contemporary moral problem + copyright

8/14/2019 Contemporary Moral Problem + Copyright

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RYAN S. GESMUNDO

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Book Review Chapter 1: Ethical Theories: James Rachels: Egoism and Moral Skepticism

Library Reference: N/A

Amazon:

http://www.amazon.com/Contemporary-Moral-Problems-James-

White/dp/0534584306/ref=pd_bbs_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1233793391&sr=8-1

What I expect to learn

I expect to learn that morality is more on attitudes sides and more on spiritualsides.

Review:

First Amendment in the Constitutional Bill of Rights. The right guaranteeing freedom ofspeech and expression is pitted against the desire to censor unsavory and unwanted

images from our lives. Although pornographic speech may be unpopular, the First

Amendment should tolerate and protect it, like any other type of free expression. Thepotential censorship of pornography is of the greatest importance, both as a personal

rights issue and as a contemporary moral issue in society. In dealing with the legality of

pornographic speech, society must decide if the harms of pornography, real or imagined,outweigh the good of free expression.

What I learned:

I learned that we need to be more precise in the main objective of the topic to know how

we can handle it.

Integrative Question:

1. Who is James Rachel?

2. What is psychological egoism?

3. What is ethical egoism?4. What is the profession of James Rachel?

5. What school did James Rachel teach?

Source:

James Rachels Egoism and Moral Skepticism, from A New Introduction to Philosophy, ed.

Steven M Cahn. (Harper & Row, (1971).


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Review Question

1.) Legend of Gyges, a shepherd who was said to have found a magic ring in a

fissure opened by and earthquake. The ring would make its wearer invisible andthus would enable him to go anywhere and do anything undetected.

2.) Psychological egoism holds that all human action are self-interested, whereasethical egoism says that all actions ought to be self-interested.

3.) First argument goes as follows. If we describe one persons action as selfish andanother persons action is unselfish, we are overlooking the crucial fact that in

both cases, assuming that the action is done voluntarily. Second argument, action

is really to achieve a pleasant state of consciousness, rather than to bring aboutany good for others.

4.) The first is the confusion of selfishness with self-interest. The second confusion

is the assumption that every action is done either from self-interest or from otherregarding motives. The third confusion is the common but false assumption that a

concern for ones own welfare is incompatible with any genuine concern for thewelfare of others.

5.) To say that any action or policy of action is right entails that it is right foranyone in the same sort of circumstances. There is no way to maintain the

doctrine of ethical egoism as a consistent view about how we ought to act. We

will fall into inconsistency whenever we try. We need to only to interpret theegoists position in a sympathetic way, we should say that he has in mind a certain

kind of would which he would prefer over all others. It would be a world in which

his own interests were maximized, regardless of the effects on other people.

6.) The reason ought to do actions that would benefit other people is other people

would be benefited. But is not. The point is that the welfare of human being issomething that most of us value for its own sake and not merely for the sake of

something else. Egoist will protest that we may accept this as a reason but he does

not. A fundamental requirement of rational action namely that the existence ofreaction for action always depends on the prior existence of certain attitudes it the

agent.


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Discuss Question

1.) To have a moral code is to tend to evaluate the behavior of others and to feel

guilt at certain actions when we perform them. Religion on the other handinvolves beliefs in supernatural power that created and perhaps also controls

nature the tendency to worship and pray to those supernatural forces of beings.One involves our attitudes towards various forms of behavior typically expressedusing the notion of rules right and obligations. Religion typically involves prayer,

worship beliefs about the supernatural, institutional forms and authoritative text.

2.) Religious motives are far from the only ones people have. A decision to do the

right thing is made for a variety of reasons. We were raised to be decent person

and thats what we are, it is depends on how we are raised. Many motives for

doing the right thing have nothing whatsoever to do with religion. Pose that cantbe moral yet irreligious at the same time. This argument fails first consider how

much we would need to know about religion and revelation in order for religion to

provide moral guidance.

3.) My general conclusion is that far from providing a short-cut to moralunderstanding looking to revelation for guidance often creates more question and

problems. It seems wiser under the circumstance to address complex moral

problems like abortion. Considering the pros and cons of each side, rather that to

seek answers through the much more controversial and difficult route ofrevelation.

