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CONTEMPLATION: A MEANS TO WHOLENESS AND HARMONY
WITH SELF, GOD, AND PEOPLE
by
Sister Esuria Fabronia Mendonca
A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School, Marquette University,
in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree
of Master of Arts
Milwaukee, Wisconsin December, 1986
July 3, 1986
Ms. Fabronia Mendonca 1501 South Layton Blvd. Milwaukee, WI 53215
Dear Ms. Mendonca:
MU Graduate School Office of the Dean
Marquette University 1217 West Wisconsin Milwaukee, WI 53233 (414) 224-7137 Cable: MUGRAD
In partial fulfillment of your master's degree, I am pleased to report that your thesis outline has been officially accepted by the Graduate School. You have reached another objective in pursuit of your degree and I wish you every success as you execute your thesis outline. It has been returned to your Department Chairperson. As you know, Dr. Nordberg will serve as your thesis director with the support of Rev. Lambeck and Dr. Collins as valuable committee members. Please keep in close contact with your Thesis Committee as you enter the final stages of your degree program.
LEM:j 1 c
cc: Education Dr. Nordberg Rev. Lambeck Dr. Collins
Sincerely,
>PLQYL I'\- £ . (YlVY1UVAC ~{~ E. Miner Assistant Dean, and Director of Research Support
PREFACE
This paper is born out of a personal search.
De~pite any name, fame or glory earned through being an
effective teacher and an efficient administrator and
animator, de~p peace and a sense of fulfillment was not
realized. Hence a search began, a search for the unknown,
the other shore, the Absolute. The author looked for
someone who would free her from this earthly mire at times
and lead her on the right direction to peace. A guide was
found in the person of Aacharya Guru Amalorananda, who
pointed out the path to God and emphasized the simplicity of
the Indian Christian tradition and the practice of
contemplation.
This was a turning point. It was a call to a new
life, a life of love, a life of peace, and a life of
communion with God in contemplation and interior
transformation. Remarkable and notable change and
conversion were personally witnessed by many a co-pilgrim
who were also in search for the Ultimate. Each of them
experienced inner freedom, harmony and peace. Consequently
the realization dawned on us that contemplation could have
tremendous impact on the life of people.
The main purpose of this paper, therefore, is to
explore the need for contemplation as a valid approach in
ii
attaining wholeness and harmony with self, with God, and
with ~the~s in today's world. This would result in a
practical method which would encourage people to live a
simple and meaningful life, and enable them to attain
wholeness and harmony. In contemplation one can find God in
oneself, in others, and in the whole of creation. If this
is true, then people should live in love and spread the same
love tn all mankind, because God is love. Only then can a
new and just iociety be created where all will be accepted
as brothers and sisters.
My observation of the value of contemplation being
used with individuals, in small groups, and communities,
suggested that it can be employed profitably in any ordinary
situation by people in all walks of life. Any procedure
that will achieve this is to en60urage people in the
practice of contemplation.
For this tbpic, "Contemplation: A Means to Wholeness
and Harmony", the chosen materials are of four kinds:
1. The available literature on conte~plation to date has
been extensively reviewed.
2. A questionnaire which, in itself, could not demonstrate
the validity or non-validity of contemplation, although it
could show what people think about the issue which feeds
into the larger question, was given to varied groups in
Wisconsin and in India.
3. Twenty interviews were conducted among diversified
iii
persons of various ages ranging between 25-80 years.
4. Personal communication with Reverend Amalorpavadass,
Ph.D., in India, an authority on contemplation, elicited new
insights and re-directed thoughts.
Contemplation serves different needs according to
the beliefs of those who use it. For example, the
pantheists would use it to commune with nature, while many
students in the United States spend their time in T.M. or
Indian-inspired transcendental meditation. There is a good
proportion of people practicing Zen meditation as a way to
interior peace and harmony, while many Christians yield to
contemplation for a deeper experience of God. With due
respect for the different beliefs, the author chooses
Christo-centric cbntemplation because in and through Christ
one can experience God. Jesus is the way to the Father: "No
one comes to the Father except by me" (In 14:6). Whatever
methods others use, the central fact of the author's faith
is that Jesus Christ is the supreme medium of revelation and
faith, and the perfect sign of communication between God and
man (Mk 11:25-27).
Through prayer the author has met the Lord. This
personal experience of Christ in the center of one's being
has enabled the development of an attitude rif openness and
tolerance towards other religions and people. The author
was born into a Christian family in India where the majority
of the neighbors were Hindus. From my youth I observed
iv
their different lifestyles. Through contemplation in these
later years, it has been possible to grow in respect of
their customs and practices, and in appreciation of their
forms of worship and prayer. My re1i9ious experience has
enabled me to enter into dialogue with Hindus, Mus1i~s,
Jains, Sikhs, Buddhists and Parsees on values common to all
religions.
Over the years I have seen myself grow in the love
of God and in love for people. I have become more sensitive
and ' compassionate to the needs of other~. Trials and
difficulties have strengthened me and have caused me to have
my security in God. As a result, I experience inner freedom
and quietness and have come to realize that contemplation is
a gift from God: one cannot earn it on one's own, but one
can always be grateful for it.
During my stay at the National Biblical,
Catechetical and Liturgical Center in Bangalore, India, I
was introduced to Indian forms and , methods of prayer. The
premise that communion with God is not merely a vague
presence, but a relationship; and relationships take time to
develop, became my personal conviction. The necessity to set
aside a specific time each day to be with the Lord became
apparent. This was brought home to me by the gospel scene
of Christ's appearing to Mary Magdalene near the tomb when
Jesus said to Mary: "Do not cling to me. • But go and
find my brothers and tell them. ." (In 20:14). Every
v
genuine encounter will result in a fresh dynamic urge to
share that unique experience with others as totally as
possible. It is true that contemplation is a mystery, and
therefore, little is actually known about it. But the
purpose and result of every God-experience is not for
oneself, but for others. One needs to share and proclaim it
to all as Good News.
This thesis was initiated for self-education and as
a vehicle to study the needs of others as a basis for
counseling towards wholenss and harmony. The author1s aim
is to discover~ays in which people can deal with today1s
insecurities through centering, and to show ways of
transcending life1s complexities.
This research has already benefitted the writer, and
it is hoped that those who read it will profit from it.
vi
ACKNO\oJLEDGF~MENTS
with a deep sense of gratitude I acknowledge my
spirit.ual director, . Rev. D. S. Amalorpavadass, who inspired
me to walk in the presence of God and who also enabled me to
receive an education at Marquette University. Like\<lise, I
am grateful to His Eminence Simon Cardinal Lourdusamy for
sponsoring me and taking a keen interest in my welfare and
studies. Also, I am deeply indebted to the School Sisters
of Saint Francis for their hospitality and friendship which
facilitated and fostered this work in numerous wa y s.
My advisor, Robert B. Nordberg, Ph.D., who acted as a
source of assistance, encouragement and advice, helping me
with invaluable comments on the several parts of my
manuscript also merits my gratitude. Rev. Robert T,', V' • •
Lambeck, S.J., and Peter M. Collins, Ph.D., were willing to
serve on the committee and to be supportive of my efforts
from start to finish. I thank them. I also thank my
ind~fatigable Franciscan typist.
My gratitude is given to the many individuals who
were available for interviews, and to the students of
Alverno College, Milwaukee, and the participants of Indian
Christian Spirituality Experience at Anjal Ashram, India.
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE ••••• " " ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS • •. vii
Chapter I.
II.
INSATIABLE HUMAN NEEDS ••••••••
Cause of Personal Disintegration •• Cause of Human Tensions. • • . • ••
REMEDY: CONTEMPLATION ••••
• 1
.3 7
.11
Definition. 12 Centering. .15 Purification of Self. Interior Silence ••••
18 21
III. THE GOAL OF CONTEMPLATION: WHOLENESS, HARMONY,
IV.
AND UNION WITH GOD. • • • • • • • • • . . • 26
Self Discovery •••••••••••••.• 28 Integrated Life. . • • • • • • • • • • •. 30 Personal Integrity: Wholeness ••••.•• 32 Community Fellowship (me--God--neighbor) •. 34 Cosmic Harmony. • • • • •••• 36 Union vith God ••••••••••••••• 37
THE , UNIVERSAL CALL TO CONTEMPLATION ••• • 40
A Call to a Personal Response •••••••• 41 A Need for a Death to Self •.••••••• 45
V. TRANSFORMING OUTCOMES OF CONTEMPLATION ••••• 49
Finding God in the Realities of the World •• 52 A Special Relationship With God. • • • •• 54 Love in Action. •••••• • • 56 Conclusion ••••••••••••••••• 58
VI. CONTEMPORARY ANALYSIS OF CONTEMPLATION ••••• 61
BIBLIOGRAPHY. • • • • • • . ' . • .73
viii
CHAPTER I
INSATIABLE HUMAN NEEDS
The human race is facing the greatest crisis in
its history today because of its unceasing craving to pursue
material things in order to satisfy all urges and acquired
needs and because of the decadence of moral values. Power
is also magnetic. Mankind is not satisfied in conquering
the forces of nature but is eager to conauer the unknown as
is evidenc e d by the costly space programs. Not even
disasters such as the destruction of shuttles and life
(January 28, 1986) and the Chernobyl fallout (April 16,
1986) can deter scientific dreams. Even common individuals,
in their desire for possessions, are often longinq for more
and more. There is an urge in many individuals to acquire
immediately the latest and the newest.
Many of the world's wars show that there is a
developed desire in people to acquire more p6ssessions and
to look for satisfaction in earthlyqoods. Often these wars
began \vith territorial invasions for powerful commodities
and ended with much looting on the part of the soldiers. In
peaceful times, there are still indications of cravings
which cause individuals to be in a state of restlessness.
Many people deprive themselves of private time or leisure
1
because they are busy achieving and calculating the
acquisitions of wealth, riches, fame, honor and power, which
usually do not give them happiness. The cycle for
possessions and acquisitions of goods and glory and power
continues. The Indian theol00ian, D. S. Amalorpavadass says:
• What is worse is that the individual could also be in a state of loneliness ann isolation, where left to oneself and centered on self, with all doors and horizons closed, related with neither the Other nor the others. It is discovered that their only reality is self. To have none but oneself is a state of non-existence and no~-personhood. It is also a state of chaos and void.
In such a situation, individuals and nations are
shrouded in bewilderment. For many people, this is an age
of anxiety, fear, and emptiness, an age of catastrophes,
earthquakes, fires and floods, as well as volcanic
eruntions: an aoe of shuttle disasters, terrorism and . . ,
nuclear annihilation.
According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, there is a
desire in people to satisfy different sets of needs: that
is, hasic or security needs, sexual needs, and finally self-
actualization needs. Rut a common phenomenon can be
observed not onlv with individuals but also with nations: no
sooner is one need satisfied, then another need arises, and
needs cycle on.
The author has also found this true. As a child
there was the ambition to pursue studies. Later, there were
dreams to visit foreign countries which are heing fulfilled
in part by travel to the 0nited States to work for a
~
a Master's degree in counseling. In the future the Holy
Land beckons. Someday a personal longing for an audience
with the Pope will be realized. From personal experience and
from what others have shared of their experiences, my
co~clusion is that human needs are insatiable. St.
Augustine wrote: "Our hearts are restless until they rest
in Thee."2
Genuine human life begins when one poses basic
questions of human existence and looks for satisfactory
answers in the Ultimate, the Supreme, and the Transcendent
-- that is, God. In the measure in which one has discovered
the ultimate goal and deepest significance and moved towards
it, one's life becomes meaningful and purposeful, fruitful
and ,vorthwhile. Likewise, one becomes a person and
discovers the transient nature of this life and one's
possessions and begins to break open oneself in order to
move out of it, transcend it, and relate self with others in
the Reality of all life, that is, God-through contemplation.
