A-t 0ou)* b+ *+st%u-t(o! o& t,+ //+))++s-,oo)s. T,+ stt+ ,s t,+ /o0+% to %+2u)t+ )) s-,oo)s"ut /%+!ts !* 2u%*(!s ,v+ t,+ %(2,t !* *ut$ to,oos+ t,+ //%o/%(t+ /%+/%t(o! &o% t,+(% -,()*%+!.

s-uss(o!. 5,()+ t,+ stt+ ,s t,+ %(2,t to (!su%+ t,t,()*%+! %+-+(v+ /%o/+% +*u-t(o!" t,+ ?t, A#+!*#+!t%ov(*+s /%+!ts !* 2u%*(!s 0(t, )(b+%t$ (!t+%+st (!+(% -,o(-+ (! t,+ #o*+ (! 0,(-, t,+(% -,()*%+! %+

*u-t+*.

5(!-o!s(! v o*+%

B%(+& F-t Su##%$. S+v+%) A#(s, &#()(+s //+)+* *+-(s(o! -o!v(-t(!2 t,+# o& &()(!2 to s+!* t,+(% -,()*%+! s-,oo) u!t() t,+ 2+ o& @ bs+* u/o! F%++*o# o& =+)(2(ou!*+% t,+ -o!st(tut(o!.

S$!o/s(s o& =u)+ o& L0. T,+ )0 -o#/+))(!2 /%+!ts tos+!* t,+(% -,()*%+! to /ub)(- s-,oo) u!t() t,+ 2+ o& @ (su!-o!st(tut(o!) s //)(+* b+-us+ (t (#/+%#(ss(b)$(!t+%&+%+s 0(t, t,+ A#(s, %+)(2(ous b+)(+&s.

F-ts. =+s/o!*+!ts Jo!s o*+%" 5))-+ '())+%" !* A*(! ut;$ %+ #+#b+%s o& t,+ A#(s, %+)(2(o!. 5(s-o!s(!s-o#/u)so%$ s-,oo)tt+!*!-+ )0 %+u(%+* t,+# to -ut,+(% -,()*%+! to tt+!* /ub)(- o% /%(vt+ s-,oo) u!t() t,+$%+-, @. =+s/o!*+!ts *+-)(!+* to s+!* t,+(% -,()*%+! to/ub)(- s-,oo) &t+% -o#/)+t(o! o& t,+ +(2,t, 2%*+.=+s/o!*+!ts 0+%+ -o!v(-t+* o& v(o)t(!2 t,+ )0 !* !+^ +-,.

Issu+. 1(* t,+ //)(-t(o! o& t,+ -o#/u)so%$ tt+!*!-+)0 v(o)t+ %+s/o!*+!ts %(2,ts u!*+% t,+ F(%st !*Fou%t++!t, A#+!*#+!ts to t,+ U!(t+* Stt+sCo!st(tut(o!

H+)*. T,+ //)(-t(o! o& t,+ )0 (s u!-o!st(tut(o!) s//)(+* to t,+ A#(s,. T,+ A#(s, ob+-t to t,+ ,(2, s-,oo) +*u-t(o! b+-us+ tv)u+s tu2,t t,+%+ %+ (! #%k+* v%(!-+ &%o# t,+A#(s, v)u+s !* 0$ o& )(&+. It /)-+s A#(s, -,()*%+! (! +!v(%o!#+!t ,ost()+ to t,+(% b+)(+&s !* tk+s t,+# 0$&%o# t,+(% -o##u!(t$ *u%(!2 -%u-() /+%(o* (! t,+(% )(&+ T,+ A#(s, *o !ot ob+-t to +)+#+!t%$ +*u-t(o!. E/+%1%. Host+t)+% t+st(+* t,t t,+ -o#/u)so%$ tt+!*!-+-ou)* %+su)t (! !ot o!)$ 2%+t /s$-,o)o2(-) ,%# to A#(s-,()*%+! but u)t(#t+)$ t,+ *+st%u-t(o! o& t,+ O)* O%*+%A#(s, -,u%-, -o##u!(t$.