4.) Religion is necessary for morality because without God there could be no rightand wrong. God provides the foundation of bedrock on which morality is

grounded. God said that killing is a right thing to do, and then believer of thistheory will believe that it is right and practice it. Their deeds depend on thecommands given by God. As long as God tells them that it is right then it is right

without thinking any pros and cons of the action and of this can harm others.

5.) Religion and morality sometimes do influence each other. Peoples moral views

are shaped by their religious training and their current religious beliefs. It is

unlikely a religious person would wish to exclude God from the forum andtribunal that constitutes conscience would almost certainly include the imagined

reaction of God along with the reaction of others who might be affected by the

action. So it seems that for a religious person morality and Gods will cannot beseparated though the connection between them is not as envisioned by the divine

command theory.


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Book Review Chapter 1: Ethical Theories:

John Arthur: Religion, Morality and Conscience


Amazon:

http://www.amazon.com/Contemporary-Moral-Problems-James-White/dp/0534584306/ref=pd_bbs_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1233793391&sr=8-1

What I expect to learn:

I expect to learn on morality and to know true meaning of it.

Review:

John Arthur said that people are has power to the thing right because they are raised

to do good things. And others are concern because of the consequence that they may

encounter. I think this is true because they faith in God is there so they need to follow allthe rules and regulation that they used to do. Religions are also an example that can show

some good example to the people. John Arthur said that religion is not the basis for being

good or bad because some religion said do unmoral things.

Religion also has different interpretations and this is why religion is an unreliable basis

for what is right and what it wrong. In my opinion religion can still be a basis for what isright and what is wrong for the things that needs guidance like stealing and killing.

Almost all religions condemn stealing and killing and there are still a lot of people refuseto kill because of their religion.

What I learned:

I learned that religion can be determined whenever you meet different people in your

lives, they can influence you in their experience.


1. Is moral motivation is important to us?

2. What are the two forms does Revelation go to?3. What is the Divine Command Theory?

4. Who is John Arthur?

5. What command Divine Theory?Source:

John Arthur, Religion, Morality, and Conscience, from m Morality and Controversies 4th

ed.,

ed. John Arthur(Premise Hall, 1996), pp. 21-28.


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Friedrich Nietzsche: Master and Slavery Morality


Amazon:

http://www.amazon.com/Contemporary-Moral-Problems-James-White/dp/0534584306/ref=pd_bbs_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1233793391&sr=8-1


I expect to learn from Friedrich Nietzsches theories about Morality and ethics.And also all about the Master or Slave Morality on how we can control it.

Review:

Morality is about insights about morality and ethics that you can show to the other

people. Friedrich Nietzsche said that a healthy society should allow people who arewealthy and influential to exercise their ability to grab power. And also he thinks that a

strong person follow a master morality. I think that it is true because when you have a

strong morality you can control it and as long that you have the control you can give youself a an ease. In society many people are struggling in having there selves getting a time

to have self morality because they are stress in their job or other things in their mind so

they should practice to have control in their morality in order to have good motivationand power of will to do. Also a society that lets people grab power as long as they can

causes greed and as we all know most of the bad things that happen in our society comesfrom greed and mostly greed for power.

What I learned:

I learned that people can exercise their motivation or will power in getting their own

experience.


1. What is Master Morality?

2. What is Slave Morality?3. Who is Friedrich Nietzsche?

4. Do you think that corruption is good?5. What do you think about will over power?

Source: Friedrich Nietzsche, Beyond and Good Evil, translated b Heken Zimmern, pp. 223-

32(Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books). Copyright 1989.


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Mary Midgley Trying Out ones New Sword



I expect to learn how moral can act to us, and what the differences from moral and ethicaltheories are.

Review:

Mary Midgley is sharing us her own insights about on morality, she discuss

how the moral isolationism works for being a immoral. Mary said that there is nojustification in what happening to the other culture that they dont have any idea what is

the really reason why this is happening. Mary is right because it is true; we need to stop

this kind of attitude. We can prevent this in analyzing other people that we dont knowand we can also practice this kind of doing when we try to know what the reason behind

this kind of cultures. When we do this we can be more improve community and to be a

wise men. A culture that is a best example is the Japanese; they can sacrifice themselvesfor their country, to have an honor. This kind of attitude is very great because they are

ready to die for their country. So how can you explain that kind of attitude? You need to

analyze and give them sympathy in order to respect their beliefs.