Cause of Personal Disinteqration ·
Psychologists teach it, and parents confirm it, that
a child is self-centered and has to be taught and encouraged
to reach out topthers. Buddha discovered this selfishness
as well did as the saints and heroic men and women of the
ages. They were not happy in the established convention of
their times. They · felt that to find something higher they
3
had to cut a path through the jungle of desires and fears,
of illusions, and contradictions. Their ' yearning can be
compared to the longing that made the Hebrew prophet say:
"As the hind longs for the running water, so my soul longs
for you, 0 God. Athirst is my soul for God, the living God:
when shall I go and behold the face of God?" (Psalm 42)
All human beings yearn for the Waters of Life, but
they fear to drink even though they hear the invitation.
Often these persons do not pay heed to this inner voice
because of their selfishness or self-centeredness. Their
multiplication of needs and desires, of things to be bought
or done, has intensified anxieties, discontent and
frustration. "No one seems to escape this sickness," say
Van Kaam and MutO. 3 There are times when some people resort
to violence, vandalism, and murder in order to attain their
heart's desires. These vicious tendencies alienate such
~eople from society. They resort to lies, anger, hatred,
envy, jealousy, greed, lust and avarice, which disassociate
them from all, even God. It is evident that these evils in
society are a menace to peaceful co-existence. Self-
centered people are at war with everyone and do not enjoy
peace and harmony because of a life of disintegration,
brokenness and fragmentation. We have the evidence of Cain,
a disintegrated Biblical character who killed his brother
Abel and was hiding from God and people (Gn 4:1-8). Maloney
pictures a disintegrated person as one who is "locked inside
4
himself, sick, anemic, afraid, cut off from inter-communing
with Gpd and fellow men."4
In our twentieth century there are many unhappy
people who almost live in despair and panic because of their
clinging to destructive and demonic values. With the loss
of innocence and ethical sensitivity, people often fall prey
to their depravity. As a consequence, they harbor guilt
feelings, anxiety and fear, and feel frustrated and on the
verge of despair because of their disintegration. Having
lost their dignity and self-esteem, they indulge in
activities to gratify their passions and lower needs. There
is so much disharmony in families that often it leads to
broken homes~ there is also dissension among nations.
People see unrest, chaos and disunity in the world around
them, the consequence of people's lost sense of values and
freedom. ~1any people become slaves of their passions, whims,
desires, and as a result they abuse their freedom.
Both in Christianity and Hinduism, freedom is
wholeness, integrity, and totality on the one hand, and non-
attachment and renunciation on the other. D. S.
Amalorpavadass states:
When one is ensnared and tied down to many things and beco~es static, there is no possibilit~ of movement and the Spirit is connected with the movement (Yatra) and freedom. Where the Spirit is, there is freedom. Therefore, when one moves, one liberates oneself and shows oneself free, for one is in the Spirit. Again, in order to move, one has to become whole; or inversely, it is by moving towards the core of ~is being, towards ~he unity of self, that onereallzes one's wholeness.
5
This passage makes clear that evil is not so much in
the world as in ourselves. The world remains essentially as
it is. Only the individual who is disintegrated, broken and
fragmented needs to change. Individuals who are very busy,
totally occupied with work, and engaged in numerous
activities may experience disintegration and feel burned
out; at the same time, they may long for prayer, silence and
solitude. This shows that they ~ave a radical disharmony in
their lives.
All should be free to respond to self, to others, and
to God. This implies responsibility. The fact that man is
a social animal mea~s there is a need for relationship. No
one can relate with others if he/she believes and behaves as
though the only person in the world is self. To relate,
there must be other persons, and these other persons must be
recognized, respected and related to as persons. Only then
will relationships tell us whether our ,lives are unified or
broken and fragmented.
Gandhi saw clearly that a life of detachment and
integration is not a way of escape from the world, but a 'If.lay
of freedom from self-interest enabling one to give self
totally to God and to the world. Griffiths, speaking of
Vinoba, a true disciple of Gandhi, shows a beautiful example
of a life of detachment and integration when he says:
, From the day when as a young man he first met Gandhi, Vinoba has dedicated his life to the service of God, but like Gandhi he has learned that the
6
service of God is to be found in the service of onels neighbor. Perhaps the most characteristic story told of him is that one day when he had spent the whole day interviewing two thousand villagets, in the evening, when he was asked whether he was not feeling tired, he answered simply, II hav~ been visited by God over two thousand times today. I
This detachment from self and attachment to God renews the
face of the earth.
Cause of Human Tensions ~
Each person on earth is on_ a pilgrimage in a
relentless quest towards the Absolute. Often the journey
into self is very frightening, demanding and challenging.
In the Book of Job we read: "ManIs life on earth is a
warfare." (Job 7:1) Yes, it is a warfare with oneself, with
one's values and goals. In this journey people do face many
obst~cles and difficulties. Often, they will - have to cross
rivers and lakes, climb mountai~s and hills, walk through
desert and wastelands arid smooth the path to reach their
ultimate goal. Certainly, in every respect, it is a
stiuggle for survival. In the struggle, one does experience
stress and strain, pain and ten'sion, helplessness and
hopelessness and, very often, abandoriment: and "abandonment
of soul," as Van Kaam and Muto express, it is "most
pervasive in affluent societies."7 To overcome tension and
the sense of abandonment, it is necessary to be detached
from our false and illusory self -- a self that is little
more than the collective evaluations and affirmations of
7
mankind's surroundings. For those who are open to receive a
new self, the reward will be a participation in the life of
God. When the search for God is serious, many selfish acts
and deeds are forfeited, possessions are renounced, self is
detached from persons and things and the individual can then
move forward with single-mindedness in the direction of
lasting goals. This is a relentless quest for God. In this
qu~st, no one can escape from conflict, anguish and doubt.
The journey may bring one to tragic anguish and may open
many questions in the depth of the heart like wounds that
cannot stop bleeding. Jesus Christ himself journeyed this
way, bleeding and emptying himself upon the cross, and
turning emptiness into fullness, and death into life.
In our struggle for survival, we have to peel away
layer after layer of falsity and distortion in which we
become entangled and lost. At this time one should withdraw
oneself from exterior things and activities to pass through
the center of self in order to find God and repossess one's
true self by liberation from anxiety, tension, stress and
strain, fear and inordinate desires. How can inner
integration be gained in such a disintegrated world? How
can self-realization be attained when practically nothing is
certain, either in the present or in the future? Many
people spend - themselves trying to find ways and means to
overcome ' their deep-seated anguish, pain and other problems.
These individuals are challenged to meet their insecurity
8
and personal crises and turn then into constructive uses.
To overcome the world's tensions, people should be
aware of their common goal to live each moment with freedom,
honesty and responsibility, so that one can experience the
joy and gratification that accompanies living. The
uncertainty of this time should teach the important lesson:
that the ultimate criteria are personal wholeness, community
fellowship, and cosmic harmony, coupled with courage and
love. When these qualities are missing, there is no
building of the future: but if they are possessed, the
future can be trusted to care for itself. May states:
Our task, then, is to strengthen our consciousness of ourselves, to find centers of strength within ourselves, which will enable us to sta§d despite the confusion and bewilderment around us.
Only then will our struggle bring peace and joy,
comfort and consolation, meaning and purpose to our lives
enabling us to overcome all forms of tension and anguish.
People will come to know that struggle is as much a reality
of life as night and day, rain and thunder; and struggle can
be lived creatively, as any other experience. In these
moments of pain, self-truths can arise as well as new
strengths which will lead to new directions through the
practice of contemplation.
9
SOURCES CONSULTED
CHAPTER I
1. D. S. Amalorpavadass, The Bible in Self-Renewal and Church Renevlal for Serv ice to Soc iety (Bangalore, India:National Biblical, Catechetical and Liturgical Centre, 1984), p. 3.
2. Confessions of St.Auqustine,trans. Frank Sheed (New york: Sheed and \~?ard), p. 3.
I
3. Adrian Van Kaam and Susan Muto, Practicinq the Prayer of Presence (Denville, New Jersey: Dimension Books, 1980), p. 10.
4~ George A. Maloney, Inward Stillness (Denville, New Jersey: Dimensions Books, 1976), p. 55.
5. D.S.Amalorpavadass, Indian Christian Spirituality (Bangalore, India:National Biblical Catechetical and Liturgical Centre, 1982), p.230.
6. Bede Griffiths, Christ in India (Bangalore, India, A,sian Trading Corporation, 1986), p. 122.
7. Van Kaam ~nd Muto, Practicinq the Prayer of Presence, p. 20.
8. Rollo May, Man's Search for Himself (New York: Iii. ViT. Norton & Company, 1953), p. 45 •
. ,..
10
CHAPTER II
REMEDY: CONTEMPLATION
Personal disintegration and human tensions can be
remedied by . contemplation. Some people take several years
of futile searching to realize that nothing in the whole
world can ever satisfy but God. Only in God can one find
meaning and purpose for one's life. A major purpose of
God's creation is individual happiness. Therefore, it is
necessary to be present to God always; and, from time to
time, one should create an awareness of his presence around
and within one. The pr~sence of God can be experienced in
pI a ne s, t ra ins, buses, and in all of our in-between J"'1oments
of life. Hence, contemplative awareness of God's presence
within us will keep one relaxed and gracious in the face of
opposition. Van Kaam and Muto, speaking of people's need
for contemplative presence, state the same truth more
academically:
Many people today seem to have lost their direction. They are no longer in touch with the wisdom of creation. They seek for something to hold on to: politics on the far left or the far right, new philosophies, occultism, drugs, erotic experiences, exotic entertainments. Educated to cleverness, not wisdom, they seem to prefer glamour to substance. Yet deep down t~y crave for some ultimate meaning in their lives.
However, contemplation must not be seen merely as a
11
means to cope with problems, though persons who pray
contemplatively are usually healthy, happy, well-functioning
people who want to increase their effectiveness while
opening their hearts fully to intimacy with God. They enjoy
inner freedom, and, as Maloney states:
Such a freedom is the attainment of wholeness, of integration, of actuating by God's creative, loving 0race, the potential he has locked within 0Y5 created personhoOd to be fully alive human beings.
Human dignity consists in being made accor~ing to the
image and likeness of God himself (Gn 1:26). Inner
conversion presumes growth in the likeness of God and in the
gift of freedom. For such a conversion, it is needed to
take time and descend into oneself before the healing
presence of God. It requires the yielding to let God be
God, and the acceptance of one's poverty, emptiness, and
sinfulness in an act of total surrender. This is the call
to contemplation.
Definitions
Contemplation is defined by Walters as "the awareness
of God, known and loved at the core of one's being. n1l If
one seeks this awareness of the Presence of God and finds it
in faith, contemplation is acquired: but if God gives this
awareness in a real unmerited experience, infused
contemplation is experienced.
Contemplative prayer leads beyond words and thoughts
12
to the reality towards which words and thoughts point.
Merton aptly describes contemplation in the following words:
Contemplation is the highest expression of man's intellectual and spiiitual life. It is a vivid realization of the fact that life and being in us proceed from an invisible, transcendent and abundant source. Contemplation is, above all, awareness of the reality of that source. A vivid awareness of infinite Being at the roots of our own limited being. • Contemplation is the awareness and realization, even in some sense experience, of what each Christian obscurely bel i eve s : 'I tis now no 1 ofF e r I t hat 1 i v e but Christ lives in me' (Ga 2:20). .
This implies that an experience takes place within the
depths of a person's inmost self. Humans slowly recognize
God as the deepest center of their being even though they do
not see him in contemplation. Humans also slowly learn to
love God for his own sake alone.
The author of The Cloud of Unknowing (in Chapter 6)
says, "Though we cannot know him we can love him. By love
he may be touched and embraced, never by thought."13 The
Lord may graciously return this love, and so St. John of the
Cross says, "Contemplation is nothing else but a secret,
peaceful infusion of God, which, if admitted, will set the
soul on fire with the Spirit of love."14
Contemplation, th~refore, is marked by firm faith,
presence and radical intimacy. Since one has to go beyond
words, thoughts, and concepts, and seek to enter a reality,
only love can discern it, and the Spirit awakens this love.
