Construction and Demolition Waste Management Guideline for Municipalities

March 2018

i

Table of Contents

Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................................... ii

Definitions ..................................................................................................................................................... iii

1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Background ................................................................................................................................ 1

1.2 Defining construction and demolition waste ....................................................................... 2

1.3 Purpose of the guideline .......................................................................................................... 3

1.4 Role of municipalities in C&DW management .................................................................... 4

1.5 Approach used to compile the guideline ............................................................................ 4

1.6 Structure of the guideline ........................................................................................................ 5

2 Policy and legislative overview ....................................................................................................... 6

2.1 Strategic Alignment .................................................................................................................. 6

2.2 Legislative overview ................................................................................................................ 12

3 Construction and Demolition Waste Diversion .......................................................................... 18

3.1 The benefits of diverting C&DW ........................................................................................... 18

3.2 Barriers to recycling C&DW ................................................................................................... 20

4 Proposed mechanisms for facilitating C&DW recovery and increasing diversion ............. 23

4.1 Including C&DW management provisions in municipal by-laws ................................... 23

4.2 Requesting Integrated Waste Management Plans as part of the building approval

process ....................................................................................................................................... 24

4.3 Establishing public-private partnerships .............................................................................. 27

4.4 Awareness-raising .................................................................................................................... 31

4.5 Green Procurement ................................................................................................................ 34

4.6 Regionalisation of waste management services .............................................................. 37

4.7 Providing infrastructure to support the collection and recycling of C&DW ................ 39

4.7.1 Collection of C&DW ....................................................................................................... 39

4.7.2 Recovery of C&DW ......................................................................................................... 42

4.7.3 Processing ......................................................................................................................... 45

4.7.4 Potential end-use applications .................................................................................... 46

5 Conclusion......................................................................................................................................... 50

6 Sign off................................................................................................................................................ 51

7 References ........................................................................................................................................ 52

ii

Abbreviations

C&DW Construction and Demolition Waste

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

IPWIS Integrated Pollutant and Waste Information System

IWMP Integrated Waste Management Plan

MTSF Medium-Term Strategic Framework

MRF Material Recovery Facility

NEMA National Environmental Management Act (Act No. 107 of

1998),

NEM:WA National Environmental Management: Waste Act (Act No. 59

of 2008)

WDF Waste Disposal Facility

WMF Waste Management Facility

WML Waste Management Licence

WMO Waste Management Officer

iii

Definitions

Disposal: Means the burial, deposit, discharge, abandoning, dumping, placing or release of

any waste into, or onto, any land (National Environmental Management Act, (Act No. 59 of

2008) (NEM:WA, 2008).

Diversion rate: The percentage of waste material diverted from waste disposal facilities. It

may be measured in % volume or weight (DEA&DP, 2015).

Drop-off facility: Facilities that provide residents with the convenient opportunity to drop off

recyclable materials, including construction and demolition waste, compostable materials

and waste, which has not been put out for collection.

General waste: Means waste that does not pose an immediate hazard or threat to health or

to the environment, and includes:

(a) domestic waste;

(b) building and demolition waste;

(c) business waste;

(d) inert waste; or

(e) any waste classified as non-hazardous waste in terms of the regulations made under

section 69 (of the National Environmental Management: Waste Act (Act No. 59 of 2008)

(NEM: WA)), and includes non-hazardous substances, materials or objects within the business,

domestic, inert, building and demolition wastes as outlined in schedule 3 (of the NEM:WA)

(NEM:WA, 2008).

Hazardous waste: Means any waste that contains organic or inorganic elements or

compounds that may, owing to the inherent physical, chemical or toxicological

characteristics of that waste, have a detrimental impact on health and the environment and

includes hazardous substances, materials or objects within business waste, residue deposits

and residue stockpiles as outlined in schedule 3 of the NEM:WA (NEM:WA, 2008).

Industrial symbiosis: The exchange of materials, energy, water and by-products as a

resource between interested industries typically based in close proximity to each other

(DEA&DP, 2015).

iv

Integrated waste management: Employing several waste control and disposal methods, i.e.

reducing, re-using, recycling, treatment, and landfilling, to minimise the environmental

impact of commercial and industrial waste streams (DEA&DP, 2017a).

Materials recovery facility: is a specialised plant that receives, separates and prepares

recyclable materials for the market e.g. end-user manufacturers and/or recycling

companies. It is a waste management facility where waste received is separated into a

number of waste streams such as cardboard, metal, paper, plastics, etc., by using either an

automated system or, as in most cases, a manual system where workers hand pick the

different recyclables and place them in dedicated containers for subsequent compaction

and baling (DEA&DP, 2015).

Recycle: Means a process where waste is reclaimed for further use, which process involves

the separation of waste from a waste stream for further use and the processing of that

separated material as a product or raw material (NEM:WA, 2008).

Re-use: Means to utilise the whole, a portion of a specific part of any substance, material or

object from the waste stream (again) for a similar or different purpose without changing the

form or properties of such substance, material or object (NEM:WA, 2008).

Waste: Means (a) Any substance, material or object, that is unwanted, rejected,

abandoned, discarded or disposed of, or that is intended or required to be

discarded or disposed of, by the holder of that substance, material or object,

whether or not such substance, material or object can be re-used, recycled or

recovered and includes all wastes as defined in Schedule 3 of this Act; or

(b) any other substance, material or object that is not included in Schedule 3 that

may be defined as a waste by the Minister by notice in the Gazette,

but any waste or portion of waste, referred to in paragraphs (a) and (b), ceases to

be a waste-

(i) once an application for its re-use, recycling or recovery has been approved or,

after such approval, once it is, or has been re-used, recycled or recovered;

(ii) where approval is not required, once a waste is, or has been re-used, recycled or

recovered;

(iii) where the Minister has, in terms of section 74, exempted any waste or a portion

of waste generated by a particular process from the definition of waste; or

v

(iv) where the Minister has, in the prescribed manner, excluded any waste stream or

a portion of a waste stream from the definition of waste (NEM:WA, 2008).

Waste disposal facility: Means any site or premises used for the accumulation of waste with

the purpose of disposing of that waste at that site or on that premises (NEM:WA, 2008).

Waste management facility: Means a place, infrastructure, structure or containment of any

kind including any structures or infrastructure, wherein, upon, or at, a waste management

activity takes place and includes a waste transfer facility, a waste storage facility, container

yard, waste disposal facility, incinerators, lagoons, recycling, co-processing, or composting

facilities (NEM:WA, Regulation, 2013).

Waste management hierarchy: A model that aims to prevent, reduce and manage waste

through encouraging waste avoidance first and then the reduction, reuse, recycling and

disposal of waste and is presented in the form of a pyramid. If the hierarchy is implemented it

will assist in the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, reduce potential pollutants, save

energy, conserve resources, create jobs and stimulate the development of green

technologies (DEA&DP, 2015).

1

1 Introduction

Many waste disposal facilities (WDFs) in the Western Cape are at or nearing capacity, and

receive large volumes of construction and demolition waste (C&DW). Despite C&DW

increasingly being recognised as a resource, it is still largely being disposed of, which is

contrary to the principles of the waste management hierarchy. The waste management

hierarchy prioritises waste diversion measures such as waste avoidance, re-use, recovery and

recycling over disposal. Due to its generally inert nature, clean C&DW can be used for a

number of useful purposes. Efforts by some municipalities in the province to divert C&DW

include using it for e.g. landfill cover, slope stabilisation and for the construction of roads at

WDFs. Additional interventions are however needed to ensure C&DW is appropriately

managed at construction sites so as to improve the quality of C&DW material and increase

its recycling/re-use potential. Measures must also be implemented to address widespread

illegal dumping of waste, of which a large portion includes C&DW. This guideline highlights

the key issues which municipalities need to consider in managing C&DW and aims to explore

the role that municipalities can play in C&DW diversion.

1.1 Background

The Medium-Term Strategic Framework (MTSF) 2014-2019 provides a national overall waste

diversion target for recyclables diverted from WDFs of 20% (based on mass) by 2019. The

Department recognises that in order to attain this waste diversion target, proper

management and diversion of C&DW is key because of sizable contribution in weight and

volume this waste stream makes to WDFs. The need for a Construction and Demolition Waste

Management Guideline was highlighted in the Western Cape Integrated Waste

Management Plan (IWMP) 2017-2022 as a priority to assist municipalities with the

management, diversion and beneficial use of this waste stream. The Western Cape IWMP

20017-2022 indicates that diversion targets for C&DW will be set within the next few years. The

management of C&DW should thus shift from mostly disposal towards a more integrated

approach which aims to increase diversion.

The current management of C&DW is considered problematic for the following reasons:

C&DW is largely landfilled, which contributes negatively to WDF airspace availability

and thereby reduces the lifespan of WDFs;

Low levels of diversion equate to lost opportunities in terms of job creation and

economic growth associated with recycling;

2

High levels of illegal dumping, which is in-part attributed to lack of infrastructure, has

negative financial, environmental and aesthetic impacts;

Poor separation at source results in contamination of C&DW, thereby decreasing the

quality of and potential value of recycled materials;

Outdated municipal control measures e.g. integrated waste by-laws that are not

aligned with national waste legislation; and

Poor consultation, coordination and planning within municipal structures.

1.2 Defining construction and demolition waste

Note: Construction waste may contain hazardous components such as insulation materials

and asbestos-containing material. This guideline however will only focus on the diversion and

management of non-hazardous component of this waste type.

C&DW, also often referred to as “building rubble”, “builders’ rubble” or “building and

demolition waste”, is waste generated during construction, renovation and demolition of

structures such as buildings, roads and bridges.

