contemporary fiction 2

7/25/2019 Contemporary Fiction 2

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Contemporary Fiction

Solutions to the Crisis of

Intercultural Communication


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Intercultural Communication

Holliday, Adrian, Martin Hyde and John

Kullman, Intercultural Communication. An

Advanced Resource Book, Routledge,

Ne !or", #$$%&


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' Identity

' (therness

' (theri)ation' Representation


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Identity

' *he ay in hich e all +ring ith us our

on discourses and feelings of culture and

negotiate these in communication&


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(therness

' *he ay in hich something seems

strange or different&


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(theri)ation

' *he ay in hich e oer-generali)e,

stereotype and reduce the people e

communicate ith to something different

from or less than hat they are&


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Representation

' *he ay in hich culture is communicated

in society, through the media, professional

discourses and eeryday language&


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Culture

' A set of ideas, +eliefs, and ays of

+ehaing of a particular organi)ation or

group of people . youth culture&

' A set of ideas, +eliefs, and ays of

+ehaing of a particular society . the

Romanian culture&


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/hat gies people the sense of +elonging is

their +eing part either of0

' Community, class, gender, occupation,

ethnic group&

or

' Nationality&


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1ies of Culture

' 2ssentialist

' Non-essentialist


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2ssentialism

' 1ie of culture that presumes that there is

a uniersal essence, homogeneity and

unity in particular culture&


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Non-essentialism

' 1ie of culture that sees culture as a fluid,

creatie force hich +inds different

groupings and aspects of +ehaiour in

different ays, +oth constructing and

constructed +y people in a piecemeal

fashion to produce myriad com+inations&


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' *he lac" of "noledge of hat sort of

group a person +elongs to 3 *he

tendency to stereotype and otheri)e&

' 2thnocentrism 3 assuming the e4istence

of a norm against hich all difference is

seen as a deiation&


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' In a non-essentialist paradigm, the foreign

(ther should not +e loo"ed at as if loc"ed

in a separate foreign place&

' *he foreign (ther are people operating at

cultural +orders and their struggle for

identity is connected ith ho they are

seen +y people ho do not "no them&


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' Indiiduals at cultural +orders are not only

people moing +eteen different societies,

+ut also people moing +eteen small

cultures ithin a particular society&


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2thnocentrism

' 5lacing ourseles on a position ofsuperiority and discarding the other asinferior&

' Imagining someone as alien and differentfrom 6us7 in such a ay that 6they7 aree4cluded from 6our7 6normal7, 6superior7,

and 6ciili)ed7 group&' /e tend to define the person +efore eunderstand the person&


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' /hen people feel culturally threatened they tendto dra more heaily on certain culturalresources&

' /hen people are in a difficult, strangeenironment, they can close ran"s ande4aggerate specific aspects of their culturalidentity&

' !et hat people say a+out their cultural identityshould +e read as the image they ish to pro8ectat a particular time rather than as eidence of anessentialist national culture&


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' *he multiplicity of identities&

' *he creation of an identity card&

' *he mar"ing out of territory&


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' As indiiduals, e are mem+ers of a ast

num+er of different cultural groups 3 e hae a

multiplicity of identities& /ith each identity, e

hae a communal +ond ith a group of otherpeople&

' (ne can define oneself as a mem+er of an age

group, a nationality, an ethnic group, a social

class, a religion, a scout group, an aero+icsclass, a sports team, a school class group&


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' /hen playing a particular identity card,

one plays ith the cultural stereotypes

e4pected +y other mem+ers of the society&

' Identity is achieed through the s"illed

manipulation of discourses in the society&

9e&g& anti-slaery discourses changed the

ay the :lac" Africans ere perceied inthe American society;&


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' *he principle at the +asis of successfulcommunication is that e should try tounderstand people +efore e can

communicate ith them&' /e should also +e aare of the fact that

the tendency to reduce the foreign (ther isdeep ithin the roots of society in general&

' It is ery easy to misconstruct people fromother societies&


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' Stereotype

' 5re8udice

' (theri)ation' Culturism


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Stereotyping

' Ideal characteri)ation of the foreign (ther&

' Acts as a template, or as an ideal type,

against hich e can measure the

un"non&

' It could +e useful if it ere not infected +y

pre8udice, hich in turn leads to

otheri)ation&


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5re8udice

' Judgement made on the +asis of interest

rather than emergent eidence&

' An unreasona+le opinion or feeling,

especially the feeling of not li"ing a

particular group of people&


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(theri)ing

' Reducing the foreign (ther to less than

hat they are&


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Culturism

' Reducing the mem+ers of a group to the

predefined characteristics of a cultural

la+el&


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' Communication < cultural negotiation


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5olitical correctness

' Aareness of the poer our ords may

carry in the encounter ith the (ther&

' =naareness0

3 thin"ing you are +eing understanding

hen in fact you are patroni)ing>

3 false sharing>3 culturist language&


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' ?anguage has an essential role in

otheri)ation&

9e&g& 6tri+e7 or 6marriage practices7 in a

conersation +eteen an Australian and

an African +lac" oman;


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' 5olitical correctness has +een attac"ed

for0

@; 5reenting people from spea"ing their

minds and stating the o+ious>

#; :eing oer-sensitie to apparently

innocent language hich carries hidden

racist or se4ist references&


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:=*

' In intercultural communication politicalcorrectness is necessary +ecause eeryoneshould consider0

- the connections +eteen people, their +ehaiour

and generali)ations a+out the categories inhich e place people 9culture, gender, race;&

- the eidence hich is not connected to thesecategories&

- the fact that e tend to otheri)e and reduce acertain person to less than hat she he is +ymeans of a prescri+ed image of hat e thin"she he is&


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' In modern society, e are constantly fed

images of the foreign (ther +y teleision,

radio and the press&

' Many countries less ell "non to the

/est, usually in the deeloping orld, are

represented ery selectiely in orld

media in terms of their most salea+le,sensational, 6e4otic7 images&


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' It is strange that hile people may +e

naturally cynical a+out much of hat

media shos us, they may ell +e often

less critical of images of the 6e4otic7&

' *he representations in the media ill ery

largely respond to pu+lic demand& At the

heart of this demand is the desire toessentiali)e&


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' *he representations of the media cannot

+e disconnected from a political point of

ie hich depicts a derelict country in

need of rescue +y the /est&

' Buring colonial times, images of the South

and 2ast as deficit cultures ere often

constructed consciously or unconsciouslyto 8ustify the 6ciili)ing7 conuest&


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*he role of arts and literature

' *o help form indiidual representations&

' *o help the indiiduals form their on

images and +rea" aay from the

esta+lished essentialism&

' *o form more critical, creatie images&

contemporary fiction 2

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