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11/22/2017 1 Dr. Soliman Mohammed Soliman Lecturer of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia is a serious highly contagious respiratory disease of cattle. CBPP is characterized by chronic pneumonia and pleurisy CBPP cause mortality rates of up to 80%. Soliman Mohammed Soliman, PhD, Infectious Diseases 2

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Page 1: Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia - Cairo Universityscholar.cu.edu.eg/sms/files/contagious_bovine_pleuropneumonia.pdfContagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia •Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia

11/22/2017

1

Dr. Soliman Mohammed Soliman

Lecturer of Infectious Diseases,

Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University

Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia

• Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia is a serious highly contagious

respiratory disease of cattle.

• CBPP is characterized by chronic pneumonia and pleurisy

• CBPP cause mortality rates of up to 80%.

Soliman Mohammed Soliman, PhD, Infectious Diseases 2

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Etiology

Natural hosts : Cattle (bovine and zebu), buffaloes

Mycoplasma mycoides mycoides

(bovine biotype)

- Small colony type

- Quickly inactivated in environment

Susceptibility

Soliman Mohammed Soliman, PhD, Infectious Diseases 3

Geographic distribution

• CBPP is endemic in parts of Africa (Zambia, Tanzania, Botswana).

• Sporadic outbreaks are also reported in the Middle East, due to importation of

cattle from Africa.

• The situation in Asia is uncertain, but in the past, this disease was reported in many

countries.

• Although CBPP reemerged in Europe in the 1980s and 1990s, it was eradicated and

has not been reported since 1999.

• The Western hemi-sphere remained free of the disease during the recent outbreaks

Soliman Mohammed Soliman, PhD, Infectious Diseases 4

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Soliman Mohammed Soliman, PhD, Infectious Diseases 5

Transmission

Inhalation of infected drops of coughing from

infected animalMode of infection

Introduction of carrier animal to susceptible

herd is the main cause of outbreaksMode of Transmission

• The organism is present in saliva, urine, fetal membranes, uterine discharges

• Indirect transmission is not important, The organism survive for a few days in the environment

Soliman Mohammed Soliman, PhD, Infectious Diseases 6

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Morbidity / Mortality

Increases with close confinement

Can reach 100% in susceptible

herds

Morbidity Mortality

Ranges from 10-70%

Affected by secondary factors :

Nutrition, parasitism

25% of recovered animals may become carriers

Soliman Mohammed Soliman, PhD, Infectious Diseases 7

Clinical Signs

• Incubation period: 10 days to 6 months

• Lethargy, anorexia, fever, cough

• Thoracic pain, reluctance to move with increased respiratory rate

• Changes in posture

Neck forward Neck outstretched

Legs apart

Elbow abduction (Elbows turned out )

AIR GASPING AIR HUNGER

Soliman Mohammed Soliman, PhD, Infectious Diseases 8

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Clinical Signs

• Congenitally infected calves

Polyarthritis

May not show signs of pneumonia

• Subclinical cases can be carriers

Soliman Mohammed Soliman, PhD, Infectious Diseases 9

Soliman Mohammed Soliman, PhD, Infectious Diseases 10

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Soliman Mohammed Soliman, PhD, Infectious Diseases 11

Soliman Mohammed Soliman, PhD, Infectious Diseases 12

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Post Mortem Lesions

Lung

• Thickening, inflammation of lung tissue

• Extensive fibrin accumulation, fibrosis “Marbling”

Thoracic cavity

• Up to 10 L straw-colored fluid present

Encapsulated sequestra

Joints enlargedOrganism survives, animal becomes carrier

Soliman Mohammed Soliman, PhD, Infectious Diseases 13

Lung distension Large unilateral lesionSoliman Mohammed Soliman, PhD, Infectious Diseases 14

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Marbling

Soliman Mohammed Soliman, PhD, Infectious Diseases 15

Marbling

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Fibrinous pleurisy

Soliman Mohammed Soliman, PhD, Infectious Diseases 17

Fluid in thoracic cavity Tendosynovitis and arthritis

Soliman Mohammed Soliman, PhD, Infectious Diseases 18

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Diagnosis

• Unilateral pneumonia

• Polyarthritis in calves

• PM lesions helpful

Clinical signs Differential Diagnosis

• East Coast fever

• Bovine pasteurellosis

• Bronchopneumonia, TB

Soliman Mohammed Soliman, PhD, Infectious Diseases 19

Diagnosis

Serology

• Complement fixation (CFT)

