ix

Contents

Preface ........................................................................................................................ v

Acknowledgments ..................................................................................................... vii

1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 1

Part I: PrIncIPles of IntraoPeratIve neuroPhysIologIcal MonItorIng

2 Basis of Intraoperative Neurophysiological Monitoring ........................................ 9 3 Generation of Electrical Activity in the Nervous System and Muscles ................ 23 4 Practical Aspects of Recording Evoked Activity from Nerves,

Fiber Tracts, and Nuclei .................................................................................. 43

Part II: sensory systeMs

5 Anatomy and Physiology of Sensory Systems ..................................................... 57 6 Monitoring Somatosensory Evoked Potentials .................................................... 93 7 Monitoring Auditory Evoked Potentials ............................................................ 123 8 Monitoring Visual Evoked Potentials ................................................................ 163

Part III: Motor systeMs

9 Anatomy and Physiology of Motor Systems...................................................... 16910 Practical Aspects of Monitoring Spinal Motor Systems ..................................... 20711 Practical Aspects of Monitoring Cranial Motor Nerves ..................................... 235

Part Iv: PerIPheral nerves

12 Anatomy and Physiology of Peripheral Nerves ................................................. 26113 Practical Aspects of Monitoring Peripheral Nerves ........................................... 269

Part v: IntraoPeratIve recordIngs that can guIde the surgeon In the oPeratIon

14 Identification of Specific Neural Tissue ............................................................ 27515 Intraoperative Diagnosis and Guide in Operations...................................... 295

Part vI: PractIcal asPects of electroPhysIologIcal recordIng In the oPeratIng rooM

16 Anesthesia and Its Constraints in Monitoring Motor and Sensory Systems ........ 32117 General Considerations About Intraoperative

Neurophysiolog Monitoring ................................................................. 329

an

and y

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18 Equipment, Recording Techniques, Data Analysis and Stimulation ........... 34519 Evaluating the Benefits of Intraoperative Neurophysiological Monitoring ......... 375

Appendix ................................................................................................................. 387Abbreviations .......................................................................................................... 393Index ....................................................................................................................... 395

and

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