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CONSTRUCTING SEISMIC RESISTANT

MASONRY HOUSES

*)TEDDY BOEN & ASSOCIATESSenior Advisor World Seismic Safety Initiative (WSSI)

Published by:

United Nations Center for Regional Development (UNCRD)

Disaster Management Planning Hyogo Office

*)

2009

2 M 2 M

M

A


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WORLD SEISMIC SAFETY INITIATIVE

TEDDY BOEN

Third Edition2009

First Published 2005

All rights reserved. No part of this publication maybereproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any

form, or by any means, graphic, electronic, mechanical,photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except with

the written permission of the writer / publisher.

If copying part of this book for non-commercial purposes, thesource must be mentioned.

Published by:

United Nations Center for Regional

Development (UNCRD)

Disaster Management Planning Hyogo Office


3/34

2009 United Nations

Mission Statement of UN/DESAThe Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United NationsSecretariat is a vital interface between global policies in the economic,social and environmental spheres and national action. The Department

works in three main interlinked areas: (a) it compiles, generates andanalyses a wide range of economic, social and environmental data andinformation on which State Members of the United Nations draw toreview common problems and to take stock of policy options; (b) itfacilitates the negotiations of Member States in many intergovernmentalbodies on joint courses of action to address ongoing or emerging globalchallenges; and (c) it advises interested Governments on the ways andmeans of translating policy frameworks developed in United Nationsconferences and summits into programmes at the country level and,through technical assistance, helps built national capacities.

Designations employed and presentation of material in this publication do not imply theexpression of any opinion whatever on the part of the United Nations Secretariat or the UnitedNations Centre for Regional Development, concerning the legal status of any country orterritory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or

boundaries.


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II

PREFACE

Jakarta, April 2005

Teddy Boen & Associates

Throughout the centuries, earthquakes have taken a high toll of human lives and causedproperty losses. Earthquakes do not kill people but the collapse of man made buildings does.

Until today, human beings cannot prevent earthquakes, however, human beings can try toreduce the impact by designing and constructing earthquake resistant buildings. Almost all ofIndonesia is earthquake pone.

Currently people all over Indonesia build half brick masonry or concrete block houses. Masonryhouses have become a new culture. Many of those masonry houses are built withoutconfinement in the form of reinforced concrete beams and columns and in almost all past

earthquakes, masonry houses without confinement generally were heavily damaged orcollapsed. Half brick thick masonry wall houses without confinement is not recommended forearthquake prone areas.

Houses recommended to be built are half brick thick masonry wall with confinement in the formof foundation beam, practical columns and ring beam. Past earthquakes showed that such typeof houses are earthquake resistant provided that they are built properly.

This guideline tries to explain in a simple way the principles of constructing half brick thickconfined masonry houses.

This guideline contains the basic and elementary principles concerning how to lay bricks, how to

prepare concrete mix, how to bend reinforcing bars, detailing of joints and other basic thingsalready forgotten by local artisans, construction workers and by most engineers all overIndonesia.

The methods and details recommended in this guideline are basic and are minimumrequirements for constructing earthquake resistant masonry houses.

Materials for this guideline are taken from ref 13, 15, 17, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 28, 30 and 35.

It is hoped that this guideline is useful for the common people in earthquake prone areas and forstakeholders involved in reducing the impact of future earthquakes.


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1. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS AND LAYOUT OF HOUSES

1

090

x

xx

propertyline

buildinglayout

bu

ilding

line

x : Distance from land borderfence

Road

Items to be observed:

1. Distance of house from theproperty line

Ratio of houses / propertyarea

Height of house shall beproportional

Form should be suitable forlocal climate

2. Building line

3. Layout:

- House

- Septic tank

- Leaching

- Drainage

- Water pipe

- Well

4. Ground level shall be the100 year flood level


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090

well

septic tank, length 2,7m, height 1,5m, width 1mleaching, length 3m,height 1,2m, width 1m

clean waterpipe 1 1/4

sewage pipe 6

collectionpit for

sewage

rain waterdrain 30x30cm

manhole45x45x45cm

city drainage

road

garbage collection pit 150x90x75cmcovered with galvanized iron sheet or timber

partition for organic & anorganic

>15M

2

2. CLEAN WATER AND SEWERAGE

1 M

leaching

fromsewage


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3

1. Good .

2. Good .

3. All building components (foundation, columns, beams,walls, roof trusses, roofing) be to each other,so that when , the building

will act as .

