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1.1 1

1.2' 1y’MN'ii

1.3 2

1.4 2

1.5 yiqjRicf) fcr?t^cTr^

1.6

1.7 ^ <jl‘ic;n

1.8 aiH'fltPI ^ '1I*1'IJ'<«1

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J. IJ IRRT IRT qRn^jT q-fini

1.12 31^^ siRq^’l «RTHr

1.13 ^ PiycM

1.14 erf^^TW «RTT^ ^ ^

1.15 ffcIFRT ^’IR^Nf W WFT

1.16 ■

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3

4

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6

7

8

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2.1

11-21

11

112.2 y-Kiiqni

2.3 3Plfra>t HJiPin ^ «PK''i

2.4 api^ra?! «a-5i^ ^ «>iRlcoi'<l ^

2.5 '^la6iRi<f> tZjRsZJT^ -

2.6 -wfcItiN ^ ^

2.7 gK-filcrK

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17

18

19

20

20. •20aiRIRT

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22-33STEiira 3 -

3.1. . ^3^ 22

223,2 ywiiq'ii

(1789-1801)

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223.3

25 '3.4

263.5

283.6

293.7

313.833'MRIVI

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34 ■”4.1

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354.3

364.4

374.5

394.6

404,7

424.8

424,945-dKI?!

45

45

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5.1 46

5.2 46UTOiq-ll

5.3 'ailaU^w fcjctim ^

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5.5 3i*i<l<T>i ’T? Siia'Ji'i W 1PM

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48

49

50

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53

54

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68

69

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11311.11

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12.11 |clc-tR ^ 14 cPT qi'I'l

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12.15

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127

129

130

130

130'JllMI'l/«TRT?r 131

132

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136

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1.8

1-9

1.10

1.11

1.12

1.13

1.14 I

1.15

1.16I

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1.1

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F’^S 3fl7 35171 # 7IF «fTcT 37TO '’T^ 3TT^ jPcjl R c^cTpT 35T # '7T3T 7^ | 37^^F#F 3fR 35171 cI5’T#7 c^ cPITW 7^ # ^'ilcTl ^ 7T35T | 16^ 7T^ 7^ # ?i(c|t1 ycol7# I R7T 3ft7 F#F ^ ?i l^ 7^ 753 ^ vSRcfR TIT’# 3IT3 I cR35 ^PTOI R 7^ 33 cRsjIT 7J3FT 3IT TFT §JT I F#5 3 3371 313 7#T ^ ^cplsicii TRT^ c^ f#T 'IJR^R ^f3T3 ^ 3IT 3TJ |. ^ ^i 3371 7^ #3 3f3 3Tfsl7P vJFnfl-Tt 1 337?ffM ^ STRIT 7PT3 3# TTFTTTTI 1531 '^f Tfjf^ ^ #33# ^TTT cpTF 7f^ w'lc7)l5l #7TT 3ff7 3371 7^ <lt)ic 7^ ■3T3 R §ci|cp R TfjsjTT^ f#Tri

V\1.11 TPM 5M ^'til'll

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' Rirt 1 1541 1589 cTcP aiyflcl. ^TCs'^y), '3’<l(c1'll, ^dlR-SI 3T37f> siRTTOT 37TT^ 71^

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R7TT

w'g<m TTsm aPi<fltp/ ^ $^etyi fipf 1776—1945 ^.^.) 5

'Tfi cRJT I 1613-1616 ^ ^ ai'lciqi 'T^ ^ 3TPl’ ^ 3ff^

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ajtp?r ^ ^ af! I ^ §dic^ arfil^ ^j^yrra; ^ tpto ^ cipr^ra^I 18^ !^ldl«[l cT^ ^ ^T^ff 5oll« ^^>FF^ ^ ^ ^PStT I 1763 ^ 7[5t '^rf^ c^ slT? W’i'H

^ -dTI^I 3l*1’?|cM ^ 5cfr«l^ ^ «1-S'1I I ■

1.12 <Hd«lT 5RT ^'HMl

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^ siRdiil sl'dl^ ^ I 3T^^ ^ ^ aiNiRijl ^TTST Pnn<n'< a'jilPiiii [

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1.13 ^loHtfcRi '{<J^!<i ofhn^ ^ Pmci'f

•TeciT :

(l) q'tiiqi Mil'll—1607 ^ eitu cf>*M’Tl •i;i*i’<l«ni Hg^ I cFT^FT 50 ’fr?T 3t^cl5t 3fR civi-i ^ ^ WTW ^ I • 1609 F^T 5eiw ^ 600 3TT^ TO ^ ^ I1619 FH TOft ^ MRcicfn TTTj I TFfj ^nromr tot^ i

'titlic ^ ’1I'<|M1 ^ TOT sft? 1625 ^ 3TTSITTO "^TO TO 1^7TT 1{2) 3it^ to totto Mn^-1620 *r Ffi ^ ^ ‘'^'i ^'t

TOt I % eftF ^Rc'i ’Jt|cfjqi<fl | TOTO^ cT^ TOTOT ^ 3ff7 vS'?!'^

TO^flrtT ImT^ ■^TOT^ WTSftcTT TOT MTTdT 11 fcTfeTTO •fl-S'^iW ^ ^ ifT^ «lf«hricf^r TO^ «l'll<Jl TOT [mT^ TOfT ^ HmI^cI TOFIT I 1643 5T[ TOft ^ 3TT3 TO? ^ [ ^geTTOTTOsQT 3000 sfTl 1670 ^ TTF'mTTOTOT TOTO 8000 ^ ^1 1691 ^ TO TO?1 5T^

^ TOT ^ ^ TOST f^TTO f^TTT TOT I ^ y VJK fTOF 3TRcTO TOTT^

TOTI(3) '<j<j|<»> artlT ^ TOcft—TI>t TO?fT TO TO*T 1623 TO TO’?^

^ Rh<ji SIT I ^TOTTO TOlf[ ^ TOTTTOT TO TOH 1638 ^ cFTOff gTO ?f?o fcfTOTOT SIT I 1664 ^ TO TO^Fft 3i‘)'Jt'l ^ ^ 3TT sff 1 F^ 1632 ^ f&feTTO ^c^ ^ Tf #El I «IT^ t( TO arTOff 3T^ TJcf) T|8IciT TO?ft TO I

(4) ■ ^ TOtft—MTt TO^ ^ TOTO ^ ^ % 1632 3TTTO TOT 1 cJF800 3TT^ ^ TO I TO ^ 3TTOT ^TfcRIH sfR TOITO^ TOT \ 1662 sT cb^cf^chi cf^

iTiild g?f sfF ^ aTOTTTO TOcT ^ TOT I TO f&fe?T TlT ITTTOfj ^ 3TSfFT TOTft TO TOT I(5) STTf^fro «T^ ^ WTTOT ^tro f&feTTO 11*1^ TO’ ’TO^ ''t ^ sff I

TOTO cbgn SJT Ploi'iTl ^ ^ gpi<ii 3)ticil ♦iilei«> ^ sfr? 3)0mi TOT M'<<bi'J^I?TfF^ ^ 3TO 11

6 W^W 7T^ m^)w TO ?/^Wm ^ 17/6-1945 1/.^.)

'Hifl ^ f^<<i «TPTT—^ 3T^^ «ri^rT^ cf^t Wig'llwfckliil % ^ I ^Pfr cf^ «R?ft ^ fiHlc ^ 3Tk ^ •STTflN^ UcJi'i |clPff ^ ^ yp?PT ^ T7^, ^ ^ 'Ji*i]qK'l ^ t%3?T ^ Hlfcl^JlHT I ^ 3?T?IT^ vTlial afl ^ ^ %TTf^^ ^iwcp ^ ^i)TT ?TRT^ I y^K ■^STTlftcT 'sjRdij'j

'ik

Sff-

(1){2) ^-tHT^JT^R (3}{4) ‘pylf^'ii

(5) cjlel^n(6) '^'iRici^Pi<^i

(7) 'Jlllul'^l I

1,14 ^ UloHie^ "«*>i’{«j

' vdHpi^?i ^ ciPfr ci’t tpgi^ ^ \jit ^ 0'i-s<f>^ ^ ^

^ ^ ^ amr w^fr 1%gra ^ ^ t aft? ^ ftw ^ trot ft ?fft f i arnl^w ^ ?afe: ^ ??r ft ^RdJft ^??nft ^ f^ ^ft^ff^fTEr^ften^p^i

^’fiift ylcrtiei ftft ^TT^ cut’^'jf ft— '_____

(1) wi*1'H©ll ft tftl?T ?WI aPi^cW c|ft ^ >3?T ?TP7f upRRSJTT 10 cf^'l'Ssft I f?Tf^ vj^ aftft^ 'Jifti'1 cift 3irciyii<*5cii aft I

(2) XJ^ ^ ^T2T'f’M'Sl, ftfft-vnqigyia'i 3Trf^ cfft dJIlclK xfift- ^ cpi?ur ^ ft?ft eft SJFTR cfjj

'tigciH Mlacij,(?i ??ft ci'll cpfff^ eft fttft ^ 3M¥7igKTT aft | HTcraft XTTT ?Rft gft li[^ fftl '

(3) <Hlalfft<l> f^<t>l'H—*1?ri'l'l cpT ailfclapi'i; ?tft ^ efT^ -HIPM (^7^) sT^ 3Tl?Pf> ft ft^TT?sift clftl ^ 3TP: 7IF 'tc||*i||c)cf) ftt 2TT 1% tft^ eRt eft fftpj (iflftcTftT) ^(Sdl

yTlft ft, ^ulicnv

-Tftftw eft ft ft anft cTift ’ftft, ‘I’^llell, ftft;>fll*1M

TSTl

(4) 49iPi<i> aft? fteriYtiTruietxji <alejil rfaiT ftftcTftr ^?Frft ft etjpr ft 3T?ft Iftw ft'JlSid cTajT Xiysft 7JT5T ft *101-i ftftf ft '^gfftsjT fftftt I 37^ lenjiX 4J|->| ft >d'^ci vdMeftX''ll, utglftt ftt ft ZIRP ftt ?7ftt 1

(5) ar^^ ETT-TRrf^ ftt <iici'Hi-?ft^ aff? ^ftxiid Rn-ftl'ft xj? erfftrot «rfTT^ aft i ^ aiftrT ^XIM ftt C1IWX1I i|cc51 Tiftf•(aprft^) ft

(e) fcllf^fetJ ^lx«l-16ft aft? 17ft ^TrTTsft ft ft ?IT?lftf ftf SJTfftcfT ftftr ftt erfftpft Wlft ft ftpx wft ^ cT^i Rji^fteii? sft I ftft#5 aft? civjftPliji ftt «rfkift ftt sntft^ WTwf ft ftt Tfftt afti

{7) 'tix«t>i’fl lllrtii61-^?tft 5?TTft 9>T efTR ?TPR ^ ftt XTTclT, 3PR sRftt sPHlft cfTctf ftt ?TX^ ei?T ?t?SP? wiea ^ ftt PRTTI i^ci'lildft cTaJT ?ftT cflftt ftt xiyicl ft ?srft lftpT?J?ftt f^'idlft |

?7i^ 3i*f/)<r?f ^ 1776—1945 ^.^1) 7

/^ % iff «(Rt1<^I ‘J'MI'I ^ <f5TH ^ f^ciq'^4) -

1.15 ^friei'd ^ ^fSjpT •

(1) ^ # VN(^Uft fcT^ fSjpT ^ j 3Tra yfJ -Hycm ■?T^ 3J*i^lcfiT <f>^ f

^ c;*llC< 3ff7 3T^ efcTTtJ 1 cf>I 'Icrii iTRcfr!! 'TF^T ^ ’TTf 11

(2) i> 'mar ^ 3r^ ■iTNcfra tf? iiiff ^ ^ ^wc^liff ^ ^ ^ ^

wTy

n^friMciiiJH aiH:Jl4’i 3fR ^ i ^ 3T^ ^i*iiR<j'[ '^ i

^ 41*llRifi ^ ^c1i\j1 ^Kolyl ttRT 'T^ ^ I WT)c|5 ^ ai^^ ’TKcft^ I

^ix^i'n'I cl5l '«<stj| ^ 77^ 31^ SF?! vjfrfcRTf ^ '!i<syi ^ cd^ mifl 1 {4) 20^ 'HRcfFr tjFTO^ cf5T I SfMcpci SR^Ff^ *lgi^l4 cf?t ^cT

'iU’W’Isill eFT>m 300 l^ffcFFT ^ | ^ 25 ftfcFH 30-40 Rlfcl^ll

(3)

)

tl■?rf ^eii cp<;iRl ■'racT ?tFT t% aRfFFT ^ ■==Rfr ’TRci ^ ^ 'mr 11 ■^Rl«l

'<i't^Ri ^ cTc^ ^ 3R^tc|?f ■?F?J?TT ^ '^WT ^cRaRT^m,

§'Hcpl i^lrigiRitR ylfkitl «PT FtfcR) TFT 11”

1.16 '«l*1lf^<»>

^ Jpliji (aRffW HFi^lM) ^ SJcll-rfl f&I^FT 3TR ^ I mft ^ '^F^-^TF^ Fail

’fr 3TeFT-3TmF ^ aTT 1 ’ft ^ F^ ’R ^ I(1) 3r«^ej> 'ii^aiciiaiV w ^Rnnr—3R^t^ ^ RifS?!, ^c5‘iic?i; t^Rivi, Ftj airl^ ^

■RlcFfR -wHivji ti^ mpfi cj?r afr I ■wHi'Jiwf^mraf afr? ar^^ f^cTR a^ i 5^ ^nf[ ^ ajf 1

A 3TFRft ftRW,

(2) 1^—anRfe r^cj '<i'^<jai RtRcrrarf ^ ^rfjt

«jv? arr i 1760 ^ 3R^t^ ^ 13 ^ 16,000,00 aft I 1 /4af I 1776-1789 ^RT 3Rf[7^ ■JSfF: 'EfR ^ '^t—

('^) ■^rm—mmfyR’ ’rr ^ Ri *^aH ^fiFH orimr 4/5 '*tft stirIcpI "^rt ^ 1 ■^rtT

. ^ m ^ srfsJcfTR TTFF ^ I■fUit ^RTt ^ rjw ?7l?T -^qtR ^ I arf^cftiai 7j^ c^ arcRiaff ^ 1 fvFR^

OTR^FR 'jry^'S 7^ mTR 7J^ ^cRR ^R7(R RTfT ] •wHl'Oi ^ ^-icri ^ miR ajT I MM^frlTh S'icrx *15^ tri sjt ]

*it^*i FfT ^ czfMfl, '5^FR?R afR cijiHi’?! arr^ af 1 5IT 'cpf c^ cfRr tl'g'C, '?RRT afR ftlfSlcf af fcftg ■g^FR^ ^ v31>^l cTTcTfR srWT ai77f5t 'FT^ cJfRT afr I

yell'd<p TfF ajT I cpf -4)Niy|?i, yit-MiH'^, «r% 'j^RmRi,FRR mfPft afR cTTNlfl y I 7JF cpf yTR afR 'vJrRTfaRf’R fePT ^an ajT |

(^)

(’T)

(^)

8 77^:3PT^*7 w ?fer?m (^ 1776-1945 17.^.)

^ Gmai ^ ^TTTPTT aft I s-^cfti u^tTHI cpf eft <#rfr efft f^sjf^ qej'llej sft | ft epT WT ep^

ft I ft cTM" su'imI ft WT ft i ^ ft Aeifl «p'<'ftaft I ^ siFTR ^ an, fftrft ^ ft w 11771 ft

ft •il'Hrt yaft W 3TcT ^ W I 1774 ^ ^ ‘^rat eft STMcT-fft^ ftt ftef) cFTT ftf I ■^RTf ^ ^T^RIIT 3?fteR ftk cTeP'fft? W fttcRRR an I -

ft 3Tfftcp nfftwn(5)

^r^?T

nra ft .?ftft w fft’ eftft Hei^M (ft^era ■^njJT amft^) ^ ^ 13j*iftcw ^ft ^ eRiT ftftRH an? ftiaj ^ gnft arftep fftniRnft eftf fftwRaiRiaft eft nrft ft

WTT I • ;^ ’jfttcT 3ft^ Ploi'ftl v3^ ft?r efft ftfg F^ ^ I tJll'll ^ eft 7JF

nn t 1% IjR 1492 ft chld^'fl smftcFI 3TRIT an, v3^ 25 ft 50 fftleRjn•nRftra Pidi'ift fti

nra ft yi^fricb fftftnnTsft ^ ftt nftn 1%Jn ■'Tttt t % fftR? ncFR y^1ri ^ ft 3Tnft7f5T nft nra »TFff ft ftfer w 11IjftftTI ycllftl IJcf fttftt ^ ft «J|HI'< eRnr WFft ft I f^TH epKui ^iftyl nft nR®n fchiii I gticpi aftaJcF ftn cjftew^ ^ vrfTcTT

y^lft ^tftnr aftt I ^ Jplijl eft eft nK

'S'!le|^ '1l*lepx;>J| I

til'llftlRleh fttftt efTT PiHci'1 ornnft fft^an ’mr 1 srftep anr Pinf^i fft^nnan aRg tif §'^eeg eft tiaic aft fta^ ^ an i?ftn. nftfi, eran siftaft ft arft ft^eiftt smrft ft ftn? stfteh unm fft^ 1 ftftrnt nn [ci-wiK ^Rft ft arft^ efn^ ft | ftft—tnlftan, Tmnfft^, ^Rcpift, anfftep snfft 1

nn fftftn ^an^ ^ 1 eftft anr ft nnmT § 1ftamftepT ft Iftnftr snrftapT nRftft aft wwft ^ ft sn^lftap ^ 11amfrapT ft ^^3nft ftR ft ^ wnfftap wRnrft ■^’n^aR ^TFift orft aft 1 ftcT ftarap, ■nRi, wm nft, n?rRTep nft ftt aft 1 qmeti nsn Fan ft# apt snnR nap ^an ftftaft Ift^epi fftnPT nn 17^4 ft ft w an I n^ nF ^-5^ ^ ^ n^ aft r

1. amftepT ft ftftFRT ft 3fN afnr nniFift f?2, smftapT ft ftcTFRT aR nft ft apT cRn n’TTeT nFT?3, ftftnaRT .aft fftftn nrainft nn ■'Jcftai apnft ^ amftapT nFiftn ftt ftfti aftft ^? nmin i4. ftn, ftftfF, !nre gRT ft^Faft WFlft 1ftn Fn mnftl apy ci4i aftfftrn I5. yjftvft ft •feh'Heii 'Fiar fftdehxl 6)Rd<ft ^Flft apT fcRFR fftan Fan 1ftF aprqfftftf nn fftnftn

fft^? nftn eftlyfn I6, nn ftft aft ftt snnTaTepFT nftt nft?

' %

W^W 77^ 3IH'f)4>l m ?f^W7W fip( 1776-1945 9 I

7. ^ ’Mi*iiRncf> ^ ’tll*i'tl M^I?

8. ' ^ ■JTRcM ^f>T W -^aTR t?

'H<;4

1. "5 3R^RR STN) ?

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3. 3)1'1c41 JRTST^ :

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10 WJSrr ?7C57 ^ ?^F7iT 1776-1945 V-^.)

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2.2 tRdlQ-IT

2.3 SR^tg^

2.4 'WicicHdl ^ jPifrl'iJi'Jl,

2.5 '^iciSlRl'^ wJTttq^

2.6 ^rfcRJR ^ ^f^3Tf ^

2.7 crT?-%IT?

• "MKRI

• 3iwira y?^• 5?cr^

2.1

5^ 3lEJmi ^ 3R3J7RT ^ fcRjTSjf ^-

• 3Rtt^ 7RfI% ^ I

• ayf^ 3ik 7R5r^ Ti I

• fbifjichi^l fcRTpygRraff ^ ■?R?r^ i

• ^RcfycH sfk y'd^ i^la&tRiV) WR5n3Tf i

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2.2 Umiqyi

tlrfe?! ’W'i'tK 3ff7 3lH^<t51 yRfTT ^ MM^cici ^ ^ SIT 1 f^RI ^7 ^ -SM^ W cPf}

i^f^?l TR^jR

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yit ^a->ai ^ 3TR ^ y^ I lslfS?l TR^JR 7RF-^R? ^ 3R^tf^RTf y7 3T?in7IR | f^Rt^ fH^?i

TRcpR 3Rjt^ ?TSJ yRlT |

g?r <pa^ ■^li^yt % feyr i sRfra?! ^ yfcT 3T?R3fRftfe?TvjRdT TRqjR

sryffw 7^1 fpff^ yryy sirisra yf yw y^H ycnr tri tt ynciT 11 ?7r sPffh ^ wr ygefi

yyRT 7RRT 7T^ ^ Toy sTT'Sjyfl^ Icicwl^jfT ^ I yyo (RR

sfrigid ^ TR5 'dcpci 7Rn?yy> '7Ryy7 i yifitfr 3fR

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yR«y7yR

f ■ v'l\ '#'g<m TTCy 3ii{l<i?l ^ ^/deitt {7P( 1776—1945 ^-^.) 11'’. \ '

anrftcpT -diiiivjii ^ xiipcii yr aft? ^irfr ■?r i763 ^ ^ vaMpiq?!"!1^T7f^ ’Tf^ 3T^ 01 df^ '^ll^iff I S'df^^ ^ ^ ^ 'W I

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^ ^ sfh? ^ cjit

5^ 1 Tt? ’TRcRf^ Ri*-if^Raa MRR^ici4)1OJ’<'ll

W^pR

^ 3ft^ aft I ?ffw 'fiRiyl amrf*16I^M ^ ofRt ^ SIRi? ^ I 5‘^-S

^ I ^ armr '^r ^ w7?t an i -

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'iRcbi'! ^ (^im-i) rr^ir

awfrait >Ji-iai ^ ttrt wrrt Rt^ cfR w tii7i”ii •ttriji^ i3. 'Wld'^—31^ ^ 3ii<T»i'iaI—^ RraRfl sT^ vbrtii^ ^ I ^ el'll

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^ ^ 3f^ at I ^^ ?Taft-Fi ^ IfcRty ^ ’TTcRT ?fr ^ ^1

4. «J*J'J4>i'fl c^iijiRqi qji'j^'1 Rlfiai ^RcfiR ^ o*i'ioii’<l cfii^ «ht^ i1 ^ ar^+iK, oii’j^ ^ 3Rrftgit ■^fecpRi ^

«RT i” fsrf^ -w-^oiR \jieiMi'<i'Tl atR ^ a’TfRfcT yR% ar^oi, oii*j,'iI ^ ^1’^) cf^ atfst^ 3RR vJrRt aj*if)o>i tR 17^ I "^fiRtt 3i*if)o’i ^TTHf cR aMt aft I ^ v3hRi^?i1 ^ yTT^ cnR ^ Rlqfd ^ 2/5% ^ «raRFR 5% ^ f^TIT | S'H'if Icicle ^

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■^Rarraff cfiT ’ra^r ^an i e-ei^ a^RRiT ^ xtcp Rajr-yftcR c?I'i f^aji i 1urt^ aiyftfcbtit' c|iT

6. M'tid ^ aTT^retr?—aT’RtcfiT ^ ^ RtR UF’ft ajR ’?5f^i^75ft ^ B'^fri oiv-ii meo ^ if^l^ai ^RcfiR ar'Rt 5RTRRT atR cpi-j^t IRT fcRiy dcM"! f^i^n f^RT^ fpilooilRil'l yit I

3ffl^<p q>r'<"(

aR^tapT ^ aiiRIoi ^ fciRn cpf ^ | v^-ooimyi, '^ftrt *ii[oio>, cciici, 'dc^'cJfuT arrf^ i. ^'loi %cff apft Rtfiai 'fino’K % erf^' ng’^i^ fwitiil afR arf&afi onfa ^ |

IW^m TT^ 3Prf)^ W 4fiimT Cff^ 1776-1945 ^.^.) ,12

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^ Pistil ^ 3(cit'd ciJIMct>

(Sugar Act-1764, Currency Act-1764, Stamp Act-1765, Quartering Act-1765) I \3hPi^?i'|'^ amr% tpi Pp^fq Pmr i gsirr. ^frencR sif&PrtRf tpI )%7it tjttr

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i7«P dwic 4 apRT ^ ^TR aft? ^yiyl ci^ anRT Riemd ^«r gcpioi 1 am^Wt ^jRctt <1^ ^ttcpt fcRtsi RRTT UTfttJ 1” 17? ’TRUT ip aR^tf^nf ^ ^ ^ ^ W I ?RT ^STRl -Wldddiyic?! tc|y)<g Isi^ "nUT | ITf sPr1% RT USR SIT [ gcTT c|«^ei vfRT aftftlT tPT

gn Pi*ildi ^ nUT I yfR tn^RT TRT ?Rir tni'jn ^ fcRnsff SIT | 56 ?TTcT elT^ TRT4 fcR3T f^, “577 mp 4 Wd^dl-ftl^ tJRT toRT l”

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SITIQiUlCI

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54' ycpiy atic^Ta 41

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cn<^cfcy'l' gif ciccoi aft? 4'di-cgyfc'd R itcnR Pm 1 TjRrTi gjt Pttr arr^

xTcTT RITi.’f;

4yiiig4cd cp gSTTcT R^^crcjciy, 1766 •gcticft yci^t arfstpdd 'cniiid gcii^ n^ | 5774 4t ■^ ' MfciPilticif 4 IIR 14t771 afR 3R4cI?| .gfeg^R R mcpri 5TeTr RITI 477T1g?rRT ^

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14 ffg<m ?7!J37 3if'^<fi7 ®7 s/^e/ti (^ 1776—1945'^.^.)