Building and demolition waste is defined in the NEM:WA as:

Building and demolition waste

“means waste, excluding

hazardous waste, produced

during the construction,

alteration, repair or demolition

of any structure, and includes

rubble, earth, rock and wood

displaced during that

construction, alteration, repair

or demolition, which include:

(a) discarded concrete, bricks,

tiles and ceramics, (b)

discarded wood, glass and

plastic, (c) discarded metals,

(d) discarded soil, stones and

dredging spoil, (e) other

discarded building and

demolition wastes”

Source: DEA&DP, 2015

3

During construction, construction wastes arise during site preparation where excess or

unsuitable materials are removed during the levelling of the site. Construction waste is also

generated during and after construction site clean-up. Demolition of buildings provides a

large potential source of waste material for re-use and recycling (George Municipality, 2010).

Another source of C&DW is when property is damaged during natural disasters such as fires

and floods.

The composition of C&DW is highly variable and may comprise inter alia metals, asphalt,

brick, concrete, corrugated cardboard, drywall, glass, wood, insulation, masonry, plastics,

rocks, roofing materials and excavated materials. Figure 1 provides a summary of C&DW

types and components.

Figure 1: Summary of C&DW types and components (Source: Arslan et al. 2012)

1.3 Purpose of the guideline

The aim of this Construction and Demolition Waste Management Guideline is to assist

municipalities with the management of C&DW, including the facilitation of C&DW re-use,

recycling and recovery. The objectives of this guideline include:

4

To provide guidance to municipalities with respect to facilitating the re-use, recovery

and recycling of C&DW with the aim of diverting this waste type from WDFs;

To give effect to Goal 3, Objective 1 of the provincial IWMP, which aims to “Minimise

the consumption of natural resources”; and

To assist municipalities in reaching the overall national waste diversion target as

stipulated in the MTSF.

1.4 Role of municipalities in C&DW management

The role of municipalities in waste management is clearly defined in the Constitution and

includes waste collection, storage and disposal. Municipalities are expected to promote

integrated waste management by working with other stakeholders to extend recycling at a

municipal level. Municipalities are required to facilitate local solutions such as material

recovery facilities and drop-off facilities, as opposed to providing all of the required recycling

infrastructure (DEA, 2011). It is thus important that municipalities form partnerships with the

private sector who are able to provide technical expertise, human and financial resources,

as well as infrastructure. In the case of C&DW, for example, municipalities may provide land

and material to the private sector for brick-making or crushing. Municipalities may also use

other mechanisms to promote the re-use and recycling of C&DW e.g. integrated waste

management by-laws and awareness-raising. These measures are further explored in

Chapter 4.

1.5 Approach used to compile the guideline

During 2014 and 2015, the Department hosted a number of workshops to determine the

current practices, opportunities and challenges regarding C&DW management. These

engagements were attended by municipal officials, industry and waste management

companies. Comments and inputs made during those workshops inform this guideline. To

ensure participation by municipalities in the development of the guideline, the draft layout

was circulated for comment. Questionnaires were also distributed to municipalities. The

questionnaires focused on quantities and composition of C&DW, waste diversion measures

and challenges experienced. The draft guideline was also distributed to municipalities to

obtain further inputs; however, no comments were received.

A literature review was also undertaken during the compilation of this guideline, which

focussed on both local and international experiences pertaining to C&DW management.

5

1.6 Structure of the guideline

Chapter 1 defines C&DW and highlights the issues surrounding the current management

thereof.

Chapter 2 provides the strategic and legislative context for C&DW management. It provides

linkages to national and provincial policy and highlights key concepts relevant to the

recycling of C&DW.

Chapter 3 highlights the benefits of and hurdles to C&DW diversion.

Chapter 4 discusses the proposed mechanisms that municipalities can employ to increase

C&DW diversion.

Chapter 5 concludes this guideline.

6

2 Policy and legislative overview

2.1 Strategic Alignment

Several policies have relevance to integrated waste management and the promotion of the

green economy: This guideline aligns with the following key national and provincial policies

as indicated in Table 1:

Table 1: Policies relevant to waste management

Relevant policy Relevance to waste diversion/ C&DW

diversion and recycling

National Development Plan 2030 (2012)

Maps out the vision of the country with its

key objective to reduce poverty and

inequality in South Africa by 2030.

Investment in consumer awareness,

green product design, recycling

infrastructure and waste-to-energy

projects, which would result in

significant strides to becoming a

zero-waste society.

Emergence of small-, medium- and

micro- enterprises in waste

management will contribute to

reducing unemployment, poverty

and income inequality.

Aims to implement a waste

management system through the

rapid expansion of recycling

infrastructure, and encouraging the

composting of organic domestic

waste to bolster economic activity in

poor urban communities.

Medium- Term Strategic Framework (2014-

2019)

National implementation framework for the

Outcome 10 of the framework aims

to ‘protect and enhance our

environmental assets and natural

resources. It promotes the improved

7

NDP.

management of waste and

investment in recycling infrastructure

and services. It identifies the

implementation of the 3Rs (reduce,

re-use and recycle) of the Waste

Management Hierarchy which

requires producer responsibility and

the rapid expansion of recycling

infrastructure.

Outcome 10, sub-outcome 5 Target:

20% of recyclables diverted from

landfill for re-use, recycle and

recovery.

OneCape 2040 (2013)

Strategy to stimulate the transition of the

Western Cape’s economy to become more

inclusive and resilient.

Envisages a highly-skilled,

innovation-driven, resource-efficient,

connected, high opportunity and

collaborative society.

Green Economy Strategy Framework (2013)

Framework for the Western Cape to

become the lowest carbon province and

leading green economic hub of the African

continent.

(WCG, 2013)

Aims to grow the commercial waste

economy in partnership between

public and private sectors as a

major source of green jobs.

Climate Change Response Strategy (2014)

This strategy is a coordinated climate

change response for the Western Cape

Province.

(DEA&DP, 2014)

Aims to promote the waste

economy and to identify

opportunities to reduce waste going

to landfill.

WC IWMP 2017-2022

Plan which provides strategic direction

regarding integrated waste management

Envisages a resource-efficient

society that ensures a clean

environment.

8

over the short-, medium- and long- term to

the Western Cape provincial government,

local government, industry, commerce and

civil society.

(DEA&DP, 2017b)

Goal 3, objective 3: Increase waste

diversion through reuse, recovery

and recycling.

Key concepts:

Green Economy

The United Nations Environment Programme defines the green economy as a “system of

economic activities related to the production, distribution and consumption of goods and

services that result in improved human well-being over the long-term, while not exposing

future generations to significant environmental risks or ecological scarcities”. This suggests the

decoupling of resource use and environmental impacts from economic growth and is

characterised by substantially increased investment in green sectors, supported by enabling

policy reforms (Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA), 2017). The Green Economy refers

to two inter-linked developmental outcomes for the South African economy:

growing economic activity (which leads to investment, jobs and competitiveness) in

the green industry sector; and

a shift in the economy as a whole towards cleaner industries and sectors (DEA, 2017)

Furthermore, the NDP (2012) envisions a shift towards a Green Economy and emphasises that

the country needs to transition to a low-carbon economy and society that fosters innovation

in green product and service development. The Green Economy is based on six main

sectors, of which waste management is one (Figure 2). Recycling of C&DW thus supports the

green economy.

9

With respect to waste management, policy aims to promote and grow the waste economy

in partnership between public and private sectors as a major source of green jobs. The

current South African waste economy is estimated at R15 billion, providing close to 30 000

employment opportunities (GreenCape, 2017).

Circular Economy

The current model of resource consumption is linear i.e. materials are harvested, used to

manufacture products for consumers, who then dispose of it when it no longer serves its

purpose (Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2015). Figure 3 provides a graphical description of the

process flow associated with the current linear model.

Figure 3: Linear economy model

Green

economy

Land

management

Renewable

energy

Water

management

Clean

transportation

Waste

management

Green buildings

e.g. C&DW

recycling

Figure 2: Sectors of the Green Economy

10

Goal 3 of the WC IWMP envisions a shift towards a circular economy, which aims to reduce

waste and protect the environment. The circular economy is defined as an economy “…

that is restorative and regenerative by design, and which aims to keep products,

components and materials at their highest utility and value at all times, distinguishing

between technical and biological cycles” (Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2015). The transition

to a circular economy requires emphasis to be placed on reusing, repairing, refurbishing and

recycling existing materials and products rather than disposing thereof i.e. waste as a

resource (European Commission, 2014). An example of the circular economy as it applies to

cement aggregate concrete is shown in Figure 4. The Western Cape Industrial Symbiosis

Programme and the City of Cape Town’s Integrated Waste Exchange Programme are local

examples of platforms for waste exchange, whereby waste from one person/company

becomes a resource for another.

Figure 4: Circular Economy applied to cement aggregate concrete (Source: Lafarge, 2015)

11

Waste Management Hierarchy

It is estimated that (as at 2011) 90% of the solid waste generated in South Africa is landfilled

(DST, 2014). The waste management hierarchy considers disposal of waste as the least

favourable waste management option (Figure 5). The waste management hierarchy consists

of options for waste management during the lifecycle of waste, arranged in descending

order of priority: waste avoidance and reduction, re-use, recycling, recovery, and treatment,

and disposal as the last resort. The waste hierarchy is adopted as the national approach to

waste management and its principles are emphasized in the National Environmental

Management: Waste Act, (Act no. 59 of 2008), as amended (NEM:WA) and the National

Waste Management Strategy, 2011. It also contributes to the principles of the green

economy by re-introducing resources back into the economy, which would ordinarily be

landfilled; by creating jobs in the recycling sector and by reducing social and environmental

costs (externalities) of landfilling (DST, 2014).