T,+ Stt+ ,s t,+ /o0+% to (#/os+ %+so!b)+ %+2u)t(o!&o% t,+ -o!t%o) !* *u%t(o! o& bs(- +*u-t(o!. P%+v(ous/%+-+*+!t ,s ,+)* t,t t,(s /o0+% #ust $(+)* to t,+ %(2,o& /%+!ts to /%ov(*+ ! +u(v)+!t +*u-t(o! (! /%(vt+)$ o/+%t+* s$st+#. T,+ Stt+s /o0+% (s sub+-t t b)!-(!2 t+st 0,+! (t (#/(!2+s o! &u!*#+!t) %(2,tssu-, s t,os+ /%ot+-t+* b$ t,+ F%++ E+%-(s+ C)us+ o& t,F(%st A#+!*#+!t !* t,+ t%*(t(o!) (!t+%+st o& /%+!ts0(t, %+s/+-t to t,+ %+)(2(ous u/b%(!2(!2 o& t,+(% -,()*%+!.

I! o%*+% &o% 5(s-o!s(! to -o#/+) su-, tt+!*!-+" (t #us&o))o0 t,t +(t,+% t,+ Stt+ *o+s !ot *+!$ t,+ &%++ ++%-o& %+)(2(ous b+)(+& b$ (ts %+u(%+#+!t o% t,t t,+%+ (s st(!t+%+st o& su-(+!t #2!(tu*+ to ov+%%(*+ t,+ (!t+%+st-)(#(!2 /%ot+-t(o! u!*+% t,+ F%++ E+%-(s+ C)us+. T,(s

Cou%t *+t+%#(!+s t,t t,+ A#(s, ob+-t(o! to t,+tt+!*!-+ (s %oot+* (! %+)(2(ous b+)(+&s t,t *(%+-t)$-o!(-t 0(t, t,+ -o#/u)so%$ s-,oo) tt+!*!-+ )0.

T,+ Stt+ *v!-+s t0o %2u#+!ts. F(%st" (t !ot+s t,tso#+ *+2%++ o& +*u-t(o! (s !+-+ss%$ to /%+/%+ -(t(;+!to /%t(-(/t+ +


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,+ Stt+ tt-ks %+s/o!*+!ts /os(t(o! s &ost+%(!2!o%!-+ &%o# 0,(-, -,()*%+! #ust b+ /%ot+-t+* b$ t,+tt+. Ho0+v+%" t,+ %+-o%* s,o0s t,t t,+ A#(s,o##u!(t$ ,s b++! ,(2,)$ su--+ss&u) so-() u!(t 0(t,(!u% so-(+t$" /%o*u-(!2 /%o*u-t(v+ !* )0b(*(!2 -(t(;+!s.,+ Stt+ )so su//o%ts (ts /os(t(o! o! t,+ /oss(b()(t$ t,to#+ -,()*%+! 0()) -,oos+ to )+v+ t,+ A#(s, -o##u!(t$.,(s %2u#+!t (s ,(2,)$ s/+-u)t(v+ o! t,+ %+-o%*" !* t,+%-t(-) 2%(-u)tu%) t%(!(!2 !* ,b(ts o& (!*ust%$ 0ou)*u//o%t -,()*%+! t,t *(* -,oos+ to )+v+.

,+ %+u(%+#+!t &o% -o#/u)so%$ ,(2, s-,oo) +*u-t(o! (s (%)$ %+-+!t *+v+)o/#+!t" *+s(2!+* to !ot o!)$ /%ov(*+

*u-t(o!) o//o%tu!(t(+s" but )so to vo(* -,()* )bo% o%%-+* (*)+!+ss. I! t,+s+ t+%#s" 5(s-o!s(!s (!t+%+st (!

o#/+))(!2 s-,oo) tt+!*!-+ (s )+ss subst!t() &o% A#(s,,()*%+! t,! &o% -,()*%+! 2+!+%))$.