Johnston, when speaking of the need for faith, presence and
13
ranical intimacy which arises from adeep love of God,says:
Contemplation is found in that wisdom which arises from a deep love of God (for a Christian, love of God in Christ), and it reaches its climax in an experience of unity with and separation from God. (For a Christian the unity with God ygd separation from God mirrors the Blessed Trinity)~
This definition is explained clearly by Griffiths, a
Benedictine monk from Europe currently living in India in an
Ashram. He points out:
For the Hindu and the Buddhist, as for certain currents in Islamic thought, in the ultimate state there is an absolute identity • . Man realizes his identity with the absolut~ and realizes that this identity is eternal and unchangeable. In the Christinn vision, man remains distinct from God. He is a creature of God, and his being raised to a participation in the divine life is an act of God's grace, a gratuitous act of infinit& love, by which God descends to man in order to raise him to share in his own life and knowledge and love. In this union man truly shares in the divine mode of knowledge, he knows himself in an identity with God, but he remains distinct in his being. It is an identity, or rather a cOr.1munipEf' by knowledge and love, not an identity of being.
St. Augustine defined contemplation as "the enjoyable
admiration of perceived truth."17 St. Thomas Aquinas
defined it as "simple . intuition of divine truth that
18 produces love."
Therefore, he who attains truth and rests in it is
contemplative. Aquinas expresses the distinct features of
Christian contemplation as th& truth intuited, the fruit of
faith and charity. Hence Christian contemplation is
grounded on faith in and love for Christ.
All mankind is free for intimate union with God
14
through contemplation, a process of enterin0 into that
experience of being free with God, transcending desires,
evil, self-centeredness, and selfishness, so that the whole
of our being is entirely available to God.
Contemplation, therefore, is awareness of God's
presence in ourselves, in others, and in the whole of
creation. We consciously turn toward God in a total act of
surrender that grows daily, mO)11ent by moment.
Centering
Basically, contemplation is a way of coming to one's
own center, the ground of one's being, and remaining there
in stillness, silence and undivided attention. It is a way
of learning to become awake and alive to the Other within
self, in the cave of one's heart, in the core level of one's
being. It is the stillness that leads one forward to the
state of wakefulness. One has the sense of being fully
alive when one is in harmony with oneself, with others,
gradually in harmony with creation, and, finally, with God.
The way to that wakefulness, to one's center, is silence and
stillness.
This is a real challen0e to many people in our times
because so few have any real experience of silence, and it
can be terrribly threatening. It may take many years or few
hours to acquire a quiet heart. The only important thing is
that one make every effort to re-establish contact with
15
one's center in silence, solitude and stillness.
Sri Ramana Maharshi, authority on occult psychology
and questions pertaining to the human mind, states:
An average man's mind is filled with countless thoughts, and therefore each individual one is extremely weak. When in place of these many useless thoughts, there appears only 0rg' it is a power in itself and has a wide influence.
Many great scientists and inventors ascribed their
unique discoveries to the capacity for strong, concentrated
thinking. This was also the case with the saints: Thomas
Aquinas, John of the Cross, Teresa of Avila, Catherine of
Sienna, Bernard of Clairvaux, and many more, all of whom
were conscious of and able to use their extraordinary power
of concentration to yield that ability, to think solely
about the object of their love to the exclusion of all else.
Hence, the most important thing is to still the body
and mind, fix the attention on the object of one's focus --
God, and create an inner, outer and all-round silence and
simply become aware of the Presence of God. This is a
method of relaxation, of detachwent, of flight towards what
is inward and authentic. At this stage all that one has to
do is si~ply to allow oneself to be grasped by the light
which springs up from within, but itself cannot be grasped.
It is like awakening to the personal presence of God.
Some recommend breathing exercise to fix the
attention on the act of breathing and consciously to follow _
the process of inhaling and exhaling, and to integrate a
16
mantra or the name of Jesus with one's breath. Such
attention and concentration of itself establishes a rhythm
and automatically slows down the rate of breathing. The
movement of the mind soon adjusts itself correspondingly,
becomes more regular, slows down in its turn and makes room
for the inner silence. However, one must remember this
method is advocated for those who have special difficulty in
stilling their minds and bodies. It is a pre-prayer device
to be used as needed.
Silence, solitude, stillness and quiet .are essential
for all prayers and much more for contemplation. In
contemplation, one desires to be in communion with God and
participate in his life. Hence all forms of distractions
are to be done away with to quiet one's mind. Our Lord
himself admonishes his apostles to go to their room and pray
to the Father who is unseen. Further, he discoura0es the
use of many words in prayer because the Father already knows
what one needs, before one asks (Mt 6:6-8). Finley says
that in our huMble letting go of every idea, every goal, we
are set free to discover now, in this breath, the eternal
immediacy of God. 20 The same holds true of our beating
hearts. Each beat is the bench mark of God's nearness. A
way of contemplation familiar to some people is what is
referred tQ as "centering prayer." It primarily consists of
taking one word, such as "Jesus" or "Abba", and silently and
slowly repeating it as a means of centering in on God. With
17
regard to the need for this one-pointedness and clear focus,
Main states this process of adjustment as follows:
Coming to that point at the center of our own being, is like adjusting the aperture of a camera. When we have reduced ourself to that onepointedness, and when we are still, the light shines into us, into our hearts. That is the light of God, the light that enlightens and illuminates our entire being. Once we have achieved that pointedness and still~es~~ the light shines in our heart for all eternlty.
Mundaka Up~nishad expresses similar views of the
light that is found in the center of one's heart:
That stainless indivisible Brahman, pure, Light of all lights, dwells in the innermost golden sheath (the core of the heart). The sun does not shine there, nor the moon, nor the stars, nor do these lightnings shine there, ~uch less this fire. When He shines everything shines, after H~~; by His light all is lighted (Chapter II:2,10-l2).
Hence, the necessity and importance for one to
journey to the center of one's own heart is all the more
enhanced and emphasized, so that people can continually
remain in the light and enjoy ' the light of God in their
daily lives.
Purification of Self
Intimacy with God is achieved partially through the
purification of self and can be pursued only with humility
and detachment. To know God in the hidden depths of
contemplation it is necessary to abandon all previously
learned and limiting ideas of do~ and remain empty before
the Godhead, waiting for enlightenment. Purification of
18
self consists of self-emptying and self-transcending and is
necessary with respect to bodily desires and the entire
range of sensory experiences. The process of purification
stresses the importance of cleansing, repentance and
copversion and is made possible through positive observances
such as fasting, penance, service, and life-giving
abstinence,such as refraining from violence, hatred, lying
and unkindness. A total and unconditional surrender to the
Lord is required. Control of the senses is necessary for
concentration. Usually a horse is bridled before a journey
is started. Similarly, senses and passions need control
before one starts on a pil0rimag e to the center of the
heart. Total openness and patient endurance of the poverty
of self can allow God to topple the idols that stand in the
way of divine union.
St. John of the Cross devotes the entire first book
of The Ascent of Mount Carmel to the topic of the
p~rification of bodily desires required to reach a
1 . f" h d 23 contemp atlve awareness 0 our unlon Wlt Go • He
counsels one to renounce and remain empty of any sensory
satisfaction that is not purely for the honor and glory of
God. In practical life, one can avoid ~earing gossip and
looking upon sinful objects; one can also refrain from
staying in the occasions of sin. One can also avoid
gratifications of senses which primarily bring pleasure to
self. The saihts have ~hown that there is no better way to
19
live than for others and for God. Regarding this
contemplative awareness and emptiness of sensory
satisfaction, sri Ramakrishna says:
Do all your duties, but keep your mind on God. Live with all -- with wife and children, father and mother -- and serve them. Treat them as if they were very dear to you, but know in your heart of hearts that they do not belong to you.
A maid servant in the house of a rich man performs all the household duties, but her thoughts are fixed on her own home in her native village. She brings up her master's children as if they were her own. She even speaks of them as 'my Rama' or 'my Hari'. But in her own mind she knows very well that they do not belong to her at all. Do all ¥~ur duties in this world, but keep your mind on God. -
In one~s pursuit towards union with God, every
deliberate, habitual attachment to anything less than God
must be abandoned, if union with God is to be realized.
Habitual attachment can be one's health or 6ne's illness,
one's aualities or weaknesses; we may be clinging tightly
in a possessive way to a person, a physical object or to
some spiritual quality like a compulsive eater seeking
consolation in food. Some own many goods of this world;
one's attachment or non-attachment can be seen only when
called upon to deprive oneself of these goods in order to be
serviceable to others.
To attain contemplation, it is necessary to cleinse
away all defilements and impurity, empty oneself of all
pride, selfishness and egotism, and uproot every deliberate
habitual attachment to anything less than God. All life is
entangled in a net of victories and defeats, opinions and
20
apprehensions, hopes and despair, health ' and illnesses.
There are times when contemplation itself gets entangled in
the net. It may seem that nothing is happening in one's
contemplation period. In spite of all these times of
discouragement and disappointment, it is advisable to
'" persevere faithfully and courageously in this path of union
until one is transformed by the touch of the Divine and is
enriched by a desire for an ever-deepening intimacy with
God. Finley likens purification of the senses with respect
to the search far intimacy with God to a process of "a
humble return to the Father's house, which is one's unique
bodily being that ~mbodies the gift of God's presence."25
Purification ,of self is realized with repentance
which consists in the discovery of the abyss which separates
one from God. Conversion, therefore, will promote total
openness of self to God's forgiveness, and from this
experience of forgiveness, the whole being is renewed,
revived and purified.
Interior Silence
Silence can be understood in many ways. For some,
silence can be experienced as the absence of noise, and for
others it may mean the absence of words that are needless,
the abstinence from useless talk or the softening of the
voice that is shrill and strident, or the absence of
thoughts and feelings and of desires. Beyond the silence of
21
speech, a deeper kind of stillness is demanded when
individuals strive for an intimate union with the Divine.
It is the silence the Book of Wisdom speaks about: the
peaceful stillness that encompasses everything: the silence
that goes deeper than the gentle modulation and spacing of
my spoken words.
"Be still and know that I am God" (Ps 46:10). If one
desires to be attuned to God, there is need for interior
silence. Even in the midst of the hustle and bustle of the
world, in a ~tate of interior silence, one can communicate
with God. It is our open attitude to listen to God that
makes it possible to practice interior silence. Maloney
affirms that: ·
God calls us into a silence of the heart where all artificiality crumbles, new psychic and spiritual powers burgeon forth, released through the uncreated energies of God. Silence is the interior air that the26pirit of man needs in order to grow spiritually.
This recompensing comes in diverse ways in the
healing of memories, the quieting of disturbing experiences,
and in the alleviation of pain and anxiety. The comfort and
consoling touch of the Lord in the deepest recesses of one's
heart can be experienced. In this encounter with God, one
becomes strengthened and revitalized. This enables a person
to reach out to others in acts of kindness and creativity.
