contact: europeans & amerindians apush – mr. hesen
TRANSCRIPT
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CONTACT: Europeans & Amerindians
APUSH – Mr. Hesen
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OVERVIEW: BIG IDEASBy 1600 Europeans created first global economy
“Age of Discovery” resulted in the greatest human catastrophe ever• 90% Amerindians died by 1600• Over 10 million African and Amerindian slaves
Cultural differences were so immense that conflicts occurred over three centuries
Summary of relations:• Spain – sought to Christianize Indians • French – sought to establish trade with Indians• English – move Indians or eradicate them
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Native Americans (Amerindians)• Population – 50-70 million• Arrived in more than 40,000 years ago
using Bering Strait• Spread to the tip of South America by
8,000 BCE- First Indians hunted animals for fur- Very nomadic – had to move with the
herds
Hundreds of tribes with different languages, religions, and cultures:• By 4,000 BCE – more permanent farming
communities in southwestern U.S.• Grew mostly maize, amaranth, manioc, chilies,
pumpkins, sweet potatoes, and beans
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Development of Societies – “sedentary societies”• Incas – in Peru• Aztecs – in Mexico• Mayans – along the Yucatan Peninsula
– Developed advanced agricultural techniques based on corn
– Built stone-carved cities rivaling those in Europe– Studied mathematics and astronomy– Men and women worked in fields together– Used surpluses for trade- early economic
systems developed
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North American Indians• Far Less developed than South American cultures• “Semi-sedentary” societies• Some agriculture:
– Developed by women– “Three Sisters”: MAIZE, SQUASH, and BEANS– Men hunted; women farmed– Europeans sought to turn men to farming– GOAL: “…reducing the Indian men to civility”
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Most societies were matrilineal and matrilocal• Women “owned” the property
– No real individual land ownership– “Use rights” allocated by chiefs
• Men were the teachers by example• Amerindians did not want more
property than absolutely necessary– Opposite to European culture –
based around worldly goods• Extensive trade along the
Mississippi Valley– Most important man in tribe gave
the most away– Trade wasn’t a contract– When trade stopped…war
began
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Pueblo Indians• Rio Grande Valley in
New Mexico, Arizona, and Colorado– Corn planting– Irrigation systems– Multi-storied and
terraced dwellings
• The “Anasazi Mystery”– Cliff dwellers
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Mound Builder Civilization• Civilizations in the Mississippi and
Ohio Valleys• Mississippian culture (e.g. Cahokia
near E. St. Louis) • Rivaled Egyptian architecture;
home to as many as 40,000 people (c. 1000-1700 BCE)
• Central mound, 100 ft. high, world’s largest earthen work
• Largest city north of Mexico
-Iron tools, wore woven fabrics, buried dead in collective graves• Trade spanned from Appalachians
to Rockies; Great Lakes to Gulf of Mexico
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Atlantic Coast • Crops: maize, beans, & squash (c.1000 CE)
– Creeks practiced democratic style government– Choctaw and Cherokee were also prominent– Iroquois in eastern woodlands built a strong military
confederacy • Mohawk Valley of what is today New York State• Consisted of Five Nations: Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, and
the Senecas.
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European Beliefs
• Bible – literal interpretation• Bible did not mention
Amerindians– What were they?
• Saw Indian practices as worshipping Satan
Amerindian Beliefs
• Amerindians had nothing in comparison
• Christians ate their own god (Eucharist)
• Amerindians had no concept of heaven
• Disliked Christian heaven – no Indians present
• Preferred to be buried with the own ancestors.
Religious Differences
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Differences in War • Amerindians were curious why Europeans sought decisive
battles on an open battlefield
- Saw it as tremendous waste of humans
- Used guerrilla-type warfare. - Europeans made poor torture victims
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Faltering RelationsEuropeans resorted often to killing women and children – savage warfare• Pequot War in 1630s was the most gruesome example• By King Philip’s War (1670s), Amerindians had learned this
lesson well and destroyed Puritan villages, killing non-combatants.
• Amerindians often captured children of other tribes and assimilated them.
.
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European Explorers
• Non-Europeans came prior to Columbus but did not stay.
