CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO

ABSTRACT i

LIST OF FIGURES ii

LIST OF TABLES iii

1.INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 SCOPE

1.2 ADVANTAGE

2.DIFFERENT FORM OF BITUMEN

2.1 CUTBACK BITUMEN

2.2 BITUMEN EMULISION

2.3 BITUMEN PRIMER

2.4 MODIFIED BITUMEN

3.MODIFYING AGENT

3.1 LATEX

3.2 RUBBER WASTE

4. PREPARATION

4.1 LATEX AS A MODIFIER

4.2 WASTE RUBBER AS A MODIFIER

5.TEST PERFORMED ON MODIFIED BITUMEN

5.1 PENETRATION TEST

5.2 DUCTILITY TEST

5.3 SOFTING POINT TEST

5.4 FLASH & FIRE POINT TEST

6.COMPARISION

6.1 TEST ON MODIFIED BITUMEN

6.2 COST ANALYSIS

7. CONCLUSION

8. REFERENCE

ABSTRACT

Strengthening of flexible bitumen pavement by using rubber products and the bitumen we are using called as modified bitumen, which consists of rubber products as its modified agents. Here by we had performed both laboratory test.

In laboratory work, we had tested our modified bitumen samples to know about its ability by performing various essential tasks, and thatare based on the journal “Introduction of Transportation Engineering” by A.L Mathews and as per IRC provisions

The main scope of adding the modifying agent is delaying agent is to delaying the crack formation in a pavement.

LIST OF FIGURES

CHAPTER NO TITLE PAGE NO

1 MODIFYING AGENTSNATURAL RUBBERVULCANIZATION RUBBER

2 PENARATION TEST3 DUCTILITY TEST4 SOFTING POINT TEST5 VISCOSITY TEST6 LASH & FIRE POINT TEST

LIST OF TABLES

CHAPTER NO TITLE PAGE NO

1 PROPERTIES OF MODIFIED BITUMEN

2 COMPARING TESTS ON MODIFIED BITUMEN

3 COST ANALYSIS

1. INTRODUCTION

Flexible pavement with bituminous surfacing are widely used in India. The high traffic intensity in terms of commercial vehicles, overloading of trucks and significant variation in daily and seasonal temperature of the pavement have been responsible for early development of distress like rutting, cracking, bleeding, shoving and potholing of bituminous surfacing. A factor which causes concern in India, is very high and very low pavement temperature conditions in some parts of the country. Under these conditions the bituminous surfacing tends to become soft in summer and brittle in winter.

Studies have related that properties of bitumen and bituminous mixes can be improved /modified with the incorporation of certain additives or blend of additives. These additives are called “Modifiers” and the bitumen premixed with these modifiers is known as “Modified bitumen”. Use of modified bitumen in the top layers of the pavement is expected to significantly enhance the life of the surfacing and extend the time of the next renewal. Full –scale performance studies on technology under the aegis of Ministry of road Transport and Highways ; Central Road Research Institute; Highways Research Station, Chennai; Rubber Board, kerala; Gujarat Engineering Research Institute; and various state Public Works Department revealed that the use of Modified Bitumen in construction/maintenance of bituminous roads significantly improve the pavement performance and is cost effective, when life-cycle cost is taken into consideration.

1.1 SCOPE: These guidelines deal with the specification and use of

Modified Bitumen binders in road construction & maintenance

works, their advantages, storage, testing, quality control and

quality assurance requirements

1.2 ADVANTAGES:

Property of modified bitumen depend upon type and quantity

of modifier used and process adopted for their manufacture. The

advantages of modified bitumen can include one or more of the

following for road works:

Lower susceptibility variations

Higher resistance to deformation at high pavement

temperature

Delay of cracking and reflective cracking

Better age resistance properties

Better adhesion between aggregates and binder

Higher fatigue life of mixes

Over all improved performance

The choice of modified bitumen may be made on the basis

of traffic, climate and overall life cycle cost analysis

2. DIFFERENT FORMS OF BITUMEN

2.1 CUTBACK BITUMEN:

Normal practice is to heat bitumen to reduce its viscosity. In some

situation preference is give to use liquid binders such as cutback bitumen.