Silence can be on different levels. Exterior
silence consists in the absence of all external noises, but
even then, internal disturbances can be felt. Hence, there
22
is a need to create interior silence by eliminating
distracting thoughts, passions, desires, anxieties. "Those
who belong to Christ Jesus have crucified their flesh with
its passions and desires" (Ga 5:24). Only when the heart is
silent can we become integrated and enter into the presence
of God, one's inner kingdom. Inward silence is structured
on inner solitude effected by abandoning the exterior world
of senses and delusion and causing a descent ' into one's own
depth. "Deep calls for deep" and depth can be reached only
without words where one meets the Wordless One. Thus,
interior silence is required to penetrate the living center
of one's being and to journey into profound stillness. For
example, when two people are deeply and intensely in love
with each other, and when all expressions of love have been
exhausted, they resort to silence, just being present to
each other and enjoying the mutual presence. When words
have failed to express adequately their feelings and
desires, then silence, as the pleni~ude of language, plays
its role. Nothing is so powerful in building mutual
confidence between people as a silence which is meaningful
and creative. However, the silence of emptiness can be
compared to the silence of the ceme~ery which is not only
uncreative but fearful and damaging. The important aspect
of this silence is that one does not labor to create
silence. There is within each person a depth of silence
where it is only needed to enter silently in order to become
23
the silence. Hence, interior silence is to be fostered in
daily life, because only then is it possible to listen to
the soft whisperings of the Spirit and to be sensitive to
the needs of one's neighbors and to be able to recognize the
presence of God in all realities of life. Finally, interior
silence will keep one attuned to the voice bf God enabling
one to hear him clearly even in the gentle breeze as Elijah
did (I K 19:11-13). In a state of humility and poverty one
should remain alert to listen to God in total openness as
did the little Samuel, "Speak, Lord, for your servant is
listening" (I S 3:9), and as our Mother Mary, who was always
ready to listen to the Word of God, and "treasured all these
things and reflected on them in her heart" (Lk 2:19).
Interior silence connotes a state of readiness, a time of
waiting, a direction of attention. All attention attuned to
his presence is a sign of welcome to the manifestation of
God's presence.
SOURCES CONSULTED
Chapter II
9. Van Kaam and Muto, Practicing the Prayer of Presence, p. 16.
10. George A. Maloney, Jesus, Set Me Free! (Denville, New Jersey: Dimension Books, 1977), p. 10.
11. James Borst, Contemplative Prayer (Missouri: Ligouri Publications, 1979), p. 18.
12. Thomas Merton, On Prayer (New York: Doubleday and Company, 1973), p. 87,88.
24
13. William Johnston, ed.The Cloud of Unknowinq (Garden '. City, New York: Doubleoay and Company, 1973),
p. 54.
14. Borst, Contemplative Prayer, p. 19.
15. William Johnston r The Still Point (New York: Fordham University Press, 1970), p. 132.
16. Griffiths, Christ In India, p. 36.
17. Johnston, The Still Point, p. 127.
18. Ibid. p. 125.
19. Mouni Sadhu, Concentration (California: wilshire Book Company, 1974), p. 16.
20. James Finley, The Awakeninq Call (Indiana: Ave Maria Press, - 19R4), PP. 126~1~
21. John Main, Moment of Christ (New York: The Crossroad Publishing Co;Pany,1984), p. 47. '
22. Swami Paramananda, Four Upanishads (Madras, India: Sri Ramakrishna Math, 1974), pp. 136-137.
23. Kieran Kavanaugh and Otilio Rodriguez, trans. The Collected Works of St.John of the Cross --"·jashington, D.C:-=- Ies Publications, 1979).
24. Nikhilananda, trans. The Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna (New York: Ranakrishna-Vivekananda Center, 1973), p. R 1.
25. Finley, The A\olakeninq Call, p. 127.
26. Maloney, Inward Stillness, p. 29.
25
CHAPTER III
THE GOAL OF CONTEMPJ~TION: WHOLENESS, HARMONY,
ANn UNION WITH GOD
Contemplation certainly influences one's total
personality. The transformation that takes place is dramatic
and lasting. Contemplation enables one to see the hand of
God in ~very event of life. Then the happenings of life
appear as a blessing in disguise, and in faith one can
believe that God can bring good out of evil. It may be an
earthquake or a flood, terrorism or violence, poverty or
suffering: every phenomenon is a manifestation of God's
presence in a unique way. Consequently, one is able to
maintain calm and hold peace in every situation and remain
in wholeness. Contemplation will make one willing to accept
calumny and co~plaints, congratulations and compliments
equally. Just as there is turbulence on the surface of the
sea, but calm on the sea bed, so also, in spite of the
vicissitudes of life, a person can still remain serene and
integrated, despite mud slinging. Contemplation also raises
awareness of God's presence and awakens deep sympathy for
human misery and suffering, making a person instrumental in
bringing healing to people. Maloney remarks that as one
yields to contemplation "an expanded cons~iousness floods
26
the whole being as the body, soul, spirit relationships
within come together in an integrated, whole person.,,27
The effect of contemplation can be felt and
recognized in relationships in daily life as conta~t with
others evokes a new capacity for compassion. In and through
frailties and strengths, there is recognized the call to be
a benevolent presence, where love finds no obstacle in
manifesting itself in the world. There is a freedom to
discover someone in order to love and be loved in ways not
known before.
Each of us, God's children, is separate and unique
from every other individual. All live in a world of things
and all must constantly interact with others. Life in this
world, however, is only the beginning of our eternal life.
This life is just a passage through which one has to pass in
o~der to be in perfect union with God, and during this time
all should be bearers of peace, joy, and love. Life must
lead to something beyond itself, or, as Merton says, "it
must lead to the experience of union \.,it"hGod, and to our
f . . h' ,,28 trans orma t 10n 1 n .1m. This transformation of one's
'inner self' enables one to live at the core level of self.
When this occurs, rela~ionships become vibrant, and
wholeness and harmony with self, God and others is enjoyed.
Vibrations can emerge from self reaching out to others,
touching them and making them vibrate and resonate. In this
way, there is fellowship and friendship with others, and
27
communion with God. In this process, D. S. Amalorpavadass
affirms that " one can experience peace; this will give rise
to bliss, and the combination of both, into the radiance of
light and glory. 1129 because when the mystery of his
presence is contemplated, fullness is experienced.
In this fullness and depth, this interiority and
silence, a foretaste of the new heaven and the new earth can
be gained. Also the universal presence of the Lord, and his
might and power at work in all the realities of life, is
affirmed.
Self-discoverv
Contemplation is an experience wherein each
individual is summoned to discover the depth within, which
can be compared to a pool of water of infinite depth.
Maloney speaking of the inner self says: "Unless man changes
his interior world, his outside world will continue to
reflect the disturbed world within him." 30 This reaffirms
the need for one to pursue a jour.ney in order to discover
onels true self. The path is to be trod in simplicity and
humility, and asks for a readiness to change and be
transformed. A generous and creative response results in
setting a~ide some time for this practice. Normally, upon
entrance into silence and solitude, one comes to an
awareness of self with all its deeds, desires, actions,
insights, thoughts, and feelings.
28
,A, t this stage,
concentration should be practiced and everything abandoned
in the single-minded and one-pointed quest. D. s.
Amalorpavadass describes this journey towards self as a goal
which can be compared to a target and onels life to an
arrow.
Either one hits or misses it, for one has only one life -- only one arrow. It demands taking a correct aim with concentration and immobility. It calls for a decision to aim the arrow towards the target. Once the arrow is sent out, it cannot be stopped or calle~fack or slowed down. The arrow travels straight.
When one persistently continues this journey of self-
discovery, identifying oneself with the arrow, all other
persons and objects ,viII appear to be unreal and illusory,
transitory and deceptive. Everything will appear to run in
the oppositedirection~ Therefore, everything other than
God must be renounced, which necessarily means that onels
life should be in ord~r, all distractions put aside, all
selfishness overcome, and there should be a sense of ease
with self, with others and with God. In all sincerity, one
should examine self and relations with God and other people,
and then determine to change onels life.
The journey inward is a pilgrimage that leads to the
freshness of the spirit, a clarity of heart, and a vitality
of spirit. Thus, one can come to know self completely by
remaining open to Godls Spirit, and entering into the gift
of onels own being. Contemplation adds a dimension of
incredible richness to our life. In stillness one gains
29
wisdom to see who one really is, provided there is a
willingness to lose self. No amount of self-analysis or
self-examination will effect this, but if . we can take the
focus of attention off ourselves and project it forward ,
then the Other will be discovered. In discovering the
Other, the self is discovered. The Other is the ground of
all being. The Other is God, the Supreme Wisdom, Being and
Love. In this process of discovering God and self, one must
strive to deepen the creator-creature relations~ip, for in
this relationship it will be discovered that one is loved
and one is lovable. This knowledge gives a deeper
understanding of one's self enabling one to see as one is
seen in the effulgent light of God. There is no greater
discovery than the discovery of one's true self in the
abiding, all-permeating and all-pervading presence of God
achieved in contemplation.
Inteqratecl Life (
In contemplation, one enters into the harmony of
creator-creature relationship. The result is that the
harmony discovered within oneself also begins to be
discovered everywhere. The truly spiritual man or woman is
one who is in harmony with self, with others, and with God.
Others are not met on the basis of competition or rivalry,
but in a comfortable acceptance of self. In order to
realize this integrity of self, one needs to move from the
30
exterior, the peripheral and the surface and come to the
interior, the center and the core. Depth will have to
replace shallowness.
At the surface level of on~'s self, m~st often
turbulence, fluctuation and vacillation are experienced as
one is pulled and pushed in different directions. In that
process normally a scattering and dissipation, a brokenness
and fragmentation is experienced. It is in the depth of
self that a yearning for evenness and equanimity,
steadfastness and tranquillity, wholeness . and integrity is
noted. When t~is stage is reached, the ups and downs, joys
and sorrows, praise and blame will not affect one. A deep
reality will be lived and experienced and all of the
external things will be meaningless. "If you are led by the
Spirit, no law can touch you" jGa 5:25). Laws and rights,
organizations and structures will leave one unaffected.
Where the Spirit is there is freedom, internal and external.
When one is open to the Spirit; necessarily one is
able to accept people as they are. God's love flows through
hearts freely, generously and universally. The Gospel story
of Martha and Mary clearly points out the importance of the
one thing that is essential for an integrated life. One's
attitude of openness leads to the discovery of the presence
of God and in that presence is health. Once one is open to
this power, talking, walking, living, working, caring and
serving, in fact, the whole of life will be charged with
31
meaning. Liberty of spirit and enlightenment will lead to
an integrated life.
Personal Integrity
The integrated life attained through contemplation
has three dimensions: personal, communitarian and cosmic.
None of these three will be found in everybody. Most people
are fragmented and disintegrated, lacking authenticity and
integrity, and having a state of non-awareness and
individualism in - isolation.
All human beings need to aspire to a life of
integrity. Contemplation can be a means and a path towards
an integrated life because through contemplation one comes
to the knowledge of oneself and to a knowledge of God. The
relationship with God and his people is deepened and
intensified as people progress in contemplation. Further,
the individual's life proclaims to the world what is meant
by personal integrity. There is the integrated life of
Jesus himself as a perfect model. Also there are examples of
multitudes of men and women who have "gone before us"
following the model of Jesus, the perfect exemplar.
Griffiths, in his book, Christ in India, speaks of
the early Christians and their life of integrity which was
manifested when they were deprived of everything they owned
and possessed. He remarks that:
They lived under constant threat of martyrdom.
32
This was recognized, not as something to be feared but as something to be desired. It was in this way that the Christian could best follow his Master. It was not by fighting but by s~ffering and death that he would over!~me the world and establish the kingdom of God. .
In our times the l~ves of many exhibit this integrity
and personal wholeness despite persecutions, martyrdom and
suffering. Mahatma Gandhi stands out clearly and
convincingly as a person of integrity and wholeness. In his
daily life he meant what he said, and said what he meant and
showed this. His life can be synthesized as one long
contemplation. He gave priority to God and modeled his life
after the Beatitudes of the Gospel. He lived a life of
asceticism, fasting, penance, austerity and continuous
prayer. He lived in the awareness of God's presence and
recognized his presence in the Harijans who were considered
as outcasts in Indian society. He called them the children
of God. He derived his strength and power from the inner
depth, the core of his being. He devoted one day in each
week to silence (mauna). Thus he gained a mastery over
himself, his words and actions. He stood for peace, non-
violence, and with these weapons, he gained freedom for
India. Griffiths considered nonviolence, as expounded and
advocated by Gandhi, a kind of "spiritual warfare"
specifically Christian and at the same time ~he highest form
of courage and fortitude that can be found in an integrated
personality. He spoke of violence as the law of matter
imposing itself on every form of spiritual life, seeking to
33
subject everything to the power of the world. He exclaimed
that:
It is the power of love because it is the recognition of the spiritual character in every man and the inviolable respect which this demands •• One must be committed to the principles of non~ violen~~ utterly and completely to the point of death.