. '1

«jci'dyiRcpi aiTIci'd ^ ■?nft viHpi^?iT uTifT RjitiA ^jprct 4j|j)'H

^ ■*1^ ??i 1 cT??l '^iiiw auftrf^RR '^hiil+l c^ t3cf> cl?t iT^ | i?r ^

% wj sfr? ^ WN % ^ i anfe^ ^ sfw d i^fy^nK"! «l5} Tjt^'TT ^ yi'WM 1^4(1 ^nn 3tt7 -dVit; ^ TTfcT n<^)c f^^TT ’T^IT |-

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3tk ^ ^ 1^ iRi ^^^TTf^TcT c^ ^TFWJ^ 5f[ I ,

v3Ml^^?t ^ 01-101 f4)wi< 1%II7 1 Rl<|t| "^TRI1^, ufaPlBlcq '==T^ oTT’? wdlT^b ^ cTPTFTT^t 11” (No taxation without representation because it is tyranny.)

4. -fci^i srftiPr^nT ^ q>’<ii—'+>'^ci(l 1766 arf^U^dd ^^ f^zjT ^Nfr i 3rf&fe?r f^rafrT 1/3 ^ I cf^ ayUHifl fST W I ^ 1782 cR> 1«rf&7T^ 3<*iOw| g5f cRd> £ZIR -T^ f^Tfr | fts ^ vsqKciicTl ’TfiT Hgyi fcbdi | ifR di+iq^ tfcfj sfRwT ^ I ^ aif^Ply*! # cTfn vs'Hpicl?t'f 17? fciFff ■’ft f^erf^ ^ ^ dwc?! 11

5. ci'd-l^'»'S srfSrf^nnT 1768)—^?^ 1767 ^ l^icRR tliffe?T 'lf^*i'Sd1 7RJ 3RZJSTf&)^ ^ ^ wKui g? srrar-Hi'iei sn i ??Tf^ ttnt ft. di^itf-s g? sn ggr i tj^ft

srftftM ft cifcf 3Fifrtftftf ft) si'q'idigT d? gift ftr, wmioi.,ftift 3lk ^ng srrft g? ^g^r (g^) cFTT ftgr i gj?T oTTctt ft) ggiq gg srftftgg arg^ft Mft gg gg^ gg gq i

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ftg

ggri7. g^-’o'eix (5 gM. 1770)—gftft gg? gft gg? ftgjftrft 3fft ^ftcft ft ftg

gftft afF ftftr ft) ci'Si^'y'i gcift ^ i fttco vjioai ftf gggggft ftftt fft ftft?T ftgr g?) dHdi g?

gfftf g ggrft gg agftg ft^ ^ gft qcp ftftg? gg aiggrg g^ ^ arggi^ g5% 1

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arfftftgg grfftg fftgr 1 j^rft ar^^gg argftgrr gft ftft grrft grftt grg ftt ftfgg grg grg ft g^ affg ^gr gg grggig grr grg gasr ggr 1 arfai^igg grr -dtsy ftrg ft^^gr gr^ft gft fftirfft^gg fti f^ajfft ft Piwiwft ft fftq rjft rjcR ggr grtHR vsncitti grgrgr ag 1 ftgft cgggajr gft g^ fft gngft ardftt wg

argftftf arrgrRft ftf 3?geT gnd ft ftft affg fft^gr fftftfcrgf gft Piwm fftrr rnr^ 1 gr^ft gft ft g^ g? ■gfcigr aigftgrr ft igft ft grg ft groiK gft gigr^r grgft ft aft 1 cff^ graf ft gffgr ajr fft arg- argftgft gggr^ cgrgrft ^ grg gft ^ftftft gftfft g? gngft gft grg ft gfft d^ 1 srgFR ft gF gredgr 'oiwk gft ^ 1 F^rft ft gri^ ft-i. grg ft cRgr^ gndR ft arftgr argftfftft ft ^graf rgF gq ft fftft wlsft gft ft ftgR gft ft 1 2. gggft gft grg ft) argftfftft ft ardftt -^qo-noi d?

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mftm m ^frfwm (^ 1776-1945 Tj.^) 15

3}McT ■*?PIT| 3)T?ra^ sft ^ eiMK ^ ^ iJijjilkTc^iK ^ WTTT 1 ■?!?

kicbil^cbu cR^aff ^ ^ 'iicr>ai sn I ^ tM ^fipTn. >3^ "m 3ISFIT ^ ^ ^ f«rt ^ \

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ft?ttr-!JcSyiH t| «f^ '^f^tcpT f^'Hl^ 1 vi'^'Ji'ii StRFB ^ STF^tcJit fwRi ^ WRT I

9. 1774 5 'H'KI \j1i^ qaly 3ft7 '^RT^ ^ 3T1?|'^>i?i

cj^ -cilS^ ^ 1 16 1773 343 ^IRT ^ 'iicii! c}^ ftff&TT vneM'l ^'^al^oiy

^ f^TIT I ^ ^ ^tSpH ^ ^F^SftcTTjyf Wf STFTT^ ^ 'FHTF ^ 5^

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iRRPsl ^ Pl*ll«l

(?3) ^ [^f5?i 3lf&cPTf[ cPRJ ^fFRl efcTrcj IJTT^ Fnl^ cr>i4ai^ 3TRI \3mPf4?i'1'

3RJ^ if ^ IjlFfl I

(’T) I'CHtc^’Ac'ti *Tq4'< 'Jii’Ccl ^31R^ tJR Tlf cTSJT W’lcnl cpt >Jiicii

3TfSlcpR-tra Miqyill cRt 7FTTO

TIT# Plii'cjul «r^ c^ w-warf cJF cr^ C^ irg; ^ ^ FTTII

(^) f^Rfr "’ft ff '#TT ■R3^ ^ ■^RTT 3fR f^feTT ^ir-s-o F^ff’<Twitpiqi^l TlfcfcRn Tff'Jl I

(^) ngclcp arf^PtUH (Quevec Act) ^ ■?FRcT FFTf, cpiiai ^ ^^FTSff cTsn k;ci4iicjt

^ cfR^ # ctraWT ^ I "Jl? qu>sic*|cn ^ ?JT I tTOf^T '^TRl-fcRlR

9K qTFJ,- fcfRH SJTI ^cPT ^?y 'StR-mI^tJ^) 'tR" cilNR tR vil^ci Pi4-a^l cRTT sR ^fcFTTRT cRJT fiai'ii ^RlT ^ tfjf## ^sjtfcFP f^qiRiql ^ ^ 3Is{tF SJT1 'y? ytT^

SRTTFI^ SJT 1 ci^lq vdHpf^?l eltyt ^91 Rt cpFJjT ^ IRT 'FFT 1^

^ ^ W tl?y yjpjyf v3tiPi4?ft ^ 'sfR ^ vjFF I ^ gR^ g?[ srq^

3RmsJcn gn 3tt>trt gff m i vjgPi^ cfe fcRir, “y1^ gy ^ t(■dHpi^?!) ^ «RT yf^ ^ ^Rsp[ gtyy ^oi'«'l4 ^ ^ Pif^-qa ^ gtygR '<iif4a sW" i”^RJ 1774 q5l*jl g’olM ^ 1

10. gsm ^f^gr-s %fr, 1774cjllfifqi Sidiqi !Jr4cp g^ yfciPll^ aTTyi I ^ 51

?Tif^d sJ, #fT-gif5i*ic;H, fgnftg, tfgjf^ anf^ i gif^gr^ ^ gcuyr gyr aqPi^inT g^ 9tt^ Pi^stilycpiM -wf^a 3Fi^ ftgyf ^g'ltfci Riyii ggi^ gg tjyf arftjgjR ^ffm gR i

TRR cbi'O-w g4)g fcpgi^ gr^, '^gRgr^ art^ gif^gr^f ^cTT ?ii(^ci g'T [

’^gf g^t 3f*i^l"cw ^ fIrfeTT qil^iil g^TR^ Piyro fcpy; gyr i ^ ^ gg srf^raR ggH gyr IgR^ ygW&cT gR ygr i r

|3ni

lull's Cl ^ Raciiqv ^ gtgg yynj-

tcTT-gy ^yR (cbqi ftRT iR ^wieR gR^ gTcTT g^ g>^ gyr f% ^ c^ty yr? ^ 3^1. yy?iaitJyfi 'Mini gg qmiqia 'jyf yR % ^ gR ^ i

2. ^ tjgj ^ 37g? 4'fc§^cn r%ct fIrfeTr gggyr^ ^ 77>f) Piqln gy ^ i

16 wg^ ?7gy '3W^w.g57 ?fci?w (^ i776—ia4s ^.^■)

^ PPTf®I2.4 'Mdcia: ^

c^R^^cH 3ft? cp["^i4 ycMisfr cTSJT <^'tiyl cf>iil'H ^ eng R<^i ’d*i&1ni

^ ^ 11 flr^ aft? chMl[^4)1' ^ ^ Ft^ \n'j)'<l f I aW-H? 3ff?I^^•^fcH ^ ^ ^ '^3TRT <P?^ ^ epfT-“?I^ 1775 ^ cRF efJI^f^nff %, ^ 'MO^^ ?T^ «FT sff, 11^ ^ cf^ ^ ?J?>3TTcT ^ f^T^TcpT 'ifll'Jll 11? Pl<fJCll f&) % T^ ?R ???

3!MlcJ diet’d e^ ^ ^ FI? I vJdehl jPieji cfF ?R^ FFT tlltil'JU STTI aiena efef^cTTO eJ’Id'i'flcIlRlUl .efjt '^l^'MI UF sfT ^ STT^ ^ efSt SJ?^ F? ^ ep?i^ 'Jl«lf^

ePT ^ «r|?T an I anfe? ^ ^ nfi ^flcrr, n?^ ^ ?rTf^ ?ri^efj?^ ^

nfFFt^ e^ FF^

f'?, Fft d-H?! ■’fr art^teR F<R ^ afl t^RTF?r ^ 3Tl§feRd? e=ffF ?IF^'^eocl

, # armr ?ieR^ afi”^ ^ 3IF?5n3# ^ rfHT-

1. FF^ aiF?8IT-g;5 F?r ??T afcRen e^ ^kpT ^ ?FFF ^ 3T1tT%T *t?lle^'Aci'd ^ 1 ?rF 1775 *f F[F ^ ^ ^ an F?T FIFF chldlPlFf ^ F# f«rf^ «ft?^ ^ ^ aff Fft FFRcT^ F^t HlFdM ajt I cRldl'^clirflFl' eRFTFT F? 6*1 ell ^ f^FT I feUFF '^'t'l'Tl F?l feTyfFT ^ ^Ra FfcR? 3TF^tFFff % Flf^FeT F? F’sJTT F>?FT FTFTI FIF ^ F? FFelT 31Pf F^ i $'^1 STRFTeF FF% FF I FTF ^ F^fI' ■% fteleR? g*ieil fcf>FT F? aidefcl ^ 1 Ft?FF F? enajii

FtF F^t FtFT—wnlRlFT ^ FFT ^FT, FFf^l^FTF’ F’l Mgcfl vflF af[ | FT^, 1776 ^ 3T^Fft ^ Ft?FF tf? cpsjTT F5? fefFT I ^^1ITF> F? enwii epy-ii FTFTI

fsff^ ^-§'<^'’•3 3ft? FTF’t cnici'lPiiif F’f 3TenT F’?FT FTFc^t aff | F?[ FFIT eRt■?M-FF?r F>FT FTTcTT ajT | cRT Riel'll ftftfT ^ FfF 3ri%cIFFf[ +11(^0 FtFT I

1776 ^ 30,000 'flPleRl' ^ ?na7 d'1?e1 ^ '^iFIct’ FFFFTF F? FfFT 1 FTF 3TFfrf^iFf cRt ^ ??r f^FT I ctfet’d ddehl el+lell cRF F# gOT I FlflfFFF % Q'fiC'i F? 6*1 ell F5? f^FT3ft? f«lf5?l -^FT F^ FF f^FT I ^ ?TF5r FF ^ F?! ^FT e^ FFeTT FF ?TTFFT FJ? ?IF’^ ^ I FF

aft?FFI?cT

^ F?r FF# 31F?air # IFt. ^ “anf^ F?f F?i 3TF?an ff fff

^-FF# ^ FF F5#?T 5T?T ^ ^ ?TFTefF ^ Ffit" fcRFT?T F^ f^FT I e^ ^?ft e^ FgF-^eftF # FF#RrFf F^ FF# 1l#F F?l ?TOetcF F? FTF’ F5?^ #t 3ft? 3IF#FF dajT FTF? # geehl ^ # 3n#F^ F?I# e# STf^TFi ?fFajF #c# eTFT l”

2. 3rF?eiT-FF##FTftlFf F^t FtF FfF# e^ f#? fetf^ ?T#F? ^ eR#?T.% ?TF?'5FFF ftf’ell'^elf^t’FI F? F’FjIT Fi? f#FT I ^?# 16 e^ell^; 1777 Fit #FFF^?tFT F? efejii Fi? f^FT 3ft?

d-deit ?n?TTF FTF Fft€ FFF^ Fft # fRtFT feTFT I#F ft fftKF##^FT F? 6*1 ell Fs? fftFT I 25 3i*i«i, 1777 Fft #fftFft # FTTaT.Rt’ell'^elR’ejl

FTF F?# 27 Rid*F?, 1777 Fft f^eTT^eTtft’FT FF? F? epSJTT

F?tF^ FFffftT 5?#■ftfftF’ H*1ici SI-SI.

/

FfFTFi? feTFT I 3## # f#? FF F^ fftFTFIFFlt -Hlfela fSTI I v5?Tft f^'dldl Fit F^ Ft?TTF fftiFT | 3##

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^ '(I'Ji^Ri^ spiPa ^ 3(Jjoi4 31^ 'cTFI^ yflf^ y'acpy vjI‘TO'1 3fk yyicp 3T^7|Tf?nff 3Rfra>t Mnai ^ ^ ^TTT ^l^AIrtcp 51^ f^P^IT fui+f'A ^ 3?^^ Fff^PrfoT ^ «PRtr «bt 7!^ l”

3. affw ytic’H—'^■wi'i srfr cTTffr ^ Rc^<7i Ri?cim ^ cFR?TT STT I ^ 3TTHvFTfiT yf^ 6f^ r^'I^a 7?nT sn i ^ ^ fcj^cmr sn *#3i arfy; ' (Bank ofUnited states) 3TPT yi'iai ^ ft?ff y>t ^ cp^ Tj 3RT^ sfR ^ ^T^THcTT rTSJT sFR?jt tPBW ^ cP? yicn'ii I ^ 1831 ^ ^yilnlaij'l ^ ^ cniilyi ^ <^'ii§<^-s «lcyi cf)i4cf>ici

yjt 10 ^ 3iT^ srar cfr ^ '=frf^ arrmit ^ arFf ^ f^i srr^ci'irni 'tcp ^ 51^ aft? ?l(<kl?lloft ci'l‘i1 ^ cii<4V5 «i^i4 ft gft ^ f&) ft ?Ry>R eft

wft ^ ^ 3TW fttsn y?? ft aft? ^RTtjT ft ^ftft ftftfr ft( ftft—iftyiiil', ftftiftftfaft? *1X11 (^y) ftt, Rji'icft qr?! siftt ? ?ifeki?iici) ftftfr ftt ?R? ?R?i t aft? ^ ?ntRr t, ft ftt Ryiiici'5|Ri<71 ^ ?Fft, ?T?ePR ft ??T ai'<JN ft Rgclixfl R|cpl<ja ep?ft yil ^cf) ^ l”

?rT 1832 ft fterti'i ft <^11 yl ^ •^'iici fttcTT I yi*i&ii fft vjft ft^pR? ftef> ftf 3Rft ft

1ftr? ypTcTT"5^ ^g*ia fft^ ^ I yR ft v3?Tft at^ftt fttfft ft 3T5?rR Ift ftf ft? ?>?ft ?? 3irft?T ffttrr CTSTT ?TT8T ^ ?Rct5|ft SR. ftf cTPTO ftPI fcRT I

4. ^nt?I ft ?TI^ 'H*^>yj~\^cRi'i 3n?>5T ft ^ ef>i4yi ft lygciixf} STTI viyiepi ypPTT 2JT 1ft

‘Riilyi 'nftsf xjuai ft ar^lRTft «PT f?? cfRft 11 ??ft cPi?w ?F yft? oPrtt ft w 'W aff? ?T^f? ftnr eR TRiT I y?ft ??ft enft ?r>ff ftftfft? <fftft?r ft ?t?t «rr ?? ?>pjftf y? Ift??!?? ?^ ft, xFT y? aR?f ftf g7?ft ft y?^ fteRR fftp^ at^ sjti arm yRm ft 3trt stt aff? wftfr ?stt

.8JTI ?F Tiieai sjT fft artftprft ftf ^fPT fcRT yny aft? ?Tftf arfftefy? ^ftfyfftft ft loftf ?ffy fftj yrift i fty?H ftf yftft?T ft y^

yyftf ftf I 'd'W’f aryft ?iiyi'i<r)ici ft ftRfft ftfftf yy uyl'i fftyr sy, ^syft ftfft yy yfty ?ft y^ ft ?rftf ftftfftft ft fftcicfiy ftf yftf [chill sjT I ftcpfR yy

•fty?R ft afTcft?iftf ft fft “fty?R ?ttrr ftf glftypy ^leqi aff? y? ?Tftf atfftyy? ypy ^igai yft ?TfftiFT ft ■^ft y^ ffty” y?^ fty?R ft y? yft Iftyr fft ?ffftrR ftf ?8tt y>?ftf ft?Tyy ynfey

#, y? ftyyr aryftr yftfR fftyr ??t 115. RRcffyt ft

ft?

