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Contemporary Science aTechnology:

Important Characteristics


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Six Distinctive Characteristic

Scientific and Technology

Polymorphism Products

Settings

Resources

Practitioners

Salient Characteristics Trends


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Characteristics of Contemp

Science and Technolog

Polymorphism: unfolds in many fo Design of a particular technic by a

independent inventor

Quantitative analysis by an invest

to determine the best or an accep

way of setting the parameters


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Scientific research into the structu

properties of natural or synthetic

materials

New kinds of practice continue to

added to the arsenal of contempo

technology

Ex: Nuclear Medicine, nanotechnolo

genetic engineering


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Products of Contempor

Science and TechnologTechnology: Complexity

System- Embeddedness

Production specialization and Incomprehen

Formalized Technical procedures

Sociotechnical Systems Analysis: Quantitativeexamination of a particular system of interest to determine behaves under certain condition.


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Science:

Abstract and abstruse

Theory-dependence

Growth of Scientific Knowledge: 1

fold every century

Proof: 1665- 1; 1765-100;1865-

10,000;1965-1,000,000; 100,000,

2065


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System- Embeddedness

Embedded in complex sociotechnical suppor

Depend for their manufacturer, use and

maintenance.

Production specialization and Incomprehe

Pertains in their specialized character.

Contemporary technics are incomprehensib

majority of their users, most often they have

idea on how they made, work or repaired.


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Formalized Technical Proced

Technical programs that are devised for var

purposes.

Includes:

DESIGN, PRODUCTION, OPERATIONMAINTENANCE


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Abstract and abstruse

Involves the phenomena remote from e

experience and sometimes involves conceare counterintuitive or unintelligible.

Growth of Scientific Knowledge

he formulated his theory on the exponential growth

of science, an idea that occurred to him when he

noticed the growth in thePhilosophical Transactions ofthe Royal Societybetween 1665 and 1850

Derek John de Solla Price
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_Transactions_of_the_Royal_Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_Transactions_of_the_Royal_Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_Transactions_of_the_Royal_Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_Transactions_of_the_Royal_Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_Transactions_of_the_Royal_Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_Transactions_of_the_Royal_Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_Transactions_of_the_Royal_Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_Transactions_of_the_Royal_Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_Transactions_of_the_Royal_Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_Transactions_of_the_Royal_Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_Transactions_of_the_Royal_Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_Transactions_of_the_Royal_Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_Transactions_of_the_Royal_Society


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Settings In the 20th century: tremendous expansion

consolidation of the housing of scientific antechnological activities in an extensive netwfirmly established, substantial-sized formalorganizations.

Ex. 1980:

6, 700 university-related and other not-for-profit cdevoted to research and development in Canada


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In 1980:10,200 organizations in thwere active in doing research and

development for industry , THE G

MAJORITY OWNED AND OPERBY PRIVATE CORPORATIONS.


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Laboratory is the characteristic seof contemporary SCIENCE, while

CONTEMPORARY TECHNOLOG

ACTIVITY takes place primarily indesign offices, on shop floors, an

production, operations, and

maintenance facilities


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Institutionalization of 20th century

Science and Technology

Institutionalization: a process by wh

social phenomenon gradually ass

well-established forms of organiz

and practice, eventually becoming

recognized as part of societal cul


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Resources

Input resources: Materials, naturalphenomena, and money

Materials:

The available stock of such inputs is

unprecedentedly large and diverseMany are designer materials derived us

scientific knowledge from fields like orgchemistry.


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The process by which such mater

inputs are produced are themselv

often based on scientific knowledg

the use of sophisticated instrumen

techniques, and equipment.

Many technological input material

obtained from global marketplace


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Natural Phenomena: the domain of naturalphenomena accessible to scientific exploraconstantly expanding due to the invention adevelopment of new technics.

Money: Expensive technology, numerous highlyworkers, and heavy institutional overhead costs contributors to the high price of much contempor

research.


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Transformative Resources: used

converting inputs of scientific and

technological activities into theirrespective products.

o First-order Resources: technics a

technical systems, mathematicaltechniques, labor power, materia

alteration processes, and energy


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o Second-order resources: METHO

AND KNOWLEDGE

METHODS: experimental methods

on direct observation and first-han

experienceKNOWLEDGE: INTUITIVE INSIGH

IMAGINATION or nonverbal thoug


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Knowledge in contemporary techno

rests less and less on the direct

observation of nature and more anon the results of formal scientific an

engineering research.

Four-part taxonomy: observation,experiment, science, intuition

Empirical method and intuitively ba

knowled e


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Contemporary technological is no

always generated with particular

immediate practical need in mind

the motivation of pursuing it is ofte

more generalized for future use o

profitability.


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Practitioners

Numbers and density: Increasing Collaboration and teams

Management Skills

Individual Practitioner: It is the syntheindividual, social, and institutional componen

contemporary scientific and technological act

is responsible for much of its distinctive and p


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Contemporary Science an

Technology

Increasing scale International character

Rationalization

Symbiotic Interdependence


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