Christ had integrity. His life explains clearly the
dimension of personal integrity and brings forth its true
character and its power to establish conditions of peace in
onels everyday life.
Community Fellowship
As th~realization of onels relationship with God
becomes recognized, one is able to accommodate all people in
onels love. Thus, the creator-creature relationship opens
another dimension of friendship and fellowship and conveys
the message that all people are loved by God and that they
are lovable too. People are created in the image and
likeness of God, and therefore, a true contemplative should
see the face of God in all people and express his oneness
and solidarity with them irrespective of caste, creed and
ph'ilosophy. Contemplation opens up new ways and means of
relating to people, being sensitive to their pain and hurt,
and enables one to reach out to people in an attitude of
caring, sharing and concern. In times of crisis and
calamities the cries of anguish will be heard and compassion
34
will flow toward the pain of p~ople. Then one will be ever
ready to identify with the poor, the oppressed, the
exploited and marginalized and will be able to work hard to
alleviate their suffering. There are many men and women who
are contemplatives in action, who work day and night to
bring relief to suffering humanity. Love of G6d impels them
to render voluntary seriice to uplift the poor and help the
needy.
D. S. Amalorpavadass says that one can be in
communion with people:
At least attitudinally one should be open to all people and sincerely seek and yearn for a deep level of communi;on 'vith them all as a part <]b one I s effort and movement towards total wholeness. -
When this love of God is extended to people in
society through a life of integrity and wholeness, the face
of God will be seen in the faces of starving millions. This
will prompt further activities in different directions:
feeding the hungry, healing the ~ick, consoling and
comforting the sorrowful, visiting the prisoner, and so
forth. The words of Christ will then be heard and will come
alive in our lives, "for I was hungry and you gave me food •
• " ( M t 25: 35- 4 0 ) • Love will have crossed all barriers,
will have overcome all obstacles, spreading joy to the
millions, deepening friendship and fellowship with all. In
this way, communities of love will arise promoting an
attitude of caring, sharing and serving onels brothers and
sisters. In this alone will be found peace and lasting joy.
35
Cosmic Harmonv
Cosmic harmony is the third level or dimension of
wholeness and is experienced as ecological balance and
healthy environmental conditions. By cosmic harmony one's
life in the world is understood and recognized as intimately
conn~cted with the atmosphere of onels living and working
places and with the life of vegetation and animals as well
as the movement of stars and planets. Being attuned to the
voice of God permits one to dwell in"his presence. This
presence of God is manifested in the whole of creation, sun
and stars, birds and fish, oceans and rivers, mountains and
plains. One cari begin to marvel in awe and wonder at the
greatness of God in his creation. In the-life of Francis of
Assisi it is seen how closely related to the whole cosmos he
was and how he enjoyed cosmic harmony. Harmony or wholeness
within himself -and with others enabled him to address the
sun and moon as Brother Sun and Sister Moon. Francis was at
home with the birds and animals and gave expression to his
overflowing joy. Nothing harmed this simple man as he moved
about and lived in close contact with Mother Earth. The
founder of the Franciscans certainly had a mastery over
himself ~nd the creatures whose company he enjoyed through
the strength derived from his deep and intense intimacy with
God. This integrated soul, Francis, is a good example of
total renunciation and continual awareness of God, which are
indispensable for the practice of contemplation.
36
D. S. Amalorpavadass explains clearly the importance
of cosmic harmony in one's life of spiritual growth and
movement towards the Absolute, a communion, when he says:
This communion includes a certain contemplation of the celestial bodies and the leisure to watch the stars, to enjoy the sunrise and sunset and to look at the panoramic view of a mountain, river or forest. We do not have the time or the thought to really become conscious that this universe belongs to us as part of our being. So we must enter into communion with it from time to time. This is necessary not only for our physical sanity, mental health, but als~50bviously for our sanctity, the life of the spirit.
It is no exaggeration that even todaY , some people in
search of God undertake a life of total renunciation,
seeking God and God alone, unconcerned about and
transcending all realities ~rid needs, and yielding to
contemplation. They either withdraw into the forest or go
to a desert place, or mountain top, banks of the river or
live in the open. No animal harms them, nor are they afraid
of any danger because their mind is firmly established in
God! Such is the power and energy which governs their
lives!
Union with God
The contemplative journey most often begins in the
obscurity of faith when God is discovered, uniting himself
to the one in search. In a total and unconditional
surrender to God, contemplation becomes a holocaust. In
this self-sacrifice and loss of egoism, God's presence
37
becomes onets own presence and his generosity and kindness
onels own generosity and kindness. As perseverance in
contemplation continues, the loss of ego becomes more and
more complete, the sacrifice becomes more perfect and the
total transformation of self takes place. Interior
transformation leads to divine union.
According to Main:
union brings us to communion, that is, to a oneness discovered within ourselves but which leads us to oneness with God and to oneness with all. It is a communion that is indescribably enriching, because it takes us right out of ourselves, beyond ourselves into union with all, with the All, with God. Unity, union'3~ommunion is the threefold growth of a Christian.
The exp.erience of contemplation will enable the
individual to be in union with God. As Christians, all have
to bring God's love to other people and become persons
rooted and founded in love of God and love of one's
neighbor. At this time, there will constantly be a tendency
to seek exclusive union with the beloved. This movement can
be c6rnpared to the lover's heart which knows no rest, finds
no satisfaction, nor desires anything except intimate
communion with the beloved. According to D. S.
Amalorpavadass:
Communion is realized by sharing with others what one is and has in such a way that all human persons may have something in common. This commonness which results from mutual sharing and exchange is what is called conmunion or fellowship. Christian communion is that fellowship which is realized by all people with one another and with God through Jesus Christ, experienced and understood today as his Spirit, the values of his Gospel and
38
his cause, the.comi~~ of the kingdom, or ushering in of the new soclety.
When there is union with God, broken selves are healed and
illumined. Darkness is dispelled. Light bearers can
eliminate all forms of ignorance and evil. In this way a
person can become truly human and divine. Rooted in God,
these individuals can qo forth spreading God's love, joy,
and peace to all and with all in the entire world.
SOURCES CONSULTED
Chapter III
27. Maloney, Inward Stillness, p. 64.
28. Thomas Merton, The Ascent to Truth (New York: Harcourt, Bruce and Company, 1951), p. 8 •
•
29. Amalorpavadass, Poverty of the Reliqiolls and The Reliqious as Poor, 198~ p. 20.
30. Maloney, Inward Stillness, p. 132.
31. Amalorpavadass, Poverty of the Religious and The Reliqious as Poor, p. 14.
32. Griffiths, Christ in India, p. 138.
33. Ibid., p. 141.
34. Amalorpavadass, Indian Christian Spirituality, p. 231.
35. Ibid., p. 233.
36. Main, Moment of Christ, p. 20.
37. D. S. Amalorpavadass, Social Communication and Christian Communion (Bangalore, India:National Biblical Catechetical and Liturgical Centre,1984), p. 5.
39
CHAPTER IV
The Universal Call to Contemplation
The call to contemplation embraces all human beings.
Contemplation is not the monopoly of the Christian Church.
God is the creator and Father of all people, and calls each
one by name to participate in his life. Hindus and Muslims,
Parsees and Zoroastrians, Jains and Buddhists and Christians
of all denominations, all races and all peoples are invited
to contemplation according to their belief and faith. Human
history shows that a desire for an experience of God is
prominent in many people's lives. The desire for this
experience of the divine will be deeply affected by the
concept of the divine which develops through contemplation.
Finley in his book, The Awakeninq Call, beautifully . ----
expresses the universal call to contemplation:
This call c6mes to college students, house wives, insurance salesmen, and prisoners. It comes to religious, diocesan priests, Protestant clergy and rabbis. It comes to whom it comes. It is given to whom it is given. We can ask for it with great desire (and to do so is a sign that most likely it has already been given). But we cannot make it happen. Like everything reai, it simply comes to us. It simply appears as an unexpected gift. And in appearing, obscurely and secretly, in the hidden recesses of our hearts, it awaits our response -our ly~~1 to the transforming union that is held out to us.
Just as people need a daily rhythm of work and rest, sleep
40
and wakefulness, of eating food and digesting it.
Similarly, a daily hour of the healing of the soul or for a
coming to rest in a movement of love, is a practical
necessity for living a balanced human and divine life.
Merton quotes Pascal in saying: "There is in every
man the infinite abyss (that) can be filled by an infinite
and immutable object, that is to say, only by God
39 Himself."
Only when one is awakened to this need of
contemplation will one begin to appreciate the different
religious traditions of both the East and the West and then
will begin to explore the common p6ints of meeting between
them. A spiritual unity can be discovered in contemp lation
and in the transformation of consciousness that arises as a
result of the deeper life. Many spiritual writers . believe
that through contemplation, world unity can be achieved.
~ Call to a Personal Response
Contemplative prayer is our humble response to God
expressing our gratitude to his all-pervading presence, to
the gift of life, and for our unearned right to serve, to
adore, to praise, to worship and to fulfill his will. It is
a dialogue, a communion and union with the Supreme! Our
unconditional response to God is "I have come to do your
will, 0 God" (Heb 10:7). It is an invitation to look to God
in our heart, our hopes and aspirations, our aches and
41
pains, our struggles and failures. Thus, contemplation is a
lifelong process. It is the opening of one's total self to
God, which idea of opening, according to Green, "stresses
receptivity, responsiveness to another. To open to another
is to act, but it is to act in such a way that the other
. h d' · "40 remains t e ominant partner.
Contemplation is a dialogue in the sense that it is a
personal encounter in love. One becomes present to the Lord
in love and in love he becomes present. Since contemplation
is an encounter, God is always the initiator. It is true
that "It was not you who chose me; it was I who chose you"
(In 15:16). God's choice, his call, is fundamental and all-
important.
God is eternally lovin0 and is constantly in search
of man. Like "the Hound of Heaven", God comes always taking
the initiative and always waiting for the response of his
people. In contemplation one builds up a relationship and
surrenders oneself. In this response of total surrender,
his caring and supportive love, his protection and his
presence are experienced. Thus, people can be at rest in
God, because God assures people of his providential care and
protection. "Can a mother forget her infant, be without
tenderness for the child of her womb? Even should she
forget, I will never forget you" (Is 49:15).
There are times wh~n one can also listen to God in
the stillness of one's heart, but this requires a
42
contemplative awareness. God loves to communicate to his
people in stillness and silence. In this stillness, peace
is attained: without peace, disharmony and restlessness are
experienced. One responds to God and listens to his voice.
His presence is enjoyed. Thus, people, in close contact
with God, will not suffer loneliness or meaninglessness of
life. They have every right to cry for help: "If they cry
out to me, I "/ill surely hear their cry" (Ex 22:22). In
this way, a living contact with God can be established, a
balance effected between the individual's concer~ and God's
will; between one's despair and one's hope, one's want, and
one's ahundance. One's adherence is affirmed by involving
God's love, compassion, and mercy.
Response to God can be spontaneous, as found in those
informal moments of finding God, of being touched by his
presence, of being in communion with him in a way that
involves one very deeply. This can happen in many different
ways: in moments of quiet and solitude, through encounters
with others, and through strange and mysterious , ways that
God uses to touch his people. All responses can be guided
in a spirit of faith, hope, and love. In contemplation, one
can be attuned to his voice throughout the day, and respond
to him spontarieously as a child responds to the call of the
parent. This is the ideal, intimacy with God, and faith in
his power to answer prayer. Spontaneity, therefore, focuses
more on one's interior dispositions and response.
43
Contemplation is basically a worship of the heart.
There is a constant need of revitalizing oneself and
creating a grateful and responsive heart that turns to God
always in a spirit of renewed faith, hope, and love. Such a
life of union with God requires discipline in order to
deepen and intensify awareness and create a capacity for
experience which leads to a deeper and more authentic life.