8 yyt yy sTTi tftftft ft ?fFTyftf yft?TT?Hyy^

ft-ftm-^ aryyryr i ft?Tft yiyaiftftf fft ft) Rf 41 ftT^f ft ft?T yr? yffft ft ffty yyr^ yR fftir i ?Pf 1829-1837 ft ft?Ty 94 ?fiftyf f| 1 fftrftft ai^yiiy ftT?ftfyf ft a?fty> Rftftf ftf ftftft y>pjy y ftlrr-Ryiftf ft artffy ?f^ ft ?ny ft ypyerr

yt? ftf y^ I x3?fft yi^ fft ft aytft IfttifRa ?ftrftf ftypTeft ft yep fftypT (yjft affts ^f^yy yfty?f) yyiyr

xjiftl'i <aicil yRfft yft ftf. a*icf)i ^anquii fftyr yyr, ftffty ypiftf ft 'yf?ftiyf ft yiy fftfty fftyr ftf fty?Pf ft yprft ft feeffy? aryftf yryyr ^ yyfy fft^i 1 ^cp ?fcp ^^gf aft? ^?ft ftftfyicf ^ ft yry

y?T yny 1 ?pf isse ft ftyyy ftyypT yffep?

yTcTT yyyy Rc^ci ?iry ?f yyr 1

30- '*'giro ?7uy 3/h/}4>I W ^f^WTW 1776—1945

6. ^ ^ cIR% ^ 'fi'fleiai RRT ^ sft | ?ITTR

cRM ^ ’7?off cTN <jpl4)'i c^ aRcicq ^Mlci'^ cTT^ ct?r ■?TBTO?TT ^ ^ xnxfT f^J^IT 'W SJT,

; WMm ^ cFR^ cIT^ xffj^ ■?TXSJ

^ XJcFC ^ H>’<6i<;ci «R^ xffrasT #7tf?RT f3TT| ^ 1832 -^r X3Xf7%

^ x^i^i SRvj ^ ‘1'!'ti3sjiPicp tilf^q g;? f^TJT I 1 x?v?^, 1833 ^ cP^ (Tax) ^ cRJ^

■^r TT^ I XJHcI-5), 1833 virIcHIH % Xj^Rf W I ^ ct^ 3Tf&cBN ^

^ fan I ^ 1828 PlHldl3Tf afr? xfemRT

'vi-ttcw «rg^ ^3TT I ^ STTI ^ XJ^ ^ 3RIFIxjxI x^T^ | x^cRH

^ yigcc cp^ ^ V>lRl?l ^ Xjy^ ^ 3<X14>Cl

■ XJTO ^P7 I 3f£iJI^?l Wl 1828 sff? 1832

«P^ ^ I'tjcf) ^ clW 'il'^ii ^ ^5IT#Tr cpr ^ ^TcpfTT 11 5^;% ^ ^

(«l(?1 XfRT Rjtll ^ ■si'll Xjell ^ 'dflcflX SJT I ^p|i)'1 c|?f '^5IT cpX"! W V^CIXI'I c|^ ^7. f^<i7Tn<PX“i—vrlcKn XHgdi vl-til^wc SfT f^TH^ STT ^ f^cpRT ^

^Igai 871 ^ ^iT^jpxff 'TRcpN x^ cR^ 3il^ '^RcPR

•^SNCll ^ ^ WT ^ I 5^ sfTd’ W ^ ^?HeT 3^

(National Bank) 'ftxcpixl y^T Piti>cl«l fciyi Sit? 'd'M'l SH ^ 'TTXSjf ^ eftp if xjftfT cpycimi |

x^lfrrxff *itPTtTT 8JTI v3x^ 8Txp?[

tl>51101

«FT^ ^ xft cni4in*i oif^k; ( cf? ?lX5?ft x|^ t%x^ XjT^

8. ^*i1jpf^<j» XTT^ x?>3—^crm ^ ^RT aiMOi^ xj^ ^

x^ XT^ xj^ I '^cfxi'l ^lel^c xrf^^ cTSJT yigRici i>;iRl<l3lR4ll ^ ^ 'HHM xr^ xfrf^ gXT fcT^ XJRT xlt X7^ ^1 THfil chd^-l ^

f% ‘X’ci^'i 'd*i‘4cnl gi) «fT^ Rr*‘ra 3ik ^xff^f^ xir^ ^f x^ xj^ xj^ i

9. R4?l •ftfcl—|cl^?l 'Tllcl ^ ^ XjfcRFT ^ XTTjy ^fecJilXJT ajXHTOI I >d^^ ^x^f^ jpf^ trcf

3Tx?I xflT87 ^4txj4 «('iiA cpT 5RTRT f^XTT I ^1^ f^^'i 7n8J f5<i|8

xg^ ^ 4, '^<m'i ^ dHsilai cRdi '^r# -o^isn l ^ u<jm ^ ^ 3n^R-T7^

(ai<5di-«i';<4l) ^ snxjR x^^ 3i*1x141 winixI >Jigivji1 4 [slfc?i aflxiPi^Ricn «i'^^iii^'i' ii xjfr^ 4f

RTX^ cp^ Xf ^ cPHiJ|41 fitcT xy^ I

X^cRH XPTO ^ ^TT8J rl^ ^ 53TT^ ^ 4f ’ll ^iRxy gj^ j^gy | ^ 1531 if vJcKI'i ^WIX1 ^ xii«J 4) alR Ill'll ^TTf ^ 4'Mdi f^pxyy % xxgy-^^ql ^gy ifcPt cyyxRy <p? tyy ^an^utl 4t xjl^ g;^ xy^'^ ypf^ ^ gsy §XIIdly xjf fii^aii^ul

Pl^'4-vi^<xxi'i ^ xy^ ^ 61% xy^ x^cRyxy fg •?!%) if -^yg^ ayppy ?JT | g? cR?% 7T^ ^ f%6py^ gRxyy xnpoi sjy | >3x1 cni ijg>xyyg gyRzyy tjx^ aff^ ggyf&gyy^ gff 4, f^RT^

^flT87 I%d6i>x %?[ ?>T Rlcpixi f^RTT Xjyyxx ayftg g? f%4%t xxg fcfRyygf c^ ^yyay ^ayy gyy | JtcRyg

CTR gg ^imicpid (Jack Soninism) '?Tg% 3TRxy sjy | yjifigf) %)f%gt gyg% 4 ?RT gxyy^xy^ xfrf^igy fipg sjf | g^ aygfrgg 4 i?cp xrpTtj>^4 xi<5Hlrl SJT fuRix^ IRT ayxyfrgg g% fxTxpRT gR% g% xxg; gy^ fiy^ |

xpRxxy

f%%g ^37T cff 'lol'JII g^ piqidlvsxitpl

'JI'ICII 6^ ■grST 4t xy^ ^ Rpin dVfl % gxyg gyiyy j^gy^

'«*«i'^ ^ f^’iax xygr 1 flr^xy ^ cpixui gf *ixidi ftR glgRT ft xygy |

3.8 v^xTH*! ^ ^ ^P?TP<T

1. XI1836 ^ Pt<lf'®l*i—xi'l 1836 ^ f%gfgxff % qn (Van Buren) •^‘I'l^fS^p xyy^

xjxxffggR ggy 1 g-glii %?i cfe f^fipT xTpff % 3ixy% gR xjultgqK fcpxx 1 TT^xyf^ gg 4 gR

'd**Tlq«ix ^ gR% cf)T g>RXT gf xft sg 1%> % f%Rtt xxgj gyg xr g^gg gff ^ ^ 4 | gyg 170 f%gfgxT xygf % RvjiiJl §3Tr l V3xi4 gT% f&%1tfgf 41 ftdwx 124 xyg gyxg ^ |

«'g«m TTXjg spfftm m ^frfwm (TFf 1776-1945 1^.^.) 31

2. ■5FT ^ ■57rnR-^ 1836 ^ cfH UfrT^rltr ^ ^ if ^ I 'jfw'icii^t

1?^ ^ Ri.Si'nl 'T? i^TcIRT 8^ I gi’^I «i'ii4 ^ 'llfn^jl ^ '3?T 3?^

SIT I 5^ % %5RT aff^ 'H'lcI'OH ^ cR^ ^ '^RSfcR ^ ^ ff^TiRaim ^ ^ agp^ ^ ai7% | ct? ^ Rn^d 3im ^ xnfm sit i ^ fcloy^T3Tl?lP|iId (Distribution Act) ^ dHIkl ^ I 'iMtp'li ^ H-wiRd ?if^ ^ 'T^ I

sra 'W'icRR 5^: sRtjf^ ?nT ^ I H? ijl>JidT yMcftlq oud-MT (Independent Treasury) aJSTcn ^-'IN'^i'l^ aR^ejT (Sub-treasury system) cp?(di^ I s^icn ST^'m TR«RT^ ftp WcRSTT cRT TTRRI TSIT^ ^ rf)^ f^sIT vjTFTT SIT | T«ldR TTvS^R ^ f^TtJ Tl'y'J cIT^ ^ cnl4^ici ^ sigcl TRSJ cT^

^RTT) ^ 1837 Tf ^ 'ajfSRRTd fcTTSn I dT^ % §TRF)T fcRtsi f?f>^ I TPT 1840•d^dl sA ^ Tra^ 1 1863 ^ Sffilf^RR MiRa ^ 7135 f^sif^

3. 1840 ^ Tf^<t'n TTw*! ai*l'{)‘t>l—

(^) aicftd MRiJefn—TR 1824 ^ dyro TTRI cpT <RToT SIT I ?Tr ^ficl ^

0)4"*?) 3^ 3T7^I7#g ^ 3T^ Hqid)3il«}'id'i I TT) 1846 cTcR d^ftdt d>T ^dTIdH ^-'Jti'lnl ^ Slf&ci’d? ddT I f^?td?T: cIT5vstil'i m<jI'<i ttrr afR u+iiRa gap i RiRt"i dd^ 4 Tsiri^IrT ^arr i df^df art? sTlci'l diT Riciid

^ fcd^ Ri«pidl d^ I ^ ^ 4 ar^cR dtj arrl^r^TR di? i dcdTdd dd ^ fRf% d^ 5TRWT 1?RdT | t^cRRd ^ TTdd ddl^ TP^d arfdlcH mR ft? afR TTd 1837d?) SjiRfcp 4^ ^ dddd d^ ^ dT?) dTd 5^ ^ ddT^ ddsf 10 ^ f^dcT dR I

(^) '^®fTT ^ ^ddd ^ ^ d5t ^tlR dd 'Jd d?fT ddT 11 ^TT dd^ ^ 3T^ cneMnR^)^ 'ffdT\rtc|l4l TRI d% I fd^ ^ 3T^ SllRw f^RTdf gM ddlf^ ^ I ddftdd 'ddTdTdT^I Rxjk'I cRT •HdMRdd) afR TIdjRHl' 4 TTdR f^RdT ddT I ddlTdd^ afR vJddtddTaff TTdSd dd^ dPt I

ardRf^Rl SllRel alR Tl^dlddr ^ fcdj TRSITd dd^ cT^ I Rl^ 1828 4 aid^td?) ?iiRi RTdTdT RSTlf^ gap I 4’rtiwi^c’M 4 v<^ciT ^ ^sii? w ajt'tj’lrt'i dRTT aft? arsjTdd^ ^ dj^rapj •% wd dTT^ cT^" I

d^ddd ■=dTdTdrd

d^

dte

3^ ^SilRicRf [^'W.g dd’

sj4 d?f ^'ici|f<syi d?[ d^ I yiRcf)(d) ciWfid fctiR(<t> aifdtcld—T^ddTd «RTRT

ai^dT add RTdTd, 5o<t) afR RTdT^ dp^ ?nt i drf^fdj RrRRpff 4 digdr^i dd ^ 5d?fdcTdT I 5TT dd? aidfrdd 4 tjcp ^ RTR^f^ dd dpd dTcfldTR 4 d^ I ^STTTddjf HTd- d^ ^ ^ aiT^dlRd ^7^ oRf) TTd 1840 rTdi dF W'^f^ an^l

ddt ^ mv^ 7# afR dfSrofr ddt ^ ^ ^gdR 1 tmi si4 % RRff d^r dn, wm. RisRff ^ 'gtiR anf^ f^ ^Ra fcRdT I ar^sp pp arl^fcp arr^^Rn ddrrtj dd 15^ ^Rd ^ ar^disJ) dd dRdfR? pift

^1 £i4 ^ TPTTd ^ #7TF| ■^Tdfrd 717^51% aidfrd?)

vJTTcTTSITi

(tl) 7nf%frd^ TT^frTdT—TjfdTR ^ ddel ^ 3T^ ula*iRMcfl ^7^ dd 7d1%RIdd7 RtT f'l I ^-S'<?'S ^ ^ dH afR dU 4 TddTd ^ I dF 3Idf)^ TTT^frd^ Rddraff 7^ 7<juS^if gp^fRpRr dTdT vjiiai § I c;i?fRi'P ft^Rldf d7 T^dTId Tpr ddTd I 'SJdTd^ cTSIT ^7^ ddRt 4 Mici'dRIIcll 7TTf^cddd7 ^ ^ | ddffRTdT 4 3?^ cngi^l ^RlfcR afR cnf^dt ^ TTlf^ sfe ’P'FR d^

RFRd f^dlT I

32 ffJW W««¥ 3PT^f^ ^ ^/^e/'H (WY 1776—1945 f

^ 5^: uTPjf^ u<7)K ^ ^»^"iai3fR ^ '?T^ ^ 'iM’ilfcl ^ mRuiih sfr I ^ ^ ^ 3^5^ STTrirf^Rcrra W’JcT f3n I qejRl

3i*R ^ fcicrr^ '??t f^ ^ arTrHf&w^ ^ ’ttcftt

^ f^pTT ■^ra^r I ■^R 1789—1840 ^ >9<41 <4 'FTftRR 'd<^<3*114 RRcRT ^ RSJ tpnf cr^yai TFT I

>d^qa*r RRTera

ni'dai

>fre

'HKI?l

• 5^ TO ^ 1% 1?^ \xl<TfiH (Jack Sonianism) '<i'Jinl(a (swffclft) cpf 'RR ^c»

57Hifc|a Rb441-1 '^crti’i W ?ii'rt'i<bl^ 1829 ^ 1837 cR> 4C1I I >3^ cpra ^ vd<i^ '^SIR

1^1• 'tt'Syfcltc (l789—180l) ^ 3R^t4>I «l5t fc|4?i 'ff1% ^ 3TPt 4>f arR 3T7RR Rbqi I 'i-tt’d 3P4^

^ ?T7T TOH, ■qerrftcT I34^wl

• 3R^ ^ ^ ^ srfiRl.v^TOTO ^ I 'd'lcpi R4=r gfcigl^ ^ fcl'cn'l ^ 4R 3TTcTT

^ I ^ ’^t eiWd-Jiqicn 5^ I [yl'icp fct^I^ 4(?f ■?r?T?R ^ 'Jlldl ^ I 3TPT 34iq*ll, TOtRI ^ftTO5 ^ fct^cIHT ^ I vJHcbl ‘|4>in'>qi<; fcRcTTfl 8JTI

• 4R vrtRc'^l *ii?fei STT^ I 'i'g'ld ^ 3RT I 'd'?ld 3PT^ cPTci

^ «f5^ ^ f^RT^ '44iqd7J c^ 3Tl?T'9iT^ 3fR ’dHl’l ^ «f^ Rdl I

^ arfScoKl cpt q«iqi f^4T I 19^ ^lai^il ^ ^ 25 ^ dlyH ^

)yyTff

TTwR 1R> ciW 7R> qgx4iq( I

• 1890 ^ '^I'ycfvl SIH’Jlcbl ^ ar^ nRadi I 31^ ^ 'nRqd'l, cPT '5^,

31l’<lcHH, .’WlRRlIcb Wf^Rldl rfSIf Cli^q 3)irM|c|?qi'fi '’ft eidjqi | vr|cf\H'i, >jd?RTO, qi^yd, Hlillcl ^ 3r*Rt^ gfclei’d ^ «r^ TftroH Rqi ^ qga 'Hyig'ilq % |

SF^JE-H

1. i^^lTfqRS ^ ITRRcpra ^ f3^?i 'frfcf 7^ siR TOfiJ I2. RtoTO ^ fcRTRf iR ferofl cplldv^ I3. *1iyfd 5RT 3rRR Ri cpi-j-i cR fcI^RRT cRI^ | ,

4. vSqyR 7^ XI>Jl'l'llaq> ClR tjcf Ri.gi'fl'l 7^ ^ ^ qOIS'< I '

5. RiymRl^bl 7^ ijRfTpT Ct?[ ttTOT I '^ql‘1 ^ tiqjcini TpR^ sells'^ |

1. ^ 3fTO 3R^t^^ 1%^^ ; cf)c)'^ ^ <9)c^f^

2. ? 3TTRtTO TjrfcRft 3fra ^ y'li^d'S ^ ^^773. ^ ^ 3J^'04»'f •' ^ gS‘9-/

4. 3fr7> ^ q’I'i'i qUci’^Tlvji : TO"

5. ^ ’4’^C'W RfRT 1865 : ‘fiJ'/^y tsjT -gc^/

t'/o'i/ 3P{fUf^ W $/nei’H fiPJ 1776—1945 ^.^.) 33

3rE2TT^-4

R-wk

4.1 \ii?4|

4.2 y'MN'i;

4.3 i^i'sRcp vtcRFT cfir Ri.sici

4.4 ^ Ricgm cpT *15T^

4.5 ^ ?frl^RT W Hp-rt

4.6 yfr^TfR ^ y'lR‘lIu| ■JT^jFTT

4.7 TTFS.'^ WH ?l5t |ci?'|t^riK

4.8 TTFS ^ ^^tfcf

4.9 ^ ?T^

• RKRT

• 3T»^TTR y?H

4.1

^ arezM 7^ q?rfm tesfl ^-• cISTT SRJ Cf^ I

• ^ *15Tt) ^ TR3I^ ^ I

• ^ yi'JC ^ fcl^?l ^fff^ ^ ^ Ie>

• ^ cT«f> ^ ^i-Ji-TlIa*^ yiiiH-i'l ^ I

4.2 y'Wiq'll

^jfRtcT sTlRlk «PT 3R^l«bl ^ ^IrlFlR f«I?R 11 ^RcT ^4? c^ ^ \Jlldl ■% cp^STTeft^RT ^ I ^ aRylcpl ^ ciWa-^ ^ ‘I'Ji^a 4-ini | ^ «P6'11 ^TT. f% ciVi'l^ hRxj*i g5t 3fR «f^ '<|t^il ^ZpcTT ^ 8!j^ I ^ ^ U>fel7’ ^

'fRT^ ^3TT 8JT I^ W ?S/^( ^ ?gcf n)'i<^i’i f^W 87T I ^ ^ ^ 7TuJ^?TT3# cpj

^ TIT m c1^ ^JcfRIT «I5 ^ sfti^ TR^rf^ ^ 3iT cpIH^I eft^Tcf^TRcR RWR ^ ^ff | ciVl'l ^ 3TT«fT^t ^Tift ^ ^ sjt I

fcbn^ ^ ^STTT fJilJfpM TIcT T^ I -jfRTR ^ «Tfe^fT ^I'<l'l4c ^ | ^RT sl'ill-^C STTjT ^ M67I cpTJft ^ OTRT aJT I t ^ ^. RTST €t SHTO ’ft ^ I f&cTTI ^ ^ ^ ^ cTSTT 3R^

TRTRt ^ ’<|vn'llRi ^ 3TT1^ | 3T^ TT^ cRR ^ \jic^ ^ ^rfnls c^ 17^ tr 'jft 'TRTTRrcT ^ RT? 1

34 WJ9f7 77u?7 -»'#t'?<W ^ ^f^ei'd (7{^ 1776—1945 7-^.)

TTU^ ^ ^ ^ TTPJS 3Tn? I TIF^ W ?ll’«'lct>lc1 vifl'II 3r55T ^ ^ I ^ 3T^Ov

'J'4I5I ^cTT ^ ^ viTT^ 2^ I '3'^TcPT Sll’W'icpici 3TT?friRT3Tf ^ ’TT’J? 9TT,

'MM’frl sR \^ '77. ifl y^cpl fS^?i 3T^ sft I •ttS'y'l'i ^

1876 ^ 1896 cR) cRP

^ ^ ^ ^ RlRicI cPT PlMCM f^TIT I

H>'sR<t> ^cfJH cT^ ^ Ri<gid4.3

iP-sR«P vtcRR 3^ fcRTcptf^R f^5clRlejlciy ^fcigl'tl ^ ^ | R3 1893 3Rff^

f^'^ciR'^Jd ‘^ti'lRi'^?M ^ t^cfJ ^ 3^ ^ M®cp'; -^-ii-yi, f^RI^ STT, '3i*i'<|cni

§Ri6m ^ ■(i'mi'ti ^ *i5Tq r elTi 3^ ^ f?r Ricgifl ^ Hl%m33 fe^rr 1% aRfra^T ^ gRigm 3^^ '3'tiq^ R'RcTT ^ Rlqjl'ti ^ ^ afR R)’«ii'< 33r j??! f l 3T3:^ sRi^W^k"! ^ fcp ^ TJ^ ^ ^TT8J ^ nR-q*! ^ 3122I7R ^ I 3^ ^ cjT^, ‘’<4^1*lia if

tliHtRji'^> f&WH ^ d'liai'! q<5eiai crTeTT <<i^, 3Rfra?r 'SlciH «l?l 7f? 3l1^aR3T,mRtih ^ afR-Tj^ R'mi'< sfR vd^icp 3^r 3TcrH^, anf^ rri^ rrj 1^rrr rt^ w3t

RR ^ ar^iffcpr ^ r^tri't ^tr arRR ■siciol r^ i 5RT ^ ^ ?f^^FTRT ^ rteeit

aiCdlRoj 33 3ft f. 3f^ 3R33 f wfr 3?t3 '^^Tf^RTf ^ frf^-Rqid ^ fll-S’^ 3T^, 33T aT^33 ^ cTT^, 3^ RI33^ cRTT 3^ fthiiWdlH'l ^ 3R3 ^ 3T^ RTPTR ^ 2TT, 3ft 3?t3 afR 3Rr^ aTf§f3> 3?t3 3T3fr3jT ^ Rc^ci 3RRT Rt3 ^ 323 ^ ^RTT ^ W^f aTy?3aTRt3 ^ gA?ll 33^ ^ Rtt3R3 33 R^ f |”

3^ ^ 3)?3T f 1^ “Rtt3P3 33 5^ 31 SJT1% IRT^ 3^ 3^, RlRld RT^3T3 7^ 3333^ 33I3T f^3T 3jtR 3R Rl4'<fll 3^ 3)3 f&)3T I IRf^ RT^f3 R3)3T 3^ ft f^RJT l” 3fR f 4)-S'!<?1 IM 33if 3f RRTT 3^ 33T3T I f^Rff wRflqifl cfSTT RTt3)3^t3 ^tt^-Rqidl 3?t 5rtcR3ff3

f^l

I

Rtt3T3T ^ RRra f 3fR ^ Rl<gia 33 3Tft ^l^gltlcDK'l 3R 31RT aTRR 33T I 3^ftf Rtt3I3 3^ sfR 3)f arfsTT 3Tfil3) 31t3 33T3 1%3T, ctfcHl IRH^ 3T3 ft 3fR Rl<sm 3)t 3TTcft33T 3)[ 3f I ft^ 13 3fR ^ Ri<sia 323

1. 3fR 33 31 3)13T 3cI3 f hRh*i 3?r 3ltR f&R3R f dWa'-Jl 35t Hd^a 33I3TI sfR R33 1^313)11^3 33 Piqmi 231 3?3: 3Rlf 3T3f $(?llct) 3?^33 anWR 33 Plwt)4 ff33^ I 33T1RR 7^ f^, Tllft ^ RFJqt 3T ^fi'i 313^133 f RTt3)33 33 f^33Rr 1^333 ^ 3RT 3R 3ft f331 33eFt33!t 33 f aT^33RT nR-^fl RT33t f 33Tf uft Rff&3R 33TR ^ tjf RT33t ^ fcraiRt 323 it%-R3Ml' 3R antnfeT ^ 1 Ijf ,c^ RTRT 13 3f 323 ^-RcIMI 3^ ai3f R32I 3R33 f ^ 31? I

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fcRTT^ 3R 33)t3 R^ ^ I

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3)Rf 2^ 33) R333 ^ Ri)3 f cp3T v>-<^ cTt^RRT 3f *i'ji^fl 3313T1 3333 3)13T 23 f^ 3T3-3f3

^'jflnfa'qt f 33r^ 3R a?r3r3R 3T R3RF3 f 'jI'IOI ,RT3Tf1%3) aiRlcDlO 3R 31^3 33331; 33-33 Rft3 Rff3T3 3)t afR 3^ 3TJ | IRT 3R1 fsfwf^ft 3 RR33R ^ W^lclff 4 33 33 I fft

®7 ^fcleitl 1776—1945 ^.^.) 35

vji'i? tf? 7T^ \jf^ arfe^ aiMicJl vJMelsii elf^M ^ ^ 1% ^ 3fT^ 'jii^ ctldl

^ 3Tftrcpf?T ^ ^ ?frftcT ■*R^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ l^-WH ^ I ?fF^ ^

♦ivji^t! 3)cyir)(^ ^ ira^ ^ nf^Ta*! ^ 3Tk ^ ^ 'T^ 'Mwcl ^'icp tTM ^ sIH

■T^f ?TT ^ITST ^ vd'l<P ^?RT §a'Tl 8f^ ^ ’iTl*ilc1 ^ ^TRF? ^ 'H'i I

3. <^1*110 l^<Slcl ^ yfrlMii;’i f«P^, vs+i<« efT^ ^ ^ ’ffcR ^ ^ 3^R

fciwR c^ ^fr^rm cii’<-cici ^ ^ ^ ^ 7? w 1 f^R^ifMt ^ ^ art?