In cutback bitumen suitable solvent is used to lower the viscosity of the

bitumen. From the environmental point of view also cutback bitumen is

preferred. The solvent from the bituminous material will evaporate and

the bitumen will bind the aggregate. Cutback bitumen is used for cold

weather bituminous road construction and maintenance. The distillates

used for preparation of cutback bitumen are naphtha, kerosene, diesel oil,

and furnace oil. There are different types of cutback bitumen like rapid

curing (RC), medium curing (MC), and slow curing (SC). RC is

recommended for surface dressing and patchwork. MC is recommended

for premix with less quantity of fine aggregates. SC is used for premix

with appreciable quantity of fine aggregates.

2.2 BITUMEN EMULSION:

Bitumen emulsion is a liquid product in which bitumen is suspended

in a finely divided condition in an aqueous medium and stabilized by

suitable material. Normally cationic type emulsions are used in India. The

bitumen content in the emulsion are used in India. The bitumen content in

the emulsion is around 60% and the remaining is water. When the

emulsion is applied on the road it breaks down resulting in release of

water and the mix starts to set. The time of setting depends upon the grade

of bitumen. The viscosity of bituminous emulsion can be measured as per

IS: 8887-2004. Three types of bituminous emulsions are available, which

are Rapid setting (RS), Medium setting (MS), and Slow setting (SC).

Bitumen emulsion are ideal binders for hill road construction. Where

heating of bitumen or aggregates are difficult. Rapid setting emulsion are

used for surface dressing work. Medium setting emulsions are preferred

for premix jobs and repairs work. Slow setting emulsions are preferred in

rainy season.

2.3 BITUMINOUS PRIMERS:

In bituminous primer the distillate is absorbed by the road surface on

which it is spread. The absorption therefore depends on the porosity of the

surface. Bitumen primers are useful on the stabilized surfaces and water

bound macadam base courses. Bituminous primers are generally prepped

on road sites by mixing penetration bitumen with petroleum distillate.

2.4 MODIFIED BITUMEN:

Certain additives or blend of additives called as bitumen modifiers can

improve properties of Bitumen and bituminous mixes. Bitumen treated

with these modifiers is known as modified bitumen. Polymer modified

bitumen (PMB)/ crumb rubber modified bitumen (CRMB) should be used

only in wearing course depending up on the requirements of extreme

climatic variations. The detailed specifications for modified bitumen

have been issued by IRC: SP: 53-2010. It must be noted that the

performance of PMB and CRMB is dependent on strict control on

temperature during construction.

2.4.1 TAR- BITUMEN MIXTURES:

Tar and bitumen possess certain individual characteristics

which, when combined by proper blending of the two materials,

provide a road binder of excellent quality. The practice of blending

tar and bitumen has thus become very popular in some countries.

Bitumen has greater durability and lower temperature susceptibility

then tar. But bitumen has poor adhesion with certain stone aggregates,

especially in the presence of water, resulting in stripping. Tar has

better adhesion with aggregates because of the presence of phenols.

Tar, when exposed, weathers and hardens. Tar mixtures shown better

skid resistance properties then bitumen mixtures.

2.4.2 RUBBERISED TAR AND BITUMEN:

The addition of small quantity of nature rubber vastly changes the

properties of tar and bitumen to great advantage. The important

change is that the change in viscosity with temperature of the

bitumen is significantly reduced. The softening point of the binder

increased and its brittle point is reduced. The elasticity of the binder

increases with the addition of rubber.

Natural rubber is introduced either as latex or

rubber powder. The Frothing which takes places is

advantage

The use of crumb rubber powder, further improved by

additives such as Gilsonite, is known to improve the

properties of bitumen and the bituminous mixes, the

suggested dosage is 12% by weight of bitumen. TMB

super is one such material available in India

3. MODIFYING AGENTS

3.1 NAURAL RUBBER LATEX:

Natural rubber latex (NRL) is a particular kind of rubber derived from the

milky sap of Heveabrasiliensis tree, that is refined and treated to form the raw

liquid latex used to make gloves. It is also used to manufacture a number of

products as diverse as types, clothing, medical products and toys.