,+ Stt+ !))$ %2u+s t,t ++#/t(!2 t,+ A#(s, -,()*%+!()s to %+-o2!(;+ t,+ -,()*%+!s subst!t(v+ %(2,t to

+-o!*%$ +*u-t(o!" 2(v(!2 *u+ %+2%* to t,+ /o0+% o&+ Stt+ s /%+!s /t%(+. O! t,(s %+-o%* t,+%+ (s !o

++* to *+-(*+ ! (ssu+ (! 0,(-, t,+ A#(s, /%+!ts %+%+v+!t(!2 -,()*%+! 0,o 0(s, to &u%t,+% t,+(% +*u-t(o!o# tt+!*(!2 s-,oo).

ss+!t. T,+ #o%(t$ ssu#+s t,t t,+ (!t+%+sts t stk+

%+ o!)$ t,os+ o& t,+ /%+!ts !* t,+ Stt+. T,+ -,()*%+!so ,v+ )+2(t(#t+ (!t+%+st (! t,+(% +*u-t(o!. T,++v(tb)+ +A=A

O-tob+% @" G W L+v+ -o##+!t

7 SC=A 8" '$ " 997

F-ts : T,(s (s /+t(t(o! s++k(!2 to !u))(&$ t,+ P,()(//(!+%t(-t(o! o& t,+ 5o%)* T%*+ O%2!(;t(o! 5TO4A2%++#+!t. P+t(t(o!+%s u+st(o! t,+ -o!-u%%+!-+ o& ,+%+%+s/o!*+!ts -t(!2 (! t,+(% -/-(t(+s s S+!to%s v(s(2!(!2 t,+ s(* 2%++#+!t.

T,+ 5TO o/+!s --+ss to &o%+(2! #%k+ts" +s/+-())$ (ts#o% t%*(!2 /%t!+%s" t,%ou2, t,+ %+*u-t(o! o& t%(


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+!+ts s %++-t+* (! t,+ 2%++#+!t !* s v(+0+* b$+ s(2!to%$ S+!to%s" &%++ #%k+t +s/ous+* b$ 5TO.

+t(t(o!+%s o! t,+ ot,+% ,!* v(+0+* t,+ 5TO 2%++#+!ts o!+ t,t )(#(ts" %+st%(-ts !* (#/(% P,()(//(!+ +-o!o#(-ov+%+(2!t$ !* )+2(s)t(v+ /o0+%. T,t t,+ F()(/(!o F(%sto)(-$ o& t,+ Co!st(tut(o! 0s tk+! &o% 2%!t+* s (t 2(v+s%+(2! t%*(!2 (!t+%v+!t(o!.

su+ : 5,+t,+% o% !ot t,+%+ ,s b++! 2%v+ bus+ o&s-%+t(o! #ou!t(!2 to )-k o% +-+ss o& u%(s*(-t(o! o!+ /%t o& t,+ S+!t+ (! 2(v(!2 (ts -o!-u%%+!-+ o& t,+ s(*TO 2%++#+!t.

+)*:(ts 1+-)%t(o! o& P%(!-(/)+s !* stt+ /o)(-(+s" t,+

o!st(tut(o! *o/ts t,+ 2+!+%))$ --+/t+* /%(!-(/)+s o&t+%!t(o!) )0 s /%t o& t,+ )0 o& t,+ )!*" !**,+%+s to t,+ /o)(-$ o& /+-+" +u)(t$" ust(-+" &%++*o#"oo/+%t(o! !* #(t$ " 0(t, )) !t(o!s. B$ t,+ *o-t%(!+ o& -o%/o%t(o!" t,+ -ou!t%$ (s bou!* b$ 2+!+%))$ --+/t+*%(!-(/)+s o& (!t+%!t(o!) )0" 0,(-, %+ -o!s(*+%+*uto#t(-))$ /%t o& ou% o0! )0s. P-t su!t s+%v!* Yt+%!t(o!) 2%++#+!ts #ust b+ /+%&o%#+* (! 2oo* &(t,.t%+t$ (s !ot #+%+ #o%) ob)(2t(o! but -%+t+s 2))$ b(!*(!2 ob)(2t(o! o! t,+ /%t(+s.,%ou2, 5TO t,+ sov+%+(2!t$ o& t,+ stt+ -!!ot (! &-t