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European Motives for Exploration in the Age of Discovery (“ENDER”)
• Emerging nation-states sought power; competed against rivals
-Competition between Catholics and Protestants became conflict of national purposes
• New technology enabled Europeans to dominate
-Gunpowder, new sailing technologies, etc.
• Desire to Christianize new peoples
• Economics
-Need for new markets esp. from the East (e.g., spices)
• Renaissance (starting late 14th c. lasting well into 16th c.)
-Atmosphere of rebirth, optimism, exploration
-Secular Europe began to break away from religious domination
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The Portuguese
GOAL: Sought all-water route to Asia (late 15th c.)
• Bartholomew Dias (1488)– Rounded southern tip of Africa in search of route to
Asia.
• Vasco da Gama reached India (1498)– Brought back treasures creating European demand
for eastern goods
• Pietro Cabral - Discovered east coast of Brazil during failed voyage to India. - Brazil eventually became a Portuguese colony
• Amerigo Vespucci (1501-02)
- Exploration in Brazil – landed in “America”
Portugal was the first to introduce African slavery in the NewWorld
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The Spanish
• Christopher Columbus (Italian explorer)– Spain eager to compete with Portugal– Queen Isabella & King Ferdinand support
Columbus.
• Columbus’ motives: – Religious: believed in spreading the Gospel – Wealth
• Columbus landed in the Bahamas on Oct.12, 1492.– Believed he had reached East Indies (Indonesia).– Moved on to Hispanola (Haiti) where Arawoks
were friendly; had tobacco & gold.– Arawok Indians virtually exterminated by
Columbus and his followers
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Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) • Spain secured its claim to
Columbus's discoveries • New World divided: Portugal
got Brazil + territory in Africa & Asia; Spain dominated North & South America
• RESULT: Spain did not gain access to West African slave trade
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Spanish Discoverers (God, Glory, Gold)
• Vasco Nunez Balboa discovered Pacific Ocean off of Panama in 1513
• Ferdinand Magellan: His ship was first to circumnavigate the globe in 1522.
• Ponce de Leon discovered Florida (thought it was an island) in 1513 seeking the fountain of youth
• Francisco Coronado in search of golden cities traveled through the American Southwest
• Juan Cabrillo sailed as far north as Oregon, discovered San Diego Bay. – Laid basis for Spain’s claims to northern Pacific Coast of North America
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Conquerors -- Conquistadores
Hernando de Soto in a gold seeking expedition in 1539-42 explored much of the American southeast (crossed the Mississippi River); treated Indians badly.
Hernan Cortés conquered the Aztecs in 1519-1521 -- Montezuma's envoys thought Cortes was Aztec god
Francisco Pizarro defeated Incas in 1532; vast amounts of gold & silver
Spanish invaders enslaved Indians; forced labor digging for precious metals.
Empire stretched from California and Florida to the tip of South America.
Transplanted laws, religion and language and laid foundations for a score of Spanish-speaking countries
"Black Legend": false view advanced by Protestant countries that only Spain "killed for Christ," enslaved Indians, stole their gold, infected them with diseases, and left nothing but misery behind.
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St. Augustine (1565) – Oldest European settlement in the modern-day
U.S.– Purpose: keep French out of Spanish southeast
territory and protect sea lanes in the Caribbean
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France in North America• French exploration (beaver trade)• Giovanni da Verrazano, 1524: sailed American coast from Carolina to Maine.
• Jacques Cartier explored up the St. Lawrence River in 1530s.
• Samuel de Champlain “father of New France” established Quebec in 1608
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Other French Explorers
• Antoine Cadillac -- founded Detroit in 1701 – Aimed to keep English settlers out of the Ohio Valley
• Robert de La Salle -- Sailed from Quebec, down through the Great Lakes, and down the Mississippi River
• Goal: prevent Spanish and English expansion into Gulf of Mexico region
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French established posts in the Mississippi region (New Orleans was the most important—1718) – Attempted to block Spanish expansion into the Gulf of
Mexico – Forts and trading posts in Illinois country: Kaskaskia,
Cahokia, & Vincennes – Large amounts of grain was sent down the Mississippi
River for shipment to the West Indies and Europe.