LATEX RUBBER

3.1.1 CHARACTERISTICS:

NRL is a cross-linked polymeric material, offering excellent strength and

the ability to stretch to many times its original length without creating hoes or

breaches. On the contrary, materials that are poorly cross-linked (i.e. PVC or

vinyl), tend to develop holes and breaches, both visible and at the molecular

level upon stretching. 2 NRL memory is very high, allowing the material to

always return to its original shape and along with its elasticity makes it superior

to other glove materials in terms of comfort and fit. Latex is very resistant to

punctures and has the tendency to seal itself if a small hole occurs even though

it can be pierced by very sharp object. 3,4NRL gloves provide a good protection

from most caustic chemicals and detergents, being recommended by the OSHA

for use with cytotoxic drugs. 5NRL is also a natural, containing no petroleum

by-products or dioxins, 6 enabling disposal by either land fill or incineration

without environment

3.2 VULCANIZATION RUBBER WAST:

Rubber powder is made from waste rubber and tyres that are ground and

shredded into powder of different sizes. It canbe used directly or mixed with

other materials.

VULGANIZED WASTE RUBBER

3.2.1 APPLICATIONS OF RUBBER POWDER:

When mixing with asphalt or cement, it can be used for road or

house Construction. When mixing with plastic, it can be used to produce water

proof materials,, infiltrating irrigation tubes, soundproof materials, floor, water

tape, oil pipes, packing materials, frames, circulation box, bathtubs, Water tanks

Make coatings, paints and adhesives Produce active carbon.

4.PREPARATION

The manufacturer shall establish, document and maintain a quality system

to ensure that products supplied conform to the specification. The quality

system shall consist of procedures, regular inspections and tests or assessment

and the use of the results to control the quality of the finished product.

4.1 LATEX AS A MODIFIER:

If a modifier is latex, the mixing of bitumen with latex at certain amount

of bitumen is replaced by latex and it will heated at the temperature of 153-

160o C. When it attained the appropriate temperature, the modifier is

completely mixed with bitumen, and form modified bitumen.

NATURAL LATEX RUBBER

4.2 RUBBER WASTE AS A MODIIER:

If a modifier is vulcanization rubber waste, the mixing of bitumen with

rubber waste at certain amount of bitumen is replaced by rubber waste and it

will heated to the temperature of 130-1420C. when it attained the appropriate

temperature, the modifier is completely mixed with bitumen, and form modified

bitumen.

VULCANISATION WASTE RUBBER

PROPERTIES OF MODIFIED BITUMEN (IRC SP:53-2010)

SL.NO. Characteristics Specified value

For the Bitumen

(200C)

Method of test

IS No.

1. Penetration at 250C, 0.1

mm, 100g, 5s

60 to 120 1203

2. Softening point, (R&B), 50 1205

0C, Max

3. Flash point, COC, 0C, Min. 220 9381

4. Elastic recovery of half

thread in ductilometer at

150c, percent, min

50 -

5. Viscosity at 1500C, poise 1-3 1206(part 2)

5.TEST PERFORMED ON MODIFIED VITUMEN

5.1 PENTRATION TEST:

It measures the hardness of the bitumen by measuring the depth in tenths

of millimeter to which a standard loaded needle will penetrate vertically in 5

seconds. BIS standardized the equipment and test procedure. The penetrometer

consists of needle assembly with total weight of 100g and a device for releasing

and locking in any position. The bitumen is softened to a pouring consistency,

stirred thoroughly and poured into containers at a depth at least 15mm in excess

of the expected penetration. The test should be conducted at specified

temperature of 250C. It may be noted that penetration value is largely influenced

by any inaccuracy with regards to the pouring temperature. A grade of 40/50

bitumen means the penetration values is in the range of 40 to 50 at standard test

condition. In hot climate, a lower penetration grade is preferred.