!* %+)(t$ b+ -o!s(*+%+* s bso)ut+ b+-us+ (t (s +2u)t(o! o& -o##+%-() %+)t(o!s #o!2 !t(o!s. Su-, s,+! P,()(//(!+s o(!+* t,+ U!(t+* Nt(o!s UN4 (to!s+!t+* to %+st%(-t (ts sov+%+(2!t$ %(2,t u!*+% t,+-o!-+/t o& sov+%+(2!t$ s uto)(#(tt(o!. 5,t S+!t+* 0s v)(* ++%-(s+ o& ut,o%(t$. As to *+t+%#(!+,+t,+% su-, ++%-(s+ (s 0(s+" b+!+-() o% v(b)+ (suts(*+ t,+ %+)# o& u*(-() (!u(%$ !* %+v(+0. T,+ -t o&2!(!2 t,+ s(* 2%++#+!t (s !ot )+2(s)t(v+ %+st%(-t(o!s 5TO ))o0s 0(t,*%0) o& #+#b+%s,(/ s,ou)* t,(s b++ /o)(t(-) *+s(%+ o& #+#b+%. A)so" (t s,ou)* !ot b++0+* s )(#(tt(o! o& +-o!o#(- sov+%+(2!t$. 5TO

+#(!s s t,+ o!)$ v(b)+ st%u-tu%+ &o% #u)t()t+%)*(!2 !* t,+ v+%(tb)+ &o%u# &o% t,+ *+v+)o/#+!t o&t+%!t(o!) t%*+ )0. Its )t+%!t(v+ (s (so)t(o!"

2!t(o! (& !ot +-o!o#(- s+)&*+st%u-t(o!. T,us" t,++o/)+ b+ ))o0+*" t,%ou2, t,+(% *u)$ +)+-t+* o-+%s"k+ t,+(% &%++ -,o(-+.

+t(t(o! (s 1IS'ISSE1 &o% )-k o& #+%(t.

#bo! v '!2+)(!

= No. 8G39 8 F+b%u%$ 989

-ts: P+t(t(o!+%" Su)t! A)(#bus% L(#bo!" 0s +)+-t+*/+k+% o& t,+ =+2(o!) L+2(s)t(v+ Ass+#b)$ o% Bts!2#/ook o& C+!t%) '(!*!o Ass+#b)$4. O! O-tob+% "987 Co!2%+ss#! 1tu >u(#(* 't)#" C,(%#! o& t,+o##(tt++ o! 'us)(# A


30/31

+ S!22u!(!2 P#/ookM. But 0,()+ t,(s o/(!(o! (s (!--o%* 0(t, t,+ %+s/o!*+!ts o0!" 0+ st()) (!v)(*t+ t,+0(! s+ss(o!s (! u+st(o!" s(!-+ t t,+ t(#+ t,+ /+t(t(o!+%))+* t,+ M%+-+ss"M (t 0s !ot s+tt)+* #tt+% 0,+t,+% o%ot ,+ -ou)* *o so. I! t,+ s+-o!* /)-+" t,+ (!v(tt(o!!*+%+* b$ t,+ Co##(tt++ o! 'us)(# AUs ,v+ !o /o0+% to t >ov+%!#+!t (!st%u#+!t)(t(+s.A>CO=" b+(!2 >OCC" (s t,+%+&o%+ ++#/t &%o# )o-)+s. T,+ Nt(o!) >ov+%!#+!t (s su/%+#+ ov+% )o-)

ov+%!#+!ts. As su-," #+%+ -%+tu%+s o& t,+ Stt+ -!!ot+&+t !t(o!) /o)(-(+s us(!2 t,+ /o0+% to t s too)% %+2u)t(o!. T,+ /o0+% to t -!!ot b+ ))o0+* to

+&+t ! (!st%u#+!t)(t$ o& t,+ v+%$ +!t(t$ 0,(-, ,s t,+,+%+!t /o0+% to 0(+)* (t. T,+ /o0+% o& L>Us to (#/os+

+s R &++s (s )0$s sub+-t to )(#(tt(o! /%ov(*+* b$o!2%+ss.

,+ /%(!-(/)+ o& )o-) uto!o#$ *o+s !ot #k+ L>Usov+%+(2! 0(t,(! stt+" (t s(#/)$ #+!s *+-+!t%)(;t(o!.

