consumer perception on hul vending machine …icmrr.org/mar_2015/ijmrr/15302001.pdf · consumer...

CONSUMER PERCEPTION ON HUL VENDING MACHINE & ITS USE

IN HOUSE HOLD- A STUDY IN BHUBANESWAR

Dr. SUBASH CH. NATH 1

Dr. MAHESHWAR SAHU 2

1 Assistant Professor – Marketing, Asia Pacific Institute of Management, New Delhi,

2 Reader- Marketing, P.G.Department of Commerce, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar-04.

ABSTRACT

In the growing global competition, the productivity of any business concern depends upon the

behavioral aspect of consumers. This study gives a comprehensive idea about the consumer

perception, sales and distribution of one of the most important business sector in India, the fast

moving consumer durables (FMCG) sector. This is an endeavor to study the existing Vending

Machine Business and the Lipton‘s presence in it. It also tries to analyze Lipton‘s market penetration

towards house hold sector, pricing, promotion, the distribution channel and alternatives. The research

part gives the views and feedbacks of consumers at different places of Bhubaneswar, which have been

shown in terms of graphical representations on the basis of data collected through questionnaire. The

valuable feedbacks of 80 consumers were taken. Their opinions regarding their preferences of brand,

satisfaction level and perception towards HUL vending machine for house hold use have been

interpreted and proper analysis has been done on that. By the analysis the researcher realized the

factors generally preferred by consumers, brand they want to use and the reasons behind of the use. It

is also found the different marketing strategies adopted by the competitors and how HUL could

penetrate it‘s out of home business towards house hold sector as well as holds a better position in

Bhubaneswar market.

Keywords: Vending Machine, Consumer Perception, Market Analysis, Out-of-home business,

INTRODUCTION

Vending machine market in India is still at a nascent stage and is expected to witness dynamic growth

in the near future. The market will be boosted by the increasing consumerism coupled with changing

lifestyle, resulting in increased demand for vending machines.

A market analysis studies the attractiveness and the dynamics of a special market within a special

industry. It is part of the industry analysis and thus in turn of the global environmental analysis.

Through all of these analyses the opportunities, strengths, weaknesses and threats of a company can

be identified. Finally, with the help of a SWOT analysis, adequate business strategies of a company

will be defined. The goal of a market analysis is to determine the attractiveness of a market, both now

and in the future. Organizations evaluate the future attractiveness of a market by gaining an

understanding of evolving opportunities and threats as they relate to that organization's own strengths

and weaknesses.

The market potential analysis determines-

whether your product or service will appeal to consumers of the target market marketability,

How many consumers would buy your product or service at what price potential analysis

And what market volume you can count on market position.

INTERCONTINENTAL JOURNAL OF MARKETING RESEARCH REVIEWISSN:2321-0346 - ONLINE ISSN:2347-1670 - PRINT -IMPACT FACTOR :0.882VOLUME 3, ISSUE 3, MARCH 2015

www.icmrr.org 1 [email protected]

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Out-of-home business

Out-of-home (OOH) is an arm of HUL-foods Business that caters to the on-promise F&B

requirements with the help of the state of the art vending machine. So, whether at work, mall,

multiplex, college cafeteria or airport, no one's ever too far away from that much deserved cup of joy.

With over 40,000 installations in over 118 towns and more than 300 dedicated concessionaires, HUL

reaches to his customers beyond their homes with his quality services and products.

HUL is also into ―Business to Business‖ and supply his products directly to caterers, confectionery

manufacturers, ship chandlers and others to meet their bulk requirements.

There are primarily 4 verticals in the OOH business:

Vending solution

Institutional Bulk Supplies

Unilever food solution

Experience

Out-of-home branding is the new buzzword sweeping Indian shores. Brands that stubbornly remain

indoors through their positioning and segmentation strategies are in for a jolt! Consider the facts. The

Indian population is a young population. Life expectation is longer than before. Income standards are

up. Except for a year of aberration, the Indian monsoon has largely behaved! Good monsoons mean a

good crop. Large parts of the rural economy are a non-tax-paying economy. Good rains spell good

crops and good crops in turn spell a good amount of disposable income!