What I learned:

It is immoral to criticize a culture without moral reasoning.


1. Do you think it is morally right?

2. What is moral isolationism?

3. What is tsujigiri?4. Why does a samurai sword need to be tried out?5. What is real moral skepticism?

Source: Trying Out Ones New Sword by Mary Midgley


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Contemporary Moral Problems by James E. White Chapter 1: James Rachels

Amazon link: http://www.amazon.com/Contemporary-Moral-Problems-James-

White/dp/0495553204/ref=pd_sim_b_2/185-6566170-6503008


I expect to learn how the morality enter to our life, and how we can know improve it.

Review:

James Rachels share to this reading is how the morality runs to our life and how we cancorrect our common sense that we are using, it means that to be an ethical person, to

know what is wrong and right. But according to James that common sense are cannot be

trusted because it is only base on merit and not what is entirely right. It says that youshould make your own decision, not decision by your own senses. You should thinkbefore you do something because it is important to be ready on what is happening on you.

So if you are ready on what is happening, you can prevent bad things to happen or stop

the unlikely situations. So you need to know how to improve this kind of thinking inorder to know how you can control yourself.

What I learned:

I learned that Utilitarianism is flawed in many ways. I thought that Utilitarianismis the best ethical theory but in actuality it is as flawed as the other ethical theories.


1. What is Hedonism?

2. What is classical Utilitarianism?3. What is the most serious anti utilitarianism attack in this theory?

4. What does Utilitarianism say about happiness?

5. What is Rule-Utilitarianism?

Source: From James Rachels, The Elements of Moral Philosophy (New York: McGraw Hill

Publishing Company, 1986).


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Book Review Chapter 1: Ethical theories:

Contemporary Moral Problems by James E. White Chapter 1: Immanuel Kant




I expect to learn is the meaning of Categorical Imperative and what the ethical theories

are. And what is the theory of Immanuel Kant.

Kant said that categorical imperative is a supreme rule where your moral duties can be

derived. It is like you can go deeper in you feelings and is more general or specific

because when you know how it runs you can determine the outcome this theory. It meansthat you can know or can think what the best for others. And also you can know yourself

either. With this theory you can perform your duty and with this duty you will do it nomatter what happen. I think this is not always true because we should know first our dutyto do before the others in order to know you what will happen to you. And also if done

something that are not we want to be, we have no choice to accept it and nevertheless

move on to our lives. I think we should learn from our mistake to know what we will do

for the next time.

What I learned:

I learned that different philosophers have a different perspective that you can

choose to believe in. And no matter what you will choose as long as you are happy and

your not breaking the law of government or the law of bible, you can go with it.


1. What is The Categorical Imperative?

2. Who is Immanuel Kant?3. What is the Universal law?

4. What are some of the duties derived from the Categorical Imperative?

5. What are the consequences of happiness?

Source: Immanuel Kant, The Categorical Imperative, from the Moral Law: Kants

Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals trans. H.J. Paton (New York: Barnes & Noble, Inc.

1948).


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Contemporary Moral Problems by James E. White Chapter 1: Aristotle




I expect to learn that what is Happiness and Virtue perspective from Aristotle is.

Review:

Aristotle is the one important and the biggest contributions in area of the philosophy, Ithink because he can understand what is the really meaning of everything that he studies

and also he derived on its different point of view. So I think Aristotle is the one greatest

philosopher of all time. He discussed the topic in this reading on happiness and virtue.According to him happiness is not pleasure or wealth but an activity of the soul inaccordance with virtue. It is like happiness is not a pleasure is more an emotion that it

comes when you have an activity that can feel you like that. So happiness is not pleasure,

is more like you can obtain happiness when you perform such an activity that you canacquire happiness. Pleasure is their when you are performing activity that are wont last

long. Sometimes pleasure is their when you performing bad action. Because it only

appears when you are doing an activity that serves you. Having pleasure in bad ways islike committing breaking the law of God. So we should not do this kind of action. Virtue

for Aristotle is a balance or a habit of doing the right thing. This is true because a man of

virtue can control himself in doing bad things, so if have a virtue in yourself you can

maintain your live happy and more healthy.