Figure 5: Waste management hierarchy

Least favoured

Most favoured

12

2.2 Legislative overview

There is a lack of national and provincial legislation specifically targeting the management

of C&DW. However, the following environmental and waste legislation have relevance to

C&DW management.

The Constitution of South Africa,

1996

National Waste Management

Strategy, 2011

Regulations

List of Waste Management

Activities, 2013

National Waste Information

Regulations, 2012

Waste Classification and

Management Regulations,

2013

Norms and Standards

Norms and Standards for the

Assessment of Waste for

Landfill Disposal, 2013

Norms and Standards for

Disposal of Waste to Landfill,

2013

Norms and Standards for the

Storage of Waste, 2013

Norms and Standards for the

Sorting, Shredding, Grinding,

Crushing, Screening or Baling

of General Waste, 2017

National Environmental Management Act (Act

No. 107 of 1998)

En

viro

nm

en

tal

righ

t

Sp

ec

ific

En

viro

nm

en

tal

Ac

t

National Environmental Management: Waste

Act (Act No. 59 of 2008)

Figure 6: Waste managment legislation

13

National Environmental Management Act (Act No. 107 of 1998)

The National Environmental Management Act (NEMA) provides the legislative framework for

environmental management and contains environmental management principles that

ensure that the environment is protected from degradation. It places sustainable

development at the heart of every development process that has the potential to have an

impact on society, the economy and the environment. It requires the integration of social,

economic and environmental factors in the planning, implementation and evaluation of

decisions so as to ensure that development serves present and future generations. Section 28

of the NEMA places a “duty of care” on anyone who has caused, causes or may cause

significant pollution and degradation to prevent, minimise and rectify such pollution and

degradation.

The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Regulations, 2017 promulgated in terms of the

NEMA provides the procedure for basic assessment and scoping/EIA to be followed during

the Environmental Authorisation and Waste Management License (WML) processes.

National Environmental Management Waste Act (Act No. 59 of 2008)

The NEM:WA provides the basis for the regulation of waste management in South Africa. It

adopts the waste management hierarchy as a national approach to waste management to

ensure the protection of human health and the environment. The NEM: WA also extends the

mandate of municipalities to incorporate waste minimisation within existing waste

management functions. Furthermore, it requires that provincial government and

municipalities prepare IWMPs and designate waste management officers (WMOs) to

coordinate matters pertaining to waste management. It provides definitions for C&DW under

“building and demolition waste” and “construction wastes” and characterises these as

general waste and hazardous waste, respectively due to their composition.

The National Waste Management Strategy, 2011

The National Waste Management Strategy (NWMS) is a legislative requirement of the

NEM:WA. The purpose of the NWMS is to achieve the objects of the NEM:WA. It is structured

around eight waste management goals which were to be met by 2016. These goals are

relevant to appropriate C&DW management and aim to grow the contribution of waste to

the green economy through the promotion of reuse, recycling and recovery. The goals thus

aim to promote proper planning, set realistic targets, and achieve an integrated approach

to waste management, coupled with sound service delivery and effective compliance and

enforcement. Effective compliance is especially relevant to C&DW as a result of widespread

illegal dumping thereof.

14

List of Waste Management Activities, 2013

These regulations provide a list of waste management activities that have, or are likely to

have, a detrimental effect on the environment and require a WML prior to operation. These

activities are set out in three categories, namely Category A, B and C. For Category A

activities, a basic assessment process is required, whereas a scoping/EIA process is required

for Category B activities. A person wishing to commence with a waste activity under

Category C does not require a WML, but must comply with the relevant norms and

standards. The Department developed a Waste Managing Licensing Guideline in 2017 to

assist with the understanding of the WML process; the guideline can be accessed on the

departmental website:

https://www.westerncape.gov.za/eadp/sites/eadp.westerncape.gov.za/files/your-resource-

library/WML%20Guideline%202017_web.pdf.

National Norms and Standards for the Storage of Waste, 2013

The norms and standards for the storage of waste require that waste facilities with the

capacity to store in excess of 100m3 of general waste or 80m3 of hazardous waste, register

with the competent authority1. These norms and standards aim to provide a national

approach to the management of waste storage facilities, ensure best management

practice and provide minimum standards for the design and operation of facilities. The norms

and standards replace the need for the aforementioned facilities to obtain a WML.

National Norms and Standards for the Sorting, Shredding, Grinding, Crushing, Screening or

Baling of General Waste, 2017

These norms and standards require all facilities that sort, shred, grind, crush, screen or bale

general waste to register with the competent authority. Facilities with an operational area

less than 1000m2 must adhere to general duty of care principles. Facilities with an operational

area exceeding 1000m2 must also comply with all the requirements of the norms and

standards. The norms and standards replace the need for the aforementioned facilities to

obtain a WML.

Waste Information Regulations, 2012

The Department developed the Integrated Pollutant and Waste Information System (IPWIS),

which gives effect to sections 60, 61 and 62 of the NEM:WA, and requires all holders of waste,

including industries, to report on their waste management practices. The Act defines a

‘holder of waste’ to mean any one person who imports, generates, stores, accumulates,

1 In the case of the Western Cape, the Department of Environmental Affairs and Development Planning

(Waste Management Licensing Component) is the competent authority

15

transports, processes, treats, or exports waste or disposes of waste, and ‘industry’ includes

commercial activities, commercial agricultural activities, mining activities and the operation

of power stations.

Waste planning requires accurate information on waste quantities disposed of and diverted

from WDFs. Comprehensive information on waste flows from each waste management

facility (WMF) in the province is reported to the National South African Waste Information

System (SAWIS), via IPWIS, which will contribute to a better understanding of the national

waste balance. The National Waste Information Regulations regulate the reporting of waste

information for the protection of the environment and the management of waste.

All municipalities are required to report their waste quantities to IPWIS, including C&DW,

generated and diverted. C&DW must be reported under category GW 30 as indicated in

Annexure 3 of the Waste Information Regulations.

Waste Classification and Management Regulations, 2013

These regulations specify that all waste generators must ensure that the waste they generate

is classified in accordance with SANS 10234:2008 (Globally Harmonized System of

Classification and Labelling of Chemicals) within 180 days of generation. Waste that was

previously classified in terms of the Minimum Requirements for the Handling, Classification

and Disposal of Hazardous Waste (1998) must now be classified in terms of SANS 10234:2008.

Waste types listed in Annexure 1 of the regulations do not require classification in terms of

SANS 10234:2008. According to Annexure 1, uncontaminated building and demolition waste

is pre-classified and is thus not required to be classified.

Table 2: Wastes that do not require classification or assessment

General waste Hazardous waste

Domestic waste Asbestos waste

Business waste not containing hazardous

waste or hazardous chemicals

Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB) waste or

PCB containing waste

Non-infectious animal carcasses Expired, spoilt or unusable hazardous

products

Garden waste General waste, excluding domestic waste,

which contains hazardous waste or

hazardous chemicals

16

Waste packaging Mixed, hazardous chemical wastes from

analytical laboratories or laboratories from

academic institutions in containers less than

100 litres

Waste tyres Health care risk waste

Building and demolition waste not

containing hazardous waste or hazardous

chemicals

Excavated earth material not containing

hazardous waste or hazardous chemicals

Norms and Standards for Disposal of Waste to Landfill, 2013

The National Norms and Standards for Disposal of waste to Landfill prescribe the requirements

for the disposal of waste to landfill as required by the Waste Classification and Management

Regulations, 2013. In particular, these norms and standards provide the minimum engineering

design requirements for WDF containment barriers for Class A (hazardous waste) to Class D

(inert waste) WDFs, which are relevant for new WDFs and new working cells at existing WDFs.

These norms and standards also provide the waste acceptance criteria for disposal to WDFs;

describe the WDF disposal requirements for Type 0 to Type 4 waste, and set out waste

disposal restrictions and timeframe within which compliance must be achieved. According

to these norms and standards, building and demolition waste not containing hazardous

waste or hazardous chemicals is considered a Type 4 waste and may be disposed of at a

Class D WDF (Table 3).

17

Table 3: Waste disposal facility classes

WDF Class Previous landfill

categories

Waste type Example

Class A H:H or H:h Type 1 Asbestos

Class B GLB+ Type 2 Garden waste

Class C GMB+ Type 3 Post-consumer

packaging

Class D GSB- Type 4 Building and

demolition waste

18

3 Construction and Demolition Waste Diversion

3.1 The benefits of diverting C&DW

Diverting C&DW has many benefits. Some of these are discussed below:

Reducing the demand for landfill airspace

C&DW currently makes a sizeable contribution to WDFs. Diverting C&DW would thus

contribute to landfill airspace savings. This is especially relevant in the Western Cape, where

the shortage of airspace and securing suitable available land to establish new WDFs is a

challenge. The high costs associated with the development of WDFs (as a consequence of

the requirements of the National Norms and Standards for Disposal of Waste to Landfill, 2013)

is an additional barrier to establishing new WDFs. Municipalities are largely diverting C&DW

by using it at WDFs for landfill cover. Other uses include slope stabilisation and road

construction at WDFs. Crushed C&DW could, depending on the quality, also be used as sub-

base for paving (including road construction).

Conserving natural resources

The construction industry is resource intensive and considered one of the least

environmentally sustainable industries in the world (Willmott Dixon, 2010). A variety of raw

materials including e.g. limestone, building sand, gypsum, clay and timber are required to

produce construction materials. Whilst some of these resources are abundant in the province

e.g. stone aggregate, brick clay and limestone, others, such as building sand are limited e.g.

in the Greater Cape Town area (Council for Geoscience, 2014). Furthermore, transportation

of these resources is becoming increasingly expensive as they are found further away from

construction activities. The extraction of raw materials for the construction industry impacts

the environment negatively and may result in loss of habitat, damage to the landscape,

potential subsidence and methane release (Willmott Dixon, 2010). Re-using and recycling

construction materials will thus reduce the demand for virgin materials.