Tea and coffee have always been very popular beverages among people. It is beyond the class

boundaries. People of all age groups relish them. With globalization and expansion of retail business,

markets etc the ready to serve food items and beverages have gained lot of demand. One can spot the

coffee tea vending machines almost everywhere- be it Hospitals, Airports, Commercial complexes,

offices, big markets and even local colony markets. It has become a style statement to be drinking

these instead of the handmade tea/coffee.

OBJETIVES OF THE STUDY

An attempt has been made to fulfill the following objectives:-

1. To find out new opportunity for vending services of the company by making organization

acquainted with the concept.

2. To handle marketing and sales operation for achieving increased growth & profitability.

3. To examine how to generate leads in house hold sector and convert them into sales for

product.

4. To understand the nerve of competition in the market with major players namely CCD,

Nestle, TATA, Godrej.

SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The Study captured the Consumer Perception, Market growth rate and Market profitability of

Vending Machine usage with respect to HUL Lipton Vending Machine in Bhubaneswar, the capital

city of Odisha. The geographical area of the city was divided into 4 different territories- such as



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North, South, East and West Bhubaneswar Market. The study was based on different potential and

prospective business organizations, where there was a chance of creating customer and running

business profit.

SAMPLING

Sampling Method : Convenience sampling.

Sampling Unit : Institutional sample size was selected from different places of

Bhubaneswar.

Sample Size : 80 respondents

DATA COLLECTION

The Primary sources include Survey questionnaires were distributed among the participants, 75 were

filled and returned, and 50 fully filled questionnaires were taken for the final analysis. Thus the

effective response rate of paper based survey is 67%.

The secondary sources include journals, magazine, newspaper, and internet websites. The secondary

data are being utilized for review of literature on history of Market Analysis, growth and development

of Vending machine for theoretical survey.

Data Analysis Data collected were coded, processed and analyzed with statistical tools.

Statistical tools used, like- Descriptive analysis techniques like average, percentage, frequencies,

were performed on the data for getting an overall structure of the sample.

DATA ANALYSIS & INTERPRETATION

Descriptive Analysis

A survey was undertaken using paper based techniques through questionnaire and personal interview.

After collection of data of 80 respondents in different places of Bhubaneswar city were considered for

final analysis. The demographic characteristics of the respondents were shown in Table 1.1. The

respondents comprised of 62 males (77.5%) and 18 females (22.5%). Out of total sample size 36.3%

are belongs from age group of 15-25 years. As well 51.3% are belongs from age group of 25-40 years.

It shows that now a day‘s youngsters are consume more tea/coffee. Only 10% respondents are belongs

from the age group of 40-55 years. Out of total respondents 46.3% are service holder and 25.0% are

business bodies.25% respondents are students and 2.5% respondents are housewives. Out of that only

1.3 % respondents are engaged in other profession. From the above data we found that more service

holders are consume tea/coffee more than the others. Coming to the part of consumption of tea/coffee,

this is shown in Table 1.2. Our survey shows that all respondents consume tea/coffee. 13 respondents

are consuming tea/coffee less than 2 times per day which is 16.3% out of whole. Only 36(45.0%)

respondents consume tea/coffee 2-3 times in a day. 24 respondents are consume tea/coffee 3-4 times

in a day which is quite less as compare to 2-3 times consumed respondents. Only 7 respondents are

consuming more than 5 times as per our survey which is only 8.8% out of whole.

Out of 80 respondents, only 36(45%) are prefer tea rather than coffee which is quite higher than the

preference of coffee. Only 8 respondents are preferring coffee as their favorite. 36 respondents prefer

both tea & coffee as their favorite beverage.