)0 *o+s!t ,v+ to o/+%t+ (! +u) &o%-+ o! ))+%so!sXt,(!2s. T,+ +u) /%ot+-t(o! -)us+ *o+s!t%+-)u*+ -)ss(-t(o! o& (!*(v(*u)s 0,o #$ b+ --o%*+*: P+t(t(o!>=ANTE1. 1O9 (s v(o)t(v+ o& t,+ /%ov(s(o!s o& EO?@(ssu+* /u%su!t to =A@73?4. T,+ 987Co!st(tut(o!#!*t+s %+2(o!) uto!o#$ to 2(v+ bo)*!* u!+u(vo-)!s0+% to t,+ -%$ &o% #+!(!2&u)"+


31/31

t+%&+%+!-+ o% *(-tt(o! &%o# t,+-+!t%) 2ov+%!#+!t4. To(s +!*" S+-t(o! @" A%t(-)+ [ )(#(ts t,+/o0+% o& t,+

%+s(*+!t ov+% uto!o#ous %+2(o!s. I! +ss+!-+"+/%ov(s(o! )so -u%t()s t,+ /o0+% o& Co!2%+ss ov+%

uto!o#ous%+2(o!s. Co!s+u+!t)$" Co!2%+ss 0()) ,v+ to+#(!+ !t(o!))0s !* #k+ su%+ t,t t,+$ %++-t+ Co!st(tut(o!s *,+%+!-+to )o-) uto!o#$. A!* (!

s+ o& -o!(-ts" t,+ u!*+%)$(!2 s/(%(t0,(-, s,ou)* 2u(*+s %+so)ut(o! (s t,+ Co!st(tut(o!s *+s(%+ &o%2+!u(!+ )o-)uto!o#$.E.O. ?@ o-())$ *+vo)v+* t,+ /o0+%s !*!-t(o!s o& t,+1P5H (! A='' to t,+ Auto!o#ous+2(o!) >ov+%!#+!t A=>4.'o%+ (#/o%t!t)$" Co!2%+sss+)& t,%ou2, =.A. 9G? t%!s&+%%+*!* *+vo)v+* t,+*#(!(st%t(v+ !* s-) #!2+#+!t o& /ub)(-0o%ks !*!*s &o% /ub)(- 0o%ks to t,+ A=>. T,+ (# o&+Co!st(tut(o! (s to +t+!* to t,+ uto!o#ous /+o/)+s"+ /+o/)+o& 'us)(# '(!*!o (! t,(s -s+" t,+ %(2,t to

+)&*+t+%#(!t(o! D %(2,t to -,oos+ t,+(% o0! /t, o&+v+)o/#+!t6 t,+ %(2,t to*+t+%#(!+ t,+ /o)(t(-)" -u)tu%)!* +-o!o#(- -o!t+!t o& t,+(%*+v+)o/#+!t /t, 0(t,(! t,+#+0o%k o& t,+ sov+%+(2!t$ !*t+%%(to%() (!t+2%(t$ o& t,+,()(//(!+ =+/ub)(-. S+)&*+t+%#(!t(o!%+&+%s to t,+ !++*% /o)(t(-) st%u-tu%+ t,t 0()) %+s/+-t t,+uto!o#ous

/+o/)+s u!(u+!+ss !* 2%!t t,+# su-(+!t %oo#&o%s+)&+/%+ss(o! !* s+)&-o!st%u-t(o!.5(t, =.A. 8999",o0+v+%" t,(s &%++*o# (s tk+! 0$" !* t,+Nt(o!)>ov+%!#+!t tk+s -o!t%o) 2(!. T,+ ,!*s" o!-+ #o%+"ot,+ uto!o#ous /+o/)+s %+ %+(!+* (! !* t(+* u/. T,+-,))+!2+* )0 -%+t+s ! o-+ 0(t, &u!-t(o!s !*/o0+%s 0,(-,"b$ v(%tu+ o& E.O. ?@" ,v+ b++! /%+v(ous)$*+vo)v+* to t,+1P5HA=''" F(%st E!2(!++%(!2 1(st%(-t (!L!o *+) Su%.S+-t(o! " L>C 1+-)%t(o! o& Po)(-$ L>U to +!o$ 2+!u(!+ !*#+!(!2&u) uto!o#$ to+!b)+ t,+# to tt(! t,+(% &u))+st*+v+)o/#+!t s s+)&%+)(!t -o##u!(t(+s !* #k+ t,+# +C %+(!&o%-+s*+-)%+* Stt+ /o)(-$ A%t. II" S+-. o&Co!st(tut(o!4 +!su%(!2uto!o#$ to )o-) 2ov+%!#+!t u!(

consti_digests on principles and state policies

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