19

Reducing illegal dumping

Illegal dumping in the province is a widespread problem. A large portion of illegally dumped

waste is C&DW. Although some municipalities indicated that only a low percentage of

illegally dumped waste is C&DW, three of the municipalities that responded to the survey

estimated this percentage to be 50% or higher. Estimated retrieval rates of C&DW for re-

use/recycling varied greatly amongst municipalities; five of the municipalities who responded

indicated retrieval rates of 20% and above. Clean-up costs imposed on municipalities

ranged between R50 000 to R3 million per annum on average. This value is far higher in the

case of the CCT. According to the CCT’s 3rd Generation IWMP 2017, during 2013/2014 and

2015/2016, R180 million and R46 million, respectively, was spent on cleaning up of illegally

dumped waste.

By recycling C&DW and realising its resource/economic value, illegal dumping may be

discouraged, resulting in less financial resources being needed for clean-up. Furthermore,

disposal tariffs can be structured in such a way as to encourage the disposal of clean

building materials and penalise or prohibit the disposal of mixed contaminated C&D waste.

Municipalities may also reward generators that dispose of clean C&DW, instead of paying

contractors to clean-up contaminated C&DW.

Cost savings

Re-using and recycling C&DW may offer cost saving benefits to contractors in terms of

avoided disposal costs, avoided purchasing of new materials, by re-using existing materials,

as well as provision of additional income from the sale of materials. In the CCT the disposal of

clean C&DW at certain drop-off facilities are free of charge up to a certain quantity.

Job creation

Recycling of C&DW creates new employment opportunities related to salvaging, recycling

and the manufacture of recycled content materials. Municipalities who allow salvaging at

their WDFs may need to apply for a variation to their existing WMLs. Recycling has the

potential to create more jobs than disposal (see Table 4).

20

Table 4: Job potential from selected re-use, recycling and disposal industries (Source: Institute for Local

Self-Reliance, 1997

Type of Operation

Jobs per

10,000

(Tonnes Per

Year)

Product Reuse

Computer Reuse 296

Textile Reclamation 85

Misc. Durables Reuse 62

Wooden Pallet Repair 28

Recycling-based Manufacturers 25

Paper Mills 18

Glass Product Manufacturers 26

Plastic Product Manufacturers 93

Conventional Materials Recovery Facilities 10

Composting 4

Landfill and Incineration 1

3.2 Barriers to recycling C&DW

The benefits of recycling C&DW are well known. However, many barriers and challenges exist

regarding the recycling of C&DW and the uptake of recycled C&DW materials.

Lack of confidence in the quality of recycled materials

As the sources of C&DW vary drastically in composition, the quality of the crushed aggregate

recycled is difficult to guarantee and could potentially pose a hurdle in the specification of

recycled C&DW in construction plans. The perceived quality of recycled materials may

discourage its use, thereby reducing potential markets for uptake of these materials. This is

particularly relevant in the construction industry which needs to align with the SABS

requirements and which requires consistent performance from construction materials. The

drafting of universally accepted engineering standards and specifications that

21

accommodate secondary materials is required in order to address concerns surrounding the

quality of products made from recycled goods. These standards should be drafted in

collaboration with academic institutions and industry.

Lack of markets for the uptake of recycled C&DW

Recyclers in the province have had difficult times due to low market demand for certain

recycled materials. The uptake of recycled materials could be encouraged by ensuring the

quality of these materials. Material specifications should be amended to include secondary

materials. Further testing is required for some secondary materials that is not required for

natural aggregate for grading (Barnes, personal communication, 2018, January 18).

The RecMat (recovered materials) committee which comprises representatives from the

South African National Road Agency Limited (SANRAL), CC), the provincial Department of

Transport and Public Works, the Concrete Institute, Stellenbosch University, Afrimat, Martin

and East, and GreenCape was initiated to develop guidelines for the application of

processed builders’ rubble in roads. The committee is currently facilitating the development

of best practice guidelines for the crushing industry to ensure high quality products. The

longer-term goal being to stimulate the development of material specifications for road

building aggregates that include processed builders’ rubble (Barnes & Rudman, 2016).

Restrictive legislation

Legal requirements for the establishment of waste facilities such as rubble crushing facilities,

may also be a deterrent for C&DW recycling e.g. in the CCT, crushing companies have to be

accredited with the municipality in terms of the City’s Integrated Waste Management By-

law, 2009. Other legislation which may apply would include legislation and by-laws

pertaining to air quality (dust) and noise impacts often associated with activities such as

crushing. Up until recently, many of these facilities also required a WML in terms of the

NEM:WA, resulting in time and cost implications. The requirement for a WML often

discouraged the establishment of crushing facilities or limited their size (operational input) in

order to avoid triggering a WML. The new Norms and Standards for the Sorting, Shredding,

Grinding, Crushing, Screening or Bailing of General Waste were recently published (October

2017) and require all relevant waste facilities to register with the Competent Authority and

those meeting the threshold to comply with the requirements of the norms and standards.

Low cost of waste disposal

The low cost of waste disposal results in landfilling rather than recycling, being the preferred

method to handling C&DW. Low WDF fees are attributed to the absence of cost-reflective

tariffs relating to waste disposal. The costs involved in providing waste disposal services is thus

22

not fully accounted for in the tariff price setting. Establishing the optimal tariff structure is site

specific and must balance the problem of having to clean up illegally dumped C&DW and

the feasibility of collecting sufficient volumes of clean C&DW to enable recycling. Recycling

in large Metros such as the CCT, where large demolitions are frequent and generate a

constant source of fairly uniform C&DW may also be more viable than in small towns where

small erratic sources of mixed C&DW are generated and received.

Contamination of recyclables due to lack of source separation

Separating C&DW at source eliminates the contamination of materials. Contamination of

C&DW reduces the value of the recycled product since more time and effort is required to

process the material. Separating waste material at smaller construction sites is more

challenging than larger sites due to space constraints. This can, however, be manipulated by

offering incentives such as free acceptance of clean C&DW. Proper site management at the

WDF where people are directed to dispose of certain C&DW at a specific location on the

WDF can also contribute to the ensuring that the C&DW stays clean.

Lack of design for deconstruction

Current demolition practices focus on the destruction of buildings. Buildings/structures for

demolition should be deconstructed rather than demolished. This will ensure that the

recovery of recyclable building waste/materials is maximised for reuse or recycling. All

demolition activities must consider a deconstruction plan to ensure recyclable materials are

retrieved in a way that ensures the sale of such materials has more value. The Department’s

draft model by-law for municipalities (which is currently in its final vetting stages), provides for

deconstruction plans to be submitted along with demolition plans.

23

4 Proposed mechanisms for facilitating C&DW recovery

and increasing diversion

The goal of increasing C&DW diversion requires intervention from both the private and public

sectors. Figure 7 indicates the points of intervention during supply, processing and demand

for C&DW required by these sectors including the formation of partnerships between the

aforementioned. This chapter will further elaborate on what measures municipalities may

employ to manage and divert C&DW.

Figure 7: Public and private scctor interventions in developing C&DW market (Source: GreenCape,

2016b)

4.1 Including C&DW management provisions in municipal by-laws

Municipalities derive power from the Constitution to make and administer by-laws on

matters which it has the right to administer. This includes inter alia refuse removal, refuse

dumps and solid waste disposal and municipal planning. The Municipal Systems Act,

(Act no. 32 of 2000) sets out the process of developing a by-law. By-laws relating to

waste management should be aligned with the NEM:WA. Currently, most municipalities

either do not have waste management by-laws or their by-laws are outdated and not

aligned with the NEM:WA.

Municipal by-laws may be used to regulate the management of C&DW. The

Department is in the process of developing a model integrated waste management

by-law, which is currently in the final vetting stages. This by-law may be used by

24

municipalities to provide a legal and administrative framework, within which the

municipality can manage and regulate waste management activities, ensuring

integrated waste management and efficient delivery of waste services. The integrated

waste management by-law includes provisions for the separation, recycling and re-use

of building waste; demolition plans; deconstruction plans; building waste storage; and

the management, removal and disposal of building waste. It also includes provisions for

municipalities to direct waste generators to prepare and submit waste management

plans for approval. When the model by-law is published, it may be accessed from the

provincial website, https://www.westerncape.gov.za/documents/#publications.

4.2 Requesting Integrated Waste Management Plans as part of the

building approval process

Municipal by-laws may be used to include a provision to request an integrated waste

management plan (IWMP) for construction projects. The aim of an IWMP is to improve

waste management processes during construction. IWMPs should be approved by

WMOs at municipalities and should ideally be included as part of the building plan

approval process. Once building approval is provided, building control officers must

monitor adherence to IWMPs and waste management onsite. Building control officers

should only sign-off on the site upon receipt of all waste manifests.

Municipalities may follow the process below to incorporate IWMPs into their building

plan approval process.

25

Threshold (s) (if any) for the requirement of

an IWMP is/are triggered

Owner submits IWMP along with building

plan approval application and supporting

documents to municipality

Municipality circulates application

documents internally

Building plan approval process

IWMP approval process

IWMP submitted to WMO for approval

WMO is satisfied with the information

provided in the IWMP

WMO is not satisfied with the information

provided in the IWMP

Additional information / amendment to

IWMP /revised IWMP requested

Owner submits amended documentation

Figure 8: Integration of IWMP process within the building plan approval process

26

Municipalities may request the minimum information requirements for an IWMP and/or

develop an IWMP template. As a guide, the following specific information should be

included in an IWMP:

Additional information may also be requested e.g. targets in terms of making use of

material containing recycled content.