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DEMOGRAPHIC DETAILS OF RESPONDENTS

Table 1.1 Demographic details of Respondents

Demographics Characteristics Frequency Percentage (%) Cumulative Percentage (%)

a. Gender

Male 62 77.5

77.5

Female 18 22.5 100.0

b. Age

15- 25 years 29 36.3 36.3

25-40 years 41 51.3 87.5

40-55 years 10 12.5 100.0

More than 55 years - - -

c. Profession

Service 37 46.3 46.3

Business 20 25.0 71.3

Housewife 2 2.5 73.8

Student 20 25.0 98.8

Others 1 1.3 100.0

Consumption & preference of tea/coffee

Table 1.2 Consumption details of Respondents

Consumption & preference of

tea/coffee

Frequency Percentage

(%)

Cumulative

Percentage (%)

a. Consumption of tea/coffee

Yes 80 100.0

100.0

No - - -

b. Consumption per day

Less than 2 times 13 16.3 16.3

2-3 times 36 45.0 61.3

3-4 times 24 30.0 91.3

More than 5 times 7 8.8 100.0

c. More preference towards

Tea 36 45.0 45.0

Coffee 8 10.0 55.0

Both 36 45.0 100.0



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Figure1.1a Figure 1.1b

Figure 1.1c Figure 1.2a

Figure 1.2b Figure 1.2c

[1.1 & 1.2 Graphs showing demographic details & consumption details of tea/coffee of respondents.]

Interpretation

From the observation of demographic factor we found that analysis contains 77.5% of male

respondents and only 22.5% female respondents. So, mainly male respondents consume more



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tea/coffee from females. In this basically 25-40 years age group is consume tea /coffee more which is

51.3% out of total respondents. In this segment service holders are 46.3% out of total.

In part of consumption details of customers we found that all respondents consume tea/coffee.

Maximum consume tea/coffee 2-3times per day which is 45% out of total. Maximum respondents

prefer tea rather than coffee which is 45% and also 45% respondents prefer both tea & coffee.

Consumer Preference Study

In this aspect of preferred brand for tea/coffee, table 2.1 shows the brand preference for tea/coffee.

Out of 80 respondents 34 preferred TATA tea as their favorite tea brand which is occurred highest

frequency in our survey. After that some respondent prefer which is only 10% (8). Brook bond

preferred by 31 respondents which is only 38.5%. Rest of respondents prefers Nestea which is only

5% and Godrej tea which is only 1.3%. Among all 2 respondent never consume tea. Refer to the

figure 2.1a.

Coming to favorite brand of coffee we found that Bru is preferred by 34 respondents which is

42.5%.after that Nescafe is preferred by 31 respondents which are only 41.3%. Only 7 respondents

prefer other brand for their consumption of coffee. In this we found that no one prefers TATA coffee.

Among all 6 respondents are never consume coffee. Refer to the figure 2.1b.

Table 2.2 shows the preference of respondents towards vending machine. Out of 80 respondents 76

are consume tea/coffee from vending machine which is 95% and only 4 are never consume tea/coffee

from vending machine which is only 5%. Refer to the figure 2.2a.

Coming to the awareness part most of the respondents get idea about vending machine from their

friends & peers which is 54.4 %( 43). Some of the respondents know about vending machine from

their family members and relatives which is only 6.3% (5). Due to less advertisement published by the

company regarding vending machine a very few respondent know about vending machine through

advertisement which is 11.4% (9). Rest of the respondent knows about vending machine from other

sources like malls, retail shops etc. which is only 27.8% (22). Refer to the figure 2.2b.

Most of the respondents consume tea/coffee from vending machine frequently which is 43.8% (35).

Only 34 respondents consume tea/coffee from vending machine some times which is only 42.5%.

Only few (7) respondents consume tea/coffee always from vending machine which is only 8.8%. 4

respondents are never consuming tea/coffee from vending machine which is 5% of total respondents.

