CONSTRUCTION

Objective 6.02

You will need to write all the information down but you need to highlight, mark, or note that the items in yellow are important.

Starting OutStarting Out

Building standards are set by:Building standards are set by:1)1) State AgencyState Agency2)2) Federal AgencyFederal Agency3)3) Local AgencyLocal Agency

*Yellow is important!*

The FoundationThe Foundation

The foundation is the underlying base and The foundation is the underlying base and support of a home. support of a home. It consists of the It consists of the footing (a continuous concrete base footing (a continuous concrete base that supports the foundation walls that supports the foundation walls below ground level. (p259) below ground level. (p259) Foundation walls are made from Foundation walls are made from poured concrete or concrete block.poured concrete or concrete block.

There are three types of foundation There are three types of foundation constructions:constructions:

1)1) BasementBasement2)2) Crawl Space Crawl Space 3)3) Slab Slab The foundation has to be waterproofed. The foundation has to be waterproofed.

Waterproofing material (black plastic) Waterproofing material (black plastic) is applied on the outer face of the is applied on the outer face of the foundation. foundation.

The FrameThe Frame

The Frame is the skeleton The Frame is the skeleton of the housing of the housing structure. It supports structure. It supports the wall and roof the wall and roof materials.materials.

The Floor FrameThe Floor Frame

The first piece of floor frame The first piece of floor frame attached to the foundation attached to the foundation is the sill plate. The floor is the sill plate. The floor frame consists of girders, frame consists of girders, (major support beams that (major support beams that support the floor joists) support the floor joists) joists, (floor joists are joists, (floor joists are nailed to header joists at nailed to header joists at max. intervals of 20”.) and max. intervals of 20”.) and sub-flooring.sub-flooring. Standards Standards floors are built to hold floors are built to hold 100lbs per sq. ft. (p.262)100lbs per sq. ft. (p.262)

The Wall FrameThe Wall Frame

The wall frame is The wall frame is built on top of the built on top of the floor frame. It floor frame. It supports the ceiling, supports the ceiling, upper floors, and upper floors, and roof. The frame roof. The frame consists of vertical consists of vertical studs placed every studs placed every 16-24” apart. (p 16-24” apart. (p 263) 263)

The Ceiling FrameThe Ceiling FrameWhen beginning to frame the When beginning to frame the

roof the series of beams roof the series of beams that would be constructed that would be constructed first is the first is the ceiling joists ceiling joists (horizontal beams that act (horizontal beams that act as floor joists for second as floor joists for second and attic floors).and attic floors). On most On most roofs the roofs the rafters (parallel rafters (parallel beams that support the beams that support the roof)roof) past the edge of the past the edge of the exterior wall to provide the exterior wall to provide the overhang, which prevents overhang, which prevents water from running down water from running down the walls. the walls. (p. 264)(p. 264)

Finishing the ExteriorFinishing the Exterior

Rough board called Rough board called sheathing sheathing is is applied to the outside of the applied to the outside of the wall framing and roof. wall framing and roof. Sheathing is either Sheathing is either oriented oriented strand board (OSB board) or strand board (OSB board) or plywood.plywood.

After sheathing is up builders After sheathing is up builders usually wrap the home with usually wrap the home with heavy waterproof material. heavy waterproof material. This creates a protective This creates a protective envelope that keeps out water envelope that keeps out water and moisture.and moisture.

Finishing the Exterior Cont..Finishing the Exterior Cont..

Brick, wood, stucco, stone, and siding Brick, wood, stucco, stone, and siding are used to finish the exterior of a are used to finish the exterior of a house. Wood is commonly used for house. Wood is commonly used for siding material but is ranked as high siding material but is ranked as high maintenance. maintenance. Aluminum siding is Aluminum siding is better because is helps lower heating better because is helps lower heating and cooling costs and is durable. and cooling costs and is durable. Vinyl siding is brittle and can crack Vinyl siding is brittle and can crack or break under extreme weather or break under extreme weather conditions. Fiberglass looks like conditions. Fiberglass looks like wood shingles and comes in a variety wood shingles and comes in a variety of colors.of colors.

The RoofThe Roof

The roof protects the home’s interior from the The roof protects the home’s interior from the weather. weather. Light colored roofs are popular in hot Light colored roofs are popular in hot climates because they keep the home coolclimates because they keep the home cool. By . By reflecting sunlight, lighter roof colors can reflecting sunlight, lighter roof colors can reduce heat reductionreduce heat reduction 20-50%.20-50%.

The Roof Cont..The Roof Cont..

Shingles- are thin pieces of Shingles- are thin pieces of material laid in material laid in overlapping rows that overlapping rows that cover the roofcover the roof. .

