CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT AND ADMINISTRATION

UNIT –IVContracts

List of topics

1. Introduction of contracts2. Types of contracts3. Tender drafting and Tender analysis• Conditions of contract

4. Stages of awarding contract• Procedure for execution of PWD works

5. Safety in construction6. Workmen compensation act7. Contract labor act8. Demolition of buildings

Safety in construction

Importance of safety in construction• Construction is highly accident prone industry • In India , construction industry is labour intensive , with unskilled

and untrained worker. Fatal accidents and minor accidents are very frequent

• Safety management is to minimize human pain and suffering , to the worker's family or to the worker , that results due to accident or work induced illness

• Safety programme ensures the worker to be mentally and physically prepared to execute a job quickly ,fearlessly and efficiently

• The cost and time is also dependent on the safety management• A company with a better culture of safety attracts the right kinds of

employees and builds a good , consistent safety record

The major causes of accidents

The major causes of accidents in construction industry are due to –

1. Fall from high elevation2. Electrocution3. Being struck by equipment 4. Being caught by equipment5. Trench excavation , cave-in 6. Drowning ( bridge and offshore construction )7. OverexertionIt has been found that more than 40-50% of accidents due to fall

from height or fall of an object

Safety measures

1. Excavation2. Drilling and blasting3. Hot bituminous works4. Scaffolding, ladders, form work and other equipment5. Fabrication and erection6. Storage7. Demolition8. Fire safety

Safety measures for Excavation

• Experienced and competent foreman/ supervisor should look after the job

• Before doing the excavation work, complete knowledge of underground structures is essential and proper precautions should be taken to prevent accident

• All the persons involved in the job must wear safety helmet (PPE)• Trenches exceeding 2m in depth should be securely shored and

timbered• Sheathing should be placed against the side of the trench• Around the excavated areas barricades should be erected and at

nights adequate lighting should be provided

Safety measures for Drilling and Blasting

• To transport small quantities of explosives specially designed insulated water proof containers free from nails shall be used

• Vehicles to be used for transporting explosives should be in good condition with tight wooden floors

• Smoking is strictly prohibited near areas where explosives are stored• Explosives should be stored only in magazine which is clean, dry well

ventilated reasonably cool, bullet and fire resistant• Explosives and fuse lighters should not be stored in a damp places or

near oil, gasoline or steam pipes or other source of heat• Any package containing explosives should not be dragged, dropped or

handled roughly and these packages should be opened only at a safe distance from the package of bulk storage

• No person should attempt to uncoil the wires and open the bare leading wires of the electric blasting caps (detonators) during dust storms

Safety measures for Hot bituminous works

• On all major works, an experienced foreman or supervisor should be placed in-charge of the work

• Workers engaged in bitumen handling job should use boots, gloves, goggles and helmets

• Sufficient stocks of clean dry sand should be made available near bitumen heating site

• Bitumen mixing plants should be provided with safe means of access. Working platforms should be provided with hand rails, and pulleys belts and drive mechanisms should all be suitably guarded

• Compressors, electrical installations and other equipment such as elevators and conveyors should be adequately protected from weather, mechanical damage and dust particles

• When bitumen plants are working on a public road, an adequate traffic control system must be established

Safety measures for Scaffolding, ladders, form work and other equipment

• Every scaffold should be securely supported or suspended and properly strutted or braced to ensure stability

• All scaffolds and working platforms should be securely fastened to the building or structure

• During dismantling of scaffolds, necessary precautions should be taken to prevent fall of loose materials, bracings and other parts of scaffolds

• The supporting ballies for formwork should be checked for each individual member. The ballies should be properly braced. Many accident occur due to negligence on this account

• All operators and supervisors of machines should be thoroughly trained in operating the machines and equipment

Safety measures for Fabrication and erection

• All equipment such as gas cutting and welding sets, drills, power hacksaws, grinders etc. should be checked periodically to ensure their safe working

• Moving parts of all equipment should be provided with safety gaurds• Workers engaged in gas cutting & welding works should wear suitable

PPE such as gloves, apron, welding screen etc.• Power cables for all equipment should be properly insulated and

protected from damage and cuts• Danger signs should be prominently displayed on all poles of overhead

electric lines at site• Cut pieces and scrap should be stored at a appropriate place to avoid

accidents• All lifting tools and tackles such as wire ropes, U-clamps, shackles, chain

pulley blocks hooks etc. should be checked thoroughly before use

Safety measures In Storage

• Timber including sleepers, runners, scantlings, bullies, plywood etc. should be stored separately in neat stacks. Adequate space should be left in between the stacks to avoid fire hazard