Refer to the table 2.2c.

Coming to the brand preference of tea/coffee from vending machine, most respondent preferred

Lipton which is 46.8% (36) followed by Nescafe which is 31.2% (24). CCD preferred by 12

respondents which is 15.5%. Only 5.2% and 1.3% respondents preferred Godrej &TATA tea as their

favorite. Refer to the table 2.2d. Referring to the figure 2.2e most preferred purchasing brand of

vending machine for house hold use is Lipton which is 46.8% (36) followed by Nescafe 29.3% (22).

Some respondents preferred CCD‘s vending machine for house hold use which is 22.7% (17). A very

few respondent preferred TATA & Geodrej vending machine which is 4% (3) & 1.3% (1)

respectively.

Interest towards buying Lipton vending machine for house hold use if a new, small vending machine

by Lipton most of the respondent‘s dose not provides any clear answers which is 51.3% (41). The

only say the cant take any decision right now, may be they go for its purchase but not sure if the



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product comes into the market. Only 16.3 (13) respondents say yes to purchase which is very less. 26

respondents directly refused to purchase Lipton vending machine which is 32.5%. Refer to the

figure2.2f.

1. Preferred Brand For Tea/Coffee

Table 2.1 Brand Preference

Preferred brand for

tea/coffee

Frequency Percentage

(%)

Cumulative Percentage

(%)

a. Favorite brand for tea

Tata 34 42.5 43.6

Lipton 8 10.0 53.8

Brook bond 31 38.8 93.6

Nestea 4 5.0 97.7

Godrej tea 1 1.3 100.0

b. Favorite brand for coffee

Bru 34 42.5 45.9

Nescafe 33 41.3 90.5

Tata coffee - - -

Others 7 8.8 100.0

Figure 2.1a

Figure 2.1b

[2.1Graphs showing of preferred brand for tea/coffee]



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2. Preference towards Vending Machine

Table 2.2 Preference towards Vending Machine

Preference towards Vending

Machine Frequency Percentage

(%)

Cumulative Percentage

(%)

a. Consumption of tea/coffee from vending machine

Yes 76 95.0 95.0

No 4 5.0 100.0

b. Aware about vending machine

Friends & Peers 43 54.4 54.4

Family members & Relatives 5 6.3 60.8

Advertisement 9 11.4 72.2

Others 22 27.8 100.0

c. Frequency of consumption from vending machine

Always 7 8.8 8.8

Frequently 35 43.8 52.5

Sometimes 34 42.5 95.0

Never 4 5.0 100.0

d. Brand preference of tea/coffee from vending machine

Lipton 36 46.8 46.8

CCD 12 15.6 62.3

Nescafe 24 31.2 93.5

TATA 1 1.3 94.8

Godrej 4 5.2 100.0

Others - - -

e. Preferred to buy vending machine for house hold use

Lipton 32 42.7 42.7

CCD 17 22.7 65.3

Nescafe 22 29.3 94.7

TATA 3 4.0 98.7

Godrej 2 1.3 100.0

Others - - -

f. Interest towards buying Lipton vending machine for house hold use

Yes 13 16.3 16.3

No 26 32.5 48.8

May be/ Not sure 41 51.3 100.0



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Consumption of tea/coffee from VM Aware about vending machine

Figure 2.2a Figure 2.2b

Frequency of consumption from VM Brand preference of tea/coffee from VM

Figure 2.2c Figure 2.2d

Preferred to buy VM for house hold use Interested to buy Lipton VM for house hold use

Figure 2.2e Figure 2.2f



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Interpretation

From the above data (table 2.1), we found that maximum person prefer TATA tea as their favorite

brand which is 42.5% followed by Brook bond which is 38.8%. In the segment of coffee Bru is the

favorite brand which is 42.5% followed by Nescafe 41.3%. It means Bru face a lot of competition

from Nescafe.