Shakes- are more expensive Shakes- are more expensive than shingles and should than shingles and should be treated with fire be treated with fire retardant and decay-retardant and decay-resistant chemicalsresistant chemicals

Roofing MaterialsRoofing Materials

Slate/Tile- Slate is one of the most aesthetically Slate/Tile- Slate is one of the most aesthetically pleasing and durable of all roofing materials. pleasing and durable of all roofing materials. Installed Installed properly, slate roofs require relatively little properly, slate roofs require relatively little maintenance and will last 60 to 125 years or longer maintenance and will last 60 to 125 years or longer depending on the type of slate employed, roof depending on the type of slate employed, roof configuration, and the geographical location of the configuration, and the geographical location of the property. Some slates have been known to last over property. Some slates have been known to last over 200 years. 200 years.

Slate / Tile RoofingSlate / Tile Roofing

Metal RoofsMetal Roofs

A A metal roofmetal roof is a is a roofing system made from system made from metal pieces or pieces or tiles. They are . They are components of the components of the building envelope. One of . One of the major advantages of the major advantages of metal roof sheeting is that, metal roof sheeting is that, in most of its forms, it is in most of its forms, it is light weight, and therefore light weight, and therefore portable. Fire and spark portable. Fire and spark resistant. resistant.

The ChimneyThe Chimney

A chimney has two parts: A chimney has two parts: 1) FLUE- vertical shaft through 1) FLUE- vertical shaft through

which smoke and hot gases are which smoke and hot gases are carried to open air.carried to open air.

2) CAP- the top of the chimney2) CAP- the top of the chimney

Flashing (consists of strips of Flashing (consists of strips of sheet metal that is placed sheet metal that is placed around the chimney and other around the chimney and other roof openings to prevent roof openings to prevent moisture from leaking through moisture from leaking through the roof openings. the roof openings.

InsulationInsulation

The purpose of insulation is to The purpose of insulation is to reduce the passage of heat reduce the passage of heat through the walls and roof. through the walls and roof. Insulation needs to be the Insulation needs to be the thickest over the ceiling. thickest over the ceiling. The The effectiveness of insulation effectiveness of insulation depends on its R value. depends on its R value.

Forms of InsulationForms of Insulation

The basic types include: The basic types include: 1)1) Flexible - comes in blanket Flexible - comes in blanket

form made of fiber glassform made of fiber glass2)2) Loose fill – can be poured, Loose fill – can be poured,

blown in, or packed. The blown in, or packed. The most effective insulation for most effective insulation for floors.floors.

3)3) Foam- pumped through a Foam- pumped through a tube and expands after tube and expands after application to fill in the application to fill in the cracks and crevices. cracks and crevices.

WindowsWindows

Sash- frame work that Sash- frame work that surrounds the glasssurrounds the glass

Muntins- the strips that Muntins- the strips that hold individual small hold individual small pieces of glass within pieces of glass within the sash.the sash.

Frame- surrounds and Frame- surrounds and holds the sashes. holds the sashes.

*Refer to (p 271)*Refer to (p 271)

WiringWiring

Wiring should be checked every 5 years to Wiring should be checked every 5 years to reduce concern about electrical fire.reduce concern about electrical fire.

The ground wire provides protection in case The ground wire provides protection in case there is an abnormal flow of electric current. there is an abnormal flow of electric current. Ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCI) Ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCI) are are receptacles that guard against electrical shock.receptacles that guard against electrical shock.

Air Condition and DuctworkAir Condition and Ductwork

Air conditioners cool and circulate air and they also Air conditioners cool and circulate air and they also remove excess moisture from the air.remove excess moisture from the air.

There are 2 main types: There are 2 main types: 1)1) Room A/C - enclosed in a cabinet that fits into a Room A/C - enclosed in a cabinet that fits into a

window or wall.window or wall.2)2) Central A/C- located outside the home, that with the Central A/C- located outside the home, that with the

help of the furnace blower and ducts, supplies cool help of the furnace blower and ducts, supplies cool air to reach the rooms.air to reach the rooms.

Ductwork is made of aluminum that connects the Ductwork is made of aluminum that connects the furnace or central air to the vents in the home.furnace or central air to the vents in the home.

Heating SystemsHeating Systems Forced air systemForced air system -air is warmed by a furnace, -air is warmed by a furnace,

then propelled by a blower through ducts to then propelled by a blower through ducts to registers in each room.registers in each room. Provides the fastest Provides the fastest method of raising room temperature.method of raising room temperature.

Radiant heat system- Radiant heat system- heating elements- either heating elements- either hot water piping or electric wiring- are hidden in hot water piping or electric wiring- are hidden in the floor, ceiling, or baseboards. Heat radiates the floor, ceiling, or baseboards. Heat radiates from elements.from elements.

Heat pump- Heat pump- uses an electric refrigeration unit to uses an electric refrigeration unit to heat and cool a living space. The refrigeration unit heat and cool a living space. The refrigeration unit contains a compressor, circulating fluid contains a compressor, circulating fluid (refrigerant), and two heat exchangers. It (refrigerant), and two heat exchangers. It operates by removing heat form air or water. In operates by removing heat form air or water. In cold weather, heat is removed form outside air cold weather, heat is removed form outside air and pumped into the house. In warm weather and pumped into the house. In warm weather heat is removed from the air inside the house and heat is removed from the air inside the house and is pumped outside. is pumped outside. It is most efficient in mild It is most efficient in mild climates.climates.