Merton says, "The real function of discipline is not to
provide us with maps but to sharpen our sense of direction
so that when we really get going, we can travel without
maps."41 And the end of this qoing is a discipline that
reaches into one's inmost ground and opens out to the
invisible, intangible, but mysteriously sensible reality of
God's presence, of his love, and of his activity in one's
hearts.
Continuous yearning anolon9ing to - seek and find God
is to be in a state of total response to God. In this
sense, contemplation can be seen as the simple and continual
response of people who are convinced that they belong to Goo
and seek to qrow in union with him. This is the
unconditional response of people who realize that they are
possessed by God and totally belong to him.
Fostering and nourishing contemplation in one's life
maintains a dynamic and vibrant relationship with God. This
will facilitate a wholehearted response to God and the
acceptance of his will in one's daily life. There is no
44
greater response than the "Yes, Father" which was the
response of Jesus glorified in the Paschal Mystery. There
is also the response of Mary to God. Mary's response to God
uttered in deep faith, hope and love, was "I am the servant
of the Lord. Let it be done to me as you say" (Lk 1:38).
Contemplative prayer helps one to arrive at a similar
response of servanthood.
~ Need for a Death to Self
When one desires to give one self in a serious way to
somethino, there is a need to devote time and effort, as
well as a necessity to give up many other pleasures. ~
person learninq to play the piano may need to use leisure
hours to practice requlaily in order to be perfect, and this
person will have to concentrate on the music to be played.
A dancer becomes creative and spontaneous after years of
training, exercise and regular practice. ~ny art or skill
has to ~e learned and practiced, and in the process people
have . to discipline their lives and fore~o many things if
they wish to pursue seriously any art in order to achieve
perfection. Likewise, if . one wants to encounter God in
contemplation, one needs to sacrifice many things in order
to possess the greatest gift of God's presence. There is,
first, the need to purify oneself by emptying self of pride,
selfishness and all forms of . evil. In other words, one must
die to self every day and at every moment be alert and aware
45
of God's presence. Finley writes of the great need for this
kind of transformation:
This same self-emptying, self-transcending process is necessary with respect to bodily desires and the entire range of sensory experience. The beginner in the contemplative way faces the task of cooperating with God in undergoing a metamorphosis of daily consciousness in which one is set free from the tendency to feed the egocentric self with a continual flow of sensory exper4~ences to which one clings with a possessive heart. .
Continuing in the same vein, one can say that as one
approaches God in contemplation, a single-minded willingness
to die to all that blinds to the one reality, that is God,
must be expressed. Every person has a false self which
mQlds one. Now this . illusion, this shadow, this sin, and
this private self should be removed if one hopes to have a
face-to-face relationship with God. Merton says about this
shadowy self:
This is the man I want my~elf to be but who cannot exist, because God does not know anything about him. And to be unknown to God is altogether too much privacy. My false and private self is the one who wants to exist outside the reach of God's will and God's love -- outside of reality and outside of life 43 And such a self cannot help but be an illusion.
It is very difficult for us to recognize illusions,
and especially the ones cherished most and which feed the
roots of sin. The discovery of the true self takes place
only when one continually dies to one's false self in the
daily unfolding of an enlightened life, through selfless
service to others, and through listening to God in the depth
of one's heart. Silence and solitude must be accepted as
46
support of a life of deepening union. In silence, one can
enter the depth of one's being and come to discover one's
true self, and thus become accepting. In silent reflection,
a person increases self-knowledge, both of personal
weaknesses and of personal giftecness. Such awareness of
strengths and limitations will be deep and will grow deeper
as time goes on. The self-knowledge will also offer a
renewed sense of gratitude for liberating one to be free
before the vision of God, to live out a response that is
shaped and influenced by solitude, silence and death to
self. Maloney agrees with Roqer's teachings:
Modern man rieeds to turn into his 'heart' and in silence, he must enter deeply into himself and hear his true self, the Absolute Ground of all being, tell him through e~periential knowledge, through enlightenment, that the world of sense is not the totality of reality, but through an experJfnce man understands that he is one with all being.
Reflection in solitude is the moment of greatest
luc id i ty, intense awareness and concentrated at te n t ion. In
these moments of silence one gets the capacity and sharpness
to discern and identify God in his hiddenne?s, ; in the opa~ue
realities of the world, and the ambiguities of life.
Solitude, silence, and death to self has a bearing
on the whole future of man and his world. Solitude in one's
life is a continuous whole, allowing the emptying of self of
all that is not God, meeting in th~ deep silence of heart.
Liberation comes through quiet, continued contemplative
action.
47
SOURCES CONSULTED
Chapter IV
38. Finley, The Awakening Call, p. 29.
39. Thomas Merton, Contemplative Prayer (New York: Herder and Herder, 1909), p. 12.
40. Thomas H. Green, Opening to God (Notre Dame, Indiana: Ave Maria Press, 1977) p. 32
41. ThoT'1as Merton, "Renewal and Discipline" in Contemplation in a World of Action (Garden City, New York: Image Books, 1973); pp. 126-127. -
42. Finley, The Awakening Call, p. 123.
43. Merton, On Prayer, p. 59.
44. Maloney, Inward Stillness, p. 17.
48
CHAPTER V
Transforming outcomes of Contemplation
Contemplation brings about true knowledge of self
and a deeper sensitivity of conscience. Thus one can become
progressively aware of personal failings as well as one's
duties towards others. John of the Cross expresses it by
means of the famous metaphor of the log of wood being
transformed into fire. As the wood burns, it becomes
blackened, it cracks and steams, and all the knotholes and
flaws are exposed. The log is the soul and the fire is God.
And the truth, of course, is that the log is not worse off
than it was before. All the ugliness and defects were
present before, but they were concealed. The only way the
log can become fire is to be revealed honestly and openly as
what it is in itself. The process is painflll; but, contrary
to appearances, it is the mark of real growth in union with
45 God.
Certainly God is generous with his grace if man
continually remains in anattitlide of total openness toward
God and in readiness to know his will. Contemplation does
challenge us and our response, but it also strengthens us
with the power of his presence and love. Many a time the
inner voice will urge one to give up comforts, luxuries,
49
pleasures, and possessions of this world in order to seek
the eternal joy. It is not a matter of "either-or". If one
truly possesses God, then everything is possible, because
"in God we can find our strength" and live the words of St. '
Paul, "In him who is the source of my strength, I have
strength for everything" (Ph 4:13). This means that life
should correspond to the values of the Gospel, and one
should continue to live in love, for God is love, and if
love is the ground of being, then in the same love it will
be possible to find ourselves, others and the world. It is
just a matter of reconciliation and unity which finds the
same ground of love in everything. Merton writes that this
discovery is "not the discovery of ourselves, but of
Christ."46 In Merton's view, therefore, searching for God
is possible only when one is aware both of God and of the
other, and only when one realizes, through love, that one
has been transformed by God. D. S. Amalorpavadass puts this
briefly:
There is only one experience and one reality. Once one reaches the g round of this self and experiences the mystery of Being in oneself, one can experience, by the same fact and at the same time, this mystery of Being in others and in God •••• Once we go to that level of communion, and experience the mystery of Being, then we are able to perceive the divine presence in all rerlities of life and find ourselves in his presence.
union with God brings about transformation. This
acceptance of the new self ~hich is the real and true self
is also a discovery of responsibility toward others. In
50
this experience, one begins to accept the other, the
friendly or the hostile, the healthy or the sick, the rich
or the poor, the literate or the illi~erate, ana then one
begins to respond to others in a new and fresh way. Thus,
services will be extended in concrete situations, comprising
help to people in illness or grief, mental or physical
hanaicaps, and in suffering through poverty or oppression.
It is in these experiences that one should bring to people
God's love ana compassion. One should be instrumental in
creating a new unity where these events have shattered
people's hopes and have driven them to despair. Fruitful
contemplation is an art, says Greene, "and this is not so
much taught as it is learned by experience
k ] d k ' l' 1 ro d' 'f "48 now .e . ge we see 1S u . t1mate y ~~o s gl . t.
Merton affirms Greene when he states:
True contemplatio~ is not a psychological trick but a theological grace. It can come to us only as a gift, and not as a i~sult of our own clever use of spiritual techniques.
the
When one is possessed by God, saturated with his
thought, then one is able to see his presence in the whole
of creation and in all peoples. This can be compared to
falling in love with a person. When one falls in love with
someone, one is full and continuously obsessed with thoughts
about the beloved. A person begins to love, not only the
lover, but all the beloved's possessions. This can be the
experience also of a per~on deep in intimacy with God
through contemplation.
51
The transformation that takes place in one's life
makes it possible to recognize God's actions in one's life
as he labors to mold one according to his plan. This work
of God continues daily as he leads us to new pastures and
unfolds to us in a new way his Divine plan to unite mankind.
It is in this practice of contemplative prayer that oneness
of God with mankind is observed. It is also in the deep and
intense communion with God that a person realizes the
responsibility to spend his/her life in the service of
people, and is enabled to bring reconciliation and unity,
peace, justice and love to the world.
Findinq God in the Realities of the World
God created this beautiful world for people to live
in happiness and unalloyed joy. In the beginning there was
order and harmony, stillness and silence. It was man who
brought in chaos, and disharmony, sih and suffering. God
willed man to be happy. Since man is responsible for the
-miseries of this world, it is time that man realizes his
responsibility to restore peace to the world. Hence every
person should strive to work for justice, peace and unity.
If God has created this world good and beautiful,
then the contemplative who has been transformed by God's
love should begin to see God everywhere. It is only in
assuming full responsibility for our world, for our lives,
and for ourselves, that we can be said to be really for God.
52
When one claims to live only for God, then one should
make the world a better place for all people, which that
demands an ecological balance be maintained. There is
pollution all about us, despite our progress in science and
technology. Life on earth is not merely social, but also
cosmic. Total human health is affected by community health
and total environment. As Americans dream of occupying the
moon in the year 2005 and Mars in 2015, these ambitious
plans will be risky because by that time the environment
there may also be polluted! Our times have seen the
devastation and misery of people in the explosion of Union
Carbide's gas plant in Bhopal, India and its consequences,
which rendered thousands of people and families homeless as
well as taking a heavy toll of life. The latest nuclear
incident of Chernobyl in Russia has spread allover Europe
and polluted the environment amd threatened human living.
The ancient people of India were conscious of the
various disasters that threaten humanity, and therefore they
paid great attention to cosmic harmony and social order as
indispensable factors for personal wholeness. Spiritual men
understood that life in the world is very intimately
connected with the atmosphere of the living space and that
all work in harmony with the life of the vegetation and
animal kingdom as well as with the mo~ement of stars and
planets. These people held the strong belief that the
presence of God pervades the whole universe, and they were
53
able to see the Hand of God in all the calamities of life.
In Christian tradition it is also seen that trees, rivers
and mountains are symbols uniting God and man, heaven and
earth. Buddha attained enlightenment under the Bodhi tree,
Nathaniel was called to salvation (freedom) under the fig
tree. Moses saw the vision of God on Mount Sinai, and his
experience of the burning bush and the undying flame is
another evidence of how God draws his people and reveals
himself. Thus, it is apparent that there are some
comnonalities in Hindu and Christian spirituality. The
conclusion here, therefore, is that people should unite the
werld and make constructive use of science and technology.
This is possible only when people begin to see the all
pervading presenc~ of God in all things.