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ciVil ^ ^ del'll % vJPT tcRTT afR sfR-sJR cpgfthnciic; ^ 'li*l'lPl?iN ^ 'TOT I M^'il'i'l .

^ Hm^i ?r^ f^RTpff ^ 'jTIm'I ^ TWT^ i 3T^ Ich'dM omimi'CI «R^ cT^ I 3RI^ «llci

?ft '^l 8fr1^ %cRT I 3R -Mi'll cpT c^fehnw T^ cR? *icici ^cfiT 8JTI ara cT arf&f i'll ^ ^2TT mj'I'II

ini'll ^I s-HW ^ 3)i)u)\ ^idufls 'DypM IiITS E)'iicn'<

'Mi'jje^p ^ Mil CM aR^ I

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^ W(

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a<ni?i ^ ^ I

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g^ TRsgr I^-mi'iI 7i?^ ^ grr^ ^ Ttgn 1 gf^ ?7# gg^ Rj-mm gf^gg g?r afR 1

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yfr 8JT Ift’ arnfraft yi^rpr eftf afR uTTgR «rfmft ^ 1 ft epfi fft) Tnm ?Tef5 amfWF ^ffrTfra «f^ F? ?T^ ‘ft^ ftTS’ unft cTT^ ^ §eiiep ft «(Rci4l TanfftcT ePT?fct?77T ^ I 0/C1) uf'fl'l W cl'/ldiV fTT uffttn y? ^STT 531^ wfH7 3^t7 3^1 ■ftc^ yfiTfftt ^

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y^RTyryft ftt^ 5ft I-< y^ yR

_ ft n^ RFTl^fRn f- •1. TycRmr ftty cityRra—yftyy ftt afR y^ yfftrftf ft y^rft ft ny’ y^ yyyyr Trryft

ftryr tft afR yfRry ft fttyf ft yy fty fftn yyn ary TRiyr ft arTRTynr ijft nTF fftn ^ aft I ary Tryny ft ftr^ ftt y^ yr afR arftR yr yfty y^ ani fftyrft ft Tiftt ■^ryiy at 1 fttftfft ftRr ^ fty ffts 8n 1 ftt ftty aryft ■yyy ft Tnmj ^ ft afR ■7y?fy y€f ft, ft ary y^ yfftryf ft «RT ^ft ft I ft arrynftt yFTjn yR Tiyft ft 1 ft y^ ynfty csfte; Tryft ft i y^ y7 ypfty ft Tyrftt yy tiyift ft I aryftfftyt ftt ftf1% ^ y^ TTnftt 7? Try^ ft 1 5^ cr? ?y yRyyt ft TryTycn y 7T^ dUdd Tanfftn ^ ^ an I aryft Tift TryryTaft yy Tryiany ft Tift yR aryft-anyyRft ft I FTift TiyrynT yy anyiRa fttyRty ft fftyyrr ft yft yyy ffteift ^ 1

2. w TsiirHi-yRyH ■ftt afR IftwK yy y? ?ny ^ fft enyyfR yft w ftyRft yyr 1 yRyyt ft anft ■yrftt ftt ■yyr^Tf ft yiy ft yyy yft yRyr M-sai an 1 ary ft yft—yft yrfttyt ft yiftiftw yy ^ft ^ I ary ft ftt aryft Tiyft Trryyy yR Twft ^ 1 yyyrFT ■ciyy yR Tryft ft 1 ?7ifcy? ^ eftyf ftt yiy ftt ytyy fftcr?TT an, ft aftatfftyr yyft ftt fti^yR ■ftym yyft ft yrryR yyr yryft ft, aryyr snyR w? ■nyft fti ^rift >3yft yrrai-yrraj ft?! ftt ftt vd^ifd ftt ttf dcjiy ?t t^ aft 1

f 77v^ 3fti/l<r/ ^ ^f^STW (^Pf 1776—1945

<n*nd-s^ ^

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3. ^ \ip*T—^ 3Tt? f^'Wl'^’ ^ ‘lexqicpieil eFt’TT ’fl SfTT^ aTT^ ^1 ^ ci(f^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ePT% ^ 'T^slfr a^cRl^ g?f g>R^ ^ ^f?TT

^ sFT m ^ ^ i '^IcbK ^ ^ I «I^ ^ qci^ci, ■Slcrcy, ’T^RjR ^ ^ «R I

w ti cfRpfim ’fr ^ '»nji4. '{<t>til—hR-oh ^ ark fci«iK cF?^ cT^TT ^ kj^nai W? ^■^15^ 'jRdij'f

^r »TT^ aft^ ^ 1%cff ^ ^sJira ^ ^ ^smr sn i ^ arcT^-ar^

■^f 3TR)^ ^ I tm. afr? ^ ar^-arc^ < ^ arrq^ ^55 €r ^ \vd*lcj?l Pi<01 'JIT ^ ^ TlfcT sfr I 3T^ TTcp^ ^ <[?t sff I 5'«^cjit ^ ^cF^ sft I qRa<jT 57pft g,piii 'cFit cR? ’^<5>iici ait? \jiifr|qi'c; JF^ ’TTcI^ ^ aft 'aff

^-5'c^‘J'S ^ ^ aft I pFTTTTR «|c;dcft ^ TTaiT sKScft ^ aTRT^F ^ ^t^F '’ft 3|(?i<ll^ ^Riel'll eft ?aipT -T^l «FJFT ajT I «Fft 5^ ejRfldT eft arfftepT?! cfftT ^^efjai ■ft IftWF?? ??lft■?fft ft 1 IftajR arrft JFft aft? ^ ^ '?^ art l l?ft fft^n? ft *ivn^a ■?T^ftF -d^JpK JFft ?xht 9ft aft I aftfteBcR cftftf 971 fftail? an TJ97 ‘TT^tn ft 'd'leftl ?8TT ?)? ?T9Aftf I tftnj nrj ?T?ft ajftiT -wc^eft f | ■yiamm eft ?Tran 'Tj’rasr 9t?t tiepo! 11 97??T9iftt f I 9TFftt ft yiept n99' 97? 'Hcpol f I 'ijnft nft ftt arrft 9ftftftf 9ftt f, '31 ^nl 97? 'tlepol f I

9t^

5. ttt^Ri 9>T rft. Hi<re( ^ *tai^'HT? nP'qi 9ft aft? fft??TT? 97T ?TeFfteffiM JFF an fftr "jn eiPayl ft ?T9ft 97197? 9?Fft nTct amftt ?r*?j?TT 9ft ftt awft ?nsrcTn? ^ I 577 §eiicp'l n? 97e9TT e|7?ft ^ 9T9 dill ft ^iiq 5T?T amftt dW'aftineFi ?R97R cpi4|h 9ft I

amftt 3ie;id^, fftjwTH?, ?<^ aft? Tfiftmft TTarr arrft aranR Pepift i nf^crat eft Pi^T'Reft ?J?) eft fftftt ft 3T9?R aiXI'Jlepai deleft ?ft aft? cfftT 'dix^Plef’ ft ffttjft ?f, ftfebl '9? TJTT fftjftr feFTeft ft ?ep nft 'dll'Ji 9ft 5*iixn ?lft g>^ eft ftsl eprn ^ ■^?H ftts 9ft ParfrF aft I"

6. Srrarftt ^ ^esdl—?nt 1790 ft 'Wyetd ?TsJ9 ail^lepi ft 13 ?T99 TUfftcr ft 1 yFft^ ?nT1830 ft 599ft ftxsAll 9597? 24 ft nf aft I ft?r 9ft 'JlH'd'lMtl ftt 30 cTRS ft 9^97? 9^7 97x1-S 20 dT?3 ft aft I ^ 3TT9Tftt ft ft cinnn 40 cn?5 efftr 9ft 9ft 11 ?T9ftt ft ?5ft ft I 59 ?T9ftt ft 9ft fttn

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7. ^EfT? eplJsn*!—'jP'sII 9ft aft? siPaftt 9?Tft ft dd<1 'ft 3997999 aft? ?fft?i ftnift eft ?T199f ft ■^ajR gan I ep*6ixc1u>s ?F597 99Tf 9f aft? 97T397 9Toft Xl^eft cTaTT 95ft 99Tft 9ft jft9F9T9 ^ 9f aft? 5^ 9? epiepl £r9 ?sr^ f<S9T 99T I ?T^ 1790 ft 'llPldeiipeii ft d'epi'fc? 9^97597 ?T5cp 9ftt 1 ?nt 1808 ft 97fft?T ft cr>«(y^u« ?T^ eft fftr^ Tjn 9ft 97^ ft 'ftf j

8. ft1*i1fd<T) wil'1<l>l'{1 ft 95Tftt9 9ft ?fr9T 971 9599 ?T9ft 95T 97I?’9 arf— 1J?t99TlftT9f97T Tjft ^ ft^ft eft ?TTarC9T9T? 97?ft ^ JsSfT r?ajT ??7ar ft 97?cftftf ^ 77M 37*^ ?TW ^799 ^Tft eft 5?Tft ft ^ ?ft9f artftJIH 99F ftft |Tft I .ft97??I9 91799 9fft99 9ft 3Tf? 997? d'llft ftft ft | 5XIId? 3x1-I 3l1ft9T9 997 ftft ft I 59 xalyfl 9ftt ft 9ft ■•J5^iepi ftl'ilfdep 97T997Ttft9t 5979ft 9ft aft? 5?7ft 9fft99 ft 5dl<^ ft ?7Tar ^rT9R 9ft 95T9T 1ft^ I

38 W3W fTuar 3pj^}^ 557 i776-i94s

I sxiPtT' 9f^x|9 9ft aft? 9fftT9t 9?TTft aft? 9ft99 ft eltftt ftc9T9T? 97?9T

I

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■:3^ ^pTO ^ sfciem ^ I ^ 3T^^, gfaei’d ^ ^ ^ ^ TFs^ft cpt

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«P?ciT

^ ^ 3r?T cf^ 3Rlt^ ?fciei'd TTTO: 5^ ?SJT^ fS^IT ^SHriT f aff? apifraft ^T^t^RTT ^ cTRTT 5^ 'PT?nr *n^ yTTcTT 11”

4.6 1?^ vjiTd'ti'i ^ iil'Ji'ii

vcfl’H'i ^ ^ v??T 'jftw 'fi*f??ji ^ ■g^ ^ ‘^faew ^ ^ ^ aj'il^lt

sff aff? fvTfl^ jf^*iii yi\Ji*illa5i'l ^ R*1mI «I^ ift ^ ^IcI SIT, TPtty ^

«r^ 5?T c4)Rkl ^ ^ gwt 5cT cWT ^^ vi'^Ici «P?^ cTtP yf^ tjT 1 vj^iyy yyy yraf ^jtcftyr yt^ mRcik

if|aTT2JTI yyyy ^^y5tgpgaft??ttsj#yi?TTy?i’tt^ft'y^|y? 1%snimwy# yi? yryr stt aft? 10 y^ ang yyft y>t gyyy y? yyy y??^ cFTT sy, yjy ^ (fciyr? vjyTfcT) ^?fy?i y?4t ^ 1%STT ^ I 'Jie'Ti ^ y? y^-Rio^ cryr I^^TTy-f^Pcny y^ c^yr 1 y? y^ y^t gfeypr,■?yT?TyT? aff? gs Rr?y?fi sjti

17 y^ y5t 3TTg y? ^ ay yyr 1 y? yy (srfr yrf^ %c?to) %r yyr 1

23 ■«t’^c'<} ^ y^ sT^cTT 8y i wy ie64 ^ y? ^ ijj^fryyi? gyr yyr 1 ylaTwTiyy ^ f^yRff cTtyf ysy yityt 7^ ?iy?ty ^ y? yr^ yy yy y^tcf yyr 1 fefyyr .

y5t ?7yT ^ yry ^ yy ytt ?TBTTofyT yfT I1. 'JiT'iti'i ^ ft^TR—yffy?R ^ yy^ yry y?f^ fpfyR ?t?t yyr^ y^ •ttfcRff

yy aryy? yR% y5t y^rflRT y?! 1 y? yR?TT yryi gyr yyi y^ yr 15?f1^ yR?TT vsyr y? atmi-ii ^ jTfyyM yff yR yr y^ sJt I y? i%?fi yr^ ^ ^fiy?fy ^ yff gyr yyr ay aT% ■yyiyy

yyyr c^y?r ijy? yryty yr 1 yt. yoRry ^ yjyy ^ 1% “^yi yryy yff yn^yiRrcp wRki vjy^ ^yr y^ry ^yft^ yy y?i y>fey Rji*^qiR*jt y^ Pi*ii^ f^iy ^^yfr Rryryfi yffyyR y^TjygcRT «4Rki ^ yryr gf^yJoT an <ry|'[cp yfryyR cisi^ afk sjctfiy cgsieicii ^i gyr an 1"

yiy 1865 yfRypr A gyf^fyf'n w yn^f gyr f^>nT («i?t ^ ^^fy^y y^ grg ^ yry nF yyy yyj Tnn sn) 1 aifyyfy ^ yry^ y?^ yiy?M yn ytnr amyryT 1 yfsT’n pffyt % y^fyyy yy fcRTT I ?iy 1860 ^ gym ^ ytyyr y?f ?fyy^t ^ yy ^y? gRryy ^ nt^ c=frnt

y^ yty^ afr) 11yffy?R y?f gyPtnt’n ytyryr ciicp^ y^ am^ff aff 1 y? ^ ai^r yyr aft? tcrmy

^ aig^ yyyf yit’tt ijn %yn2. y>f^?i ^ ^yyR—y>f^?T y^ yffyTR ym ^ Rc^d ar^^tyy? an 1 yn^

% ^tfnt yy gtr ^yror ] yy^?T ^ yffyt yfy ^ ytt yfy 1 yany?, ?Tg 1866 ^ gymyr^ ^ I yfyt (yffy?iy aft? y>iild) ayntt-aryaff gyfafyW yfyiyr ^Tyy ^ d^iat y?f ym yyyyr

yieci at I ytyt 7^ ^tw y^ yy gy?i aft 1 yffy^nr ^ yfRyR ^ ^t^ yn yyty 1%yT, '^f%y

apiT[?T ^ yffy^ry y^ Pilwy ?rif«ici yR 1y;y? y^y ^ mm yyr m^rar t f«P wyyy a^ yy^ 7^ mm f^?t^ an 1 yfrymr 7^

MIM 7g an, ‘‘myyr 1anyy armr anafr??R^7^yTy'>fi^y?yyT7F!V splits m (fFf 1776-194539

m? fen I" yflymr aTrarfaJmmTTHT

. /

MR'PeHU ^^ OT’ tncTT snf^cTFFRwtafk^ wtt sn i ” 5^ w 11% vjih'Hh

1?^ S'l'Sl-rj, 8JT, eft^ ^ f?JW7T Tiigni STT I

4.7 Ul^c ^ JJil'ti't ^

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’TP^ 51T eftift 'UWl'i c^-ini arr, «f^ ^ Tm l itFS Rira aiR^^ aj? >^511 'Ji'W^'i t fcp FTcTrf^ cTf ?|g ^^*111 an, ^g'l'<l iR ^ «r^

^ ynrf^ f^^n ^ ■?fWT an i n? f^Jnr flr?fcp ■^wr ^^hpR nR ^rn an iSiciicii nFS effnt ^ 3R# cRf ar I ^ aiitidcnici 7R 1869-1877 ?PP ^IHTI?i['tn0ici n?i ^^5 '2^ nrfr RrRierfecT f- •,

1. ^ 'Md'wi—^ ciImm iTip^cri nnft fcfpj ip? nft f^ npn ^ afi sra Tnp '»^t n? ■g^T acii ^ af[ i cprr gnR'^tf^ irf 1 f^Rmn wpct f^Rn^ff 3if7

Rd ^ Rb<ii an, efRb'i wiMiCi x)i5^ ^ ^ ttIpt Pirn oftn’M'^I gnr ^ ywiidl ^j5i ^ nnn I Rtnf ^ cpf^ fn nm TnSt fcnn 1 nr^,

1869 011)'d % nap H-wiq nRf ftPnT, Rrp^ SfgfFRapRiftl

■g^tn ^ ifR^cRT anr gsr nm^ fapR nR Ran 1 tr 187i (RfaRT v/s cff gap^nr) ^ anr^ g^r^cF^ 1 ■?R 1875 n^ sTgcT nnrai n^ I f^RTapT arfpin aif gan R) ■RT1879

if TfRtaRi ^ am^ intm ir amR Rrt nan 12. ?4,e<fll nff ^TiRan—gg-gig a^ ^km nkf (Tax) a[?f mn arrnRT ^ ^ ati^ TRSRTRnaR

^papf ai?f a^ 'Ran nan I g^g trrt a^ ann R anfdn ^ §n nR n^r ann nR Ran 1 angaft nr gpap afk arRap «raT Ran nan 1 Trg i872 ^ ttrs ^ ^ nkf at^ 10% apn ap? Ran 1 ■?R 1873 aA n^ ^ TRcpR aj^ aaRap ana (Tax) crR nr nmgja nR Ran 1 tr 1375 ^ gn; gan^

ararap? n?R ap^ ^ ■n^ i3. <?»MiTf 4>t igff nR5 a^ ^TRRapRT ^ wiOfi <R aR Ra^ n^ sj) 1 urs ^ apnRr

ai^ g^ 'RrRgrfr ^ afk ^ Rnaj nr cpiiJm apt a^ apign at^ ttrt apn Rnr 1 5^apRn a(?f hRrt xip?t n^ 1

4. ■feRTef RnReRRit Rn^ET—Rnfs^iapn nRt ^ gsR: amR anR Rtnl ^ gapagn Rap?fcjaRcT RnR^fapn nRf nnr aR aft? ^napi nRr an ‘ ngnRff ^ Rapjet nr?? apR' 1 ?nT 1872 a^ gnrar

■ ^ aj^RR iTici'l aR yiuc R Rang a^ifi Rrt, na^g Rjwan niR amR atRRR R '?RRr nR R nr^, aRig ^iRR gap ^nr^nar asRcn a^ ?nnR 'rjt R fR jxi§R Rf amnRT nR wRn aiRg ijnapT

• 'fRRT apTR ’niRn I5. RiRcT tiRtt R ^EiR-nR5 RfR^r ■?tR?t R gyR Rag nriR a^ nar R R1 ajigfR gap

yapTcff dignRR aR nRRrgr ajR t Id<i<n aiciRu gfR nRan Rap? ijnR TRi Rap? RtRr ?tR?t R nRR gnpR ^ 1 <^xn R g75 ■?rRt R n? nmcff ngn Mnlwa R nR sjt t ttrs ngn apnaR? R?nR ariR

' ■ ‘

40 wgww wi^ appftm m ^^rwnt (^ 1776-1945 gRt,)

?RapR anjR apnf nn gncmr RfR a^ an ■gRg R Rnm R g>naR api ?n?r Ran 1 th 1870 (RnarR v/s R?Rgig gapgnr) R

apRTn

«j(ckl §J i 'il'Jl'Tlfcisil % 3TRTPft ^ feRT 3ff^ 'nf3'M TTFS 3TW ^^ ^ I ^ «fR ,W^ ^ Fff £H ^ fHT ^ I

6. tft'^cxT ^ ^en—'■ii'jyl ^ cn^ f^yr^'n'i' ^ cjft arcr^jj irr=ft ^sncff

sSt I anifra^r ^ 5^ «it?t ^ sR aff, ijwz ^ ^ cf>? i

^-ir| ^ m afk ^Rfal^ff ^ fen i ^ ?7t ^ ^8tt g?r i7. ^ddi ^arr yeciqiy—ttf'S ^ crirW afr^ ^ cf)KU| ij 's^tetr

^ vWT TfT 2TTI 'ia^ apTcfHf aff7 R?aqKl' ^ «IR^ ^ 'fisi'uai ^ I. TJ^RTR ^ y2<a ctjI'^ui

JRjR f-(^) ‘^fW cR^' W Hgcil '3^ *il*lc>ll aJT Wf 1869 ^ aTHTT ?TT I Trtt'S

^ {‘llvic«-3fR Rbw) ^ ■*Tt€t cpinf ^ 1^ 5Rfl^ Tjit ^^TfcTT ^ WTW? ^ ■?fRT fcW I ^ -fi'lrii g-w+l Rbtii'i'l ^ «f^ eTPT ?tnT, M'^'g ^3Tr wf^ A ^

l^tcR €t 'w'lA ^ 1 24 Rio^^IK, 1669 ^ •^SPC? 31TO ^■>j1'<\ % ^t^TRI ^ fetsft

^^’<0 I «rr5TR *f an n^, <iff^ ^ att^ ^ dciR*^ nnfn ^ mj i(?f) ‘^(«c ♦i1Rcii§'Ji'< cpf^' tifSiii cpf;^ if ffTnr TjffcTT ^ I *ilRdl^vj|'^ 1?^ cpHjil

aJt ^ ^ RrW cfn cf)T4 cRT^t afr I 'fi'<cpK ^ v3WR 1^ niT £R cnRi*ii ^• 1^ I ijni a^R EjRfER cpr Rqicii Rc^ci ^ an, art? «f^c nlf^disd'!

cfRrfi n>t xff^t-tff^r ^ ^ aff I ^ cPT^ n?i nn? ^ Tjfrn n>r eft ticn frr^ nr^ir il'iil'^c (n^f?ntcRT) nn iff Fiar ^ i