quality materials

workmanship

MUST TIEDSHAKEN BY EARTHQUAKES

ONE INTEGRAL UNIT

r.c. beam

half-brickmasonry wall

r.c. beam

r.c beams

3. PRINCIPLES OF SEISMIC RESISTANT HOUSE

CONSTRUCTION

half-brick gable wall

r.c. column

anchor min.10mmlength > 40cm

every 6 layers of brick

rubble stone foundation

r.c. foundation beam

timber roof trusses


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4

SAND:- from rivers / quarries- clean from mud- clean from organic materials

SAND

GRAVEL

GRAVEL:-- clean from mud- clean from organic materials

-1-2cm

from rivers / quarries

NETTO50KG

CONCRETE BLOCK:-best from concrete mix- corners not damaged- no cracks

WATER :- clean- clear and does not smell- no oil, acid, alkali, salt, organic materials that can affect the r.c. bars- potable

length3-4m

TIMBER:- dry- straight- no cracks- no notch- treated against termite

RUBBLE STONE:- size as uniform as possible- rough surface, not smooth

20cm

40cm

10cm

20cm

40cm

10cm

4. BUILDING MATERIALS

10cm

20cm

5cm

BRICKS:- completely burnt- flat, not warping- does not break easily- uniform size- corners not damaged- minimum size 20x10x5cm

CEMENT: -Portland Cement - not hardened - dry - in 40/50 kg bags - not mixed with other materials - uniform color

R.C. BARS:- uniform size- conform with standard bars- not rusted- straight- diameter in accordance with

drawings


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5

try square batter board

timber stakes5/7cm

5. ERECTION OF BATTER BOARDS ERECTION OF BATTERBOARD:

1. is used asbenchmark for the levels of

the house.2. shall beerected prior toconstruction.

3.

4. Upper part of

5.

6. Corners must beperpendicular.

Batter board

Batter boards

Batter boards 2x20cm aresupported by timber stakes5/7cm and placed 2mapart.

batter boardis flat and smooth.Upper part of batter board

must be horizontal and thisleveling is done usingflexible water tube.

building axis / cord

batter board

nail 7cm

cordattached to nail

2m

1m

1m

leveled with water tube

to determine the level

wall axis

1 m

foundation excavation

brace 4x6cmto support

every 2m

batter board

Detail A

min80cm

2x20cm

upper level flat & smooth

batter board

2x20cmupper level flat & smooth

batter board

090

2 m 2 m

A

must beperpendicular

must beperpendicular

brace 4x6cm, to support every 2mbatter board

wall axis


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6

6. RUBBLE (RIVER / QUARRY) STONE FOUNDATION

level mustbe takenfor 100

year floodlevel

concrete mix

loose rubble stone

lean concrete

anchor min.10mmlength > 40cm

every 6 layers of brickstirrup8mmdistance 40 cm

rubble stone foundationanchor min.10mmevery 1m

90r.c. bar min.10mm

Note:Loose rubble stone and sand is needed if the bottom is muddy.

foundation excavation

minimum 80 cm

minimum8

0cm


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minimum 60cm

8 mm

10 mm

the groove must be in accordance with the bar diameter to be bent

7

Notes:

Prior to cutting reinforcing bars, the lengths of columns, beams reinforcing bars &stirrups and length of hooks must be determined from construction drawings.

After the reinforcing bars are cut based on the necessary length, the reinforcing barsare bent with appropriate bar bending tool and shaped into columns, beams, stirrups.

Bending bars after the reinforcing bars are assembled is not correct.

7. REINFORCING BARS BENDING TOOL

timber base

clamping rods 8/15

clamp rods embeddedin base timber beam

bar bender

clamp rodsembedded inbase timber beam

bar bender


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8

8. A. BEAM REINFORCING BARS

1. OUTER BEAM REINFORCING BAR

8. LENGTH AND BENDING OF REINFORCING BARS

2

A

+G

+2(B+C+E)-2F

=7040mm

C=6D

A+G

+2B-2F=6870mm

C=6D

3

length of bend is 6D= 60mm at both endsdistance of bend is

2,5 D = 25mm

E=2,5D

D

C=6D

A+G

+B-2F=6470mm

length of bar is bent40D = 400mm

at one end

4

5

A+G

-2

F=6070mm

finally, the other endof reinforcing bar

is bent 40D = 400mm

B=40D

C=6D

B=40D

C=6D

B=40D

C=6D

B=40D

C=6D

1

B=40D

G E=2,5D

E=2,5D

F

column12x12cm

A

G

C=6D

Prior to cutting, reinforcing bar length to be measured fromconstruction drawings, including the bends & hooks.Example: beam with 6m length from axis to axis, using bar