Thresholds

A threshold may be set so that only developments meeting certain criteria would be

required to submit an IWMP. The following attributes/combination of attributes have

been used in other countries to set thresholds.

Number of residential units

Floor area

Volume of C&DW to be generated

Monetary value of project

Deposit-based system

To ensure adherence to the IWMP, municipalities could also create a deposit-based

system, whereby a fee is paid upon receiving building plan approval. The fee may be

determined according to project size or value. A portion of the deposit would be

redeemed in proportion to the level of compliance to the IWMP.

Landowner and contact details

Contact person, designation and contact details

Project description

Project location

Estimated waste quantities to be generated for each C&DW material type

(including hazardous waste)

Potential impacts of the waste to be generated on the environment

Waste minimisation targets for each potential waste type to be generated

Source separation of waste

Measures for waste avoidance, minimisation, re-use, recycling and disposal

Services required for the storage, collection, transportation and disposal of

waste

27

Building control officers

It is important that building control officers are made aware of the need for proper

C&DW disposal. Building control officers should ensure that waste generated during

construction is properly separated and disposed of prior to granting an occupancy

certificate.

Public awareness

Municipalities must undertake public awareness-raising on the specific contents of an

IWMP, the separation of C&DW and on the potential re-use and recycling of C&DW.

Information pamphlets containing the aforementioned information should be placed

at municipal building offices. Awareness materials should also be placed on the

municipality’s website and/or sent along with municipal accounts to residents and

businesses.

4.3 Establishing public-private partnerships

The Municipal Public-Private Partnership Regulations, 2005 in terms of the Municipal

Finance Management Act, 2003 (Act No. 56 of 2003) define a Public-Private

Partnership (PPP) agreement as a commercial transaction between a municipality and

a private party. The private party either performs a municipal function for or on behalf

of a municipality, or manages or uses municipal property for its own commercial

purposes, or does both. PPPs involve the use of the capacity, technical skills and

finances of the private sector to assist the public sector with the delivery of essential

infrastructure services. In traditional government infrastructure projects, the public

sector is responsible for the capital and operating costs. PPPs however provide a

mechanism for government to procure and implement public infrastructure and/or

services using the resources and expertise of the private sector.

The Municipal Service Delivery and PPP Guidelines (2007) detail the process for

developing and implementing public-private partnership projects, summarised in

Figure 9.

28

Figure 9: Public-private partnership project cycle (Source: Municipal Service Delivery and PPP

Guidelines, 2007)

29

Public-private partnership projects with respect to C&DW processing and recycling

Municipalities may form public-private partnerships with private C&DW crushers to process

C&DW, e.g. the municipality could provide land and access to stockpiles and incoming

materials (GreenCape, 2015). The private party would be responsible for operations and

provide expertise and equipment. It is important however, that both parties benefit from

public-private partnerships.

Table 5 provides factors for recommendations to be considered when undertaking crushing

tenders based on survey responses with private crushers.

Table 5: Considerations for rubble crushing tenders based on the perspectives of the crushing industry

(Source: Based on recommendations contained in GreenCape, 2015)

Factors Recommendations

Markets for secondary materials The contract should not specify

process or products (experienced

crushers will handle and process

material to their advantage at their

own discretion for good material

sales).

Material sales Materials to be sold directly at landfill

gates to reduce costs associated with

logistics.

Quality of material Contamination of material must be

minimised to improve quality of

material.

Recommended: laboratory facility for

material testing.

Quantity of material At least 300 tonnes per day required

in order to reach profitability.

Experience of crushing companies Method statement and details of

experience in crushing to be included

in bid documentation.

30

Diversion targets Low initial target, scaling up as the

contract progresses.

Costing Municipality to include as accurate

(as possible) monthly C&DW figures

and types entering WDFs.

Exclusion of establishment costs in the

tender for siting and setting up the

sorting, screening and crushing

equipment.

Land should be rent-free due to low

value of material.

An example of a public-private partnership between Stellenbosch Municipality and Use-It:

In February 2015, the Stellenbosch Municipality undertook a Compressed Earth Block (CEB) pilot

project and the tender was awarded to Use-It to manufacture 480 000 blocks from builders’

rubble and clay. There were a number of challenges with the project e.g. theft and vandalism

of supporting infrastructure, and lack of uptake of the product by the municipality for

construction projects, which impacted on the storage space for stockpiles. Despite all the

challenges, more than 320 000 blocks were manufactured which met construction

specifications. Some were used in paving contracts, and the Local Economic Development

Department also put a claim for 110 000 blocks for their planned economic hub in Idas Valley.

The project earned the municipality a Certificate of Outstanding Achievement in the Innovation

Project category during the 2015 Greenest Municipality Competition.

31

Supporting co-operatives

The South African government is promoting co-operatives as a means to alleviate poverty

and unemployment, and stimulate economic growth. Currently co-operatives in the waste

sector face many challenges including lack of infrastructure (premises, transport and

equipment), operational challenges (administration, financial and governance) and weak

capability (knowledge and skills) (Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), 2015).

A longer-term approach of mentorship and partnership with co-operatives is considered

necessary to see the development of co-operatives in the waste recycling sector (CSIR,

2015).

Most co-operatives collecting and sorting recyclables, are active in the mainline recycling

sector (i.e. paper, plastic, glass and metal beverage cans), opportunities however do exist in

the C&DW sector (CSIR, 2015). Municipalities may assist co-operatives by engaging with

them and offering support, assisting in problem identification and ensuring that funding is

provided where needed. It is also important that municipalities put Memoranda of

Understanding and contracts in place with co-operatives in order to allow them to plan

better and ensure longer-term working relationships (CSIR, 2015).

4.4 Awareness-raising

Preventative, minimisation and diversion interventions with respect to C&DW need to occur

at all stages of development of the projects, not just on site. Municipalities need to influence

projects from the design, construction and demolition stages so architects, procurement

managers, site managers and contractors can choose and use materials less likely to have a

huge environmental impact in terms of waste (European Commission, 2011). Municipal

education and awareness initiatives for C&DW minimisation need to emphasise separation of

the waste materials at source to avoid contamination with hazardous construction wastes.

Hazardous construction wastes increase the disposal costs and therefore it is viable

financially for site managers to ensure source separation. The methods and materials used to

raise awareness need to be appropriate for the target stakeholders and in this case that

includes architects, procurement managers, site managers and contractors (Afrika, 2010).

These methods can be in the form of training and/ or workshops on the -

Green procurement guidelines for State-Subsidised Housing in the Western Cape

(2016/17),

Green procurement guideline (2013),

32

Integrated waste management practices and procedures to engage stakeholders in this

sector with regards to potential waste avoidance, minimisation and diversion

opportunities throughout the planning and development of projects.

One of the major challenges for municipalities is illegally dumped construction and

demolition waste for which removal results in high costs annually. Reducing tariffs for disposal

of the material has been shown not to work, therefore law enforcement in combination with

awareness needs to be boosted to curb illegal dumping. Limited law enforcement is

particularly an issue in smaller municipalities where there are fewer Environmental

Management Inspectors (EMIs). The training of EMIs together with community focussed

awareness initiatives should be implemented.

Environmental awareness initiatives should include but not be limited to clean-up

campaigns, illegal dumping signage with Law Enforcement contact details, billboards,

posters, flyers, radio programmes, newsletters, newspapers (Figure 10), social media, mobile

SMS and WhatsApp, and door-to-door visits for those stakeholders without access to

communication devices. The implementation of fines and imprisonment for those that break

the law by dumping C&DW illegally needs to be fully implemented without regard for

financial circumstances of the perpetrators and this should be indicated on boards at all

illegal dumping hotspots. It might be ideal to also have contact details of recyclers and re-

users willing to accept non-hazardous C&DW at illegal dumping hotspots. Information

regarding what can be done with the waste should also be included in the awareness

material as a means to motivate for behaviour change within the sector.

33

Figure 10: Stellenbosch Muncipality's environmental awareness newspaper (Source: Stellenbosch

Municipality, 2016)

34

4.5 Green Procurement

Green procurement means purchasing products and services that cause minimal adverse

environmental impacts. It incorporates human health and environmental concerns into the

search for high quality products and services at competitive prices (Environmental Protection

Department, n.d.). Within the construction sector, green procurement is defined as the

purchase of environmentally friendly products and services, the selection of contractors and

the setting of environmental requirements in a contract (Green Procurement, n.d.).

Oosterhuis et al (1996) highlighted that green procurement is an instrument for product

related environmental policy and suggested that sustainable purchasing be based on:

Careful consideration of the goods, materials or services impact on the environment,

economy, and human health and well-being;

Consideration of market factors, such as specifications, quality, delivery date and

price of good, material or service; and

Preference being given to the purchase of environmentally preferable goods and

materials whenever they perform acceptably and are available at a reasonable

price.

Figure 11: Green Procurement Cycle (Source: http://oxmansafety.com/green_hotels/sustainable_

purchasing/ )

35

The principles of pollution prevention, life cycle perspective and resource efficiency are

common to all of these green purchasing initiatives (Zhou et al., 2004):

Pollution Prevention

Avoiding the creation of waste from the start of a process;

Reducing or eliminating toxicity, air and water emissions;

Preventing the transfer of pollution from one environmental medium (air, water,

or land) to another; and

Includes source reduction and waste reduction which prevent the creation of

wastes rather than waste management after it is created.

Life-Cycle Perspective

Looking at cost beyond the purchase price; and

Considering costs and environmental impact over the lifetime of a product or

service (raw material extraction, manufacturing, packaging, transport, energy

consumption, maintenance, and disposal).