(n) TTRS ^u\'jc c^t ^fcii* Rixiiqd nn nen tideii ^ i

?ii'M'iq>ici *t ^lacp n?r ijn> am qc'ii ^ ijns Rn ^fcRsnici 11 ^ 1873 ^ cf>i'i)'ti ^ nn^ nra nR f^nr fyR?^ 5Rfi^ ^ %eR nt^jnr afR wi<)'«

nn ^ 114 ^ ^ w an I n^t nRe ^ itt ^^lei trr nR fl ifr vjidai ^ fctTR 5^ cpi^yi cjft cfR nm i

W *ii*idi y'l<9iW'|l nm ^ Rlesyifl # I ^RR RTnRt Tnf^ at I ^ cqimRql' ^ ^ M'^fici ^ ^nsT Rieiw'i c7m ^T?R cf5t nsn# cfR^ ^RniR

(ET)‘f|^f^

1,03-MM nf^Ni I «i4'iiq3 nrn tt? 11% itrs ^ am^ 'As^cJl nn ntnn f^nm ^ hhcI^ Radius cpiJqi^ nR^ wi%it aff |

(^) ‘ e‘fl« f?n’ qjius nn^ am *imd nff cji-wi mr nRen f^ hhc^ ^ ttrs wr^er ^ ^ ?iiRid d i cql-s afR vsn^ m%nt ■% f^cRR 1,00,000,000 •sid'< ^ ^fRt ntt afR

WT ni? I 5^ *11*1 el % ^ ottr nR femr 1 «ffeT %nn 7^ ^ ^^ 1^ mn

aJF ^ t 1% TTFS 9t<aiai'Sl m *il*ldl ^ yRiaT ^ ^■n cn^ 3WRI8T ^ efr ^ ^ ^ ^ I 3Tn=?r d*idlRql a?R 3icg?id,ai ^ ^^RR nfs ar^ iJ’tTl’Sc n€l 1 5n ^r^tt ^icff ^ ^m^t arnfRnn nn nen ttrctt ^ 1

A 3f^ aff, iffiTRe ^ ^im-i jnPtnRr efft crfSnsq'i Hnm mM aft I TTF3 n?-JIRH

ytidi R<?^d ^ mn-'^d^i ■=7^ an 1aff afR arm nni^t ^ nm ■p^nfr n^t 731# ^ ^efR^ gt.'^eft ^ n^BT t, ‘‘^T^ siiHciR 'n1%

nflwn ^ afR an, vsiftn qgdai ^ nm? qg-q-i cnen an 1 ^qdia R'^Rbicp'i am sodi n ciiqjciq'! ^ nm an % tnr^ 's-eitp fRrj Tr4 cf?f ^ ir^ ?t, ir ft 13^ erRt ^ aRmaf

\.*w^<M 77m snr^ m ?frtmw (^ 1776-1945 ^.^.) 41

^ I 3IH'?l«hl gidd yFTdf ^ ^ ?RW sff, ^ fd'l^l ^

Pf'dPi^^'l 3fR ^ ^HR<i>dni ^ R«fT<

H^^iM ^ ^ ’Tf Rl^fcia ^ ^l”WKI^I

4.8 *41“C

TTF3 ^ yil'HHcbId STTI ^ 31WT cB»ft ^ilfeTd ^ ^ '^WT,

fcT^ ^ftl^ W5?f F5 <145(71 ^ 1 §<icbl '3<icp <^jf5c{\ afra Rh?i ^ 'Jlldi

8TTI /^7?r 5|;cr sjj i ^ «r^ gcisii gsn stt i f^ ^ wnjcTT t! tp^^ ■?IcpT I TTPS ^ [cl^?l ^ cf>T^ ycfiR f—

1. <7<y3l ^ ^TPRTT'-'^R 1863 ^ «f<i4i ?f[f^-4tf^ dl'l'l 3fq^ flTTfcp c^ fcl'0<S ^I'^lcii

^ I TTPS % tilquii ^ (jiR^ ■?TPT4 ^ Hl'Odi ^ “^l, ftf5?T ^

% cp?^ ^ afp? ^ ^ ^ET ^ an ^fnP^ t, dt ^ nm^ arpt

^ I2. qvjffPl^i’H n? 3Rft^^ nlcffjpm—^ 1873 ^ ^ dl'il 'M^JC 'ctl^Pi^n' imsp

tj^ t^RJT 1 n? 'hflH'l fcIrilB^'l ^ ifSmR vjfT 2TTI nr^ ^^ ntr afW ^ 53 aifchdiil •s<p<fl ^ arr^ ^i niMt ci?[ ■n^rr 1 ?nn

3nr?ra?f »fr irrf^ ^ 1 anrfrcPT 5^ n5t c^ 1 afr? am^tnn ^^ nr^ ^n. f^>?r ^ nrcft nm n? '^r^ tp? tcmr % n?Rfi nn dfrnt ^

nfWf ^ 5377^ ^ 37t7 ^ ^ 5^ ^ ^ ?rm ^ nti

3. ^ ^ai ^raEr—aicl4i*ii 7pT^ ^ ^TF2T aiH'<l45l TPT ^ ^7727 R?cil ^ Rl'i'S pttt 1asn'^lcpT ■?7^ cf^ '?PT^ ^ 4 4)1^ I n? *11*1 <711 a7l^ ^ V)k^i

nr?^ ^(7i'^ nr ■??t 2771 aTdfmnT ^ ^ ^nT^rm tpt arn^tnn ^arr^vni dmi ■mgni sti i

1871 ^ f«7^-c|lRl‘lC'1 «P7R n? FfnT8T7 TTSfl mTT I f^«id<7l fvT^ ^ ^ I

5'(7^u>S aTpTsTPTT ^ ^crxiM f^ 15,500,000 ^«< 3m^t^ ^TT^TR tiigc^l sft | ^^ 7^ %7 I

■ 4. •Hi'^1 stf^nfr amfra?! 'dd^«ii\if1 %ct sfl i ttt^ <ii-^ •slR'i'i 77^TJ^lciHi Tiieni 2771 f7f)?7 Tpf ^ nHsil^ 7r ^citTia <P^ ^ nm 1 tn^ % 577

7J^ f^TTT I

T]TT 3TK777n nrT7 xfdcii ^ TTT’^ ^ 'am^ f3^?i ■^rf^ 7f^ <145(71 7^ 37^S7j(<i I TTTTJ^

7f5t «l^ 3TTcfPnnT <5?r afk Rfn7 ’ft 7|5t, yfn?T7 ^ TlRC 7^ R^?l "^tlrf ^ 3iI(7i1t)'h

tA, aift^ >3<14(51 R^ cp7 Tjfi nTW aTtRTTTT I vjfr ifi ^ ^fcpn ttp^ ^ am^ nn w «r^n5|4((;| \doi4j| I ^<i4j5 fci^?i ^frt% 4^ <i4)(7l TpT 7^ gRcCd f^?I 3^ ^ Tfliai % | ^ TTRC715^ «rfcT WTIcTT 4J5I cT277 37# WT^ ■jft f%7T I

^ 77^ vJd^ 37#) aft R}n4) fftft?7 7)))% aft) ^ \i<145l #{^wlddl

4,9 a«i>

■nn 1876 ^ 1896 7^ ^ ar^fftcpT gft <HJi*ilfa sTgcT ll<ld& nfl 71277 372j^ I ?Tf 377# ft '^iftr <i>ji^fcr4p ^ aftiftftfTpiTKT ftkn ^ ^ cTicff <id<qi37f tpt ^ ^fristh tp^ Tfft cfft%§7

7p^ ^1 - ,

42 wg<n7 77w*7 W ^/aeiti (#f 1776—1^45 ^.^.)

*lc^4'1 ^ 3T^7IR. “'<|'Kj1 ^-55” ^ ^ ^ ^ 3<fl'0cf’<

cItT ’<M'ilfa ^?R rf«P ^ 8fr 1 czrftJrT sff^ Sfiycc ^ ^ |

cpfT vjfrar f 1^ 3TFT ■’J?-'55 ^ ^ SHM^wnl ^ tjcp ■^jl^l ^ aff? TJcp

^ ^ ^ ^ ijg<a ciiRki eft arTT? Mgcnl

•^f f, ^ yic5r?ifci c^ ^ sJ afr? ^ Tj ^1. '?i®44>W cPT 1822 ^ 3)11^<j1 ^ ^ fwTcT^R l%?TR’ 'Tf^cTR

^ ^3n 8TTI artfl^ ^ f^err 5rRT ^ vs-wA cPPj^ ^ ai^^r^R fch^Ji aft^c|chMf1 cfj? ^ I ^ '?nT ■^IT^ yM^lIq ^ %IIT I ^ ctf if ef;^

aft? 'HT^ lefW risn wRTc? ^ ’T^ cT^ ’Tf^ ’Hn' I ^ Rqfs^^-i^ an ^TifT aft? ar^rficpr ^ afti^ Rilvri'^fSq ^ 'oqtq ^nn i vd’«<^ ^ ^ aftl%?fr cpt

‘ld^< ^ I ?^^ 1876 ^ ^ eft TT^ eft fftl^ 'i*4lqqiy ^ aft? "g-liq ft uftef ’PTT(

(ai) ^HiJfl ijsjT ^ <aic*ii—^ -qieai sn §'ii4l ;ran eftf ?rrt '35? fftzrr ^nTj, <RfffeB

^?T^ ^ll'ini STT 1ft) ^ 1I8JT ^ ai^ft^ ??«()? ift'qrfT ?ft an?IT? ^? 'T^ qfw '<l\Jlftffl«D ?T3^ ^ atT^TT? 17? ^-5^ ^7^ 17? 7^ qfTcft sff, eftf ??T ^ fftft? W TIF^ftn'

I «fftft?r ft a-lq?) eftlf^i?i ^ ftt?l ft ar^^ cFTW i ^ 5?t cf>R ft 37?R)?TrTT Iftc^ 1

tq^ll'ei'1 cf^ ft '^■S';ci ftR ^(5) ’M?ii’«n ^ 5^^?s7f^nTT—ft ■^ft fft^ I f?7ft ?iwft ■*I?T=l^ ^ sf[ fft) vjiNOl 27T fft) ft q)«'!(7l ftR ‘fft ft wft

fftftftt ftftt^fftef) viwilqqK ^IrTT ft 871 \Jll4ft I 5?Tft ^ ftt ft ft 37^ ft^ qiHti 'ftfl

(?7) ?ftftt ^?5 1875 ft ^ ffti^ '^TT? 1?^ ^ IT?T «PTft?r ft ift^eb^ ^5ft ft ftt^ ftft ^ ai^^ifa inqH ^ aft? ftt aTRftI ftftrft^P ft 'Jii«r)'< vjiFrft eTftftft ?ftft ft ^^Tel? ft -wcpni STTI ?H 1878 ?T^ <41^«|ep ejft ftRcT ft ft?I^ 37T ftt I ?R 1878 ft ?Pfft?7 ft 1?^ ej)|>j-i 17TO ct)?ft IT? fftft?7 fftqi fft ifl'lSep ft?! ftf efft^ ef?7 Xjcp) ?ejTft[ 3FT ^ ?ftft ( iUm4c|) 37W ft ?ft^ ^ ftftt I

(5) mftt ^ ?n!??TT-?Tft 1878 ft ^ftft?! ft ^ W f&RT I I?r ft IT?TftvjTft ftt a7Tft?r vJnft fft?7T w fft ^ ?? ^7^ 20,00,000 ft 40,00,000 ft ftra ftt #•ftftTTT ?ft fft?7ft fttftl fti epl»ld ftf f^ST? ??lft ft ^7^ fftft I 5?lft enfte;ix clft ftl ^CTPTftfft ftt ft'l

2. ft*?T 'll?4>1c^—?7^ 1878 ft 'g^ ft ftH g?fft ?7? ft W ^157 ^ §377 } ft^TqK>7)lc« Ift^fftfeTR ftt aft? ft ^771 Ijft ftftifts ep7 17^ ?7Wf7^7ft ^ fftfft^ ftcfftftft ftf Iftgfftrft ft ^Tlft ft ftlftftn aft?ft eTft ftcTTaft ft ?TT87 ?ft7^ ft vSdlTR ^\ ^ ft

^ ^ ^ qi'lftTc-S ftf Fr!7T ^ ■'T^ I3. ^-W? 1J. Snsf?—777?ftfo^ ftt 5c?77 ft ^ ?7^ ftftJIT ftftffts §77 I 73?7ft fftfftcT

'Ilcf^qcD ?T7ftj7lft^ fftrK ^rftt ^7? ft-Seld fftw I277, ^?^ ef>fft?T ft ft?r7 ^ ^ fftTJT I

'^'SdC'l i^elS 8771 ??7 TJeFS ft ftftfft? ftt ftftT ?7ftFft c77cT7 77^

ft]<t)Rft ft ^8J7ft W ?7^78ftT fftTTT aft? 37

^ IJdR ftf ^ ftf ^ 'DVHT ?7T??T7

377af? ftt ^Rlf^rt -rtR-rt epftsii ^ 37fftepR ^7^ fft?7T I f?7 ef)ft|?R ftt ^ ?R^ PiyfRci ?I7 ITfft^ ft Rl'itfRd ftf wft cITftf ?^ ft df^Rha ?7?ef)7ft "ftleoRft ft f^ vi'ftlqqi’ft ft! ft^qcil ft! ftf?!

e|)?ft ftg ftftftftt TTftSnaTf ftf oqe7?a77 7RJ77 sn ( a778f? ft f»T7^7^ ft I?r ftf ?!7^ fft^T!

77^ 3PrfiW m Wf^Fm (7PJ 1776-1945 V-^.) 43

hR<PC*I'1I ^^ ^ d'W'l 12% 'i1<pR<j'l ^ 'il'7)R<i1 cRT '^WI

cFr%?ff ^ «fT? ’ft ^ ^ ^ TTcIcT tm f% ?^-y87T fft^d ^ Sft I ^ IT? Piyfchio'l' ^ 3f»ft ift qVijai gft XlvJl^lcicf) q'^c.lft €r '5^ Cpxilci ’TT’ft sft I

4. «pfi<1<^5—^ 1884 ft ^ftfsftfecp qi^ qq '^‘ftlqqix fftuRft fOT an I?TRR qft n>Tft ^?icicil sKjMi qigai ajT, SlcT: vj^lft vdqiq fftn’, qft xt-ww Si^qN ^

fftxnft ^ wRiqjd ^ I5. ftdiRPr ^ 1888 ^ ft Rnfadcri'l w€f qq v3*ftlqqix q’dlfft'l tft^H fftvRft

^3TTI xihU qft ftftff ^I’TOTf ft R'HRdcp'i'] ^ ^ qg*ia SJTI 3'jiiRi'I qftfftWcT 3TT^ I

6. 1892 W ^diq—qR §ftxn afR cfq|q(3« ft ‘id^a ccwx sft I ^cq>l q>r ‘ixicll^ TRfft cPT fftqq an gxifdi^ ^dia ft fftyfftt ^ajT I

7. (1896).1896 W ait? 1890 ^ITR^ft^^clftfftdftTnF ’T?^ q^ft ?rft

% aoRJcf qRTcft ft jPiqi<ft ^srfftftf 11 ?Tq i896 ^ -g^iiq ■ftftn wn ?fNt qft ^TTHft

xxacpx nTiT I 5?t ft RmI«cii«'i x5*ftiqqix ft ftftt^lftcn vj^ftten? viRixxi wfrt

P'liqi I ^ ’ftfcT qq *iadq 7I? Ricoidi ’RTT t% cftftt ft ^diqiqi 3T^sjcR8JT cpT ?P?sftT ftpTITnft

tiarq ftf^’^ ft ftftift’is ^ ■ft’Trar. ?m ftftt ^ aft aft? ft?T ?pjf^ ^ aft?

??T 8JTI 1897 ft ftRb-x^ ft fs'iift 2Rit> fftcT qRT Rhqi, ^ §xi^ q?ft c^ SRqi cni*j^'f qftpel'll ft anft ft aft? 5?Tft Biiftnftftfti nft fftftftr ft ^?nft ft fftq ftxeift^ czicf??iT ftt

, aft 1 ^ yepK 'vSftt’Tftrfft ftl ft?T ft 'ftlax anrftl ftlftt ftt 'ftRrT q<SM an 4|4>I fftc? TiaT |?R 1900 ft ‘ilc-e ?2'j's4 aT?T aRft ftfft’ft ft aft^ft aft ^R^ar ’ft aR ft aft? 5?ift

ara ifr 1930-40 ft ftra arftt ftft ft ?Ra cra^ a^^Rft ft ar^ ft aft^ fftara aft ^an 1 a? 5?TlcTa ?i’Ta ft arar fft af^Rft araftan ft ?ftft aft aft-aft ?5Tftf an a^ cft aar ar aft? ^fftar ft ?ftft aft ?T^ afa a? af - ft I

w\ 1876 ft ara cma ftft aaftan fti ararfttft ??r a? ?ft 1 -5^ gift^ -ftft?TTaftftarftftf xi\JiftRi<p aaf y^xa ?TRriyra> a anfftn a?Teff ft ar^ ft ftt^ ?a^ an^fea aRcfr

aRft ft arwrara ?ft i ftft araftifta’ acf ?i?tt ftftnft an ?TTtR ara aa aa 1 5?^ ft 5^ anaw st I agcii an?’n aF ar fft ??JTftta xi^ftlaa, aft aft a? Fift ^ ft fft ara^ xuft Raeiiyj a ft arn?, fftfta sr?ft a? aftft PiRaci ?^ sTaarar aft aiFft ft 1 ^?i?t anaa a? sn fft aar ft aft sf^?Trea an srara ^ 1 ??ian ?i^<n a? % fft ft ^ftftcxi ft ?r&rt ft atara a? ^ ft fftrfftfaRf ft ?TT?T fftaraR aft l^ar 1

ftfft’ft gRF ftftft’e an aa ar’aarft ft ara araficpr ftf araiftrfft ft 5a: araar ^aar aaa^a yraa a>? ferar aft? ataf araiftfftaj aftt ft sT^-ajaar RiRaa anftaar amar fftft 1 xaixiftlx ft f^rftftt? annftcS ft ?itux’s ftft ft ara m^fcixc aar ft fftia ^aift aft afa aft aft 3Rcft anar

m qeaiat aai i' P|oct)4—?a^ 1876 ft 1896 ft fta a^^ sr^-arxft aft? ftaj ftftffts aiaft^ ft vn^awici ft

■,!

44 mH'ff'PI W ^frfWJW 1776—194S ^.^.)

hR'PctH'II ^ |q«iix

^TRRT\• 5^ irra '4 ^ fci>H4>lRHH R^ciRiqm-u ^r ffcTfRi wW-wv d i

JRI fii-il^ ciW'a'^<J TlrTT 3TT^ ej^fiJT, clRb'1 c4'i! f?1<Sld'l ^

3flcll^'1l ^ ^ 2ft I ■

• ^ -rflHid ^ 8n I vd^cf>i Riigi'fl -glciijyf yr sfk^ 3ltSrcf> ^Wr crai *igTCi I cf2^ cTSzft ^ ’T5T sn, 4—'wdcidl 3ff7

(dWdd, ■?ftW tRT <aif»ii, ^ 4cTT3Tt W\ 'TT^t^ (^wai, 'H't^lci W vJ^, 3TT^T^ W ytiJR cf>i4;p*l, ^ 3TTf^ I

• ^ W^TfR '!|t^MRi -d^iPla ^ I % [^'w'-i ^ cf3iy*Ji ylc^fcl ^ ^ I

vj'^'l'4 fel'cr?-i «pn^ 'nf 4tfrRft ^ (ctwiK 1%^IT I

• 5f#^ I ^ ■?T^ tPWR, cTSTT ■qicil'T’ WjRl ^ ^ I ^ydct51 STMtrRT sft. '•ff ^ ^HTSJ vi'^'ld «rg^ 31^ Rl^«l

4t1% ^ ^TflR f«p2IT I

• ^ 1876 ^ 1896 ^ 4ttl «f>T VII'dH^bld tl-dl'^cl ^ ^rRTWTcF 2111 RnnA

Slfij'dl ufT^ ^ I ^pft ^ ST^^t-amit R^iKWKijft ^ uiiai cTtr Mgumi i

^ Rlfclcl tlfet'd ’fWfTTT +1*1 l^M ^ ^TW I

sis'll,

uRoT

3r«IRT

1. ^4? e^ >91*1^ e^ IRl.SI'fl) ePT cPlH cplRil'^ I

2. efft SUdl'd'llSff ejft T^f cjftf^ I

3. ef5^ STTcTTeHTSff sfR ^ epT 'dRtii'i ^ 3R2TT STcTT *i6Tq ^ I efft •llfd W

f&cR^ 'Jl(yli11

4. dH'd'H ^ |^’lf4*lf‘'l eJ^t y'lui'ii e^ ^ Tf sldl^i^ I

5. TtTiS

6. ^ 4feb'4l

^? ^ STe^ efirt 'T^ til Rid

e^ TTT^RcpTcT ePT «zfRr (fllRui 113^1^ IRT 1^ 'R? ^ Tf 6ldlS>1d«p

1. SiH^end St^ sfTTJ W'^^ylR'd : ^ ^ {/■^)

2. ^ 'J’lcjllRiepci Hitlys airo 3Rft^ V^’

3. 3fR^ ytict-^ : ?o7 ^cTT

4. stro ^ 3Wfl«FT 41 yd : ^ ’^■S'-a5. ^ arofTeFT ’TffeRft 3Tnp ^ ydi^d'S 't^cti : ^ ^ /

/

STN^tm ^ ?frfwm (^ 1776-1945 ?.^) 45, - ?%9f7 ?7W

^ 1865-1900 ^ ' aTE2rRf-5

^ 1865-1900 ^ 3R^t^\

5.1 ^3t?^r

5.2 U-Kllctu

5.3 3i1ej'lRl<r> fcicpre

5.4 SR^tcPT 3TTfI^

5.5 W 3im\Jl1 cf5T WITO

5.6 arr^ cireff q?

