CONTENTUNIT 1 - PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHARMACOGNOSY

• 1.1 Role of plants in pharmacy and medicine• 1.2 Medicinal plants and natural products

UNIT 2 - NATURAL PRODUCT CHEMISTRY• 2.1 Introduction• 2.2 Phytochemistry

2.2.1 Primary and secondary metabolites• 2.3 Methods in natural products chemistry

UNIT 3 - PLANT EXTRACT DERIVED PHARMACEUTICALS AND NUTRACEUTICALS• 3.1 Production, standardization and Quality control• 3.2 Characteristics of phytomedicine

UNIT 4 - MEDICINAL PLANTS IN SELECTED HEALTHCARE SYSTEMS• 4.1 Traditional systems of herbal medicine• 4.2 Complementary / alternative medicine

UNIT 5 - REVIEW OF HERBAL LITERATURE • 5.1 Monographs• 5.2 Pharmacopoeia• 5.3 Web based information databases

UNIT 6 - HERBAL ARBORETUM PROJECT (PRACTICAL 1)• 6.1 Documentation of herbal garden

UNIT 7 - HERBAL HERBARIUM PROJECT (PRACTICAL 2)• 7.1 Preparing reference materials

UNIT 8 - INVESTIGATE MALAY AND INDONESIAN HERBAL PRODUCT (PRACTICAL 3)• 8.1 Quality• 8.2 Safety• 8.3 Efficacy

UNIT 9 - INVESTIGATE CHINESE HERBAL PRODUCT (PRACTICAL 4)

• 9.1 Quality

• 9.2 Safety

• 9.3 Efficacy

UNIT 10 - INVESTIGATE INDIAN HERBAL PRODUCT (PRACTICAL 5)

• 10.1 Quality

• 10.2 Safety

• 10.3 Efficacy

UNIT 11 - INVESTIGATE WESTERN HERBAL PRODUCT (PRACTICAL 6)

• 11.1 Quality

• 11.2 Safety

• 11.3 Efficacy

After completing the course, students should be able to:

1) Describe the phytotherapy, pharmacognosy and phytochemistry, quality, safety and efficacy of herbal and natural products.

2) Describe various plants and natural products as a source of alternative/complementary medicine.

3) Explain the use of arboretum and herbarium for plant identification, classification and documentation.

4) Organise the methods to determine the quality, safety and efficacy of various herbal products based on guidelines.

Course Work (80%)

• T1 (T) : Theory Test 10%

• T2 (P) : Theory Assignment 10%

• A1 : Practical 60%

Final Exam (20%)

• T3 (F) : Final Theory 20%

UNIT 1PHYTOTHERAPY AND

PHARMACOGNOSY1.1 ROLE OF PLANTS IN PHARMACY AND MEDICINE

1.2 MEDICINAL PLANT AND NATURAL PRODUCT

TOPIC LEARNING OUTCOMESAt the end of the lesson, students should be able to :

ü To describe the various terms related to phytotherapy,pharmacognosy, natural products, pharmaceuticals andnutraceuticals

ü To give an overview on the importance of medicinal plants andnatural products in pharmacology and medicine

UNIT 1.1ROLE OF PLANTS IN PHARMACY

AND MEDICINE

PHYTOTHERAPY - is another term for “herbal medicine”- the study of the use of extracts of natural origin as

medicines or health-promoting agents.- aims to preserve the complexity of substances

from a given plant with relatively less processing.- avoid mixing plant with synthetic bioactive

substances

PHARMACOGNOSY• Derived from Greek pharmakon (remedy) and gignosco

(knowledge).• Pharmacognosy is the study of medicines derived from

natural sources.• The American Society of Pharmacognosy defines

pharmacognosy as "the study of the physical,chemical, biochemical and biological properties of drugs,drug substances or potential drugs or drug substances ofnatural origin as well as the search for new drugs fromnatural sources.

NATURAL PRODUCT• A chemical compound or substance produced by a living

organism• can also be prepared by chemical synthesis (both semi

synthesis and total synthesis)• for commercial purposes to refer to cosmetics, dietary

supplements, and foods produced from natural sources without added artificial ingredients.

PHARMACOLOGY• From the Greek Pharmacon (drug), logos (a discourse or treatise)• Defined by Miller-Keane Encyclopedia and Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing,

and Allied Health “the science that deals with the origin, nature, chemistry, effects, and uses of drugs; it includes pharmacognosy, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, pharmacotherapeutics, and toxicology”

• Defined by Vallance P and Smart TG (January 2006); Pharmacology is thebranch of medicine and biology concerned with the study of drug action.

• Defined by Wikipedia, Pharmacology is the study of the interactions thatoccur between a living organism and exogenous chemicals that alter normalbiochemical function.

• isolates an active compound from a given plant

Retreived from : http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/pharmacology

PHARMACEUTICALS• the substances that have the medicinal

properties

Pharmaceutical drug- any chemical substance intended for use inthe medical diagnosis, cure, treatment, orprevention of disease.

NUTRACEUTICALS• combining the words “nutrition” and “pharmaceutical”• a food or food product that provides health and medical benefits,

including the prevention and treatment of disease.• Such products may range from isolated nutrients, dietary

supplements and specific diets to genetically engineered foods,herbal products, and processed foods such as cereals, soups, andbeverages.

Example nutraceutical product

ROLE OF PLANTS IN PHARMACY AND MEDICINE

1. A rich source of lead compound or active principles (e.g. morphine, cocaine, digitalis, quinine, tubocurarine, nicotine and muscarine)

2. Provide a large bank of rich, complex and highly varied structures which are unlikely to be synthesized in laboratories.

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