In the segment preference towards vending machine we found that maximum person consume

tea/coffee from vending machine which is 95%. It shows that everyone is aware about vending

machine. 43.55% persons know about vending machine from friends & peers which indicate that

there is a lack of advertisement produced by the company. Maximum person consume tea/coffee from

vending machine frequently which is 43.8%, it means they are satisfied with the taste & preference of

the vending machine. Maximum person prefer Lipton tea/coffee which is 46.8%. In this we found that

maximum prefer Lipton for tea and CCD for coffee when we collect data. Maximum person around

51.3% are not sure about buy HUL tea/coffee vending machine whereas only 16.3% are interested to

buy.

Factors of Influence for Consumer Purchase and use

In part of ranking of various factors taste preferred by more respondents at the rank 3 which is 20.25%

(20) followed by rank 1 which is 16.20% (16). Only one respondent ranked taste as 7.

If we consider about freshness, which is preferred by more respondents at the rank 7 which is 26.33%

(26) followed by rank 6 which is 23.29% (23). Only 2 respondents ranked freshness as 2 which are

very low. Availability & visibility is most probably preferred by more respondents at the rank 4 which

is 19.24% (19) followed by rank 3 which is 15.19% (15 ) and rank 1 which is 14.17%(14) . Very less

people prefer it in rank 6th and 7

th. Hygienic factor is more important according to our survey which

is preferred by more respondents at the rank 2 which is 30.38% (30) followed by rank 1 which is

26.32% (26). Only one respondent ranked it as 7 which is 1.1%. If we consider after sales service

which is preferred by more respondents at the rank 4 which is 24.30% (24) followed by rank 5 & rank

6 which is 12.15% (12) respectively. Very less respondent prefer it in rank 1 which is 4.5% (4). Price

is most important factor which is preferred by more respondents at the rank 5 which is 19.24% (19)

followed by rank 1 which is 16.20% (16) and rank 2&3 which is 14.17% (14) respectively. Only few

respondents ranked it as 7. Varity in drinking pattern is preferred by more respondents at the rank 7

which is 42.52% (42) followed by rank 6 which is 27.34% (27). No respondent are prefer it in rank 1,

2 & 3.

TABLE 3.1 PREFERENCE TOWARDS VENDING MACHINE

Ranks

Attributes

Rank-

1

Rank-2 Rank-3 Rank-4 Rank-5 Rank-6 Rank-7

Frequency

a. Taste 16 11 20 8 14 10 1

b. Freshness 4 2 3 9 13 23 26

c. Availability&

visibility

14 13 15 19 11 8 -

d. Hygienic 26 30 15 5 3 - 1

e. After sales service 4 10 13 24 12 12 5

f. Price 16 14 14 12 19 - 5

g. Variety in drinking

pattern

- - - 3 8 27 42



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[3.1Graphs showing ranks of different factors]

Interpretation

By analyzing the whole factor we found that hygienic factor is more important for customers followed

by taste. The sales of the product also influenced by price, availability & visibility and after sales

service which should not be neglected. Customers provide less importance to freshness and variety in

drinking pattern. Here maximum respondents ranked freshness and variety in drinking pattern in rank

6 and rank 7. If company concentrates on these two factors then the sales may be goes down.

Company should have give focus on hygienic and taste factor which preferred by the respondents as

well got highest frequency in rank 1, 2 & 3 which put impact on sales of the product. After that the

company should focus on the price factor which plays an important role in the market as well as in the

mind of customer. Price got highest frequency in rank 5th followed by rank 1

st. After that the company

should give focus on availability as well as visibility and after sales service which provide a good

back up to the product.

