Contemporary Issues inHandheld Computing Research

Wen-Chen HuDepartment of Computer Science

University of North DakotaGrand Forks, ND 58202-9015

USAwenchen@cs.und.edu

Outline

1. Introduction

2. Mobile handheld devices

3. Handheld computing

4. Handheld computing research/applications

Location-based services

Mobile commerce systems and technologies

Mobile and wireless networks

Mobile security and payment methods

Web content adaptation for handheld devices

5. Summary

Worldwide Smart Mobile Device Shipments

0

510

1520

2530

3540

Q22003

Q22004

Q22005

Q22006

Q22007

Q12008

Worldwide totalsmart mobile deviceshipments inmillions3-D Column 2

Forecasts of WorldwideSmart Mobile Device Shipments

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Forecasts ofworldwide totalsmart mobiledevice shipmentsin millions

Mobile Handheld Devices

A mobile handheld device is a small,

general-purpose, programmable, battery-

powered computer that is capable of

handling the front end of mobile

applications.

It is different from a desktop or notebook computer:

● Mobility,

● Low communication bandwidth, and

● Limited computing power and resources

such as memory and batteries.

PDA Market Shares

PDA HPMio Technology

PalmResearch In Motion

Sharp

Market Share in 2005(Total Sales: 15.0 Million)

3rd (15.1%) 4th (4.8%)2nd (18.5%)

1st (21.3%) 5th (3.6%)

Market Share in 2006(Total Sales: 17.7 Million)

3rd (9.7%) 4th (8.5%)2nd (11.1%)

1st (19.8%) 5th (8.0%)

Smartphone Market Shares

Smartphone Apple HTC NokiaResearch In Motion

Sharp

Market Share in 2007(Total Sales: 122.3 Million)

5th (2.7%)

4th (3.0%)1st (49.4%)

2nd (9.6%) 3rd (5.6%)

Market Share in 2008(Total Sales: 139.3 Million)

3rd (8.2%)

4th (4.2%)1st (43.7%)

2nd (16.6%) 5th (3.8%)

A Handheld Device System Structure

● A mobile operating system ● A mobile CPU

● A microbrowser ● Input and output devices and methods

● Memory and storage ● Batteries

Mobile users

Instructions

Data

I/O bridge

I/O bus

Wireless adapter

Memory bus

Batteries

Mobile CPU Memory

Mobile OS

I/O devices

Microbrowser

System bus

A Mobile Operating System

The three components are not found in the standard desktop OS:

● Communications controllers, which are for wireless communications.

● Real-time kernel, which is for telephony.

● Power management, which is for energy saving.

Market Shares of PDA OS

PDA Linux Palm OS RIMSymbian OS

MS Windows Mobile

SponsorOpen source

Palm Inc.Research In Motion

Symbian Ltd.

Microsoft Corp.

Market Share in 2005(Total Sales: 15.0 Million)

5th (0.8%) 3rd (19.8%)2nd (21.3%)

4th (6.7%) 1st (47.9%)

Market Share in 2006(Total Sales: 17.7 Million)

5th (0.9%) 3rd (11.7%)2nd (19.8%)

4th (5.4%) 1st (56.1%)

Market Shares of Smartphone OS

Smartphone Linux Mac OS X RIMSymbian OS

MS Windows Mobile

SponsorOpen source

Apple Inc.Research In Motion

Symbian Ltd.

Microsoft Corp.

Primary Host Language

C++/Java C/C++ C/C++ C/C++ C/C++

Market Share in 2007(Total Sales: 122.3 Million)

4th (9.6%) 5th (2.7%) 3rd (9.6%) 1st (63.5%) 2nd (12.0%)

Market Share in 2008(Total Sales: 139.3 Million)

5th (8.1%) 4th (8.2%)2nd (16.6%)

1st (52.4%) 3rd (11.8%)

Handheld Computing

Handheld computing is the use of handheld

devices such as smart cellular phones to

perform wireless, mobile, handheld

operations such as browsing the mobile Web

and finding a nearby gas station.

● Client-side handheld computing: It refers to the use of handheld devices

to perform handheld operations that do not need the support of a server.

● Server-side handheld computing: Handheld devices are used to perform

wireless, mobile, handheld operations that require the support of a server.

Client-Side Handheld Computing

Checking

Results

Displayed

NoYes

Programsynchronization

Handhelddevelopers

Handheldapplications

design &implementation

Handheldemulator

Endusers

Handhelddevice

Goodenough?

Queries

Examples of these applications include: (a) address books, (b) standalone

video games, (c) note pads, and (d) photo-editing.

Server-Side Handheld Computing

Examples of such applications include: (a) online video games, (b) the mobile

Web, (c) short message services, and (d) wireless telephony. The most

popular application is mobile Web content design and development.