PENETRATION TEST SHOT

OBSERVATION & TABULATION:

TEST FOR LATEX BITUMEN:

@actual temperature=250C

Penetrometer dial

reading

Test 1 Test 2 Test 3

Initial 0 0 0

Final 60 57 50

Penetration value 60 57 50

TEST FOR RUBBER WASTE BITUMEN:

@actual temperature=250C

Penetrometer dial

reading

Test 1 Test 2 Test 3

Initial 0 0 0

Final 60 58 50

Penetration value 60 58 50

Category 1Category 2

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Column1Column2Series 1

RESULT:

1.Mean penetration value for the latex bitumen = 50/60

2.Mean penetration value for the rubber waste bitumen = 50/60

5.2 DUCTILITY TEST:

Ductility is the property of bitumen that permits it to undergo great

deformation or elongation. Ductility is defined as the distance in cm, to which

standard sample or briquette of the material will be elongated without

breaking. Dimension of the briquette thus formed is exactly 1 cm square. The

bitumen sample is heated and poured in the mould assembly placed on a plate.

These sample with moulds are cooled in the air and than in water bath at 270C

temperature. The excess bitumen is cut and the surface is leveled using a hot

knife. Than the mould with assembly containing sample is kept in water bath

of the ductility machine for the 90 minutes. The sides of the moulds are

removed, the clips are removed, the clips are hooked on the machine and the

machine is operated. The distance up to the point of breaking of thread is the

ductility value which is reported in cm. The ductility value gets affected by

factors such as pouring temperature, test temperature, rate of pulling etc. A

minimum ductility value of 75 cm has been specified by the BIS.

DUCTILITY SHOT


0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

Series 1

Column2

Column1

Series 1Column2Column1

Ductility for Latex &Rubber Waste

RESULT:

1. The ductility value of the taken Latex bitumen sample= 660mm

2. The ductility of the taken Rubber waste

bitumen sample= 850mm

5.3 SOFTENING POINT TEST:

Softening point denotes the temperature at which the bitumen attains a

particular degree of softening under the specification of test. The test is

conducted by using Ring and Ball apparatus. A steel ball is placed upon the

bitumen is suspended in liquid like water or glycerin at a given temperature. A

steel ball is placed upon the bitumen touches the metal plate which s at a

specified distance below. Generally, higher softening point indicates lower

temperature susceptibility and is preferred in hot climates.

RING AND BALL APPARATUS SHOT

OBSERVATION AND TABULATION:

Temperature when the ball falls at the bottom 0 c

Trials Latex Bitumen Rubber Waste

Bitumen

1. 51 75

2. 53 79

Category 1 Category 20

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Column1

Softening point values for Latex & Rubber waste

RESULT:

1. Softening point of Latex bitumen= 520c

2. Softening point the Rubber waste bitumen= 770c

5.4 VISCOSITY TEST:

Viscosity denotes the fluid property of bituminous material and it is a

measure of resistances to flow. At the application temperature, this

characteristic greatly influences the strength of resulting paving mixes. At

high viscosity, it resist the compactive effort and thereby resulting mix is

heterogeneous, hence low stability values, and at low viscosity instead of

providing a uniform film over aggregates, it will lubricates the aggregates

particles. Orifice type viscometer are used to indirectly find the viscosity of

liquid binders like cutbacks and emulsion. The viscosity expressed in seconds

is the time taken by the 50 ml bitumen material to pass through the orifice of a

cup, under standard test conditions and specified temperature. Viscosity of a

cutback can be measured with either 4.0 mm orifice at 250C or 10 mm orifice

at 25 or 600C.

VISCOSITY TESTING SHOT


0

5

10

15

20

25

Series 1

Column2

Column1

Series 1

Viscosity for Latex & Rubber waste

RESULT:

1. Viscosity of latex bitumen= 18 sec

2. Viscosity of rubber waste bitumen= 22 sec

5.5 FLASH AND FIRE POINT:

At high temperatures depending upon the grade of bitumen materials

level out volatiles. And these volatiles catches fires which is very hazardous and

therefore it is essential to qualify this temperature for each bitumen grade. BIS

defined the flash point as the temperature at which the vapour of bitumen

momentarily catches fires in the form of flash under specified test conditioned at

which the bituminous material gets ignited and burns.