A Special Relationship with God
A closer relationship with God, cultivated in
contemplation, will certainly bring a person clos~r to
others. An individual enjoying a special relationship with
God will certainly radiate this love of God in the midst of
humanity. Hence, love of the Lord is not a gift to be
buried, but it is a light to shine fot many. This love
relationship with God will help a person to uncover the buds
of his own life, to burn the dead branches, and it will
provide nourishing soil for a new beginning. Van Kaam and
Muto describe the effect of a loving relationship with God
54
as "an active call to go out anct grasp what life offers --
the opportunity 'to love God with our whole heart and soul
and mind and our neighbor as ourselves. ,"50
-The special relationship with God which we come to
enjoy through contemplation will be manifested in our 1ife-
style, our words, and our actions. "You will know then by
their deeds" (Mt 7:16). The sacrifice of oneself in place
of others is at the heart of Christianity. St. Dominic
promised his confreres that he would be more useful to them
after death than while he was still living. St. Therese of
Lisieux wanted to remain at the table of sinners in her
solidarity with them. She promised to help her missionary
friends more in heaven than she did through her prayers and
sacrifices while on earth.
Dom Augustin narrates how God treats people growing
in special relationship with God:
Not only does he receive me, he spoils me. He shows me the splendors of his pa1ac~. He has always some new light to offer to my mind, sone delight to my heart. And should that light be one already known to me, he clothes it with the freshness of an early spring flower. Should he think it necessary to leave me in darkness, that night becomes day, and the deepest shadows are transformed into the brightest light. And if he refuses me pleasures of the senses, he makes me find in the prayer of the desert superior del~~hts which enchant my childlike faith in my Father.
How wonderful to be in an intimate relationship with
God, because then we are not only loved by God, but God, in
his generosity, offers the friendship of all the company in
Heaven. With regard to this intimate relationship, Dom
55
-Augustin speaks of the happiness, strength and consolation
afforded:
In such company we forget the earth, we no longer think of men and their littleness (and our own): we forget all that depresses or saddens us. \'17 e b e com e s ere n e and a 1 ms>Z tin he a v en. \\1 e fee 1 great, strong and consoled.
Such is the experience of people enjoying God's
friendship and companionship, and while they tontinue to
live, they experience the heavenly bliss and transform the
world into a paradise whe,re God is loved, adored and
glorified.
Love in Action
Contemplation is a call to a new life, a renewed
life in God. When people become renewed in God,
responsibility towards all mankind becomes important. If
contemplation has transformed one, its success can be
measured by the loving concern felt for others, and
especially those who have the greater physical,
. psychological or spiritual need. According to one's state
of life and opportunity, all ~re called to be totally open
to share self with others and help them to grow as human
beings. God's love flows through his people to the poor and
the afflicted. Hence, this divine love should prompt us to
show compassion toward the neeqy.
Van Kaam and Muto write regarding eff~cts of genuine
56
contemplation in the coming of a better world:
Gaining peace-filled joy, we will help to change the trends in society from ,strife to tension, to peace and cooperation~ This increase in mutual care and love mark the dawn of the kingdom -- the coming of a better world, envisaged by Jesus. • •• Even a small number of Christians in touch with the Spirit can restore hO~f in humanity and make life meaningful again.
Consequently our deeper life in God enables us to deal with
the basi~ issues and problems facing humanity as a whole.
Action should embrace the whole humanity beginning
from self, family, community, society into the human
society. Wherever one goes God's love should flow through
pAoQle brinqing them healing, comfort and consolation.
People should be instrumental in proclaiming the good news
to the poor, liberty to the captives, sight to the blind,
freedom to the oppressed, and the announcement that God
loves all (Lk 14:18-19). There is a large galaxy of
contemplatives (in saints) who have blazed a trail for us of
heroism and sacrifice. At this time there are
contemplatives in action, such as Mother Teresa of Calcutta,
and her community of Sisters, also Jean Vanier and his
comm,unity helping those physically and emotionally crippled.
And there are many hidden volunteers who are satisfied to
work in their quiet way without attracting publicity
convinced that God is their reward. According to St.
Fraricis, these are insttuments of peace. They are open to
God in self-giving and their whole being is constantly
offering love-prompted service as a pleasing gift to him.
57
Love in action, therefore, is manifested not only in
discovering the solutions to humanity's difficulties, but
in working toward a just society. Love of the divine, of
the human, and of the COSMOS enables mankind to cooperate
for the advancement of humanity to realize that unity in
which "we live, and mOVe and have our being" (Acts 18:28).
Conclusion
Contemplation, as described in this thesis, is an
awareness of the presence of God in the depth of one's
being, or in the cave of one's heart. It is marked by a
quieting of the functional intellect and vital life. It is
acquired by certain means under the assistance of the
ordinary grace of God. It inspires a transformation of
one's personality and environment. Thus transformed, one
radiate~ ~ peace and serenity toward others. Such a one is
able to live deeply, touching the innermost core of one's
being and there discovering the living presence of God,
convinced that true love of God will bring forth the
strongest love for others. When one begins to live a loving
relationship toward others in creative action, one is able
to see the presence of God not only in oneself but also in
others. One is able to ~xperience God's all-pervasive,
loving presence everywhere. This experience of God's
presence and his abiding love makes us free. Freedom begets
more freedom just as love begets more love.
58
Deepened in love and in one's relationships, one
begins to recognize the presence of God, not only in oneself
but in others and in the whole of creation. Van Kaam and
t1uto state:
. Moments of contemplation in their most simple form happen spontaneously. Often the contemplation of nature deepens to become a religious experience: a being touched and quieted by the Mystery of all that is. All of us experience these hidden longings for peace and wholeness. We want above all to live in harmony with people, events and things and the God who lets them be. The pr~5tice of presence can help to satisfy such longings.
The practice of contemplative presence can help to
restore one's personal and spiritual life. Only then will
one be better able to appreciate its uniqueness without
over-estimating its importance. In this rhythm of
contemplation and action, one will begin to see the oneness
of God with oneself, with his people, with his world. Then
contemplation will be a means to wholeness and harmony with
self, God and others, enabling one to continue the
redemptive mission reconciling and trying to bring unity and
love to the world in which one lives.
If one yields to contemplation, Jesus Christ,
symbolized by the sun, illumines not only the external
universe but also the inner universe of our life. In this
situation, though the external sun has set, the life-giving
light which one can experience in oneself, will illumine the
whole being, making each contemplative a light to the world.
59
SOURCES CONSULTED
Chapter V
45. Green, Openinq to God, p. 81.
46. Merton, On Prayer, p. 53.
47. ·Amalorpavadass, Indian Christian SpiritualitY f p . 222 .
48. Green, Opening to God, p. 97.
49. Merton, Contemplative Prayer, p. 115.
50. Van Kaam and Muto, Practicinq the Prayer of Presence, p. 125.
51. Dom Augustin Guillerano, The Prayer of the Presence of God (Pennsylvania: Dimensions Books, 1966), Po 123. .
52. Ibid., p. 123.
53. Van Kaam and Muto, Practicinq th~ Prayer of Presence, p. 41.
54. Ibid., pp. 9, 19.
60
CHAPTER VI
Contemporary Analysis of Cohtemplation
In order to ascertain the contemporary attitud~
towards contemplation and its value in the individual's
life, a questionnaire was administered to one-hundred-twenty
diversified subjects living in India and in Wisconsin. This
sampling was comprised of forty Wisconsin college students,
ten laymen, ten religious sisters from Wisconsin, twenty lay
adults from India, twenty religious and twenty Indian
seminarians.
All of the chosen subjects from India in this
research question deemed contemplation necessary to their
well-being; whereas only thirty-two Wisconsinites agreed
with them. It is not surprising that eight of the subjects
deemed contemplation unimportant. Many were young college
students still not living an independent existence. But one
also questions if they were sure of the meaning of the word,
because in many Catholic gatherings, this word is still
reserved for the professional prayer. A~so, the prevalent
enemy of contemplation in the IJnited States is chafing,
exclaims O'Flah@rty, the author of the book Let's Take a
Trip. Chafing is an acquired weakness of character. It is
a symbol of a progressive, competitive American. The battle
61
cry of such a persom, a chafer, seems to be, "I've got to do
h · b . d ." 55 somet lng eSl es walt. A busy American has a choice,
either chafe or contemplate; he cannot do both. The Fathers
of the desert called the emotional disorder "effursio ad
exteriora" or materialism. Ignatius of Loyola and scores of
other sufferers on their sickbeds chose not to chafe but to
immerse themselves in the present moment. They learned
contemplation, a silent waiting upon the Lord. It does seem
a better idea to try to provide time for contemplative
growth.
A specified amount of daily prayer time has been
advocated from the desert Fathers, to Ignatius Loyola, to
Merton and to many of the gurus of the present day. From
both cultures the questionnaire shows that there is a marked
difference between those who recognize the importance of
contemplation and those who practice it d~ily. It seems to
enhance the conclusions of Saint Paul who says that what he
wills to do, he doesn't usually, and vice versa.
Procrastination seems to be an integral part of human nature
which we know can be changed by motivation and education.
Approximately forty-five Indians in contrast to
fifteen Westerners said they could enter into contemplation
simply and naturally, a possihle result of the impact of
their culture. The group of Indians who were administered
this questionnaire, although a diverse group, were all
participants in an Indian Christian Spirituality Experience.
62
Therefore they were well-disposed to answer the
questionnaire because they knew and experienced the effect
of contemplation as a result of their studies. Thirty-three
respondents said that they never entered into contemplation
simply or naturally, which raises the possibility that
perhaps they have a hazy notion of the nature of
contemplation. It also appears natural that twenty-seven of
those questioned said it took effort to enter into
contemplation.
The Lord's words "Die that you may live" do apply to
the great task of quieting our passions, intellect, and
imagination and memory until we are an open receptacle to
his love. Christ never gave easy messages.
Out of sixty Indians tested, over half use methods
advocated by others in order to come to silence and
stillness. Again these Indians who were being tested were
exposed to specific studies. Half of the sixty Westerners
tested use approved methods consistently, and one third
occasionally or seldom.
Easterners enjoy silence and all their worship and
prayer is geared towards arriving at a deeper silence in
order to be attuned to the voice of God. Half of the
subjects indicated that they were comfortable with silence,
whereas thirty-thr~e considered silence to be threatening.
The remaining subjects were at times disturbed by the quiet.
We know that especially our young Americans are not geared
63
to a silent environment. In a society pervaded by so much
noise, it is apparent that help is needed to combat the
noise of the world, as well as inner turmoils, so that in
silence we can commune with the Voiceless One.
A significant majority of the participants in the
questionnaire stated that contemplation makes them more
aware of themselves. The next question, asking about their
awareness and tolerance of the others, gives even a higher.
awareness. Well over half of the one-hundred-twenty
questioned found that they were more tolerant and loving of
themselves because of their prayer time. Nearly half of the
group were more affirmative of others through this time.
Nineteen expressed doubts about contemplation as a vehicle
of change within themselves. But education, including
prayer education, requires self-activity and they are
possibly in the group which does not use prayer as a
personal habit~ The Ignatian Exercises makes use of
contemplation as a means to an end calling for service to
others and not contemplation as an end in itself which some
religious and cults teach. Self-knowledge requires silence
and study as even the pagan philosopher Socrates knew when
he claimed that the highest knowle~ge was self-knowledge.
(Theology, for the . Christian, surpasses it.) Therefore, it
seems apparent that teaching on this topic needs to be
increased in both cultures.
In this age when the emphasis within the Church is on
64
peace and justice issues, one-half of the total group felt
that contemplation could lead them towards positive actions
to benefit the world. A small percentage of those asked
failed to mark this question, which might indicate a lack of
knowledge on their part of definitions and applications.
Contemplation is defined in The Webster's Dictionary
as ~editation and meditation as contemplation. So, to
meditate is defined as to think deeply and continuously, to
ponder, to contemplate, and contemplation is defined as to
gaze attentively, to observe, to meditate. St. Ignatius,
author of the classic ~Ei~i!~~l ~~~rcise~, makes a
distinction betwe~n the two kinds of mental exercises. When
reason predomina'tes, it is meditation. When matter is
presented to the irnaginationto be visualized, we find the
expression "contemplation" used, though ofteri these are
intertwined. Meditation consists in passing from the truth
of the statement given for meditation to the conclusions in
behavioral life. The large number (seventy-seven) of those
questioned who occasionally, seldom, or never stop
intellectualizing, might be due to their young age still
requiring need for spiritual growth. Again, it seems there
is a tendency to use the broad dictionary term in answering
this questionnaire.