What I learned:

I learned that Virtue is most important that person should have because you can live

with your life when you have your virtue in yourself but you cant live if only happinessthat you want to be involve in you life.


1. What is The Categorical Imperative?

2. Who is Immanuel Kant?

3. What is the Universal law?4. What are some of the duties derived from the Categorical Imperative?

5. What are the consequences of happiness?

Source:Aristotle, Happiness and Virtue, Books I: 3-5,7-9, 13; II 1,6,7, 8 from Ethica

Nicomachea, trans. W. D. Ross in the Oxford Translation of Aristotle, vol. 9(Oxford: Oxford

University Press, 1925).


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Contemporary Moral Problems by James E. White Chapter 1: Joel Feinberg




I expect to learned that what is the importance of rights of the society and what is the

difference of between a society with no limited rights and a society with abundance of

rights.

Review:

In this reading, it says that having rights is like having a freedom that you want to have. It

is very important to have rights as people of our society because without rights it is veryhard to move and make your own decisions. It will be hard to us to work speak ourlanguage to anyone and we cant communicate our feelings to others because we have no

freedom. And the society will be miserable because of this kind of situation. We have

rights but we should use it in good ways or manner, if we try to abuse it, it is not a rightanymore. We should know how to use it in order to have systematic society and peaceful

community. I think having rights is fair enough to be a complete person because having

rights is like giving you a house, clothes and foods that filling up our personality. Howcan we share insights if we will have no rights? So we are lucky having this kind of right

thing. We should practice ourselves to be improved person. Hence we should respect

each of one of us rights.

What I learned:

I learned that how important the right to the people because you can be complete person

if dont have any rights.


1. What is Nowheresville?

2. Who is Joel Feinberg?

3. How do dictionaries define claim?

4. What is Leviathan?5. What is three-to-marry?

Source: From Joel Feinberg, The Nature and Value of Rights, TheJournal of Value Inquiry 4

(1970) 243 57, 1970, Martinus Nyhoff Publishers Dordrecht, Netherlands.


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Contemporary Moral Problems by James E. White Chapter 1: Ronald Dworkin




I expect that what will happen if the people of the society will have no rights and why

should have rights.

Review:

Basically people should have rights, but interfere with other people with their right is

wrong because you dont have the power to control others people lives or mind, they can

make a decision on their own, so dont interfere with their rights. Its like you making thechoice for them. Let them be the one who make their choices, but it is different story ifthey asking help to you, thats the time you can give your opinion to them but if dont

have the permission to bath in, you cannot give them the order to follow you. Ronald

Dworkin was right, he said that interfere someone on his right is wrong because youdont have the position to order someone and just give them the order and follow you.

We should know how to respects one persons right because it is important to give them

the chance to have a right. Freedom is very important to us because having a freedom wecan share our opinions to others and others may react or reply and this how it runs. So if

we know we stepping someone rights, we should know how to step back and give way to

them to have their own rights.

What I learned:

I learned the importance of rights in a society. And having no rights is like

hell, we cannot build a nation if we dont have any kind of rights.


1. What issues does the constitution fuse?

2. What is the Kantian idea?

3. When does a government have its most natural use?

4. Do Constitutional rights represent moral rights against the government? Why?5. Why do we need to take rights seriously?

Source: Taking Rights Seriouslyby Ronald Dworkin (Cambridge Mass: Harvard University

Press). Pp. 184-05. Copyright 1977, 1978, 1985 by Ronald Dworkin.


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Contemporary Moral Problems by James E. White Chapter 1: John Rawls




I expect to learn about the important of justice in our lives and how we can see the

benefits if we follow this kind of rules.

Review:

I think that justice is really good; it only became bad if a corruption person handles it

because the society may not improve or grow. It is very difficult to the people who are

poor to be treated by the law as equal of the rich people, because they dont have thepower to give the desire of the person who is in the position of the government. We needto stop corruption to have fairness in the government. You can blame the poor people, we

need to cooperate and listen to their feelings in order to have organized in our

community. If we stop this kind of insanity, we as people, we can get success that wewant to our country.