10mm:Formula: A + G + 2 (B + C + E) - 2F

A = 6000mmB = 40D = 400mmC = 6D = 60mmE = 2,5D = 25mmD = bar diameter = 10mmF = concrete cover = 2,5cm from the main reinforcing bar axisG = column width = 120mm

Length of outer beam reinforcing bar:== 6000 + 120 + 2 (400 + 60 + 25) - 2 (25)

= 7040mm = 7,04 m

A + G + 2 (B + C + E) - 2F


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1

A

F

G

G

B=40D

E=2,5D

C=6D

C=6D

E=2,5D

B=40D

column 12x12cm

9

2. INNER BEAM REINFORCING BAR

Inner beam reinforcing bar calculation:

Formula: A - G + 2 (B + C + E + F)A = 6000mmB = 40D = 400mmC = 6D = 60mmE = 2,5D = 25mmD = bar diameter = 10mmF = concrete cover = 2,5cm from the main reinforcing baraxisG = column width = 120mm

Length of inner beam reinforcing bar:= A - G + 2 (B + C + E + F)= 6000 - 120 + 2 (400 + 60 + 25 + 25)= 6900mm = 6,90 m

A-G

+B+2F=6330mm

4

5

A-G

+2F=5930mm

B=40D

C=6D

B=40D

B=40D

finally, the other endof reinforcing bar

is bent 40D = 400mm


at one end

A-G

+2(B+F)=6730mm

3

C=6D

E=2,5D

D

C=6D

C=6D

length of bend is 6D =60mm at both endsdistance of bend is

2,5 D = 25mm

2

A-G

+2(B+

C+E+F)=6900mm


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A

+2B=3800m

m

3

C

=6D

E=2,5D

D

C=6D

C=6D

length of bend is 6D =60mm at both endsdistance of bend is

2,5 D = 25mm

8. B. COLUMN REINFORCING BARS

10

2

A

+2(B

+C

+E)=3970mm

A+B=3400mm

4

5

A

B=40D

C=6D

C=6D

C=6D

B=40D

C=6D

B=40D

finally, the lowerof reinforcing bar

is bent 40D = 400mm


at the upper

1

A

B=40D

E=2,5D

C=6D

C=6D

E=2,5D

B=40D

Prior to cutting, reinforcing bar length to be measured from constructiondrawings, including the bends & hooks.

Example: column with 3m height from axis to axis, using bar10mm:Formula: A + 2 (B + C + E)

A = 3000mmB = 40D = 400mmC = 6D = 60mmE = 2,5D = 25mmD = bar diameter = 10mm

Length of column reinforcing bar:== 3000 + 2 (400 + 60 + 25)

= 3970mm = 3,97mTherefore, for 12m reinforcing bar, it can be obtained 3 column reinforcingbars for 3m height from axis to axis.

A + 2 (B + C + E)


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8.C. STIRRUPS

11

2A + B - 6F = 270 mm

length of bend

90 mm from (B - 2F)

reinforcing bar

B-2F=90mm

4

C

2,5D

2,5D

C

6

finally, the stirrups arebent 90mm from (A - 2F )

C

B-2F=90mm

A- 2F=90mm

1

concretecoverthickness 1,5cmfromstirrupaxis

F= 1,5 cm

C=6D

B

A

3

C=6D2

(A+B)-8F=

360mm

45D

E=

C=6D

2,5D

both ends of thestirrups are bent6D = 60mm at an

o

angle of 45

Prior to cutting, stirrup reinforcing bar length to be measured fromconstruction drawings, including the bends & hooks. The length isdetermined based on the stirrup axis with formula:perimeter of column / beam + 2 x hook length - 8 x concretecover from stirrup axis

Example: stirrup of column 12x12 cm using bar8mm:A = column width at one side = 120mmB = column width at the other side = 120mmC = 6D = 48mmE = 2,5D = 20mmD = bar diameter = 8mmF = concrete cover from stirrup axis = 15mm