FLASH AND FIRE POINT SHOT

OBSERVATION AND TABULATION:

Samples Flash point Fire point

1. Latex bitumen 2200c 2250c

2. Rubber waste

bitumen

2310c 2330c


210

215

220

225

230

235

Series 1

Series 2

Column1

Series 1Series 2

Flash and Fire Point For Latex & Rubber Waste

RESULT:

1.LATEX BIUMEN:

Flash point= 2200c

Fire point= 2250c

2.RUBBER WASTE BITUMEN:

Flash point= 2310c

Fire point= 2330c

6. COMPARISION OF MODIFIED BITUMEN

Comparing of tow type of rubber products in different of view

6.1 TESTS ON MODIFIED BITUMEN:

SL.NO Nature of test Bitumen Using

Latex

Bitumen Using

Rubber Waste

1 Ductility(mm) 660 850

2 Softening Point 18 Sec @600C 22 Sec @600C

3 Viscosity 2200C & 2250C 2310C & 2330C

4 Flash and Fire 520C 770C

5 Penetration test 50/60 @ 250C 50/60 @ 250C

When comparing the latex bitumen with rubber waste bitumen, In the ductility test,

the deformation of the rubber waste bitumen is les than the latex (i.e) the percentage

of deformation in latex bitumen is 45% . Due to the decrease in deformation, the

ductility of bitumen will increase.

The softening point of the bitumen will be in high manner due to the temperature

variation in our country. The softening point of the rubber waste bitumen is10%

higher than latex bitumen.

The fluidity of the bitumen is must be very low room temperature. The fluidity of

the bitumen is found out by the viscosity test, the fluidity of the rubber bitumen 3%

less than the latex bitumen.

The best quality of the bitumen is less in grade values, The grade value of rubber

waste bitumen is less than the grade value of latex bitumen.

From the above words, The rubber waste bitumen is a best quality, when compared

to latex in physical properties.

6.2 COST ANALYSIS:

Latex Bitumen

SI.NO. Materials Quantity (gm) Cost (Rs)

1 Bitumen 700 28

2 Latex 300 45

The cost of per kg of latex bitumen is Rs.68.25

Rubber Waste Bitumen:

SI.NO. Materials Quantity (gm) Cost (Rs)

1 Bitumen 700 28

2 Rubber Waste 300 3.6

The cost of per kg of rubber waste bitumen is Rs.31.6

In the cost analysis, the cost of the rubber waste bitumen is 57% less than the latex

bitumen.

When comparing the tow type of modified bitumen in physical properties and in

cost analysis, The rubber waste bitumen is high economical and also, it ia a

recycling process of rubber waste.

CONCLUSION:

In this project, the test would be conducted on the modified bitumen in

the basis of IRC SP 53-2010. From this tests, the grade of the rubber waste

bitumen is high when compared with latex bitumen.

The deformation property is highly reduced in rubber waste bitumen

compared to latex bitumen. The softening point of rubber waste bitumen is 10%

higher than the latex bitumen is 3% less then the latex bitumen.

When comparing this two modified bitumen, rubber waste bitumen is

57% less when compared to latex bitumen in the view of cost analysis.

The rubber waste materials are recyclable one. The life cycle of the

rubber waste modified bitumen pavement is high due to the delaying of cracking.

The rubber waste are reused in this process so which is eco-friendly.

REFERENCE:

BOOK REFERENCE:

1. Introduction of transport engineering - TOW V.MATHEW &

K.V.KRISHNA RAO

2. Transportation engineering & planning – C.S.PAPACOSTAS &

P.D.PREVEDOUROS

3. Highway engineering – Dr. L.R.KADYALI & Dr. N.B.LAL

4. Notes from Tamilnadu road research club (TRRC)

contents

Documents

use of modified bitumen

modified bitumen binders

modified bitumen samples

properties of bitumen

bitumen emulision

cutback bitumen

bitumen primer

flexible bitumen pavement