What I learned:

I learned that how is bad the corruption is to our country because without this we can besuccess.


1. What is the 1st

principle of justice?

2. What is the 2nd

principle of justice?3. Where does fairness begin?

4. Why is Justice as fairness not a complete contract theory?

5. What are the consequences of the two principles of justice?

Source: Theory of Justice by John Rawls (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press). pp. 11-16

, 60 -65. Copyright 1971 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College.


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Contemporary Moral Problems by James E. White Chapter 1: Annette Baier




I expect to learn what an effective determiner for being an ethical person is and what

justice is if there is no corruption.

Review:

Baier says that, justice should be the one helping people not who giving more problems.

Because having a great justice a having a peaceful community. Can you imagine that

there is not corruption in our world! How can we be more improve if thats happens. Iwill love to live if we attain that kind of circumstances because we can work fairly and allpeople will be treated as equal. And criminal rate will be decrease because of that

scenario, we can work orderly and lives will be more safely than before. So we need to

help one another in order to have the start of the change.

What I learned:

I learned that justice is justice so we need to treat people as equal to attain success in our

nation.


1. Who is Annette Baier?2. Who influenced Kohlberg?

3. Who developed the Kantian philosophical tradition?

4. Why did Kantian framework dominate the Western moral theory?5. What is an alternative to the Kantian justice perspective?

Source: Annette C. Baier, The Need for more than Justice, from Canadian Journal of

Philosophy, Supplementary Vol. 13, 1988, published by University of Calgary Press.


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Official Receipt of Registration of Copyright


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Analysis of the Existing Copyright Registration SystemUse Case Diagram


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Use Case Narratives

Identification Summary

Title: Fill-up Application Form

Summary: This use case shows the process of the applicants first step in applying forregistration of copyright.

Actors: ApplicantCreation date: February 27, 2009Version: 1.0Person in charge: Ryan GesmundoFlow of eventsPreconditions:

1. The applicant should have the requirements before getting anapplication form.

Main Success Scenario1. The applicant will get an application form at the 5th floor of the

National Library.

2. The applicant must complete all the necessary fields.Alternative Sequences:

1. The applicant filled up the wrong application form.2. The applicant does not have the requirements.3. The sales personnel paid a wrong amount

Error Sequences1. The applicant does not have the requirements.

Post Conditions:1. The applicant successfully filled up the application form with

complete details.


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Identification SummaryTitle: Notarize Application Form

Summary: This use case shows the process of the applicants second step in applying forregistration of copyright.Actors: Applicant, AttorneyCreation date: February 27, 2009Version: 1.0Person in charge: Ryan GesmundoFlow of events

Preconditions:

1. The applicant should have the application form with completedetails.

Main Success Scenario

The applicant will submit the application form and pay to an attorney to get it notarized.

1. The Attorney will now notarize the application form.

2. The Attorney will now give back the application form.

Alternative Sequences:

1. The applicant filled up the wrong application form.

2. The applicant failed to find an attorney.

3. The sales personnel paid a wrong amount

Error Sequences

1. The attorney rejected the applicants application form.

Post Conditions:

1. The applicant successfully notarized the application form.


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Title: Pay Copyrighting Fee

Summary: This use case shows the process of the applicants third step in applying forregistration of copyright.

Actors: Applicant, Cashier

Creation date: February 27, 2009

Version: 1.0

Person in charge: Ryan Gesmundo

Flow of events

Preconditions:

1. The applicant should have the application form with completedetails and notarized.


1. The applicant will pay for the copyright registration fee.

2. The Cashier will give the official receipt.


1. The applicant has insufficient money.

2. The applicant failed to submit the application form.

3. The sales personnel paid for a wrong application form.

Error Sequences

1. The applicant didnt pay the fee resulting into the voiding of theapplication form.

Post Conditions:1. The applicant successfully paid for the copyright registration.


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Title: Pay Stamp

Summary: This use case shows the process of the applicants fourth step in applying forregistration of copyright.