Length of stirrup bar:=== 496mm = 49,6cm

Formula: 2 (A + B) + 2 (C + E) - 8F

2 (A + B) + 2 (C + E) - 8F2 (120 + 120) + 2 (48 + 20) - 8 x 15

2(A+B)+2(C

+E)-8F=496

mm

2

C

5

A-2F=90 mm

A+B-4F=1

80mm

stirrups are bent90mm from (B - 2F)

C

B-2F=90mm


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12

40D

Example:D = 10mm40D = 400mm40D = 40cm

Joint

Middle Joint

9. SEISMIC RESISTANT DETAILING OF JOINTS

40D 40D

15cm15cm

15cm

Side View

columnbeam

column

beam

Corner Joint

Top View

beam

40D

40D

15cm15cm

15cm

Top View

beam

Side View

IMPORTANT:- reinforcing bar diameter- bending method- joint detailing

! 6DBENDING METHOD

45

reinforcing bar

min.10 mm

stirrup min.length < 15cm

8 mm


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stirrups min.8mmdistance < 15cm

Top View

40D 40D 40D

40

D

10. FOUNDATION BEAM REINFORCING DETAILING

13

Top View

reinforcing bars

min.10mm

beam reinforcing bars

min.10mm


min.10mm

column reinforcing bar

min.10mm

anchor min.10mm,length > 40cmevery 6 layers of brick


min.10mm

>40cm

10.A. MIDDLE JOINT

stirrups min.8mmdistance < 15cm

column reinforcing bar min.10mm

anchor min.10mm, length > 40cmevery 6 layers of brick

beam reinforcing bars min.10mm

stirrups min.8mm distance < 15cm

>40cm

10.B. CORNER JOINT


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11. PREPARING CONCRETE MIX

14

First step, pour 3 pails of gravel & mix properly

with a hoe.1

mix properlywith a hoe

gravel & sand is mixedevenly with a hoe

Add 2 pails of sand & mix properly with a hoe.2

3 Subsequently ,add onepail of cement & mix

with a hoe.properly

gravel, sand &cement is

mixedwith a hoe

properly

4

gravel, sand &cement that arealready mixed

properly

After the threeingredients are

mixed.properly


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Concrete mix that meets standard requirement:3

Materials needed for 1 m of concrete:30,125 m water

0,250 cement0,500 sand0,750 gravel

The ratio of water : cement : sand : gravel1 : 2 : 4 : 6

or : 1 : 2 : 3

3m

3m

3m

15

5Form a depressionin the center.

6

mixwith a hoe

properly

Add pail of water & mix properly.

too much water

7

Example: good

Finally test the concrete mix consistency byplacing in your hand.

11. PREPARING CONCRETE MIX


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Concrete Mix:

1 pc (cement) 2 sand 3 gravel

Mix properly with appropriateamount of water

Expected min. compressive strength:2

= 150 kg/cm

12. PLACING CONCRETE IN FOUNDATION BEAM

16

stake 5/7 cm

brace 5/7 cmnailed to stake& stud

spreader 5/7 cm

stud 5/7 cm

form worksheathing20mm

rubble stonefoundation

surface must be horizontal

stirrup min.8mmdistance < 15 cm

reinforcing

bar10mm

concrete mix:

1 cement : 2 sand : 3 gravel

20

cm

15 cm

reinforcing bar

10mm


concrete cover 2,5cm

from axis of main reinforcing bar

foundationbeam

CURING:Before & after the form work is

removed, it must be sprayed routinely.This applies to all reinforced concrete

components.


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13. PLUMBNESS OF BRICK LAYING AND COLUMNS

A: distance of plumbline to the column

17

Walls and columns must beplumb and can be done usingplumb lines and pins (cord &plumb bob).Corners of walls must beperpendicular.

Note:Columns form work must be supportedon 4 sides to warrant plumbness.

timber pole4/6 cm

verticalplumb line

brickwork

plumb bob

foundationbeam

columnreinforcing

plumbbob

A

A

form work

timber pole 4/6 cmas form work bracing

verticalplumb line

timber pole4/6 cm

foundation beam


23/34

18

reinforcing bar min.10mm

half brick masonry wallcolumn 12x12cm

Mortar Mix:

1 pc (cement) 4 sand

mixed properly & add waterappropriately

mortar thickness 1,5 cmmortar mix 1 pc : 4 sand

surface must be

horizontal

stirrup min.8mm distance < 15 cm

anchor min.10mm, length > 40cmevery 6 layers of brick

foundation beam 15x20 cm

brick wall

timber pole 5/7 cm along wall height erected to actas pilot for brick laying in the vertical direction

cord

Top Viewcolumn

Pull a cord to lay each layer of brickplus 1,5cm. The cord serve ashorizontal guidance.