Used only for herd diagnosis, not individual

Useful with subclinical cases

• Competitive ELISA

• Hemagglutination

Active herd outbreaks

PCR

Soliman Mohammed Soliman, PhD, Infectious Diseases 20

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Treatment

• Antibiotics are ineffective in chronic cases

• Recommended only in endemic areas

• Treatment can not eliminate the organism, so it promote sequestration of organism and the development of carrier animals

• Recommended action in outbreak

• Slaughter and necropsy of a suspect animal

Soliman Mohammed Soliman, PhD, Infectious Diseases 21

Control

• The disease is notifiable (by law) to veterinary authorities

• In clean areas outbreaks are eradicated with

a) Testing of infected farms and slaughter of infected and contact animals

b) Quarantines

c) Movement control

d) Cleaning and disinfection : many routinely used disinfectants are effective against the organism

Soliman Mohammed Soliman, PhD, Infectious Diseases 22

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Control

• In endemic areas

a) Quarantine, movement control

b) Testing of infected farms and slaughter of infected and contact animals

c) Vaccination with attenuated vaccine (eg, T1/44 strain), efficacy is limited (33-67%)

d) Cleaning and disinfection : Sodium hypochlorite (3%) , many routinely used disinfectants are effective against the organism

Soliman Mohammed Soliman, PhD, Infectious Diseases 23

Soliman Mohammed Soliman, PhD, Infectious Diseases 24

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Soliman Mohammed Soliman, PhD, Infectious Diseases 25

Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia (CCPP)

• Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae

• Other mycoplasmas cause similar but distinct disease in small ruminants

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History

• 1873: First described in Algeria

• 1881: Major outbreak in South Africa

• Diseased goats led to spread

• Discovery that CCPP is highly infectious

• 1976: Mycoplasma F38 isolated In vitro

• 1993: Officially classified as M. capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae

Soliman Mohammed Soliman, PhD, Infectious Diseases 27

Economic Impact

• Direct costs

High mortality rates

Reduced milk and meat production

Treatment and control costs

• Indirect costs

Trade restrictions

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Geographic Distribution

• CCPP endemic in:

Africa

Asia

Middle East

Eastern Europe

Former USSR

• Never been found in North America

Soliman Mohammed Soliman, PhD, Infectious Diseases 29

Morbidity / Mortality

Often 100%

Disease severe in naïve animals

Chronic disease in endemic areas

Morbidity Mortality

Ranges from 60 to 100%

Increased with close contact

Soliman Mohammed Soliman, PhD, Infectious Diseases 30

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Transmission

• Highly contagious

• Direct contact

Inhalation of infectious respiratory droplets

• Carrier animals may exist

Soliman Mohammed Soliman, PhD, Infectious Diseases 31

Clinical Signs

• Incubation period: 6 to 10 days.

• Respiratory symptoms

• Peracute

• Minimal clinical signs and affected goats can die within 1 to 3 days

• Acute

• High fever, anorexia, productive cough, wide stance, extended neck

• In the final stages of disease, the goat may not be able to move and stands with its front legs wide apart, and its neck stiff and extended.

• Chronic

• Cough, nasal charge, debilitation

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Soliman Mohammed Soliman, PhD, Infectious Diseases 33

Post Mortem Lesions

Granular lung appearance

Fibrinous pneumonia

Chronic changes

• Pleuropneumonia

• Pleuritis

• Adhesions

Soliman Mohammed Soliman, PhD, Infectious Diseases34

The lesions of CCPP are limited to the respiratory

system

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Soliman Mohammed Soliman, PhD, Infectious Diseases 35

Differential Diagnosis

• Pasteurellosis

• Peste des petits ruminants

• Caseous lymphadenitis

• Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri

• Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides large-colony type

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Soliman Mohammed Soliman, PhD, Infectious Diseases 37