• Petroleum products should be separately stored and open fire/smoking should be strictly prohibited

• Adequate fire fighting arrangements should be provided

• Explosives must be stored in proper magazines

Fire Safety in Buildings

• Early warning systems– Smoke detectors– Heat sensitive detectors

• All buildings should satisfy fire safety requirements as per IS:1256-1967– All multistoreyed buildings must have separate staircases at every 30m distance in

addition to lifts• Spacing of buildings should ensure adequate protection against exposure of

hazards as per IS:1643-1960• Chimney flues and smoke pipes should be provided in accordance with IS:1645-

1960• Fire safety for electrical installations in buildings should be as per 1646-1982• The design of different structural elements should take into account the fire

resistance ratings as per IS:1641-1960• During construction, fire hazards due to electric short circuit can be avoided by

proper wiring. Naked and loose wiring should be prohibited. Open fires should be prohibited on construction sites whre inflammable materials are stored

Safety guidelines for Personnel Conduct

• Employees should always wear hard hats , safety shoes , eye protection , ear protection , in noisy areas (PPE)

• Equipment operator should have the license and training with the equipment operation and safety norms

• Stay out of dangerous places • One should not work alone on the site , when other

employees are not on the site• New employees should make themselves conversant with

safety norms from senior persons of the department

Safety plan

Some of the major components of a company safety plan should be • First aid equipment should be available and known to the

employees • Every employee should have personal safety equipment .• Formal training program for each employee should be mandatory• Procedures for emergency evacuation of injured employees should

be clearly explained and employees should be trained for such situations

• Safety record and accident report of the company should be honestly examined

• Site visit requirement for supervisory personnel plays a very important role in safety management

• Training for all supervisors and the managers should be mandatory

Workmen compensation act -1923 (amended 2009)

• Provisions:– Payment of compensation to workmen for injury by accident

sustained during the course of employment– It covers workers employed in hazardous jobs– It does not include clerical and administrative staff

• No compensation if injuries are due to– Negligence of a worker by willful disobedience of safety and

security regulations– Non-observance of safety measures and not using safety

guards– Influence of liquor or drugs– Diseases which are not caused as result of working on the job

• Amount of compensation depends on– Age of workmen– Type of injury and disablement– Percent loss of earning capacity

• Medical examination– With in 3days of injury– No compensation if workmen refuses medical examination– If workmen dies without medical examination, dependents

can claim compensation• Appointment of commissioners– For resolving disputes arising out of claims– Payments are made through commissioner

Workmen compensation act -1923 (amended 2009)

Contract labor (Regulation & abolition) act, 1970

Object: – Regulating the employment of contract labor in certain establishments– Abolition of contract labor under certain circumstances

Applicable to: – Establishments with 20+ workmen

Not applicable to:– Establishments with casual or intermittent nature of work

Provisions:– Constitution of central advisory board

• Chairman, chief labor commissioner & members (total 11 to 17) – Registration of establishments– Licensing of contractors– Welfare and health of contract labor

• Rest rooms, water+sanitation, first aid box, washing fecilities– Responsibility for payment of wages

Demolition of buildings

Why building Demolition?– Expiry of useful life– Uneconomical maintenance– Buildings built illegally

Demolition is a process in which an existing building or any such structure is pulled down using some machines, tools and equipments

1. Partial Demolition

Partial deterioration of structureAdditions, alterations and

improvementsNatural calamities such as storm,

fire, floods, earth quake, land slide etc.

2. Complete demolition

The maintenance of repair becomes uneconomical

To provide space for new projectsCompletely unserviceable due to

natural calamities

Demolition of buildings

Demolition methods can vary depending onThe area where it will be held onThe building materialThe purpose of the demolition and The way that debris is going to be disposed

Demolition MethodsDemolition by hand toolsHigh Reach Arm and or Pusher armCrane & BallImplosion or ExplosionSelective Demolition

Demolitions-1

Demolitions-2

Demolitions-3

Demolitions-4

Safety measures for Demolition

• On every demolition work, danger signs should be provided and barricaded around the area

• During night time, red lights should be placed• Every workmen engaged in demolition work should wear PPE• The process of demolition may weaken the side walls of

adjoining structure and to prevent possible damage, these walls should be supported

• The power on all electrical service lines, gas lines must be shut off before the demolition work is started

• No demolition work should be carried out at night

????????????.........and discussion

Assignment-4

1. List types of contracts and discuss in detail about “cost plus

fixed fee contract”

2. Describe important conditions of contract

3. Explain the importance of safety in construction industry

4. Write a short note on

1. “workmen compensation act”

2. Safety measures for Building demolition