Resource Efficiency

Giving preference to reusable content and recycled materials over virgin

materials, as well as to the conservation of water and energy

36

Green procurement in the construction sector encompasses the minimisation of the

environmental impact of construction works in all phases of the lifecycle of a building and

other physical infrastructure, including planning/design, construction, renovation, use and

disposal/deconstruction (EPA Ireland, 2014).

Municipalities can use green procurement initiatives by incorporating the principles into their

tender specifications for municipal developments. Generally, the use of recycled material in

construction projects is not stipulated at the tender stage. Tender specifications generally

state that waste materials are to be sent to landfill as opposed to being sorted, separated

and considered for recycling. Some of the considerations for the reuse of C&DW include

quality of materials, compliance to building specifications and transportation and storage

costs.

The following criterion, adapted from the European Commission’s Buying Green handbook

(European Commission, 2011) can be used by municipalities to guide their green

procurement process:

Selection criteria: When assessing ability to perform a contract, contracting authorities

must take into account specific experience and competence related to

environmental aspects which are relevant to the subject matter of the contract. Using

this criteria preference can be given to contractors with a record of good

environmental management and waste minimisation.

Technical specifications: These constitute minimum compliance requirements that must

be met by all tenders. They need to be related to characteristics of the work, supply or

service being purchased itself. The inclusion of specific requirements like the use of

recycled materials can be stipulated at this stage.

Award criteria: These can be used to stimulate additional environmental performance

without being mandatory. Awards can be stipulated where a contractor minimises,

separates and sorts C&DW.

Contract performance clauses: These specify how a contract must be carried out. The

use of recycled materials, C&D waste avoidance, minimisation and management can

be added to the contract.

Some of the advantages of using green procurement principles in relation to C&DW

management include the minimisation in use of natural resources, increased diversion from

landfill, support of local and small suppliers and movement towards a sustainable business

environment. Some of the challenges include the availability of materials in remote areas

(transporting materials in from other areas will incur additional costs), lack of experience in

37

matching the quality of secondary materials to appropriate applications and the lack of

standards for the construction industry on the use of recycled C&DW.

4.6 Regionalisation of waste management services

Regionalisation of waste management services includes the pooling of various resources

among municipalities to deliver waste services. These resources may include financial and

human resources, technical expertise or land. There are many examples of the

regionalisation of WDFs in the province (e.g. Karwyderskraal regional WDF and Cape

Winelands District Municipality regional WDF); however regional cooperation agreements

may also be applied to recycling and recovery efforts. Regionalisation of recycling/recovery

efforts may be beneficial to municipalities as it allows them to take advantage of economies

of scale associated with larger areas and populations. An example as it applies to C&DW

processing, is the requirement for crushing facilities to process a minimum of 300 tonnes of

rubble per day to ensure profitability (GreenCape, 2015). In the case of many of the smaller

municipalities, WDFs only receive small volumes of C&DW (figure 12), which would hamper

profitability. In this scenario, it may be more viable for municipalities to enter into regional

cooperation arrangements to ensure that sufficient quantities of material are available for

processing. Considerations when entering cooperation agreements and establishing regional

facilities include economic transport distances, economies of scale, availability of feedstock

and the creation of local employment opportunities e.g. local diversion would ensure jobs

are created locally. It must be highlighted however, that regional cooperation agreements

may be challenging with respect to low value material, which is more suited to a local

economy. Transport distances could break the business case. In these cases, it might be

The Danish Environmental Protection Agency (2013) shared an example of green procurement

success in their report. The Danish kindergarten “Brobækken” is built of bricks obtained from

construction waste from Odense citizens. Gamle Musten (“Old Bricks”) has developed a

patented technology to recycle construction waste. The old bricks are cleaned, sorted and

stacked – and are then ready to be reused for new construction. This way 1 tonne of CO2 is

saved every time 2,000 bricks are recycled.

The company has noted that their increase in sales has resulted in the expansion of the

company with a new factory and 6-7 new employees. Sales to the public gives an increased

volume, so the production machinery is utilised more evenly and public-sector customers

provide showcases in public spaces.

38

feasible if reverse transport logistics are used (Barnes, personal communication, 2018,

January 18).

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

OudtshoornKannaland

GeorgeMossel Bay

BitouKnysna

Hessequa

DrakensteinLangeberg

Breede ValleyStellenbosch

Witzenberg

LaingsburgPrince Albert

Beaufort West

Cape AlgulhasOverstrand

SwellendamTheewaterskloof

SwartlandBerg River

CederbergSaldanha BayMatzikamma

tonnes/day

Mu

nic

ipa

lity

Construction and demolition waste generated per day (2016)

Figure 12: Construction and demolition waste received at WDFs2

Implementation of regional co-operation agreements

Determining responsibility: The district municipality should ideally be responsible for

contractual agreements between municipalities and the operation of a regional facility.

However, if a particular local municipality has the best skills and infrastructure, that

municipality may operate or be responsible for the facility.

Task team: A task team should be formed to facilitate communication and cooperation.

The task team should comprise municipal officials as well as other interested and affected

parties. The district municipality should act as co-ordinator. It is also suggested that the

Provincial Department be included as a member of these task teams per district in order

to facilitate, assist, and guide the process.

2 Data obtained from DEA&DP’s Waste Information Unit (IPWIS, waste calculator and

weighbridge data sources as provided by municipalities)

39

Feasibility study: Identify needs and develop goals e.g. diversion target and determine

how regionalisation may be used to meet these goals. The potentially high cost

associated with transporting C&DW materials must be assessed and weighed against

potential benefits of regionalisation.

The Department is planning to develop a guideline that will assist municipalities with the

regionalisation of waste management services. Municipalities will be notified upon

completion of the guideline.

4.7 Providing infrastructure to support the collection and recycling of

C&DW

The recovery and recycling of C&DW requires the development and maintenance of

infrastructure to ensure that C&DW is collected, separated and processed for re-use.

DEA&DP’s Infrastructure Study, undertaken in 2016, assessed the infrastructure required to

remain compliant with WMLs and to achieve waste diversion targets. These include drop-off

facilities, MRFs, and crushing facilities. The reports provide a breakdown of the costs of

infrastructure; these are included in the discussion below. The results of the reports may be

useful in assisting municipalities with budgeting for required infrastructure. To ensure proper

planning, municipalities must identify and include budgets for planned infrastructure in their

Integrated Development Plans and Service Delivery and Budget Implementation Plans.

Municipalities must also be aware of the legislative requirements associated with the

construction and operation of facilities. It is important to note that municipalities must register

and report all quantities of waste, including C&DW, recovered and disposed of on IPWIS, as

well as adhere to norms and standards and other applicable environmental legislation.

Infrastructure for the collection, recovery and processing of C&DW are discussed further:

4.7.1 Collection of C&DW

Drop-off facilities

Drop-off facilities provide an opportunity for the public to drop off C&DW and other

recyclables free of charge or at minimum cost. It also provides an opportunity to separate

C&DW. Several factors need to be considered in terms of siting the facility. Drop-off sites

should be accessible and ideally located close to communities e.g. the CCT has drop-offs

located within 7km radii from most properties as a means to maximise accessibility. Locating

facilities at/near illegal dumping hot-spots may assist in reducing dumping. Drop-off facilities

are also often located at transfer stations that have material recovery facilities (MRFs) to

ensure on-site recovery. Furthermore, consideration should be given to the operating hours of

40

these facilities, as longer operating hours increase accessibility to the public and may also

assist to reduce queuing times at high-traffic facilities. It must also be ensured that enough

staff is available to oversee the drop-off facilities. If possible, law enforcement should be

present at facilities to ensure that valuable materials are not removed without permission

from the facility, which may result in financial loss to municipalities and their partners.

Time & Costs

Existing waste management facilities may be used to accommodate drop-off facilities since

some of the infrastructure would already be in place and may thus provide cost savings

(DEA&DP, 2015). According to the Assessment of Municipal Integrated Waste Management

Infrastructure Study, the cost of a drop-off facility comprising two 30m2 container bays,

paved operating areas, entrance control and fences is estimated at R2 700 000, excluding

vat (Table 6) (DEA&DP, 2016). The cost of constructing these facilities may however differ

quite substantially depending on existing infrastructure as in the case with De Doorns, in

which higher costs are attributed to the cost of constructing a weighbridge and an access

road (Table 7).

Table 6: Cost Estimate for the Development of a Waste Drop-off Facility (Source: DEA&DP, 2016)

41

Table 7: Cost Estimate for Constructing a Drop-off Facility in De Doorns (Source: DEA&DP, 2016)

The construction of drop-off facilities is expected to take between 3-4 months depending on

the containers used (DEA&DP, 2016).

Legislation

Since drop-off facilities entail the storage of waste, adherence to the National Norms and

Standards for the Storage of Waste, 2013 (GN. No. 926) is required. New facilities are required

to register with the Department (Contact person: Eddie Hanekom

Eddie.Hanekom@westerncape.gov.za or 021-483 2728) within 90 days prior to construction.

With respect to general waste, only facilities with a capacity to store in excess of 100m3 of

waste are required to register in terms of these norms and standards. Facilities storing general

waste below this threshold, are not required to register with the Department. These norms

and standards cover aspects relating to location, construction design and management of

waste storage facilities. In addition, it provides requirements for training, emergency plans,

monitoring, auditing, record keeping and decommissioning.