Actors: Applicant, Stamp Officer


Version: 1.0


Flow of events

Preconditions:

1. The applicant should have paid for the copyright registration.


1. The applicant will pay for the stamps.

2. The Stamp Officer will give the official receipt and the stamps.



2. The applicant failed to present the official receipt from the copyrightregistration.

Error Sequences


Post Conditions:

1. The applicant successfully paid for the stamps.


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Title: Submit Application Form

Summary: This use case shows the process of the applicants fifth and final step in applyingfor registration of copyright.

Actors: Applicant, Collecting Officer


Version: 1.0


Flow of events

Preconditions:

1. The applicant should have paid for the copyright registration andstamps.


1. The applicant will submit the application form

2. The Collecting Officer will verify the official receipts.

3. If validated, the Collecting Officer will return the official receipts.


1. The applicant has incomplete requirements.

2. The applicant failed to present the official receipts.

Error Sequences


Post Conditions:1. The applicant successfully submitted the application form.


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Activity Diagrams

Activity Diagram of Fill-up Application Form


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Activity Diagram of Pay Copyrighting Fee


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Activity Diagram of Notarize Application Form


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Activity Diagram of Pay Stamps


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Activity Diagram of Submit Application Form


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Analysis of the Proposed Copyright Registration SystemUse Case Diagram


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Use Case Narratives


Title: Fill-up Application Form

Summary: This use case shows the process of the applicants first step in applying forregistration of copyright.

Actors: Applicant


Version: 1.0


Flow of events

Preconditions:

1. The applicant should have the requirements before getting anapplication form.


1. The applicant will get an application form at the 5th floor of theNational Library.

2. The applicant must complete all the necessary fields.



2. The applicant does not have the requirements.


Error Sequences

1. The applicant does not have the requirements.

Post Conditions:

1. The applicant successfully filled up the application form with complete details.


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Title: Notarize Application Form

Summary: This use case shows the process of the applicants second step in applying for

registration of copyright.

Actors: Applicant, Attorney


Version: 1.0


Flow of events

Preconditions:

1. The applicant should have the application form with completedetails.


1. The applicant will submit the application form and pay to an attorney to get it

notarized.

2. The Attorney will now notarize the application form.

3. The Attorney will now give back the application form.



2. The applicant failed to find an attorney.


Error Sequences

1. The attorney rejected the applicants application form.

Post Conditions:

1. The applicant successfully notarized the application form.


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Title: Pay Stamps and Copyrighting Fee

Summary: This use case shows the process of the applicants third step in applying forregistration of copyright.

Actors: Applicant, Cashier


Version: 1.0


Flow of events

Preconditions:

1. The applicant should have the application form with completedetails and notarized.


1. The applicant will pay for the copyright registration fee.


3. The Cashier will give the official receipt.



2. The applicant failed to submit the application form.

3. The sales personnel paid for a wrong application form.

Error Sequences

1. The applicant didnt pay the fee resulting into the voiding of the

application form.Post Conditions:

1. The applicant successfully paid for the copyright registration.


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Title: Pay Stamp

Summary: This use case shows the process of the applicants fourth step in applying forregistration of copyright.

Actors: Applicant, Stamp Officer


Version: 1.0


Flow of events

Preconditions:

1. The applicant should have paid for the copyright registration.



2. The Stamp Officer will give the official receipt and the stamps.



2. The applicant failed to present the official receipt from the copyrightregistration.

Error Sequences


Post Conditions:

1. The applicant successfully paid for the stamps.


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Title: Submit Application Form

Summary: This use case shows the process of the applicants fifth and final step in

applying for registration of copyright.

Actors: Applicant, Collecting Officer


Version: 1.0


Flow of events

Preconditions:

1. The applicant should have paid for the copyright registration andstamps.


1. The applicant will submit the application form

2. The Collecting Officer will verify the official receipts.

3. If validated, the Collecting Officer will return the official receipts.


1. The applicant has incomplete requirements.

2. The applicant failed to present the official receipts.

Error Sequences


Post Conditions:

1. The applicant successfully submitted the application form.


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Activity DiagramsActivity Diagram of Fill-up Application Form


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Activity Diagram of Pay Stamps and Copyrighting Fee


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Activity Diagram of Notarize Application Form


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Activity Diagram of Submit Application Form

contemporary moral problem + copyright

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