^ 5,7 ^ ■^PT

5.8 gi+lcPl'Tri^'Cei ^ I^hW

5.9 aPi’ftchl ^eif y’TTcI

5.10 ^ ^ cgH*iiq

5.11 ^ f^TTR

• WRT

• 3T«ira

5.1

5^ assure arszro^ # MJ^riici ^-

• anfiw ^ ^ ^ i •• 3)*1<l<1>l afl'^j'lPlcp fcfcpRT ^ I

• 31*1^1131 ^ ^ ancj-Jii ^ I

• Pl-ofl c[?f f^arfh 5^ ^ I

5.2 UWIeTHl

1865-1900 ^ Tpf^ if 3T*T^t^ if hRicI'I ^ 3i1 ejlD iFT^ if, af’f'^lTpI

if ^ ^ Sllfl'Jtl if cTSTT cilS'l'l ^ PiiflD-iui if |

3RffcpT if 3flEj1Rl<13 TSiTcf if fclwiK TFT 2TT [ if FWFrf, <siP|\j1

R^cll, '^-■^, ^ 3T^ vdti'l'i-^ra^ if fcRiTTT ^ TFT ?JT I an'TlDi if 3liavJll f^^al if' TFT STT I 17^, 18^f, 19^ cff^ ?iai41 ^ cfWf 7^ 3MTjR ^ 7f>f^ Tf grf^ WW 8JTI 3PTff^ ^

^T5 TRTl cfT'ff c^ 3)11111 ITT 3f^?r PT^ f^TTT I,1i\

Wr ^frfWHT (7F( 1776—1945 ^.^.)46 «g<7n WWW

1865-1900 ^^ 1865-1900 ^tW W Riwi'! ^ ^ 8JT ) ?f^ ^ ft Rlcpi^r t} c^

^ ^ ^ 3T^ 11 3Frfra5T ft<PRT ^ ifl ^ -^fSill sfr, finw '^Rtf^R ^

aT^?T (?i'ii'^ ^ rTSJT ^^5 I

5.3 sHlei’lRiq> f^q>m ^

vieiVi! c^ Icjcpi^i ^ nftfnrr Mif&ei ^ i siciif^ ^?ptt S)*i'<l<T5i ^ affirNW^

cf^t ^^aricT ^ cT%^ STRTcft? IfF ^IRTT '^jlRTT ^ ^ ^

§3TT I ^ 'dEj'l'IMfeitjf % '^I ■g%n3Tf ^ 4>i<^Gl viOi<ji | ^-tf)lcl *f

sflijlPlct) f^cj>RT ct5t ^ "5^ ^ iff \«4it;i Tj^ I ^ ^ ailtilRicp vi'-ila afk

fcfcpRI ^ ^ 5?nT fyfTOT ^ Ft?TT I

tjlirrf TJ. IJI'S ^ 3)2'«K, “eT^-^ >^IH|R9> wla'iclll *iei^M ^ cRF

9T Iffl 3ik viH<^ cRgcf^t cl>r '<l''4siJl?ll<^ cffiT ^ I icH'cf'l ^ 25 ^HTcT ^ST’T^ 'icHiqi ^ iTRfT 31^ vs-^iqil ^♦la ^ ^ jPliJi ^ ai'lejlRicp ^

iRn 8n I ^ f«tRft ^ Wcl ^ fan'll cRcR?r ^ sft, 'del'll cRcR?! SRlftel 'd’d'^ 3n^

WT ^f ^ # I”afkffRra? fcf^RT ^ ^ 'lIRf Icl^lqaR sff-

1, Sl^l^lcM ■*[ 6rl-«r% 0i^|HlR<TJ tl'IO'l'l W Rcpl'O ^ 1RIT, ^ ^*11^ IR 'dfHl'i'l ^ Rl|fe|4|'l

^PT ^nffiT cfR^ I

2. SRfra^T ^ 'deif'l'l ePT fan'll Rlcpi'H ^GTT, vRff ^ 3?^^ yf^RRsJJT iff ^ I 3i*1’<l«Pl ^\jFRR5IT 3 ^ sfSefR 10 cp'^’l-d ^ sJt I

tpT f&^iRT ef^ ^ ^ ^ 2JT I ^ yfra-W f&YJ 1RTT afR hR-ci*!

^ crH^ «Tf ^dl4’l 1^ qtiNC ^ SJT, ^ 1R iff fr^t ^ effiT ^

5^ 55jR t—

{^) ^-Wld—5^10 ^ 'dcMiQ'l ^ *i5Tq SJT I '?Pff >3til'll ^ fcfcpRT 5'tMia ^ Rfif^ <b'ldl 8n I §+<110 eiol^ cfT^ sIH cTSJT SRF?! <jl'yoi ^ cfR, Tiiql cj 'ii4+ sft? ^'Ol ^ aR?I «PTT^ 2f I §'t<lia '^f ejl'iqio am ^ ^ fc|«iK ^ 'jfT^ ^ Evil'll,

<1^ rfan SRI ^wWf ^ Icfi? 5+Mlo cl’t 1TFI ^ ^ ^ I §+Hia «RT% ^ foP^ 3Tj?Jcpf?T ePWf

JIT^ (chTdl cTfFl) RiRhH sfk Rfift^fTf^ A+ii«il ^ ^ ^pff ^ Rf^ vincFT an I (^) >sif^Mi ^cf—'aPi'll et^ ^ f^«fti+i nff arPlcF Pr^ I ^ 3RI

aiRxnJljTRR 'd'+JddI ■idPl'd ^ W 'ddHiei'i eiaiT ■d+ra5t 'tl'Ol^ <fR% W WT an | 'aPen

^ nn Rffn +l?i'fl ciR^ ^ Pn? f^Rn ijim an, «fK P s+iwi nntn “jimi+IP iff Ppm ^jTT^ cFTT I ^ 1862 P ^ ^ eTr? 5^ vdtll'l iTlfr ^Rgcii ^ I '^R 1880

cRi amfPPT P ^ w cnmR ?fwi 90% wr 'r Pirt ^ rr i 1882 ^ 4 ^ Pr*TNt%an ^ RR ^ ffcl WR cf5t ^?FHId <P^ si I sTR ^i §1H 'J'l 5M ^ W WIR

• cft% ^ elM ^ 'ai'il, +ii4vjtP<n vdM^l'tl '^eiiaff afk aRi ^ 'dtil'il ^ Ph<ji oi'ii I '5'^

Flap ^ snPfe ^rPRT 4)'41^d ^ 1(*r) ^ l^'klR—?1T <PTcT ^ ^ePl ciisol cTRT^ P ^IR PNl 'yTT cR' W FufTR

^3TTI ailtilRitp PfmRT % nePR ^ swRd sn 41 afi 1 +nR ^?r 1?^ rt^ir ^rir) ^ Rit

+i8itiai

^gw ?7>5^ •H^i'fl’PI W ^Riei'tl 1776—1945 47

^ 1865-1900 # STTI ^ cT^ ^*11^ 1T^ \bc^i'5'l Rpifl «TT% ajT | 1884 ^ ^'<llRhcp ^ 3)Ci^ifccf>-^ uft^

^ 4 «RT^ I eTT?^ ^ «R^ ^ ^ WRT ^3TT |

1860 # 30,000 ifr^ ?l^ (Tils'! eft I 1900 ^ 1,92,000 ■’?!?? cPP cllS-ll ^ 1^FtW ^afT I '<ivji'^llcl5i1' ^ ^ 'srrsT 5^ aft, ^ ^ "'KVei'di aft 1(^l) R «! cTl—3fl Ell R] cp fcfcpTfr cfjT cTW R|>j1ci1 aft I Rtvjicft cfTT

gl^ I ^ h<j1'i TfTpft, ?rf«RT 3ft^ '^FW? aft ft Phiii Uflft c^aiT | 1879 ft ?)TTfftftT 3TT*T 'Jl'iai ^ fcli^ g3TT an I ‘aTFRT 3n?arr ft l^ulcft aft aTe«F cfaTT cfR ftafR fcf5n 1

ftt^

1882 ?TaR cjft afPcTi^ ftt ^ n^ I cprn aftf aftr aftftap «f^ eft 1^ a^jjjaft ft xrep nra? givd'fi afn ftt fftnfur nm 11887 ft ft anftt am? ftt apn^ aft i aj? am? ?^fe am? aft i ftftftftftr, cTT? ?f?n? ajaj an?r iftinw v3nafj?Tft am ftt fftnf'n fftTm nan f^pram -aiftien

gT?r glai an 11892 ft fft vjpRm strllft^cr? ^ fftan nan sff? clRc^i gi\3?i amnfftaftam fftiftm rTan ^naf ?fancR ^3n I

(1S=) SRI ^lftar-5?Taft ?nai-?naT 3P?I ^ftTTT ft ,ftt wftftamft nf^aiftn ^ Ft nn I ^ WR ft nfttn, sftnnft ^ fftnf’n f%an ajan Iftraft ijiftn ft^, afftft ft snnaft nfftjftn ftair ajan i mftft aft 7^-nR ft ftt nffticfn ^ rnnr i

5.4 3TTT^Wt ft

?R 1865 ft 1900 aft efra smftam ft nr^ ft snft anft ftWr aftt ?ftsan af^ mftt i xran nml^ aft 2fT^?in ^ ?f%apft aftr wl'SW'a 3Tnft^ ft fttn an ftf nr?? ft 3nft ^ f an ^nft ft^mr ^ i anftftn ft airaajR ?naT n# arift^ ft fan an i

Mgc^l [ftwi ft ftfn 17^^ sifli641 ft ani^ ft i ??? ?ift ft arfftann? eftn Iftftn ft ft aft? aftn

gxrl'S aff? tql'S'i ft ftt 3TR ft I fft?cT ft fttn laft ^nnaft ft am^ ft i ?<m^ft^, anamft^ aff? Miftftl ft gvjiift aft ?ft5n

ft an^? ft I ftWf aft amftamciTlftaff ft gmft-lft^ ft Rewa nft ant ft^ aparflft ft fttnanneff? ftft I far ftftft ft nT?T 'Tcnfttft am ?nft?ai ftt sn i

?H 1880-1890 ft ft ftfftt am amftnn ft aft annaH fan, aj^ n^ft anft ftrft ft annnn ft Pftn an I fft anneft? ft ftan anernR" anren t \ nffti nm eft aiF aft fft fnft 50,00,000

Rfftr amftnn anft, anftft fnft ft arfftan (7,88,992) annrftt 1882 ft ant ftt 1 ftftfftr 2100 ft ftt arl^ oyffti anft ?ft 1 f?ift ft nnftt fttn nfenft aff? ^ ajftn ft ftftf ft ann ft 1 ft fasnr: sccfl, ftftte.- ^i?T aft? anf^5^ ^ fftnrftt ft 1 ??ift ft arfftann? fttn affn nftn ft 1 ^nft nr??- am ftt nfn apftt aft I \3nft nr?! ftt fnft ftt ftft nftt ft fft ft nnfrn T^ftn ?Tft nan ftrftf an?ft anmr aff? amft nlftan? am fttam-nmn nR ?Tft 1 Rftfft ??nTn ftt fftftt, nRT-nn?aiTftf aff? ftefft ft nnrfft an?nT nR fftan 1 anrftt nftftt aft am?n ft nnr^ afr? aRfftmuman amftf ft ftt ?Tftt ftt nn 1 nn? ft anft nrft ?Tftt fttn aftnm aF?anaft ?'in ft ??ft nftt anaj ft arf&f ^anft amftnn ft anft ft ant am?R ft I fftmft ft am?m fftmfftfen ft-

1. ER nRTTTT—ajf-f?’ ft arm amftam ft affiftfftan smfftT 3n?m ftt "faft aft, .fuT?nm fftam?T ftftt ft ftt ?nT an I nr?? anftt aft mnr fft amft fftn tm aif^ ap?ft ft fftnj amftam ft ftf?R aftt

?sncr: anarnft^ aft? nrftftt

fnft armim ft fttn ?fftanRan ?TT?m ft arwi?eT ftf ^

48 YF^ iUH'fit?/ W ^/f)s/W fipf 1776—1945

^ ^ -iHcudi I vieiVi-sryl ^ ^ ■’ffcr? ’rofe ^*iyi<j,'! viHoisJ ^ ^ I g'tilci'^ ■ditii'j^j cF>IH fyRT p-giR ^ 'jfT^ 5^ I

W+qi 3ra sSt)

2. '«x<Pi'n tiei^ai—'ixl«( ell'll ^ ^cFT 1^ '^-S'lei ^ I % SPT ^«lcj^ ■#TT '’ft f I ■#TT ft ■’Tcft cRft f^ ft eftftf «fft ftrffTF^

H'sai 8|T I ^ 'ft-S'«7i aft^ ^ 'ii'jwl qft ft «rT?7 ft anft crTeit qft ^^iqciicfRft ^ sjft leRTT, ^fFTft ^ ft effftt clft «Pftt ^ ‘ftt ^ ^ ePft I

3. anfif**) IftarfcT—ft anft ^ 3iil^cf> R<yfa strrt sft i vh?t^w«hPi4|1 ft ftl sITF^ ^ ell'll ^ 3Wft3>r Hrft ft 5ftT |ch<j|, «rollft’ f^Tft >3^ eTPT ^ ^

ftft ft ftft elftft I WT?7 dlell ^ awftw ft enft Sniftqq clft c|ft f^TJT qv?ft ft | ^gvjlKl efftT, ^ 3iiRf«r> ft 2^ffqcT ft ft, ftftl ^ift 3RftqiT STlft ft ft eTift ft |

4. ^Stf) M|'i'tt<5yi—ftl 'Ji*ift<s4|i ei'imK ^ ^ft ftt I «PT ft-3'^ei ftft ft«PRwr gft ft ftft ft R-a^a ^ ft l 1750-1850 ft ftft ft ’3BftS5T 140 ftfeRFT ft 5ci«tR

260 tftfePFT ft ^ ft | 3fcT: ft ell‘I ftftuPTR ft ^ft ft | ^ aeiRl ft,ft ftt SFTftW ft anfl-jn cfjft ft >ji«iya qft |

5. •MpluJ ft arfftpeR ftft ft q? 3ifT fft TJjfftr •d'ly ft'^TI •ft uRR iftf ft, ft ftftr ft^ ft ■’rft ftft ft ft feR ORfftn "ctef anft i ^^5 ftft ft '^RftR ft ‘ft 3?qft gviiRei di'iRft, Iftoft'il afR aTTRTfsift ft aRrfRrr eft ft ^eiym ft i

6. t||Rf«l> ’Md'^cTT—ft ell'll ft &iRcf) ^ftoIcR ftf ft | ^RT ft TRcpR ft TfftR ftq'+iicraft «jq5K ft eft Bctftiyi qFTT tflft ft | SjiRcp ftfft ft cpRrq ft^r ftf 7^ ft I

ft ft qcfft clft aftt^ 'Jim vHTRT 3R??T ^ROlft ft, ftffft vjft ’TcIT 2TT 1%

’fR^ 1865-1900 ftqtq aniftqq

ft

5IT I 'Jiei'el tfRqftft ft ftts WT

aRrft^ ft arftsTT^fl aftft^ yifftw 'wa'^m § iarftepT 'M’icf'K ftt H'ji'^^l eft aoy^iicbrti ftl a^R afR ft fttftf ftt atft ft ftt

^tflft aft? fteRTR ftt ancRTIePcTT ftt I aTTcTeR ft ftft ftf '4)|4i<;i ^ ??T sn I aiHfttbl ft ^ftftrT

arft ePR^ftf ft '^ylqqix: ft I aRlftcPT gift ?Rft H'jl'j^’i 'iITgft ft, ftelft cpftftif ?R«hRft fftftt ftftft ft ffttj '4a'<lq«1K -qigdl ftt I ?Te?I 3Rnft aTRtftf eldHT ft aft? etglvjl cbiqPlill ariftep Tuftr tuftt ftf I '^TBft eftftr ft aiiaeid ft arqftepT ^ fftpro ^ ??t stt i

5.5 3l*1'fl‘t)| arravR ^ y>liq

6(T?? ft aft cTlft ftft ft ft?sn ft ftft ft ^ ftl ?f[ ft ! 1ft?RPT SRftft -HMIel ’R ^T? ??I 8n I «nF?-ft aft cnftf ft epRW arftqj ?RR?ft ftr ftt ?ftt ft l Hgva ?RR?ft Pl*-lf^Rafl ft—

lit. ftftRi aft? ftft’R ft ?r«ft ft, “aftft ^ ftft crtt 3ftsrp cttrt cprt fft^n, ft' aRftepT ft 'dWft q^T ftft ft cTSTT ft fft^RT 3Rft ft fft? eRft aTT; aftft ftft ft ^TRTft ftt ftft ft ftRI sdieil, vd-plft jJl’iHehT'ft'l'd.d

enlejeti, cff«n Repieii, TjfR-ftl^ ft ei'ieil ft §*ii'<ft eRpft ft ft^ ftfftR

ftter cT cfiT WT ep?ft cllft ITel'^ft ft^TT an I vjfttft aRTftftf eflqi ftt ?Tg^ aft? ftftftq»iiqi aff? ftft ft ariftan ftt fcRRTci ft ^u-sk ftl sistqi i ?Rflci aft? «PeTT ftl aftfftnnftt ??RTTRT^ ft?WT ^^RT ftt l”

eil§d aftfft ?3Tft ft fttlT, ft'iqid fftft

?7Rr apiftm w 1776-1945 ^.^.) 49

^ 1865-1900 ^ - 1. ^ ^ an^ cTT^ *i'ji<^'<'l cf?r gicia «I^ TpfR sfl I ^ 3T^TO, ^ 1

vi-icpi tjgriTra eTW cFTTTHT aft? 3^7% ^Rqiyl' ^ ^^IciM-ITTCR SIT I ?! sff^ ^

^ ^ ^ yfi^ d ] vj% cpT '»^^ SIR SJT 1 ^ «FRTTT^ ’T? IpH uTF ^ 'J16M

^ '3?T^ 5^, 'm ^ <75|'c5i^1' 51^ ^(6»;) ^ vfRR RJI^ ef^ | §«<?) nlcpRy) ^ Ffe ^ "n^ fiTRT ’T^ Rjf^ ^cTT ^ <!gc^*i'^<:^ <PfT, 7F^-7TF^ si? sfTF? ^ 311^ ?IRf! ci?t ?r3TF ^ ?!cfT ^ Tj^ ^ I Frnfi ♦i'Jic^yl efiF? 311^.?IT^ ?I?r RjI^ 3TTSJT? sR R>alRa ^ 'JTRft

f I FR^ mRqk g?t gicia «ITF? ^ STT^ cTRII ^ hRcii’<'| c[?r fRTcT WSI 3#^ SjTF^ |r |" F?nf>T ^aivJll SI? Rl^cil ?SITS?tzi Rjf^ ?PT!%?T ?t<R RIT5T RJI^ afl? WI ci?r aji# ■?Rfl cl?l FR cf?t Rsif^ ^ ?? R^, cr<jlT^h «n?fl 21^ ^ cf>R cR^ gff ^RR ^ 1

■2. 41*llR<lT—3i»1'<1cri ciim^l R?? ^ 3IT^ cfT^ RJT^ ^ trR ^ I

^ cftcc'^t'I ZfJ I JsRfr cR? 3PRT 'JIFT?! RR ^ sj, RR WT^ ^

^icRsir sfr ftr?! rtrr % eitR sHt stRato «rtcfr frisr ^ i sf^Tfr

cRRSTT cj# 4lHlRin afr? RFRIRs? ^ ^ sff i RtT^ ^tRT? ^ ^ I 'OT eiWf cf?l FTHcI

f^-Tllclf^ «R ^ sRcR ?f# SilT sft I

3. ^ f^?n—RTF? 3IT% RT^ #Tff ij ^ ait^TcfRR rtTR ?fsR ^"ifol^ ^ I 3R: SR^tcpT

Rk

cl^ vS'icp 3TT^ ^ cpufll Ri'f^a s} | s^lfcicti'i ^ ^ 1857 ^ 3R^tc?R

^Sl'llclcpl' Cpt 'llv>^ R^ ^ I site ’ft R^sj^flRnjRR ?RT ^ I ??T ©irt^ ^ ^ 1

4. *i\Ji<^’{Y ^ ?IT87 tRRFIT «jq6i’<—RT?? 3TT% RT^ cpiyR 3IRf1c?T aitRtcR

a^f «f^ 2J<wl R^RI I cTTRTR ft cftR RTF? ?! aTTl? 3ff? % R^ RR RR^ RRR cR?f[ Rit

^RT? Sf, F?Tf^ 3RftRR oUlMlfl aft? '^crcfl ^ Rlf^ RRI^ ?fT2I RRRTRT ^IRFT? RT?^ 8^ Stt?

RRT^f 6'Snii^.CT'imiy RTcFRRTsi Ftift ?^, RRfj% RlfcIRl cTtR g-saici sp?^ RTcft R?f •RTRF R? cpTR R5?^ fetlj RTF? ^ 311^ RIRI)' W ^TRS^R qp?f-R^ RI? RT^ ^ SlOvt) RTRT R^ ??R5J RTR)^ ^ 1 5'titn aidiqi aiRftcpI ^ RRT^ ftl?T RRT^ RTR RTR^ ^ RTF? ^ 3n^ qidl SP! Urw

aiR^ ^?T ff art RRT^ Rldol sff '^?TRTt ^<SI^ ^ Rd^d vjRiR Riej,R etsfl sJt 1 5'tifdkj aiRftRTr *Hvncjyl ^cTTait RJT RTFRT SIT f&j “Rf^ aiRflsPT iSllWf Rl^?Tl RTef ^ ?TfsI Ft? fdil ?T?SRI

RTRT Rj?^ RR ?R> cit SIRftRR RRT^ R^T ’fl Rl^??| RRI^^ ?ITSI Ft? ^ ?i?SPy yj^i

?Iq?R

spT FRT t r

^ an^ «rraf ^ aio5.6 ^I6'(

aiRftRR 'fl'iron 'ti'io'i'l % RTF?

RTR R5t fd-Mcfe spcT?R?^ RTF? ^ 311^ RT^ R? ?tR> cRTT RRSJ^R 3TT1^ RRT^ RR SPTsfRR ?FK[lf Rfl ?ffRT RRT1 5?I rtJdl'^di^qi ^ S3RTR f^, R?sg RRTFt ^ aiT^ RTdfr R? 3T<g?T cPTT^ SPT RT? s^F?PT ■^McpK

1. 1868 ff F?T f^?rr ff RFelT ^RR ?^ RT? f^RT 3#? ^ R7 RIF?

RRT^ ff ^ RRfr 3IT ?IS^ I

^ aiT^ RT^ RRI^ RR cTSH 3lt5lR5 ?!cR R?!