42

Other considerations

To deter illegal dumping and to encourage the public to drop-off their C&DW, free rubble

disposal at drop-off sites for residents and businesses may be implemented. The CCT has

implemented free rubble disposal of up to 3 loads X 1.5tonnes vehicle carrying capacity per

day. Other methods of pricing that may be used include free disposal for clean builder’s

rubble and charges for mixed rubble, so as to encourage separation at source. The

Overstrand Municipality is currently implementing this method. Another potential issue that

should be considered is long queueing at drop-off sites, which may discourage residents or

businesses from dropping off their waste. As previously mentioned long queues could be

mitigated by extending operating hours. Furthermore, it has also been suggested that it may

be beneficial to provide vehicles carrying clean builders’ rubble with a separate queue to

the enter the facility. This may also further incentivise source separation (GreenCape, 2015).

4.7.2 Recovery of C&DW

Material recovery facilities (MRFs) are facilities where waste is sorted into various waste

streams by using either a manual or automated system. MRFs are generally built by

municipalities and outsourced to a service provider to undertake the operations of the

facility. A MRF may also be used as a public waste drop-off facility.

Proposed waste drop-off facility

General waste storage > 100m3 / hazardous

waste storage > 80m3

General waste storage ≤100m3 / hazardous

waste storage ≤80m3

Register with the Department in terms of the

N&S for the Storage of Waste and comply all

the requirements of the Norms & Standards

No registration required

90 days prior to construction

Figure 13: Thresholds for compliance with the Norms and Standards for the Storage of Waste, 2013

43

Legislation

Since MRFs may entail the storage of waste, adherence to the National Norms and

Standards for the Storage of Waste, 2013 (GN. No. 926) is required. New facilities are required

to register with the Department (Contact person: Eddie Hanekom

Eddie.Hanekom@westerncape.gov.za or 021-483 2728) within 90 days prior to construction.

With respect to general waste, only facilities with a capacity to store in excess of 100m3 of

waste are required to register in terms of these norms and standards. Facilities storing general

waste below this threshold, are not required to register with the Department.

Furthermore, since sorting of waste is undertaken at MRFs, adherence to Norms and

Standards for the Sorting, Shredding, Grinding, Crushing, Screening or Baling of General

Waste, 2017 (GN. No. 1093) is required. All new facilities are required to register with the

Department (Contact person: Eddie Hanekom Eddie.Hanekom@westerncape.gov.za or 021-

483 2728) within 90 days prior to construction. However, only facilities with an operational

area exceeding 1000m2 (excluding storage area) must adhere to the specific requirements

of the norms and standards. The definition of “operational area” does not include the

storage area in terms of these norms and standards, whereas the definition provided in the

List of Waste Management Activities includes the storage area in its definition of “operational

area”.

These norms and standards cover aspects pertaining to access control, operations,

emergency preparedness plans, monitoring and inspection, auditing, reporting and

decommissioning of facilities.

44

Please note:

Waste facilities which are already registered in terms of the National Norms and

Standards for the Storage of Waste and are sorting, shredding, grinding, crushing,

screening or baling general waste need not register in terms of the Norms and

Standards for the Sorting, Shredding, Grinding, Crushing, Screening or Baling of

General Waste, but must comply with theses norms and standards.

Existing waste facilities must register within 90 days of publication of the Norms and

Standards for the Sorting, Shredding, Grinding, Crushing, Screening or Baling of

General Waste.

Proposed MRF

Operational area < 1000m2

Operational area > 1000m2

Register with DEA&DP

Comply with Duty of Care

principle (s28 of NEMA and

s16(1) & s16(3) of the NEMWA)

Register with DEA&DP

Comply with all the

requirements of the Norms &

Standards

90 days prior to construction

90 days prior to construction

Figure 14: Threshold for adhering to the Norms and Standards for the Sorting, Shredding, Grinding,

Crushing, Screening or Baling of General Waste, 2017

45

4.7.3 Processing

There are several stages in processing C&DW material i.e. separation, conveying, crushing

and screening. Processing however does not always follow this sequence, and may consist of

multiple actions in which procedures are repeated (Wickins, 2013). Municipalities may

through a tender process, have private companies crush the waste material. Prior to crushing

of materials, unsorted waste must first be sorted to remove contaminants. This is an important

step as contamination of the material can affect the quality of the final product. Crushed

materials are then screened and segregated into various particle size categories. Crushed

particles of a required size pass through screens while larger particles are rerouted to the

crushing process. Screens may also be used to filter out fines and other contaminants

(Wickins 2013).

Figure 15: Crusher at Devon Valley WDF, Stellenbosch

Legislation

Crushing facilities, must adhere to the requirements of the Norms and Standards for the

Sorting, Shredding, Grinding, Crushing, Screening or Baling of General Waste, 2017 (GN. No.

1093). All new facilities are required to register with the Department (Contact person: Eddie

Hanekom Eddie.Hanekom@westerncape.gov.za or 021-483 2728) within 90 days prior to

construction. However only facilities with an operational area exceeding 1000m2 (excluding

storage area) must adhere to the specific requirements of the norms and standards. The

definition of “operational area” does not include the storage area in terms of these norms

and standards, whereas the definition provided in the List of Waste Management Activities

includes the storage area in its definition of “operational area”.

These norms and standards cover aspects pertaining to access control, operations,

emergency preparedness plans, monitoring and inspection, auditing, reporting and

decommissioning of facilities.

Please note:

46

Waste facilities which are already registered in terms of the National Norms and

Standards for the Storage of Waste and are sorting, shredding, grinding, crushing,

screening or baling general waste need not register in terms of the Norms and

Standards for the Sorting, Shredding, Grinding, Crushing, Screening or Baling of

General Waste, but must comply with theses norms and standards.

Existing waste facilities must register within 90 days of publication of the Norms and

Standards for the Sorting, Shredding, Grinding, Crushing, Screening or Baling of

General Waste.

4.7.4 Potential end-use applications

Within the Western Cape, C&DW is used for the following applications in the various

municipalities:

Table 8: Applications of construction and demolition waste in various municiipalities

Municipality Material Application

(examples)

Cape Winelands DM Drakenstein LM Mixed rubble Crushed rubble used

for landfill cover and

roads at WDF.

Stellenbosch LM Crushed rubble Brick-making (project

complete)

Central Karoo DM Beaufort West LM Mixed rubble Used for landfill cover

and/or filling up

potholes at the site.

Concrete Slope stabilisation

City of Cape Town Asphalt TDA Department is

deconstructing roads

within the City of Cape

Town, stockpiling and

re-using some of the

layers.

Timber and

bricks

Sold for re-use by drop-

off SMME contractors.

47

Sand and mixed

rubble

(unprocessed)

Landfill cover

Preferably sand,

clay then rubble

in order of

preference

(unprocessed).

Slope stabilisation

Gravel, sand,

mixed

(unprocessed)

Roads at WDFs

Eden DM Hessequa LM Mixed rubble

and gravel

Slope stabilisation

Mixed rubble

and bricks

Roads at WDFs

Knysna LM Bricks Brick recovery

permitted at site.

Swellendam Mixed rubble Landfill cover

Overberg DM Cape Agulhas LM Sand, earth and

gravel

Landfill cover

Bricks, sand and

gravel

Slope stabilisation

Gravel Roads at WDFs

Overstand LM Bricks, sand and

concrete

Landfill cover

Theewaterskloof LM Earth, gravel and

sand

Landfill cover

West Coast DM Matzikamma LM Gravel and sand Landfill cover

Saldanha Bay LM Bricks and

concrete

Landfill cover

48

(unprocessed)

Swartland LM Earth, gravel and

sand

Landfill cover and

slope stabilisation.

Concrete, gravel

and bricks

Roads at WDFs

It must be noted that many of the above applications for landfill maintenance do not match

the high quality material available (rubble). The low value rubble materials should be used

for landfill maintenance, whilst clean concrete, and clean mixes of concrete and fired clay

brick should be used for the higher quality applications in roads and foundations of structures

(Barnes, personal communications, 2018, January 18).

The following potential applications for C&DW exist:

Table 9: Applications for Construction and Demolition Waste

Construction and DW type Potential applications Waste minimisation category

Concrete Crushed and used for

construction site applications

(e.g. foundations for

structures) and roadwork

applications (e.g. road sub-

base and excavation fill

applications).

Recycle

Bricks Building and paving. Re-use

Crushed and used as cover

material at WDFs.

Recycle

Asphalt Reclaimed asphalt may be

used to patch roads, for on-

site processing into hot-mix

for roads or road base or fill

material.

Re-use

Wood Re-use wooden frames. Re-use

49

Use in mulch production for

landscaping.

Bulking agent in compost.

Sawdust for animal bedding.

Recycle

Use as fuel.

Recovery

Drywall Soil amendment (gypsum),

cement additive (gypsum)

and new dry-wall (gypsum).

Recycle

Mixed rubble Crush for landfill applications

(landfill cover material,

berms in landfills to give

structural strength to cells,

cell cover once a cell is filled,

to provide paved and firm

tipping or off-loading zones,

particularly during rainy

conditions on landfill sites).

Recycle

Glass Re-use of windows and

mirrors.

Re-use

Green waste Landscaping purposes and

compost.

Re-use

50

5 Conclusion

Municipalities should aim to prioritise the diversion of C&DW and support the re-use

and recycling thereof. This will assist in meeting overall national waste diversion

targets as well as alleviate pressure on WDFs. This guideline outlines mechanisms for

municipalities to manage C&DW and support diversion. These include mechanisms

such as using waste management by-laws to request waste management plans

during the building approval process, the formation of private-public partnerships

and co-operation agreements between municipalities to improve C&DW

management practices and increase diversion. Green procurement is also

highlighted as a measure to ensure that building materials used in municipal

construction projects contain recycled content. Lastly, the above mechanisms need

to be supported by infrastructure, which require partnership with the private sector

and which complies with the relevant waste management legislation.