5cm

cord

6,5

cm

6,5

cm

6,5

cm

+1,5cm

+1,5 cm

+1,5cm

mortar thickness 1,5 cmmortar mix 1 pc : 4 sand

half brick masonry wall

Timber pole to fix the cord is marked for every level of brick plus1,5cm. The string is removed if the brick layer is completed.

14. BRICK WALL

Curing:brick wallmust be sprayedperiodically

poorqualitybricksbreak

qualitybricks

DO NOTbreak

1/41/21/4

bricks must besoaked minimum


24/34

15. REINFORCING BAR DETAILING AND PLACING CONCRETE

IN COLUMNS

19

concrete cover 2,5cmfrom axis of main reinforcing bar

12cm

12

cm

concrete mix:1 cement : 2 sand : 3 gravel

Concrete Mix:


Mix properly; add water appropriately.Expected min. compressive strength

2of concrete = 150 kg/cm

3 gravel

reinforcing bar

min.10mm


Reinforcing Detailing

r.c. beam

foundation beam


410-12mm

40D40D

40D40D

foundation beam reinforcing bar

410-12mm

beam reinforcing bar

410-12mm

beam stirrup min.8mmdistance < 15 cm

column stirrup min.8mmdistance < 15 cm

foundation beam stirrup

min.8mm distance < 15 cm

brick wall

all form work must be tailored made &shall not use arbitrary planks stake 4/6 cm

Top View

r.c. column

10 cm

12 cm

form work2/20 cm

mortarthickness1,5 cmmortar mix1 pc : 4 sand

brick wall


25/34

15.A. PLACING CONCRETE IN COLUMN SIMULTANEOUSLY WITHBRICK LAYING

20

halfwallheig

ht

form workhalf wall height

brace 4/6 cm nailedto form work

timber bracing

3

stake 4/6 cm Curing:brick wall & concrete mustbe sprayed periodically

2

column

reinforcing bar

half brick wall isprovided with

tobe filled withconcrete

toothed edges

1/4 1/4

COLUMN WITHTOOTHED

EDGES BRICKWALL

halfwallheight

rough surface brick at junctionwith column

anchor min.10mm,length > 40cmevery 6 layers of brick

I. COLUMN REINFORCING BARS SUPPORTED BY TIMBER BRACING TOPREVENT BENDING/LEANING

reinforcingbars

timber brace4/6 cm

1

rough surface brick atjunction with column

1/21

COLUMN IS STRAIGHT

2


26/34

21

II.HEIGHT BRICK WALL IS ERECTEDPHASE I PLACING CONCRETE IN COLUMN AFTER THE HALF

Curing:

brick wall &concrete mustbe sprayedperiodically

placingconcreteafter halfheight brickwall iserected

halfwallheight

4

club hammer

to compact theconcrete, a steel rod

12mm is used totramp & a clubhammer to tap the

sides

5

halfwallheight

III. PHASE II PLACING CONCRETE IN COLUMN

secondhalf

wallheight

form work is erectedfor the second halfwall height

placing concrete

after the brick wall iscompleted

secondhalf

wallheight

1 2

the form work canbe removed

minimum 3 daysafer placing

concrete

4

COLUMN IS STRAIGHT COLUMN WITH TOOTHED

EDGES BRICK WALL

3

secondhalf

wallheight

to compact theconcrete, a steel

rod12mm isused to tramp &

a club hammer totap the sides

Note:placing concrete isdone in one run &NOT IN STAGES


27/34

the form work canbe removed

minimum 3 daysafer placing

concrete

columnh

eight

22

15.B. PLACING CONCRETE INCOLUMNS IN STAGES PRIORTO THE BRICK LAYING

timber bracing4/6 cm

to supportform work

form work erected fullheight on 3 sides

anchor min.10mm,length > 40cm



min.10mm

form work is erectedhalf column height

brace 4/6 cm nailedto form work stud

stud4/6 cm

halfcolumnheight

to compact theconcrete, a steel

rod12mm isused to tramp &a club hammer totap the sides

I.HALF OF THE COLUMN

PLACING CONCRETE LOWER

II.HALF OF THE COLUMNPLACING CONCRETE UPPER

Curing:

concrete must be sprayed periodically

club hammer

Note:columns are supported on 4 sides

to warrant plumbness duringplacing of concrete.