^ R?[ sptf^IRT Rirff cTsfl ] F^ RTR^ ft

?tR?RT PlRc^ ^SJRTR>, Rt?SR, aft? AIcHTr-'I Ff?R? RTF^ PftR 3TT?f ?t I 3TcT: f^^Rtf

RTt ?fiR RRTI

Vi(31 ill RRT I RR^?T ^ RT? RITcI RF^ RRRi RR RR’JR Rif ^ RRf^ ^ R? ?fR5 c5RT I dlf^ RTF? ^ 3TT^ RT^

50 W^Rtf ?7vR 3Pfifw ®7 q/tJe/ff fipf 1776—1945 P.S?^

1865-1900 ^2. 1882 ^ irit Cll<;ici 4 tilplil'l ^ 3TnFR ^ ^ ■q'l5'll\Jl

IJtRTcfcFiFR Tjgs' ^TRT Rb<JI I 3TFFFT eTT^ Piy*1 eFTT

2JT1.8Tr^ ^ fi'ii-ui 'dlftd ^ ^ •d'l^ 3TFFFT ^ 3T^?IT^ eFTT ^

3TTwr ^?aTT| ^ ^ ^ ^rra^fr aff i • ^iJI Wl ClVll ^

3FlffW ^ 3TFTT ^ IRTT [ «n?^ ^ cf^TT ^ STT^ cIT^ oyRhl 50

^ cFTT cTlf^ ^ ^ 3t 1*1 (I’ll ^ ^ ^ ^ '^JTt ■?RW?

^3TT^ cIT^ ^ ^ ^ fc^ ^ 11

4. 1885 ^ ^ TJ^ 3RI ITRT XR cfT?? cTT^ FTT^ XI? wRisiU

?Fn 1^ziT I ara *ivji<^'<'l ?)T cRF aiici>jn ^ ^ ■^ci>i an xjflf^ ^ ^ <a«i': ^ i5. 1891 ^ >7^ cpi'j^'1 m?T gaiT, ftrXFT^ aiTfrfyRr *llHi^'f ^ ^cii^lici f^x?

arfxp s*?iO?m' *11*10 ari^fcpiff cjft ci^t cijq't^iT ^ ^ 3ft? ^'S-ici epn

f^?IT xRtT niPh ^ 3n^ ^Tcft xi? cFFJ^ 3T^?T wfT t^RFT '3*l0'l clM^ Rhtli vIT ?T^ 1 3|cj|W*^t‘iJ Olf^ilT cf?r ?J^ if m'M'l, Sf^-fc|qig cF?^ cTF^, ^?<Jiaft, 7T?Tf^, 3l<11x1100101^x11 3ft?

^ 0ci’1 ?fxft ^ olf«a cxjRtnol ^ ?iii^ci f^oi XRITI |?l cx)fc(xio1 ^ 3i*iy|0i 3TT^ xi^ ?an?f[

^ Fxn ft XT^ i

6. 1890-1900 3ft? 1910-20 ^ tfl’<lM ^ ^ ’ll cFt1%?T x|^ fip 3IT^ ^ 5^0

#xff ^ cPT I?cj5 xrT?T cR^n XjRr^ «RT vTRt, xi?x^ 1917 xT^ f?l xrI xiTO

fcblll xj?lT O-tlir^x cSitclete, ^XTS ait? Rici'0*i (dt^ft ^ ^ «FFJfT ^ xlt^ ^ r^Ol I 3Tc1cT;

ijaFI cf?f ax1xji*li ^ 1917 xPt ?IF 0i'j;i xiRI cR f^TIT xpn | >jic*41 ^ 01^ 5?? 0l*J,*i TFt

OlRrl XR efT^ ^ 3IT^ cTTcTt xj? ijft xT?? 0l*j4l ?t3i ?FTT ^ I

“gfel cfit Fa*xil'Ji*i0 xIT^ 3ft? vji*iiq cFT 5*1 ell, Ph*^ 3FT? •<101 <iOI, xH ^ Ae'ixi0?i eftxft ift?^ xffTT^ 3ft? ai-iisiij Rkioc «I?f gieio ^ X{^W ■^, aft? 3FR fxf f^F^xft g>t Ploi*ld1

xFT 3IFF^ vj6HI dISxt f, ^ ?I? 'jI'XtH f ^ 010X1 XR aft? 5?F^ OMIOxa ?1ilg Xf? 3l'cg>l

eFIFIT vinxj 3ft? ^?ff yxriiefl 3)0*11^ uTTX^ fuFFI^ XRRJ?! ^g*ia cR xfj^

H*1-0lt x^ xjt^ Hxnxj^l xi§t ?0xii 3ft? xpT eftxfr x[>f 0IRR1I x^ «ra xr ^ ^ <00x11 f, Xjft ^?a?

f?I 3TT^?r ^ *11*1^ ^ Rp xj, 3IXFft Ag'ia xpt 0*11^ ^ <ai<l'ii l”—•ll^xi’H arfxp ^ oftbin ^ M«n«l'll

3. 1882 ^ XXcp aft? XRT ^3IT, 31x1

Rr^; 3ft?

5.7 ^ f^'WK

TjF-^ xf?r arcrflr tP xpt fct?xn? ^ ^ w i xrflo^ ff xi?^ «Flt i ^5^ ^t xif^^ ^ ^ eTT^xr lFf[ afr X3fr ??I 3I7lf^ ^f ^5^ ^ ^ I ??xrTxT i> (txFR ^f) v3xMT^ ^ TIR

^elcT xRXif^TJff H'jI^xI ^ eFff | §?I cpiH ff clRc*i eiao,% XJTR step cR anfct^FT? fepTIT I §Oxol tcRt^xIT ?J? aft Is6^ xTsn §^71*1 ^txf? ?TTai vjiI'1 oiefl.^ §0*1 ^ 01*1^ oixH oxxil

xFT auRtcPK ^ XjfT^ ^elxilPsol ?IxT ^ ift ^ oxhxTl aft |

cPT ^ xR ^ aiT I Tj? sffd idtilxHI ifr an xRxg cp %xf if ajT I solfcix;

^ ?l? xjiH Pixnl 0*hPIo1 xp ^Rlt ^ ?ffR I^<4i I leil f^xqfuy £[ ai^fiiiya 3Tf&5l aFT xj?[ *5t 3110^00X11 aft I 0S’<0 ?T?xf)R ^ ^?T x^ feFJ 01x0! Ol'fl \Jl4Td, ’HN*1 1^ 700 RifeRFT -Slel? ^?RxpR

^59x7 7T^ 3/H^</>/ m $i?rW7W 1776-1945 51

^ 1865-1900 ^ 4 PloTl^ '^Rcf^ 3ik ^Pi'd^cif^'H'l’ % ifr

^ •«5]4iai ^ 3)eiNi <gma1y fslii'i ^ ci'ii^ I1900 ^ SlM'Cltpl ■^^RcTivl t55\ 2.5 -sictx ^ oT'tl l ^

vdQi'Icil

^ 7T^ sfr I1. ^ fl'iiMi—^ ^ cpM^piij'i ^rsff Tj a^T |

^?r tfr i §'<i«R 'fTRT ^ 5'ici3 ifr arfsl^ sii’ i 5^ ^ cpHTPrzfrftciwy cfjTtpfr «r^ ^ ^ I FfT *11*1 ^ on^ cn^ Mgcii onfcki an 1 5^

OlH’fl ^ cT^TR)7 ’•}^'4l'V’ ’^'3J(?1 Rl'tc*l' 9?l aft | 1900 cT^ ^ -JjaTT^ ^ a'l'iC'i,3^ci^'S, >^5JI<JC, Ri CPI'll. Ri'iRi'iicl oft^ ^feaiHFftfcT^ cT^ aft I g^ct^i fft^TTRftoft ^ ^ ^ ajT I

XJcR 3RI <P*M'ft 'IRid^Pi<11 aft I erre" ft ft?T cfft'pimT^i'i ^ I 57Tft ft oik ft Ricpi'il, «nc€rftk, ?r^ crctt^ i w01^ 'p^^ftl ^ Civic'S aft, Pfl-^cp ^TPrft ft <plcl'ii4<i'i aft 1899 ft ftt. fttft^ft ^ ^'iftfSa Pb<ji I

5^ cPT^ ft ajrar oftaftF ftof, -^yiSici, OTRiftft? "gsft aft 1 ^rt

’jaRftcP ^ onfftWR fftkl onft ^ TO fteift ^ TO 'iwK ■ft TiRft Hftt aft | 1864 ft onft 1JR. ft 'Wllft'l iPK I fvTflft aiTRT OTTroftW ^ I 5^ ft ftclft ft <1^ ft ^HT?■^IJ I ftft—ywrftt, ^ftajft ft TfRft gift ^vji-f, ^•s4 ■’ftjT <fft ?TPJ, TO^TT, ■rtftei <fft Wftfftift Mfft ofk «fTO ^ I

2. 'rf^xFi ft’ fftvft TOftftfti ft 'roft Ifti? ^^cf) aft "gaftifti ^5RTft ft si'WidC <F>H aft I zr^ ftcfft ^ cTT>T 8JTI 'P'Stici TOW? ft ftif ft ftrftWlcflft ft fcTlJ PRft Wftftftf ftt Ijft 1862 ft cfnft'<l ft ajIftWT ftfftfftc}5 eii§i'| ft fftljgjlftl aPT ftt 'fdl>j>frl ft I TOJjT TOT ftft ft ftlTO gft fteT ells'll ftt ^fftTR Hdi'i ftt-I 1850

•ork 1871 ft ft<T wftftft ftt 131,350,000 ^‘1’^ orftkr 3ik <iP'd*i ■roft ftt 49,000.000*^ip-s ■'Ji*ft'i ft I TTPftf, Wvjksft sfk TOTftkJ 'TOWft ft ft <fkf (Tax) ft) cT 3TOI ^gfftJTTJ

cpnftftft ftt ft I 3P|^ crft ft fteT-'ft^ wftftft ft 5TT Olftl'i ftT silxici'l 5 TOR >^<P'3 ft Rxild ft ftw Iftdl, fvRrft Wftftft ftt W§cT HR W?r ^3TT fftRTft 'Rft wftf tieiddtRfft I efrft ft iroft Wft 3TTefkRT 'ftt, fR OTTftklRTsft 'cfR ftk OTTO Rft an | sxileii^ ^-■ft^ WRPrft W ftt^ TO> Rft I Rftfft TO ft eftft ft Wfft R MEjVi TOTfftcT ftft ft irfft

R? RrftlR Ifte'gei ft^TO ft | S'd'P Sieildl 'TORTO ftt ?R ^ftt ft WRRT ffteTT, Rlftfft tftft<P wft'Ji'i'l' ft feTTJ TOW? ■cFt''RT^ ft<fR ^RW TOfR TO TTWft ft I ftTOR 'TORTR ft §TT wft ft RfcT

RTO ftt I kr-ftS TOriftft ftt 3TRRT fftcTOT TOft ft 'dSIdOl fftftt I'

5.8 5m<f>rnn*^*^i?T '^cf^ ^ Pi*ifu|

1. ^5E—TOfrfft 5^1X1 ftl'T^lducel kft RRlft W fftRR ftft ft R?ft ft tTR

^ RZJT aiT I ftlTR ft fftftv ft TORT 'Rft 3TReT ft Rft HTRT TO 'RTO an I 1882 ft wftTT ft TjfftRR 3|r ftfftfftcp kr-'ft^ ftt TO TOR ftfn fftro i ^fftro ftfftfftn? zroftt nft aftwr, ftroro ft nfkiR ftt ftk krft eiis'i rrtrt an i ftkrfftR) TOTftt ftt 'ftfttftftt, ftfttfttfftft ft ijft ftt ark

»

52 wgTO 77TO a'/»'?<»/ TO ^f^eifi (^ 1776—1945 V-^J

^ 1865-1900 ^cii§i ei'iiii 2TTI <15«HPi4(1 ’fra ^ P*ifui-cpT^ f^ -d^iaci frar^ ^ le.ooo•sicl'i Mei-^ §ci|cp 48,000 -Slciy ff^ ^tt'S'icI ■?RcPR Cjnjf j 'e^

3Tf7 ^ cnf«c ’ftferar^ra^ ^ ^ CO^^-TI ^ 3ft7 '^I'JJJCI 4|piP)«r> ^ STR chW>; ^ g?f

^ <PRf [^iii I ■^Rrf siRi ^ 77^ I ^ «r>*Mp4jl

qlPql ^ eFTFra ^ ’fra era rar?^ Pod gn Rh^t 110 ’7^ 1869 ^(?1I5^ sfl’TF’etff i-ai^c TT? WFP? Pra I 5?T tic'll cR ciis-il WT '^FTO-siv^ ^tF? I^^TT ’FTT I

2. nTci'f ^3tt? ^ ■g'fiRzR ?fra ^ h1 dial's, sfRiFT cFP ^ra^ rar?^ «RRf wr wft i864^ 'ild'1 ^RiRh^ ^ iffFT ■’FIT I 1864 cFP 5?T W^Fft ^ ra?l •s<p1ci ?Ff> ^ 8?! I

’fR

§?F^ WR 1873 Tiff ^ TPraT PrRt 'WT^ «R ^ '’FIT 11881'^ PfiRi WfJ ^ FTIT I 1883n? WFT ’JTI ^ WI

3. ^cT-?^—^Rrf TI?| cil5'^ 37° STSfra T^ ^FFTHR «FFft aff I f?FPT TPFT diiyim ORiRbep ^ ^ffqr ’FIT I ??T oils'! ^ '^R’f ^Ril^cn T^ oils'! ^

PraFJT WFTT ajT I ilPlPxft '^ra^ Tpt '^'^0! ^PlRpcp RTiiTff ^ xToff^ aj-1 Wel ^TRIFT

^Pll^cp TtFiFfl WT r^ciicll Prara ■’FIT, ?ft ^R’f ^PiPfFP ^ 5?T OHS'! cR 1J^ cF>t 3TR

'^olMwl ^TRTFI era 6('!I4(I, W^ Tlf 0!IS'1 C!I5'! ^ Pra aff I

4. FfaF'I-MpTJ^l ^P’WII'! ^ ^ofratt^FT era ^ra^ raT?F FfP WI TPTF sRr^RfFT cIhcp sfR'dl'eil 45'S'iol ■^-■ffW cr5*H'll raT cMil-M ^ 1863 P f^FT an | ^ ??! RTF T^ FFflF ’ll ^ I

§?I FFFpf ^ Wt OHS'! FFT^, F? FvWTW ^ wR «RF>? fH'e!! c^ Fj-^Rki^l ^ Ffefl ^ |

’ff^loH, ^oflFflf^FT ■# cbVellVidl ■’T^l F? ifT FFFIT1 fF ^olt oils'll ^ 3TWTFT ■^J^ fPfF ■^ 3iR iff 3T^ ■^oR o!l5^ FFT^ F^, pFFf Pwinl-eifoi'IC'! pF^ff, R^I^, F>T^?F?T ^PlPra

toR 3fR ■^ FT^F ^oR raPFf^ aff IFt. ^rar Tpr ft^ t “jrraraF^PF'^ rar^F «pt ^ wtft, ??i ?tff ff fw ■sttfft?

fFfrPropF FF cRHio! an i wrPFFFra ff snifFPr it?t 1%ft ■’tft ff> rarRi srf^ ^o^RS’fFi wnr an i raT5F ^ fPtIF elF FTT tjPFIF war 3TPra HvJl^efl ^ rarai wf:? wR fPir ff ij4 7^

?nai raTFFF FFFR Ft! ’ffF ?W ■^t I f?Pr ■tPRelTF ^ ■^^ soliFil Ffl -o^lFc! ^ F>? ^ 3#? FpFF T^RfFT fcFPm ^ foTF ■?FeIT FFW FW 1^ l”

5.9 3)F'flq>l ^ «'*1iq

1865 ■^ 1900 T^ 4R1 SfRIFF ■^ olISll FF F^ pRFT? ^ ■’FIT

FfeT ■F^ TTFTF W I 3TFftFF F? PfiF 5WTF F^-

1. §eR FtI ^ fcfPFF’TTFI RTFFI ?5TTPeT FT?c^ toT^ ^ STfRlFF ff Flfera TJFTeTT ^

FF ^ I 'tw Ft. ^ TpR t fcp “RR afR s’fHia <Pf hcR<j1 R anRrai tR fftFI R

■?3^^FfFi^r, 2- tra T^ PtfRt R ■’I^-^ ftf aiFfrai afratifra?’’! ■ff fff PiRt i traf R ftcft Fra

FJii'ai'il era f^ftR f Rfr ftoi ftwr era f^ftR ff R fff f^ PhFi fPft % ?tfR 3lf^ ■FTFT ■ff RR sfR S'JFia «R >!sl^!c;i'<l FT?% wR I fW h<pi<'d'?!^ sfMia viejVi F^ «((SiaiRfti

3. toR R afR ^5FF R FFF fR iff FFFIT I WRtRR F? fRtIF R 5?l FFF fR F^ wleXHS'!Prar I RRl ■R ?WT?f oii-al RPR fR fPff tR soira R FfFTFT afR 5F RIfI ■R ?ftR1

, w'^</rf SIH^^T W 4fugl'd (^ 1776-1945 ^.^.) 53

F? ??raT

^ 1865-1900 ^ *IEII

cfR 'df^iqn cf^ «<4icil 1 ‘HI*! ,^ ^ I ^ R)’t1l'l'l ^ ^ ^il-Jll^ i?1|i^ 8?f 3ft^ f^fll'l'l ^

'dcHi'^'H ^ ^ rT^ Mgriic?! sjt I cRf ^ 'igcif ^ cpR 3TT^ aicil

‘l??!-^ 8ft sft? ^m"! ^ Picpci"^ cTT^ eigJj^c^ UT^STf cpT TJ^ ^ Hgi^ial

1?# vjnft^ ^i cfiFT «fv<nT

sff4. ^ ‘flei'M'nH \jei1‘il cl5t ^iM'ii ^ I m til'it ^ pfpnt ^ WH

I arcT: uFT^ q? «rl-q^ w qir i ^siitqt c^ htot ?m pW ^

'ajeji-^ ■?iFnff qf^fRR ^ 1^?n ^ ersr «pt*t i

5. % qr?? ^ ^rtqt qff aiiytc f^nir i ^ qnqf^rqf '«’<wiy

niS(^ sfi 18jftq ^ fq v)hPi<)'[ vfR^ qw? fcf;^ qptt^

<a<l5 ^ I q7ift-q5^ iff ^ ^ ?Ttqf cftf qmiqid q?I ^jfcTCrT ift q^H «f>’<al sff,

qft '3'lcj^ 'ji'il'1 83^rq^ ^ I qJRW STT ^ ^ «(gd-'^ cll'l

^f 3TT^I

6. q^aff qff Ri«p|'il I'l'i'l ^ Hg^i<T''< TfSTT qPTRfT gaTT ^?r ^ filft'd '>TFft.^

vdEjVi'l q^ eialcii I

7. qf^T’q ^ cji'in'i ^ *iif^cp| qft uiqg q? qqi qqfeqf^ q^ qq ui-q ^ qqr qft

f^TpRT q?l 3ft7 'd'cnci cP^ SJT | '

8. q?i qq^ qreRcT 'j?t qiq^ ^ t^ cFq1%qt ^ qqqf^?B qqr^ ^ '^ftf^

aiqqr^ i sft^ ^ ■?iqq ^ qqqt^?H qft qpsq qftrrff 1 ?qf qqriqR ift

qjf qqqf^^r^ qq Pi'll"! garr 1 «{«q^ ^ q^ ^ 1% “q^Ri PIti qq^ q>f qqnq

arsfsjq^ m art^fq? qqm q^ 1” .

^ qft qqft^ Pr^ ?Jt ^ ^

5.10 ^ f^’rtJK W qjM'+liqo

r i^^xicf Trqq att? Tsn^ffq '?iMq ■#-3)f8J^jt&^ qt’q q aj^qn qjqr q^ 7^

?qcT ^ ?nt 1cR? ^ arq^ ^ qq^^q^H qqqpRjt qqrqR aft^ ui cpiTj ^ qqqft q? ^ 8R '^qR ^ePf <r>*'4pq'l ^ ^qjqq q5*iWT I viqiS'!"!

^ f^, ?jPraq ^t^rf^fjqi qft afR cn?q qqr^ qq qqq qtfefc^fi^qR feqr afR ^3^q>7 ^oT 9,40,00,000 ^IcR fejqi, yjqf^ q? qiPT 50,000,000 ^I<R ^ ^ ^TqqfT STII

2. qpqprqf q? ^^5 8rf% ^ efpft qq ci^i ^ pqT I % ciVi <ncid ^qrqq q^qprT ancti ^ qf^ arq^ff q^ sti'i '^rrqq 'jqr?^ ^ -^'41^5 '<t'^ci ^qr^ ^

- qrfcpq 3"-S'!Pic^ ctjqgK Pidai I PtRtt ^ ^"■suPlcS ^ q)6i ‘■Rjqrqf 'iiaq ^ ipp cppjq

qw f^TJT ^ fwRTcPT qjqR \3'Hcp) qpiptt ^ qR^T t)!’ q? S'J'Syf^c^ 'SxR f^, “qqi

^ qi q€f qR 'dqjdi, aft qiedi f^l qq^ q>t q^ q^qjF q€t cRcTT I ^ qiRT qqr cnq^rf q^

«RTqpTqf ^ *iipHcf> fclVTqq^ q^

m

>J1I1^ ^ 1

■hi

t?”3, qpqpfqf 'didqid qq ^i6Ki ^fqR arqcTT qq ^ ?ftw f&RTT I

^^qf^qf ^ 'jiPicf? aqq^ ^ '^qqiq WOTTS *>v« fSs’rt) P)?)'i| §eiiqi j^Riqr q^ ^ | Ft^qrar qqq qrq '^r anq^i ^ qfe ^ at 1 q7>ft-q7>fl Rqq qq?^ qq ^ ^ «ft, ^ qq PfRrqr qar

qR.^ atfq 1vfq qq Ft^ q^ FRtt q^ f^RRiT q^ ^ i ?qft ipq ^ q? arqqr ^qrq^ q tiici arrqqr ^ ^ qR 1 - ' '

54 •»'/«'?«/»/ w $RleiH (^ 1776—1945 ^.^.)

' 4. ^ ^TTfcrcpf ^ ^RT a^T, fyRI^ ^ vj'^l'-^ RTWR, RITWfcT^ .

3nt^ ^ R?qcl 3TW <Pn Plc»5|dl | ^ iR ^ ^ ?frfff ^ ^ yft '.l%cfr a>r sih i cR’^t-cp>^t eft ^ ^ ^ivTitfcTsff ^ ^ 1^ ^ sn ’ft .