Consumers Opinion Survey

From the above data it is clear that 95.1% respondents think that they prefer to consume tea/coffee

from vending machine due to hygienic factor. Only 4.9 % people are against of it. 70% of respondent

think that proper quantity of ingredients are needed for preparing tasty tea/coffee. Whereas only 3.8%

are disagree with this statement. Rest of respondents keeps neutral. 71.3% of respondents are satisfied

with the taste & preference of the vending machine tea/coffee. Only 5.1% are not satisfied with the

taste& preference. Almost 55% respondents are having specific brand preference during consuming

tea/coffee from vending machine. Most of the respondents are not prefer to take tea/coffee according

to the weather whereas only 21% respondents prefer tea/coffee according to the weather. Fewer

respondents are enjoying the taste & preference of vending machine tea/coffee. 62.5% respondent are

think that vending machine tea & coffee are not sweet enough, where 36.3% respondents keep

neutral. Respondents do not prefer vending machine tea/coffee due to low quantity of milk which



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frequency is 72.5%. 55% respondents are not like the way of preparing tea & coffee by Vending

machine. If we consider over all factors most of the respondents are prefer vending machine

tea/coffee due to its hygienic factor and it is readily available.

Figure 4.1a

Figure 4.1b

Figure 4.1c



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Figure 4.1d

Figure 4.1e

Figure 4.1f

Figure 4.1g



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Figure 4.1h

Figure 4.1i

Figure 4.1j

Interpretation

In this analysis we found that 45 respondents are agreed with the 1st statement (figure4.1a) as well 31

respondents are strongly support it. It means maximum respondents prefer vending machine tea/coffee

due to hygienic factor. In the 2nd

statement (figure4.1b) 42 respondents are agreed and only 14

respondents are strongly agreed whereas 21 respondents are keep neutral. It means proper ingredients

are also important during prepare tea/coffee. In 3rd

statement (figure4.1c) 35 respondents are agreed

they are satisfied with the taste & preferences of vending machine tea/coffee whereas 26 respondents

are keep neutral. Only 14 respondents are strongly agreed with this statement. It means the tastes of



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vending machine tea/coffee are good. Few respondents are disagreed from these above three

statements.

In the 4th statement (figure4.1d) 36 respondents are agreed and 12 respondents are strongly agreed

which shows that consumer have specific brand preference during consume tea/coffee from vending

machine. Here 24 respondents are keep neutral and 11 respondents are disagreed with this statement

which shows that some customer never consume tea/coffee from a specific brand.

In statement 5th (figure4.1e) 41 respondents keep neutral and 16 are disagreed with the statement

which means maximums choice are not depend on whether to consume tea/coffee.

In statement 6th (figure4.1f) 42 are disagreed and 26 are keeping neutral as well in statement 7

th

(figure4.1g) 45 are disagreed and 29 keep neutral. If we compare between statement 3rd

and statement

6th& 7

th we found that the respondents are satisfied with vending machine tea/coffee but they are not

enjoy it very much as well as it is not sweet enough for them.

In statement 8th (figure4.1h) 43 respondents are disagreed with the statement as well 15 respondents

are strongly disagreed whereas 21 respondents are keep neutral. It shows that consumers do not prefer

tea/coffee of vending machine due to low quantity of milk. They prefer it due to hygienic factor and

it‘s readily available.

In statement 9th (figure4.1i) 34 are keep neutral and 13 are disagreed whereas 11 are strongly

disagreed. It shows that maximums are not aware about the procedure of preparing tea/coffee through

vending machine.

In statement 10th (figure4.1j) 46 respondents are agreed with the statement and 31 are keep neutral

which shows that maximum respondents know that vending machine tea/coffee are good for health.

FINDINGS

In the area of Bhubaneswar maximum people prefer vending machine tea/coffee due to

hygienic factor and it is readily available.

Maximum people prefer TATA tea as their favorite‘s tea brand followed by Brook bond.

Like that maximum people prefer Bru as their favorites coffee brand followed by Nescafe for

house hold use. But in outside of home maximum prefer CCD for the consumption of coffee.

Maximum people of Bhubaneswar are aware about tea & coffee vending machine from their

friends & peers as well as family members and relatives rather than advertisement due to less

promotion strategy adopted by company.