placing concrete is done in one runand NOT IN STAGES


28/34

15.C. PLACING CONCRETE IN FULL HEIGHT COLUMNS PRIOR TOBRICK LAYING

columnheight

to compact the concrete, a steel

rod12mm is used to tramp & aclub hammer to tap the sides

the form work can beremoved minimum 3 days

afer placing concrete

23

brace 4/6 cm to tie form work(when needed, number of bracing can be added)

Curing:concrete must be sprayed periodically

club hammer

Note:columns are supported on 4 sides

to warrant plumbness duringplacing of concrete.

placing concrete is done in one runand NOT IN STAGES

timber bracing 4/6 cm to support form work

columnheight

anchor min.10mm, length > 40cm


form work is erected full columnheight & ready for placing concrete


29/34

sheathing 2cm

tie wire

nail 7cm

brace 5/7 cm

brick work

reinforced concrete column

concrete surface must be leveled

reinforcing bar

min.10mm


cleat 5/7 cm every 50cm(if deemed necessary)

brace 5/7 cm

spreader 2/3 cm every 1m

stud 5/7 cm every 1m

16. JOINT DETAILS AND PLACING CONCRETE IN BEAMS

20cm

12cm

Concrete Mix:


Mix properly; add water appropriately.Expected min. compressive strength

2of concrete = 150 kg/cm

3 gravel

concrete mix:

1 cement : 2 sand : 3 gravel

concrete cover 2,5cmfrom axis of main reinforcing bar

reinforcing bar

min.10mm


40D 40D

stirrup min.8mmdistance < 15 cmreinforcing bar

min.10mm


r.c.beam

stud 5/7 cm every 1m

spreader 2/3 cm every 1m

tie wire

brace 5/7 cm

nail 7cm

brace 5/7 cm

brick worksheathing 2cm

cleat 5/7 cm every50cm (if deemednecessary)

24

Curing:

brick wall & concrete must be sprayed periodically


30/34

17. TIMBER ROOF TRUSSES

8/12cm

8/12cm

8/12

cm

8/12cm

iron sheet 4.40 mm /

plank 20.100 mm

bolt min.10 mm

purlin6/12 cm

8/12

cm

8/12cm

6/12cm

cleat

bolt min.10 mm

25

tool to twist anchor barsmade

of galvanized iron pipe >3

with 2 holes

anchor min.10mm,length >40cm

bolt min.

10 mm

8/12cm

8/12cm

purlin 6/12 cm

r.c. beam12/20 cm

column12/12 cm

timber bracing to tie trusses 6/12 cm

purlin 6/12 cm wooden pin

min.10mm

iron sheet4.40 mm /

plank 20.100 mm

bolt min.

10 mm

8/12

cm

8/1

2cm

steel clams4.40 mm


31/34

18. GABLE WALL

40d

40d40d



26

40d 40d


stirrup min.8mmdistance < 15 cm40d

40d

40d 40d



I

I

II

II

III

III


32/34

ready to fixroof cover

screw

+lead washer

Advantage of galvanized iron sheet roofing:- Light in weight- Easy to install

19. ROOF COVERING

fascia 2/25 cm

cleat

purlin 6/12 cm

galvanized ironsheet roofroof truss

8/12 cm

fascia beam2/25 cm

roof truss8/12 cm

20cm

20cm

purlin 6/12 cm

galvanized ironsheet roof

screw

cleat

27

ridgecover ridge 6/12 cm

cleat

screwgalvanized ironsheet roof

purlin 6/12 cm

ridgecover

roof truss8/12 cm

fascia beam6/12 cm

screwgalvanized iron

sheet roof

roof truss 8/12 cm

fascia2/25 cm

purlin 6/12 cm

cleat


33/34

28

REFERENCES

[1] Boen, T., Reconstruction of Houses in Aceh, Seven Months after the Earthquake danTsunami, Dec 26, 2004.ICUS Conference, Singapore, 2005.