Topics of Handheld Computing Research

● Energy saving

● Handheld specifications, standards, guidelines, software, and tools

● Location-base services

● Mobile and wireless networks

● Mobile commerce systems and technologies

● Mobile/handheld data management

● Mobile/handheld entertainment and gaming

● Mobile/handheld human computer interface

● Mobile/handheld operating systems and platforms

● Mobile/handheld security and payment methods

● Web content adaptation for handheld devices

● …

Location-Based Services

● Mobile handheld devices ● Mobile and wireless networks

● Positioning systems ● Service and application providers

● Geographical data providers

A Mobile Commerce System Structure

● Mobile commerce

applications

● Mobile handheld

devices

● Mobile

middleware

● Wireless networks

● Wired networks

● Host computers

Mobile Commerce Transactions

The figure shows a flowchart of how a user request is usually processed by

a mobile commerce system:

Mobile and Wireless Networks

2G(10 Kbps – 40 Kbps)

2.5G(20 Kbps – 171 Kbps)

3G(60 KBps – 54 Mbps)

4G(50 Mbps – 1 Gbps)

CDMA track IS-95 CDMA 2000 W-CDMAUMTS Revision 8 (LTE)

TDMA/GSM track

GSM GPRS EDGE

IEEE 802.11 track

WLAN/Wi-Fi

IEEE 802.16 track

WiMAX/WiBro

A Typical Macropayment Scenario

Macropayments are used by traditional electronic commerce and they

usually involve amounts more than US $10.00. Payments by credit

cards are the most common method for macropayments.

A Typical Micropayment Scenario

Micropayments usually involve amounts less than US $10.00, which

are too small to be economically processed by credit card companies.

The amounts are usually charged to users’ phone bills.

Web Content Adaptation for Handheld Devices

Most Web pages are designed for the use of desktop or notebook browsers

in mind. When the pages are accessed from microbrowsers, they are

distorted or not functioning fully or properly. Various methods are created

to try to solve or relieve the problems:

● Page segmentation, ● Component ranking, and

● Other ad hoc methods.

Y

Information Included in HTML Files

• Audio/figure/flash/table/video captions

• Content

• Descriptions

• Distances

• Hyperlinked text

• Hyperlinks

• Keywords

• Page structure

• Page titles

• Sizes

• Text with different fonts, colors, sizes, and styles

• The first sentence

Page Segmentation

Page segmentation

is to display parts

of Web pages

instead of the

whole pages

when using

microbrowsers.

Component Ranking

Page segmentation is usually followed by component ranking, which is

used to rank the page components. So they can be displayed in the order

of their importance.

Summary

The future of information technology is on handheld computing because

the numbers of IT equipment shipments from 2006 to 2008 are

Mobile Phones

PCs & Servers

SmartphonesPDAs (without phone capabilities)

Number of Units Shipped in 2006 (Million)

991 239 64 5.5

Number of Units Shipped in 2007 (Million)

1153 271 122 3.0

Number of Units Shipped in 2008 (Million)

1220 302 139 ~0

Summary (Cont.)

Title Focuses URL

International Journal of Handheld Computing Research

Smartphone and mobile technologies

http://www.handheldresearch.org/

IEEE Pervasive Computing Wearable and mobile technologieshttp://www.computer.org/portal/site/pervasive/

IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing

Mobile and wireless networks http://www2.computer.org/portal/web/tmc

MDM Conferences Mobile data managementhttp://portal.acm.org/browse_dl.cfm?coll=Portal&dl=ACM&idx=SERIES11265&linked=1&part=series

Mobile HCI Conferences Mobile human computer interactionhttp://personal.cis.strath.ac.uk/~mdd/mobilehci/

MobiMedia Conferences Mobile multimedia http://www.mobimedia.org/

MobiSys Conferences Mobile systems http://www.sigmobile.org/mobisys/

MobiWare Conferences Mobile middleware http://www.mobilware.org/

PerCom Conferences Mobile networks and technologies http://www.percom.org/

Pervasive and Mobile Computing

Mobile and wireless networks http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/704220/description

Ubicomp Conferences Wearable and mobile technologies http://www.ubicomp.org/

Summary (Cont.)

Name Function URL

Android Mobile operating system http://www.android.com/

Garnet OSPreviously known as Palm OS

http://www.access-company.com/products/platforms/garnet/

iPhone OS Mobile operating systemhttp://www.apple.com/iphone/preview-iphone-os/

Java MEHandheld programming environment

http://java.sun.com/javame/

Palm webOS Mobile operating system http://developer.palm.com/

Symbian Mobile operating system http://www.symbian.org/

Windows Mobile

Mobile operating systemhttp://www.microsoft.com/windowsmobile/

Summary (Cont.)

Name Focuses URL

DoCoMo LabsMobile communications

http://www.docomolabs-usa.com/

HP Labs: Pervasive Computing

Mobile technologies

http://www.hpl.hp.com/research/pervasive_computing/

IBM Research: Mobile Computing

Mobile technologies

http://www.research.ibm.com/compsci/mobile/

Microsoft Ubiquitous Computing Group

Mobile technologies

http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/groups/ubicomp/

Nokia Research Center Mobile phones http://research.nokia.com/

Summary (Cont.)

● A mobile handheld device includes six components: (i) a mobile

operating system, (ii) mobile central processing units, (iii) a

microbrowser, (iv) input and output devices and methods,

(v) memory and storage, and (vi) batteries.

● Handheld computing includes client- and server- side handheld

computing. The most popular handheld computing is the mobile

Web content design and development.

● A mobile commerce system includes six components: (i) mobile

commerce applications, (ii) mobile handheld devices, (iii) mobile

middleware, (iv) wireless networks, (v) wired networks, and

(vi) host computers.