Maximum people prefer to consume tea/coffee at home. Due to that a very less people

consume tea/coffee always from vending machine where as maximum people consume

tea/coffee from vending machine sometimes. Service holders are preferred to take tea &

coffee from vending machine frequently.

Maximum people are preferred tea/coffee Lipton vending machine. But sometimes people

provide more importance to CCD rather than Lipton. Here we found that due to price factor

we see the change in the behavior of customers. Nescafe is a brand which is also preferred by

people.



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The most three preferred vending machine brand are Lipton, CCD and Nescafe.

If Lipton going to lunch new tea/coffee vending machine for house hold use, most of the

respondents is told that they are not sure about buying vending machine for tea/coffee for

house hold use which is almost 41.51% due to lack of information about the product. They

are somehow interested to buy but factor is that there is no like such products for house hold

use in the market because it is a new concept.

Almost 33% of respondents say no and only 16% respondents say yes to buy Lipton vending

machine for house hold use.

Maximum people are consider the factors like price, availability & visibility and after sales

service by company before buy the product.

CONCLUSION

The exploding network of urban cafes serving liquid coffee and tea at Rs 50 and above to mostly

younger consumers made HUL research this segment as well. The single thread playing out here is the

accelerating out-of-home (OOH) consumption that is driving fresh ideas in business. More consumers

are spending time out of home-at work, waiting at airport, railway stations or bus stops, hanging out

in malls and multiplexes. This creates a very large and unique experience not just for consumption,

but also for the brand where you have the chance to engage with the consumer. The on-premises

vending opportunity for hot beverages is estimated at Rs 1,500 crore today. HUL's vending business

has grown 30% annually in the past five years. In vending machine sector HUL (Lipton) has an

average performance. Most of the customers are still not aware about the product. The existing

customers should be taken good care. Company should pay more attention towards the promotion of

the product and the distribution channels should also be developed to acquire a good market position

in Vending machine sector.

REFERENCES

Ashihara H, Sano H, Crozier A (2008). ―Caffeine and related purine alkaloids biosynthesis,

catabolism, function and genetic engineering‖, Photochemistry 69841–856.

Boughton, Ian (2005) ―Changing taste of coffee consumption‖, Caterer & Hotelkeeper,

195:43-82.

Boughton, Ian, (2011) ―Rise of the machines‖, Caterer & Hotelkeeper, 201:46-77.

Brucks, M., and V.A. Zeithaml, (1991). ―Price and Brand Name as Indicators of Quality

Dimensions‖, Management Science Institute, 91-130.

Bunkova R, Marova I, Nemec M (2005). ―Anti-mutagenic properties of green tea‖, Plant

Foods for Human Nutrition 60:25–29.

Capone, Lisa (1999) ―Growing coffee with multiple benefits‖, In Business, 21(3).

Cabrera C, Artacho R, Giménez R (2006). ―Beneficial effects of green tea – a review‖,

Journal of the American College of Nutrition 25:79–99.

Dodds, W.B., Monroe, K.B., & Grewal, D. (1991). ―Effects of price, brand, and store

information on buyers‘ product evaluations‖, Journal of Marketing Research, 28:307-319.

Erba D et al. (2005). ―Effectiveness of moderate green tea consumption on anti-oxidative

Status and plasma lipid profile in humans‖, The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 16:144–

149.



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Freeman, Laurie (1997), ―Iced tea, coffee drinks get warmer reception‖, Drug Store News,

Vol. 19, Issue 19

Websites Referred:

Hindustan Unilever Limited Official website:

www.hul.co.in/investor/annual_report_2011.aspAnnual Report '11-'12

Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustan_Unilever

Author stream: http://www.authorstream.com

Books referred:

Kothari, ―Research Methodology,‖ third Rev. Ed., New Delhi, New Age International

Publishers, 2011.



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