Question eleven, asking about the use of symbols,
words or things, the starting matter for most contemplation,
, shows thirty-nine arriving at the ultimate in contemplation
65
going directly to the center and source and seems to show
forty-five "true" contemplatives. This question probably
needed an explanation which had to be eliminated for
brevity's sake. The following question about contemplating
until everything disappears and only the Word is present,
yielded similar results to the previous question.
Rooks have been written on the topic of the Presence
of the Lord. Just what is meant by each one as they
interpret this question? The fact that so many, fifty-four,
state that contemplation yields an experience of the Lord to
them, validates the question. Twenty-eight claim that
occasionally they do so, and thirty-eight never meet the
Lord in their prayer. But again, how does one express
something spiritual? Many have been taught to be unsure of
anything not seen or heard with their external senses. Most
of the time spiritual experiences ~annot be expressed in
words which will be understood by one " who has never
experienced the power of vision. It is like the description
of Heaven: "Eye has not seen, ear has not heard, nor has it
so much as dawned on man w~at God has prepared for those who
love him" (I Co 2:9).
The leading mystics in our tradition say that we do
not hear the voice of God with our physical hearing. We
know that without some basic studies, individuals do not
know what is meant by this term -- the "voice of God" -- or
"I he~r the Lord speak." In this questionnaire we did not
66
make explanations. Therefore, when sixty-three claim they
heard the Lord always and frequently and thirty-four
occasionally or seldom, and twenty-three, never, we can come
to no other conclusion than the Lord works during this time.
All of us have met Christians who will not admit that the
Lord speaks to them. They are afraid of claiming
recognition of the Master's voice in their own privacy and
they wait for the other to direct them.
In this present age of wholistic teaching it seems
good that the spiritual and the physical, hody, soul and
spirit, are interacting on those yielding to contemplation.
Sixty-nine participants, a significant majority, discovered
that contemplation affects their feelings. Thirty-four got
a good feeling from the period of prayer occasionally or
seldom as an indication of a personal experience of God
characterized by good feelings, despite the fact that some
of these have been taught in the past to consider feelings
in prayer suspect.
Finally in all religions, experience counts. But
for Eastern people, it is alMost everything and it holds a
primacy in their lives. Abstract reasoning, speculative
thinking and discursive meditation do not interest the
typical Indian much. Only mysticism has a great appeal to
Easterners. There is a common belief amonq Easterners that
they should not use their time in sterile reasoning or in
mere intellectual discussion. There is also what is called
67
the "spirit of tolerance and accommodation." Against this
background we can see that experience gets priority in
Eastern spirituality. Maybe this is the reason why Indians
consider contemplation as a means to attain God-experience
or self-realization.
In order to probe a bit deeper, twenty people were
interviewed, a group consisting of seven religious sisters,
seven college youth, and six married men and women ranging
from twenty-five to eighty years of age. The questions used
in the interviews provided a degree of flexibility and
interpretation. Some 6f the questions were:
Have you ever felt a need for God in your life?
Have you personally experienced God?
Do you use rote prayers, meditation, contemplation or
~ll of these fdrms of prayer?
What do you mean by the word "contemplation"?
Do you find contemplation important? How does it help
you?
What prevents people trom finding peace in their lives?
These are some of the elicited responses. One half
of the people interviewed strongly articulated ,and
recognized the importance of God in their lives. They
ackno~ledged the priority of the Word of God and their daily
reflection on it, their enjoyment of prayer, God's personal
direction, and their daily examination resulting from their
awareness of God. The other ten indicated that trials and
68
difficulties were the source of getting them to pray. All
of the subjects had some religlous background and definitely
felt a need for God in their lives.
At least two-thirds of those interviewed, admitted
the presence of God in their lives in a unique and
miraculous way. Some were "rescued" by God from depravity.
At least four were miraculously cured from a fatal disease.
Some. experienced reconciliation when their prodigals
returned or their marital life was renewed throu0h a crisis.
Three subjects had difficulty in understanding the phrase
"experience ~f God", though they did not deny that some
calamities or accidents hrought them cl6ser to God and they
felt comforted by him.
All of the subjects varied their prayer forms.
Fifteen prayed daily, with the others praying periodically
or seldom. six individuals were very comfortable with
contemplation and benefited much through this form of
prayer. Four prefe~red to meditate on the word of God. The
others read or used rote or recorded prayer.
It was no great surprise that at least half the
number of subjects did not know the meaning of
"contemplation". Three asked if it is something you do to
relax your bodies and then become totally silent. Four said
it was similar to yoga, three said that it sounds like
oc~ultism, where one is transported in an ecstacy. But in
spite of fallacious concepts, more or less all knew it had
69
'"
something to do with God and leading a good life. Four said
that it is a form of deep meditation and expressed that they
enjoyed God's presence and recognized God dwelling in
themselves and others.
There were a variety of responses to the question
about the importance of contemplation in their life and its
effects. Four individuals stated it gives victory over self
and results in tolerance and patience in times of anger and
t u rmo i 1. Five sa id it helps one to reach out to others in
love and compassion. Three became ~ore aware of themselves
and gained self-knowledge, that is, they carne to acknowledge
their strengths and weaknesses and became more sensitive to
the needs of others. The others agreed ~hat prayer does
help one in life, but they did not know what contemplation
is and how to be initiated into this form of prayer.
However, through all of the interviews, one could sense a
keen interest in the subject and a desire to learn about
contemplation.
Using their own words, such as, "a lack of knowledge
of God", "distance from God", "separation from God", "lack
of a sense of God", or "Godlessness", thirteen members cited
reasons for not finding peace in this life. Four asserted
it was greed or desires that caused restlessness. The other
three claimed absence of self-knowledge, negative values and
norals as the barriers to peace.
Three people expressed their uncertainty about their
70
loving God, (although they were trying), but said there are
more tangible and certain ways of knowing if we love our
neighbor. Intense desire was apparent when one exclaimed
that all of her life she had been seeking God. Another also
expressed his inadequacy as he said he enjoys life and
prepares for death everyday because ~e knows that his
destiny is to be with God forever.
FroM the interviews and questionnaires, one comes to
the conclusion that contemplation is of God and helps people
to live a meaningful and purposeful life. In order to yield
to contemplation one needs initiation to this practice so
that one enters c6ntemplation with total openness and rights
dispositions. As a result, one will experience
transformation of self, which will be manifested in
charitable actions towards one's neighhors. In this way,
one will be instrumental in enriching the world and making
it a better ~lace in which to live in love and harmony.
I
SOURCES CONSULTED
Chapter VI
55. O'Flahorty,S.J., Let's Take ~ Trip (Staten Island, New York: Alba House, Society of St. Paul, 1971), p.9
56. Webster's Ninth New Colleqiate Dictionary (Springfield, Massachusetts, U.S.A.: Miriam-Webster, INC, 1885).
71
)
OOESTIONNAIRE ON CON'l'fMpIATIOO
~te how you think about each of the following statements. In the space to the right of each item indicate your choice by number in accord with this key: (ALWAYS - 1) (FREQUENTLy - 2) (OCCASIONALLY - 3) (SELDOM - 4) (NEVER - 5)
- - - - - - - 1 2 3- 4" 5
A F 0 S N
l.I find that contemplation is necessary for me •••••• 72 20 8 12 8
2.1 reserve a period for daily examination. • • • • • •• 45 15 10 18 32
3.1 enter into contemplation $imply and naturally. • • • • 35 25 15 12 33
~.1 prepare for contemplation using certain devices or methods advocated by others. • • • • • • • • • • .38 22 10 13 37
3.1 am canfortable ''lith the silence contemplation requires. 40 25 12 10 33
5.1 become aWO.re of myself through contemplation •••••• 35 22 21 15 27
7.1 feel more tolerant and loving towards myself through contemplation ••••••••••••••••••••• 44 21 21 18 16
3.1 find that I can affirm others more because of contemplation ••••••••••••••.•••••• 30 23 32 16 19
~.My contemplation results in positive acts of peace or justice. • 33 21 25 26 15
LO.l stop intellectualizing during my contemplation •• · • 25 18 26 18 33
l1.1 use symbols, \vords or things in my contemplation. · • 34 12 18 17 39
L2.1 continue m! contemplation until I encounter the God of Silence--no words, only the IVFD present. · • 30 18 17 16 39
1.1 personally experience the presence of the Lord when I contemplate. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 32 22 16 12 38
I hear the Lord speak (either quietly or aloud) during my contemplation •••••••••••••••• 38 25 16 18 23
. get as good feeling fran this period of prayer •••• 39 30 19 15 17
mal Infonnation: ~ Sex
72
SEL
EC
TE
D
BIB
LIO
GR
APH
Y
Ab
his
hik
tan
an
da.
Hin
du
-Ch
risti
an
M
eeti
nq
P
oin
t.
Kas
hm
ere
Gate
, D
elh
i:I.
S.P
.C.K
.,
19
76
.
Ab
his
hik
tan
an
da.
Saccid
an
an
da.
Kas
hm
ere
Gate
, D
elh
i:
I.S
.P.C
.K.,
1984~
Ab
his
hik
tan
an
da.
Th
e F
urt
her
Sh
ore
. K
ash
mer
e G
ate
, D
elh
i:
I.S
.P.C
.K.,
1
98
4.
Am
alo
rpav
ad
ass
, D
. S
. S
aro
dh
ya
In
itia
tio
n
and
E
xp
eri
en
ce.
Ban
galo
re,
Ind
ia:
Nati
on
al
Bib
lical,
C
ate
ch
eti
cal
and
L
itu
rgic
al.
Cen
tre,
19
84
.
Arn
alo
rpav
ad
ass
, D
. S
. T
he
Bib
le
in
Self
-Ren
ew
al
and
C
hu
rch
R
enew
al
Fo
r S
erv
ice to
so
cie
tY.
Ban
galo
re,
Ind
ia:
Nati
on
al
Bib
lical,
C
ate
ch
eti
cal
and
L
itu
rgic
al
Cen
tre,
19
84
.
Am
alo
rpav
ad
ass
, D
. S
. In
dia
n C
hri
sti
an
S
pir
itu
ali
ty.
Ban
qalo
re,
Ind
ia:
Ban
qalo
re
Nati
on
al
Bib
lical,
C
ate
ch
eti
cal
and
L
itu
rgic
al
Cen
tre,
19
82
.
Am
alo
rpav
ad
ass
, D
. S
. P
ov
ert
y o
f th
e
Reli
gio
us
and
T
he
Reli
qio
us
as
Po
or.
N
ati
on
al
Bib
lical,
C
ate
ch
eti
ca1
L
itu
rqic
al-
Cen
tre,
19
84
.
Am
alo
rpav
ad
ass
, D
. S
. S
ocia
l C
om
mu
nic
ati
on
an
d C
hri
sti
an
C
om
mu
nio
n.
Ban
galo
re,
Ind
ia:
Nati
on
al
Bib
lical,
C
ate
ch
eti
cal
and
L
itu
rgic
al
Cen
tre,
19
84
.
Bo
rst,
Ja
mes.
C
on
tem
pla
tiv
e
Pra
yer.
M
isso
uri
: L
igo
uri
P
ub
licati
ori
s,
19
79
.
Fin
ley
, Ja
mes.
M
ert
on
's
Pala
ce
of
No
wh
ere.
N
otr
e
Dam
e,
Ind
ian
a:
Ave
~'aria
Pre
ss,
19
84
.
~inley,
Jam
es.
T
he
Aw
aken
ing
C
all
. -N
otr
e
Dam
e,
Ind
ian
a:
Ave
M
ari
a P
ress,
19
84
.
,reen
, T
ho
mas
H
. O
pen
ing
T
o G
od
. N
otr
e
Dam
e,
Ind
ian
a:
Ave
M
ari
a
Pre
ss,
19
79
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