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England's Search for EmpireMajor causes leading to British colonial impulse: - Eventual peace with Spain provided opportunities overseas without harassment- Population growth created a surplus of workers, many of whom became potential colonists - Unemployment (economic opportunity), farm land, adventure, markets, political freedom, religious freedom, social change. - Joint-stock companies provided financial means: investors provided resources for sea expeditions
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English Compete with Spain and France• John Cabot (1497-98) explored coast of Newfoundland to Virginia on behalf of England.
• Frobisher (1576) explored coast of Labrador• Sir Francis Drake’s "sea dogs" pirated Spanish ships on the high seas
• English attempt to colonize in the late-16th century– Sir Walter Raleigh - Roanoke
• led 115 men, women & children to Roanoke Island off coast of Virginia; mysteriously vanished.
• “CROATOAN”
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Results of contact between Native-Americans and Europeans
For Native Americans:• Mass death and genocide: By 1600, nearly 90% of Native American population perished
• European diseases, e.g., smallpox, yellow fever, malaria, most destructive.
• Central American & Caribbean population in 1519 = perhaps 25 million; only 1 million remaining in 1605.
• Cattle, swine and horses, firearms• Great Plains tribes transformed via
horses
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For Europeans• Global empires for 1st time in
human history• Explosion of capitalism
(Commercial Revolution)• Revolution in diet
– Corn, beans, tomatoes & esp. potato lead to improved diet
– Revolutionized the international economy.
• Stimulants: coffee, cocoa, and tobacco
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Contributions of Europeans to North America
England
•Democratic forms of government•Tradition of hard working•Zealous individuals•English language
France
•French language•French culture and religion•Large-scale trade with Amerindians
Spai
n
•Schools•Hospitals•Printing press•Spanish language•Christianity
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The FrenchThe beaver trade led to exploration of much of North America; heavy demand for fur in European fashion)• Ameridians gained firearms,
alcohol, pots, glass beads• Coureurs de bois (“runners of the woods”)
• French seamen—voyageurs –recruited Indians into the fur trade
• French expansion into Mississippi Valley resulted in trade relations with southeast Indians
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Jesuits• Catholic missionaries who
sought to convert Indians and save them from the fur trappers
• Sought conversion through example
• Some were brutally killed by Amerindians
• Played a vital role as explorers and geographers
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French Diplomacy with Amerindians– The French made friends with Algonquins and Hurons ensuring the survival of Quebec.
– Iroquois League in upstate New York prevented the French from spreading south into NY and parts of the Ohio Valley
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Spain and the Pueblo Indians in the American Southwest:– Juan de Oñate established New Mexico, 1598
• Retaliated against Pueblo Indians at Acoma by killing 800 and enslaving 600 others
• Pueblos submitted to Spanish demands for labor and food, especially during drought conditions
• Santa Fe became the capital in 1610.
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Encomienda system• Amerindians forced to do unpaid labor to build roads,
buildings, and other infrastructure in towns.• Pueblo villages also required to pay tribute to Spanish leaders
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Pueblo Revolt of 1680– Amerindians rebelled against
Spanish rule in New Mexico and expelled them for over ten years
– Killed half the Spanish clergy and over 350 settlers
– Albuquerque founded in 1706 by Spanish soldiers but did not employ the encomienda system
– Indian religion tolerated as long as they attended Catholic mass
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English Colonies (East Coast)– Pilgrims in Plymouth Bay
established good relations with Chief Massasoit of the Wampanoags• Squanto served as an effective intermediary
• Purchased land from Indians for creation of Plymouth Plantation
• First Thanksgiving held in 1621 between Indians and Pilgrims
– Puritans in New England tried conversion of Indians but it failed
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Pequot War (1630s)– An alliance of the
Massachusetts and Plymouth colonies and Amerindians
– Destroyed the Pequot tribe
– English settlers resorted often to killing Indian women and children
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New England Confederation (1643): created by New England colonies for collective security against Amerindians:
– Later: Effective in defeating Amerindians throughout New England
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King Philip’s War (1670s): Wampanoags used English tactic of attacking innocent civilians and destroyed Puritan villages.
– Per capita, bloodiest war in American history.– Defeat of Chief Metacom’s forces represented the end of significant
Amerindian influence in New England.