51

6 Sign off

I hereby approve the Construction and Demolition Waste Management Guideline.

Mr E. Hanekom

Director: Waste Management

Date:

52

7 References

Afrika, M. 2010. South Africa’s good waste management practises toolkit – Lessons learned.

Proceedings of the Free State Waste Summit. February 2010. 1-8. Available:

http://researchspace.csir.co.za/dspace/bitstream/handle/10204/4037/Afrika_2010.pdf;jsessio

nid=CF428468610946DBD732BBBC60151A53?sequence=1 [2017, November 1].

Arslan, H., Cosgun N. & Salgin, B. 2012. Construction and demolition waste management in

Turkey. In Waste management - an integrated vision. Rebellon L. F. M, Ed, 313-332, InTech.

Available: https://www.intechopen.com/books/waste-management-an-integrated-

vision/construction-and-demolition-waste-management-in-turkey. DOI: 10.5772/46110

Barnes, K. & Rudman, C. 2016. Opportunities in the City of Cape Town to support a

secondary materials economy in builders’ rubble through uptake in road rehabilitation and

construction. Proceedings of the 80th IMESA conference. 26-28 October 2016. 110-115.

Available: https://www.imesa.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Paper-9-Chantal-

Rudman-Opportunities-in-the-City-of-Cape-Town-to-support-a-secondary-materials-

economy-in-builders%E2%80%99-rubble-through-uptake-in-road-rehabilitation-and-

construction.pdf [2017, December 12].

City of Cape Town, 2017. 3rd Generation Integrated Waste Management Plan

Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, 2015. Evaluation of co-operatives as a

development vehicle to support job creation and SME development in the waste sector.

Council for Geoscience. 2014. Mineral commodities in the Western Cape Province, South

Africa. Available:

http://www.fewlbnexus.uct.ac.za/sites/default/files/image_tool/images/91/Report%20on%20

mineral%20resources%20of%20the%20WC.pdf [2017, October 30].

Department of Environmental Affairs. 2011. National waste management strategy, Pretoria:

Department of Environmental Affairs.

Department of Environmental Affairs. 2017. About green economy. Available:

https://www.environment.gov.za/projectsprogrammes/greeneconomy/about , [2017,

December 8].

Department of Environmental Affairs and Development Planning. 2011. The role of

government, Available: http://wastepolicy.environment.gov.za/home/nwms_v2/4/4_4 [2017,

October 24].

53

Department of Environmental Affairs and Development Planning. 2014. Climate change

response strategy.

Department of Environmental Affairs and Development Planning. 2015. Waste minimisation

guideline for municipalities. Available:

https://www.westerncape.gov.za/eadp/sites/default/files/your-resource-

library/Municipal%20Waste%20Minimisation%20Guidelines_2015_JUNE.pdf [2017, November

1].

Department of Environmental Affairs and Development Planning. 2016. Assessment of the

municipal integrated waste management infrastructure.

Department of Environmental Affairs and Development Planning. 2017a. State of

environment outlook report for the Western Cape Province, Available:

https://www.srk.co.za/sites/default/files/File/South-

Africa/publicDocuments/SOER/W_Cape_SOER_11-Waste_Management.pdf. [2018, February

9].

Department of Environmental Affairs and Development Planning. 2017b. Western Cape

Integrated Waste Management Plan, 2017-2022. Available:

https://www.westerncape.gov.za/eadp/sites/eadp.westerncape.gov.za/files/your-resource-

library/Western%20Cape%20Integrated%20Waste%20Management%20Plan%202017-

2022.pdf. [2018, February 12].

Department of Science and Technology. 2014. A national waste R&D and innovation

roadmap for South Africa: Phase 2 waste RDI roadmap - The economic benefits of moving

up the waste management hierarchy in South Africa: The value of resources lost through

landfilling. Department of Science and Technology: Pretoria.

Ecocycle. 2011. Waste-to-energy in boulder? Straight facts on why the problems outweigh

the potential benefits. Available:

https://www.ecocycle.org/files/pdfs/ZeroWaste_betterthan_WTE_EcoCycle.pdf [2017,

October 30].

Ellen MacArthur Foundation. 2015. Towards the circular economy: Business rationale for an

accelerated transition. Available:

https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/assets/downloads/publications/TCE_Ellen-

MacArthur-Foundation_26-Nov-2015.pdf [2017, October 30].

Environmental Protection Agency of Ireland. 2014. Green procurement, guidance for the

public sector. Available:

54

https://www.epa.ie/pubs/reports/green%20business/GreenPublicProcurementfinalwebv2.pdf

[2017, December 12]

Environmental Protection Department. n.d. Green procurement. Available:

http://www.epd.gov.hk/epd/english/how_help/green_procure/green_procure.html [2017,

November 1].

European Commission, 2011. Buying green handbook: A handbook on green public

procurement.

European Commission. 2014. The circular economy: connecting, creating and conserving

value. Available: http://www.eesc.europa.eu/resources/docs/the-circular-economy.pdf

[2017, October 27].

George Municipality. 2010. New composting facility, builders rubble processing plant and

domestic drop-off centre for George: Technical report for waste management license.

Available: http://www.george.gov.za/sites/default/files/documents/Annexure%20A%20-

%20Technical%20Report%20Composting.pdf [2017, October 27].

GreenCape. 2015. Informing construction and demolition waste crushing tenders for the City

of Cape Town and Stellenbosch municipalities.

GreenCape. 2016a. Waste economy: 2016 market intelligence report. Accessed:

https://greencape.co.za/assets/GreenCape-Waste-MIR-2016.pdf [2017, December 12].

GreenCape. 2016b. Builder’s rubble: opportunities for in processing and application, Industry

brief 02/2016. Available: https://www.greencape.co.za/assets/Waste-Sector-Desk-

Content/Builders-Rubble-Industry-Brief-02-Finalv1-1.pdf [2017, December 12].

GreenCape. 2017. Waste economy: 2017 market intelligence report. Available:

https://www.greencape.co.za/assets/Uploads/GreenCape-Waste-MIR-2017-electronic-

FINAL-v2.pdf [2017, December 12].

Green procurement. n.d. Available: http://www.gdrc.org/sustdev/concepts/14-gproc.html

[2017, November 1].

Institute for Local Self-Reliance, 1997, In Recycling means business. Available:

https://ilsr.org/recycling-means-business/ [2018, February 12].

Lafarge. 2015. 2015 World environment day: Lafarge contributing solutions to a circular

economy. Available: http://www.lafarge.com/en/2015-world-environment-day-lafarge-

contributing-solutions-a-circular-economy [2017, December 12].

55

National Treasury. 2007. Municipal Service Delivery and PPP Guidelines. Available:

https://www.gtac.gov.za/Publications/1090-

Municipal%20Service%20Delivery%20and%20PPP%20Guidelines%20new.pdf [2017, December

12].

OneCape2040. 2013. The Western Cape Agenda for Joint Action on Economic

Development.

Oosterhuis, F., Rubik, F. & Scholl, G. 1996. Product policy in Europe: New environmental

perspective. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Western Cape Government. 2013. Green is Smart – Western Cape green economy strategic

framework.

Willmott Dixon. 2010. The impacts of construction and the built environment, briefing

notes, Willmott-dixon Group

Republic of South Africa. 2012. National Development Plan 2030: Our future-make it work.

Republic of South Africa. Medium-Term Strategic Framework (MTSF) 2014-2019.

Stellenbosch Municipality. 2016. Utter rubbish, Available:

https://www.stellenbosch.gov.za/xho/iindaba/incwadi-ndaba/3371-utter-rubbish-newsletter-

march-2016/file [2017, December 1].

Zhou L., Lowe D. J., & Morton B. 2004. Incorporating “green procurement” into the UK

construction industry. Available:

http://www.academia.edu/19772166/Incorporating_Green_Procurement_into_the_UK_Const

ruction_Industry. [2017, November 1].

Legislation

Municipal Finance Management Act, No. 56 of 2003. 2004. Government gazette. 464

(26019). 13 February. Government notice no. 176. Cape Town: Government Printers.

Municipal Finance Management Act No. 56 of 2003. Municipal Public-Private Partnership

Regulations. 2005. Government gazette. 478 (27431). 1 April. Government notice no. R309.

Pretoria: Government Printers.

National Environmental Management Act, No. 107 of 1998. Government gazette. 401

(19519). Government notice no. 1540. Cape Town: Government Printers.

56

National Environmental Management Act, No. 107 of 1998. Regulations, as amended. 2007.

Government gazette. 40772. April 2017. Government notice no. R326 Pretoria: Government

Printers

National Environmental Management Waste Act, No. 59 of 2008. 2009. Government gazette.

525 (32000). Government notice no. 78. Cape Town: Government Printers.

National Environmental Management Waste Act, No. 59 of 2008. Waste classification and

management regulations. Available: Sabinet Legal [2013, August 23].

National Environmental Management Waste Act, No. 59 of 2008. National norms and

standards for the storage of waste. 2013. Government gazette. 581 (37088). Government

notice no. R926. Pretoria: Government Printers.

National Environmental Management Waste Act, No. 59 of 2008. National norms and

standards for disposal of waste to landfill. Available: Sabinet Legal [2013, August 23].

National Environmental Management Waste Act, No. 59 of 2008. List of waste management

activities that have, or are likely to have, a detrimental effect on the environment. 2013.

Government gazette. 581 (37083). Government notice no. R921. Pretoria: Government

Printers.

National Environmental Management Waste Act, No. 59 of 2008. National waste information

regulations. 2013. Government gazette. 566 (35583). Government notice no. R625. Pretoria:

Government Printers.

57

ISBN: 978-0-621-46272-2