[2] Boen, T., Nias / Simeulue Earthquake March 28, 2005.EERI Journal, Vol.39, 2005.[3] Boen, T. and Jigyasu, R., Cultural Considerations for Post Disaster Reconstruction Post-

Tsunami Challenges. UNDP Conference, 2005.[4] Boen, T., Membangun Rumah Tembokan Tahan Gempa, 2005.[5] Boen, T., Sumatra Earthquake, 26 December 2004. Special Report ICUS, 2005.[6] Boen, T., Earthquake Resistant Design of Non-Engineered Buildings in Indonesia.

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EQTAP Conference, Kamakura, 2001.

[9] Boen, T., Earthquake Resistant Design of Non Engineered Buildings in Indonesia.EQTAP Conference, Bali, 2001.

[10] Boen, T., et. al., Post Earthquake Disaster Relocation: Indonesia's Experience.APECConference, Taiwan, 2001.

[11] Boen, T., Impact of Earthquake on School Buildings in Indonesia.EQTAP Conference,Kobe, Jepang, 2001.

[12] Boen, T., Disaster Mitigation of Non Engineered Buildings in Indonesia.EQTAPConference, Manila, 2001.

[13] Boen, T., Gempa Bumi Bengkulu: Fenomena, dan Perbaikan / Perkuatan Bangunan(Berdasarkan Hasil Pengamatan terhadap Bangunan-Bangunan yang Rusak akibatGempa Bumi Bengkulu, 4 Juni 2000), 2000.

[14] Fanella, David A., Seismic Detailing of Concrete Buidings, Portland Cement Association,

2000.[15] Tomazevic, Miha,Earthquake Resistant Design of Masonry Buildings, Imperial CollegePress 1999.

[16] Pande, et. al., Computer Methods in Structural Masonry, Proceeding 4th InternationalSymposium on Computer Methods in Structural Masonry, 1998.

[17] Boen, T.,Bencana Gempa Bumi: Fenomena, Akibat, dan Perbaikan / PerkuatanBangunan yang Rusak (Berdasarkan Hasil Pengamatan terhadap Bangunan-Bangunanyang Rusak akibat Gempa Bumi Biak, 17 Februari 1996), 1996.

[18] Shah, H., and Boen, T.,ProbabilisticSeismic Hazard Model for Indonesia, 1996.[19] Kicklighter,Modern Masonry: Brick, Block, Stone,Goodheart-Wilcox Publisher, 1996.[20] Boen, T.,Manual Perbaikan dan Perkuatan Bangunan yang Rusak akibat Gempa Bumi

(Berdasarkan Hasil Pengamatan terhadap Bangunan yang Rusak akibat Gempa BumiKerinci, 7 Oktober 1995), 1995.

[21] Boen, T.,Earthquake Hazard Mitigation in Developing Countries, the IndonesianExperience, 1994.

[22] Boen, T.,Manual Perbaikan Bangunan yang Rusak akibat Gempa Bumi (Hasil SurveyGempa Lampung Barat, 16 Februari 1994), 1994.

[23] Boen, T.,Anjuran Perbaikan Detail Struktur Bangunan Sederhana yag Rusak akibatGempa Bumi (Hasil Surey Gempa Bumi Halamahera, 21-1-1994) , 1994.

[24] Boen, T.,Manual Perbaikan Bangunan Sederhana yang Rusak akibat Gempa BumiFlores, Desember 1992.

[25] Pauley & Priestley, Seismic Design of Reinforce and Masonry,John Wiley & Sons,Canada, Ltd, 1992.

[26] Brett, Peter,Formwork and Concrete Practice, Heineman Professional Publishing, 1988.


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[29] CIB/W-73, Small Buildings and Community Development. Proceedings,International Conference on Natural Hazards Mitigation Research and Practice, 1984.

[30] Boen, T.,Manual Bangunan Tahan Gempa (Rumah Tinggal), 1978.[31] National Science Foundation,Earthquake Resistant Masonry Construction: National

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(Pvt) Ltd., 1976.

[33] Fintel, Mark,Handbook of Concrete Engineering, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1974.[34] Neville, A.M.,Properties of Concrete, Pitman Publishing, 1973.[35] Sahlin, Sven,Structural Masonry, Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1971.[36] Unesco,Reinforced Concrete, an International Manual, Butterworths, 1971.[37] Boen, T.,Dasar-Dasar Perencanaan Bangunan Tahan Gempa, 1969.[38] Portland Cement Association, Concrete Technology, Student Manual, D.B. Taraporevala

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