^ Virile; Ftdt sft I

5. ’Trfefcfff W cijci5i>< f^^TRt # ^SRTcft? ^ «t^ ^sRR SIT 1 % >4Het st f% ^RTH

3tR^ ^ f^Rfr 1?^ ^ ^erd’ ofl^'l 15? 3fTf^ f f^lf^ ^ ■^3’T^ atfstcR %7RIT ^ st I 5T[ TIePR f^RtH ^ eR? vd'l'^l ^ ^ 1 ^ *iife<4>l ^vd'cT'^ Siiq'lci'l «iciNl I

^ 1865-1900 ^ Jicq 3Rfl^

nRRi

5.11 ^ pRI*1

WHM'y'l ^ ’TllcRP ^ g'll'^ ^ <flRu| ef^ ^ ^ ^ I cii^'i ^ ’Tlfcfcp ^TcR

rtfRff ^ ^ ?ft^ ^ §t I vJ’^ cpf yW*^ ^ 'tt'iWK ^ cFRq1%^ 1R f^RR'Jiiai

cfR^ ^ fcRIT I

i^>*hP|4|1 ^ cpi'j^'if ^ 3KTpR ^ ^'itefl ^ &f[ I ^t^T) ^ ^ cp?T

*iioj_*l ^ 1% ^ ?ifchn ^ 'ii\jiNen ui)l‘i ?t ??T t’ iR 5^ 3IISTN "R ^ t^RT ^

'Mcftdl I RynW-spi 5'««Pi 'ii'Jii<j'ji §’«t*iiCT ‘P# t, eft 7t^ ^ >jl'iai •g'Hlci ^PT ^ 'Mcn^ -T "^IRTpra ^ l”

1. fliqi-d ^ ^*<5*11—1886 ^ qiqm 5^^ ^ifR ^ft^ ^ i^^Tcii f^UT 1% ^R^ft ^ 3Ppft

^’TT ifTeR qiRivj^J R Pi4-^ cl^lP ^ B^P f R’^ ^cit gRT IRP 3Tfltcp TTRlt

^ ^tW qiPi'JiJ ’PH gRjT vjiiai ^ R '?PSI pFTT Hep^ | '^mIh ^

«PBT P’ ^ *11*1 pil ^ P<io(P| oFTP gP Bep 7fP?TH ^ <T3n)+i ^ ^ffRT § I

“BTf

2. ^FRf TJge—P-S'icl 'H'i«PK ^ ^?fP?IR cf?l gif&pai ^FR«ft ^

R pRtRT pFTP ^ RTR I cpliltl % 1887 ^ §uC'<'Pc RRf TJefS PRT f&RTT I

pRp ^FnPI «gftf% R ’fRP WTT ■^t 1

5^ gFft?FT ^ Rir ^FrgRI f ^ eppt sft I

vjnHT sp 1^ ^pHTPrP ^ fFPP PPa^ Prit i 1905 ^ 15-16 piPcft ^ cpiii-^r ^ P?tcit %?n 1

RRf RRH ■tl'10'1 RTP ^ RH P ^R’f 1^35 (1906) 3fR RT-IJcTf^Rr l?gS (l910) PRI %7IT I Zff ^PP?R gRR ^fTTpcT P PM I Pf. ^ ^ “PF ^ Wf PTOfipp uiP cTTp Slpcpay ^PRR pji-^'iI 5)1 ^ft ’Mpt SJT, 5Pt% fPp tiPftr jf^eFPT ^ R5)T^ P^MP P PngRT efft RTR PgR 5R PpT | RI PTrf 7pl ’ft gPRI PM Bcjl'il ^ HH’tP cZIpcMg R 3TPFT Ph PiDC 35 R]T §, 55fP) 5^ ^ ^ R ^ftPF 5R pR P? 3T«f 3FTfP5 3TP5)|?I

‘lylq cl)'ll ^ PP^FT P 5cT R £pt cil'il fePJ dcia qcly"! ^ uTR 7? RJT |t |”

3. ■OMi^rc ^ HMRPTH ^ <i>*HpqT R R’JjT R 3f^?r—1904 cFP eicia R aJt P) 5)t i^cl pRpt cl*41 ^cP cTTbP 8ft, 'RFPT 3/4 515 3^ RFpRff P FWt 2JT | <D**Hp<ylP RPtPgR 5)t HRgT 5)t BH 5^ P fcPJ HFpeC ^ P 1J5C 5M PP—

(^) ^ (1903)-R7 55S ^ ^ PFTRt ^ ^ p5T 3fP ^ ^^P-cf)|*j4t zftPcT 55^ P^l 3fP SIRM gft P) f^yfl ^ 5T^ 3iP cfTp gtP ^ RB Pm HTW5TI

/ 1 .WJW 7T^ 3fW^)^ w ?f^?TW (TPf 1776-^1945 7.^-) 55

1865-1900 ^ ’TEZT

{^) (i906)-(i) ^ cpr*Rf gjf stRI^ w=t 1^

fch'^id-'iTT^ ^ ar^fJici cl cp^ crrcft ^ ^ *7^•^lillc^ij fct^TR ^ TTc^ I (2) 5'JC’<'t^c cpFT^ cn*il^TM ^ '^TcR^ 3t1 'TT^SJT 'tNi ^ osicr^ ^10

^ sfk vS^i^ 3Tf&^iR ^ ’ft «l^ f^TIT I (3) ‘-Mllcld cR^ Cl?| Rj1**lc;i^t ^ cpw-lpldl R^ Cl?f ^Hc(t1 ■5^-31 jRld f 1 (4) cp4-mRc^T ^ «'1'^’< 3f^ 'TRT ^

IT? CFTT ■^1 I (5) ^ ^ ^ cR^sff cf?r ^?n| cR^ ^ ^ f^, 1yH^ 3cHI<;d 4 ^ cpf^Pm”

[cicIfl'fMl yool ^ I

4. cb^rPlilT cR cr4 ^ ST^TRI Hcjc^ Gl^+ci ^ ?R=RcRc7 4 *7^ 's<tc ’(1910) ’7RT cP?^ fcPTIT RIT1 ??I ^ 5T?r %Wf ^ ^ <P'<d ^ 0ll^l?l ^

■Rfl I 5?T XJcf3 Tf 37^ ^^Tcff ^ 3TRT^ g'Jcy^cc cPT^ cp4|«I1 '5>f t^TIT ‘RTTI

'HKI?I

• 1865-1900 ^ 31*1^1 cR 3il£i'll^icf) f^cfR7 ^ ^ ^ TFT ^TTI ^ ^

• 1865-1900 5B #cT 3ldfr^l 4 ^ TFT ailcIcHd WF TFT 8TT I cfTqt ^ STTcTSR cPT cRTR OF cRTTFT, TRcPl^ TTFTFFT FTFT, STT^fe'f^SlfcT ^HTTFT, FFcfl FTFTRJFT ^ TF4 c^ T^TTF

c^ cZrcRSTT FTTFT, '^FT cRff F^T ^ FTTFT, 3TM4 ^4 F?f T8TT F^TFT- STT I

• FTT cPTeT ell§l'l ^ f^TcTTT 41 FF TFT ^TTI sffT '^-TTF «TF Tt I -

TTTFjR 4 FTT# feij ‘Jjft afR ^TTT Fgd FFF cPT 41 FT^ P|>jT| sit |

V-

affTiRT 9?^

1. 3TF^^ ^ afleilRlcP ftFRT ^ cpll^i^ I

2. arFffFF 4 ^ T^ 3TTcIFTF cR cRTW FFTF^ I

3. aj^-^cR R aiTcRH FF FFT FFTF FFT?

4. aiH^lcbl % FTFT 3TT4 cff^ cUfI (FuT^) FT 3Rg?T FFf c^'TlFI:’

5. Teft c^ f^TFR ^ FT^ 4 cfFTFF I

6- Tct4-^ TTFTF cT^TT cgF*TTq cl?f F’lf^ I

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1. F affFTTF^^ f|R^ 3TTO TJ. FTT. F, : e?? ^M^fW

2. 3TFfTFF ?F FT^^f^FcT : <PI^I^IV3. %T^ arra f t^c-w ;4. X FFT ^TTF4 Mllcl-rfl 3TTO X ^FT^4f t4c^ : ^T F5^ /

56 h'^<m ?7c^ 3Fi{l<t>r 557- ?f<fwm irh^iaxs V-^)

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y

6.1

6.2 y-w Id'll

6.3 l^d'l'Sly '^nul^ec W’UW

6.4 wyiQC'C ^ ^r'ji41fcld5 fcldw '

6.5 youii^cc ^ ^ aficiltiiiij

6.6 Wvl^eC cf?f

• 'HKI?!

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• 5^?r^

6.1 .

3TSZmj ^ 3reJT7R ^ fcIWTsfi TfFTJ ^-

• ^ ^ if vTR^ ^ 1

• ^d'i-s'1'! cf?r icT^-^trf^ cpt if I

• ^ ^ ^R5T^ if [

6.2 U^iq’ii

<nvj1^<?C ^ 1901 ^ 8JT I ^ C|^.^cl 8^ | ^'g^Rcp ^ WT

^ ^ I \fliai ^ RidKl ^ 3?^ rRf -^HSiai 8JT I xj'Wcf)wFf?TT SNT ynnT t 5<lf^k; ^l’i^l^^c ^ yRcTT ^ f? TTcfTR ct5T yill'M ch-^'ll

Wrft^, vd-icw 'HpfT ^ I3T^T^ TFFT if STHltcPT if tfpf St^iRMa 'd*l’^dl3ff ^ ?pf Pichidl I W yi^fclch ^RTSFff

^ yRyeiiJi ^ ’ft 3TcftrT ♦istci ftcTT SJTI ■<o'j1^cC ^ fttfft 3HJ ^ sft I vi-dct^lcpT 3T^ ft 'I'JiRdi 8TT I cl? 3RI ft?ft "ft cTSWcTT sRF? W=TT WHT ®JT I ^ fft?!! 7Tff

W ^ITST ftcTT 8TT afR ■ft ^ d'll’^ 'T’aai 8n I ^ SiM^nii fftRlfty'^l<pl Rlftl^ ^ 3ik 3Tf^ ^FTI I W^TT ?!?? if ^ ^ •H’l-HIl cf? ftf ’Tftt-fttift ■WHItfMfftnrri "STraft fe^fttftfft ^ stcft ft ftl ftt ft ^ 31^ sft 1

*TfHcjfPTT Miiai an I v3’fli| anrft §iiti'i<i’M if ff n? fttn’TT ^ fr aft 1% n? snrpft ^

6.3 ^oviffteS ^T

fn^ 1901 ft '<n'ji^(?c amftw ft cii§ti-tlft4c ^ 1 ar^iH^ ftfttfts ftfft^ ftt ?c^ ft ■nf 1 niR’n^'ji^pc ftt ftfttft? ft IT? n^ .f^oidi nm 1 ^rt.'ftt.ftt. 1%^ nn ftgnr f fft “nm ftftt^ fffcFT ft

fr^m vTTRi anrftwi m ?/^?7w fft’f 1776-1945 ij.^.) 57

/

cfT? «FT% ^ ■^it^ 3ik 3T^% ?r^ SIT l”cf?f -Hrsqi arf^ 9j[ I ci^ Tif^ cilichn an i ^ ^ ^ ^ c^<9«p, '^Picp.

yi'ji'iilasi niylciqi<< ^ ^ fS’isqici sn(■7 «>\j|^ec ^ 3T^?IR, ‘'’<i'^iq -sff^ 'Fn’TFT ^ (oi^i'Ji ^ '<ivji'ilfrlfi ^

^ ^ \a'<i<^ 6f^ 'I'Ji'flco ^ ^gn CF^ ■jfr 'MiPlHI'll 3TW t^TRI ^ aft^ ^Tt ^ W=F ^

-Mvil'i 3T^ ^?fr ^ ^isiaflciai "R ?iiPa ^ fel^l ^ ^TcPfTT t.... I fR ic|'qi'<?ilci czjf^^ tjC'ii'^ ar^ff ?rTw f, 'afr ^ cfrTRfr ^ 1% aat ciVi ^ft ?fr ^pti ^ cf^ f ^ ^rpjt

^i \Tiiic;i ^ ^ i^t fTfr^F^ Rf^tn ■yn aFartcT an^-'^err cii\ e^nr ^ f, ^rw ^?fT^ 3((7q[2cp ■JRFT^TcF’’ 3fR7Rf 3fW aFRTRFT^ vtcp-i ^ ^ cfT *FH7^-P?‘^fa< 3?^? R 3^5?

^ 'rtSKl RFWF ^ 'IRIT 11”'jflq'H—^ Ri<jts ^ 4Rqi'< ^ ^ ^I >3^ ?t44 ^ ftieTT ^

afR n? ^ ^ 'i~ifrl qiycp 'R qgqi an | nn aft^—tfRrR5aft cFR«^ nnR 3TT% ^F ^ ^ivn-lKa c^ efT^ ^ ’Jc^T^FT aT^HcT WIRT ^ tllSIT f^Tcff 1 Rjqioi ii

^fcRF Rit? ^ nnn f^FTF afR Vi^IcRt n’PtRR nF^FR ^ feF35cft «F^iff cfR cff[ q>iRi^i ajif 1 vs+1^ 3i*ixlq)i f^fctR tiqtq RiR ^ <r)i*i f^RFTafR nF ^ #fT c^.3tRR^ nn n? ■»ft TBTI 1898 # ^f^RFT afR ^rm \^«IH «F?f cl^ ^ 4fn«j| TFIRT cfft I ^3# RTR ci-si^ «Fit RFFlf^ viH'<in cF? •^qw cFiF 'iq'i'< nm afR apFi RFR ^gaiRcB tiil«lc1 ^3TT I RR 1900 ^ Rqf^<r>i nT^ ^ aiPRT

qi^vii—nn ^ g-nq ^ 1^ RT^ ^ ^«flq^R q'liqi aft? ^Far^ecT am^ yRif^ c^ cpRui lci\ji<fi ^3Tr! ARh'^ ^ frit ^ «iR ?f at^^lmi nn ^r^fi^ls "gnr i nF aRd ajcF yRiIg tl'<Tl-sc c^ ^ ^ ^ RTTRT 'W I

\ war

nF WaFRT iqqi^hi

6.4 '{ovff^cC ^

RnST^cS mr cFFFRT ajT fcF), vJRcTT W ^rFT F^ ^ afR vJ^TaFTT cFR^RI FtrIT 1% v5RTTT ^vjfr ^15 iff FR vficpai ^ vJTRR \‘ ^vjicTtc qi«iR, nlRI ^ivJt'll 1^51 afR n>cRRT?flR

■<1^1^1451 air ( viti^ am^ iJ<il>sc r? W! cF>ift qcia ipraRT wciqi aff? am^ rr Rjf nR*f( ^ qsi'4 afR tm c^ arf^cHT^ nn f§**ici ^ RFiai rtcRt rrrt an^cq fRft i vs-m^ am^

ai'iPl'ifl RFRarraff qfr fr rr^ rh anqii vioiqi i rf Rrmrfl FfpfT rtpjr afR ^rrtr mr rffri '»1ll4 f^ qqiq ^TIT 1%ft ^3RTR RRR ^-

1. sJvhil nft cft^RT—iqilRiq^K'i (R)) RFRt ritr f^RT % vi-ti^ 4144 ^q^RtSlvn «p*q41 (?t4r

artfR) ^ felcHmi ^qvqHl iqciiqi ( RT^ ^RgR^fUT f^?TTR ^*^41 eft ^RTRR R?i^cpiftlcpiv: aiT I qi.s'^ci (1930) 4 F^ RR ^ t^RT RFg 1931 R^ '^hI*! RFt^ 4 RRRift

Racnqi 'TSRI^FRIR qfr n'i'sA cPT v^-dcii f^RT I(^) ^vn^cc 4 aTRftRTR a*qiqT_ <n*q4l q>l'<H'i^?i'i, ^-R[^, 'e2«4 3TTR^

q’*q4l arrf^ r^ 3FR R? RFR f^RIT I ^ RRRR 44 ^qiq^i'T Rlt RRIRTI •mvji^trc gRS ai'S'i ^ RTR v^ fcl<sqia RT I

(r) xnvn^c^ RTFcTl an R^-R^ R>F7rR?IR R)T Acjcq RRR fisquM R^ RTRiT^ rR | F^irf^ Vi-<14 F^ WR ^ 3t4r5 R>TatRRRRf tR Rri RRT f^RT f R?^ cpiO-rt 4 FR f^?ft ^ RTR R^

f^>RT I

/■sm4 ^ q^-sviei RRF>R RIRTR ^ rjRi R^ RTRRT ^ RRRT RTFRT aiT ] RRc^

RRTRT RRRT RTFRT aiT I

58, wgm 71^ {\r^1776-1945 7.iff)

2. {^) % 1903 ’TRI tpycp ^ ^TT^ ^wi4c)i^ ^ I Tjcfc ^ cprcrf^Rff ^ ^cp-wM m|tji4ji ■^nar €f 3ri cjint^ ^janarf ^ ^ ^ ^ tf^r ^ yW'ii ^TTF^ aff I 5^^ ^ 3fk cfjRxft^^Rf g cTT^ v3^ aft^

^ ^ ogq't«TT <f>'ict> ^C'i'iic ^ ^ 3t^8TT 3Tf?I«IxR(arf^) 17^ ^ 1^ 7TT51

(^) 1906 twf PM gap, cFR^ cf)*ii?M ^ arf&PxT^ afr? 'MP?fyfn'ci pjt afR a?f?Icp pst f^PT i 5^ pp? af^^ p?4cP mRos-i c^wh-iI ■pt ?ft 5^ gPMf Ppfr^FT 5RT cPJ f^'!i4 g?t gp gjt phpt ?Wt, ?it ^5^ 5^ ptp^ g^ atiqiwa ^ ^ gn% g?i ^ ?Wt I 5^ pgs ^ q®iqi [ a?Rj qRqg'i xfRajiarf xxgxff^ 0*mRi4)T m^qc^i^il',xk^lR'*! gp?, gtgp -^gr gx*gRigl g^f gxx^RPT ^grf^fgM xfe artfpi gR f^gr pgr 1 gpfiprg arrfpT gR ggr 1 xFfrgpT gjt gfp ^ ?g> gp.% pf ^ gngRmf g^ ant?! ^ 1%^ xfig x^ ^PTFT ^ ^ arg^ agg-cgg ^ f^Mg-f^Kiig ^ i afr# # gg^ ■*( fs? ggg^ gxxffgrg ^ f&RRt-PT^ g?f g^ g^ gp?t gR ^ afR ^g giPcfr ^ xphx^ gjt RRifgg? pht giT^ grgr 1

3. <siiei 'ni*iJ1 3Ftp aitgfSrgT—1906 ^ ^ xj^ ^g pgs’ xgxff gRigr gglf^x g?ggypT pisri ^ 1 x^gg

'LaiEii'q 'FTTpfirgf, xJt^ g?f a^gjiRff aft? ggiaft aft ggrft >ji'if x:r gfr aicgf&g) pg^fl aft? 3T?g?aj?TT g^t ^ v3?Tg?f ar^pf^ p^ 4t grrftftt 1 §?r x?gg ■# g? ‘ftt cp^r pgr anfftx ony-iicp aftgf&gf aft? ggiaft p? ^\g5 aft-p ^ ^ggr cnnft gnft gTl%xT |

4. pgr^^ ^ pen—f^fgpT ^ grg ^ngg pPPcTpe ^ pg^ ft?fT ^i-hI^c ag fiiRigftPPT^ ^ pfft ^rpft aft I ^ 1902 ft gftgHT ^arp ^ ppt^ gft ^^a ici ft gftggp ^tp

pifcTgft gft fWT Ri<>>s '3?fft ?fp 1898 eft §4ft-i pgp g? p^rt fergr 1 5?t e-sauM ft xjpgft q«i<?ifpfftip Pirgi^yf aft fftx \3?ift ppt^ gp par fftrgr, grgfftx 5?rft p?ft ?tp 1877 ft si 414c ftgr aft? ?^4890 ft si414c vcftq'fts ft PlfcTeftf eft xjgr ft g-sniell ft BPpftP fftPTT ajT I pniTfteP ft cpNcii ?aTP eft xft PTcJ PRft gft ep'lRiai pft XRX^ PlfcTep PTcT PRft eft 1^ ftgR p^ gf g-^lcl? pgrftgeft gftggp ^an *iifciepl gft gpgft ftl pf p^ gft ftPTPfxT eft aTtftp gppft xftF?R ftpT ftPiPR p?Tgft

fftgpcT ftPT aft? ftpT eft eftpl’ gRT PP PPP gcTPlftPI I ?P 5fP4 epT FP RlPPelft eft Xjg?

epftRiP gpigr pgr i fp gpft?ip ft pr4 1903 ft ppt^ ^ ?ipafp ft arpftt RhIc? ftp gft 1 pgrftge?IPg-?PTg P? H'Jlej^'ft eft Wcgi^l PTPP^ PpXJP eft plft ft Ppftp ^ ?IPST aTPftt fftpfpfftft ftpRTT ?FT

p?^ apf^ftt Rrgrfftp gft ^ftFep? cRft?! srg gftf ftr Rigpfftpf ept pfti ptpt i

5. siiylrl«t> 'tiibinl gp Pfft?ffFI—?PpftcP PFRT ft?IT ?T^Pfrr ag pft PT^ftrfpj ?pgp1 ^ pR?8tr gft xft g^ pfr ftpT ag 1 p?Tft gftpxjg gft fftx gp aft? pip ?TP?gTp ?Tpg ftp gft g^ ?gRgTft ft I ^xji^cc ft agift prtp ppp ft arpftgp ft eo ffticigp ftgftg? fpr^ c^ef)41 eft gpt afR 24 Wftigp ftgftg? ^aiPT gr^ gft ?Rf&p gpi fftgr 1 ?g^ 1902 ^ fftg^ftpp ftgg eft grp xftF?p

agcRggx gftft ppeft, grfftgr aft? ^aiFftf eft RtpIx? pp gpft

^Ri ?iTPftrgf aft? aftpf&gf ft fttft PTcft Iftcpgftf eft ^nprgf ■ft phcp gft ft f^grgg

?Rgp?agift FTP ft fftgr 1 sjiyRiep ?pgpf ft x^Rtstp gft ftftft gp ppRg gf sg 1ft ^ PTpftI ft ftf arftt pg? ft?-?Rgpft fttpl ft fftft xft ^ ft, aig gr ftt ?Rgp? ?gg gipf gftftf gr fftaft fttftf gft pp ftpf ft gpp PRft ft fftp aigp1% ftfr, fftft ?RegR frt RiylRa '?Iw'^ aiftip gpp PRft gft argpfftafti

?7«g W FftFTP (fty 1^76—1945 ^.^.) 59

ill's'll 6. 91^<p' ^nvl^cTC ^ ?TRHcpM yc-ll sff I yc-ll7R 1907 ^ '^Pl<f) ^ I 5J’«;'l ^ •qcll^ oft^ g5Tqf^Rff ST^fl i?l‘ll^ cf5t

■<o\Ji^cc ci?r =fi1^ wrftTM Tjf i^Pi<f5 ^ |[3fT arr, «pff% ^ cprat ^ aft? cF^rf^ ^ 'dRia 5'11'^i'f ^ ^^cRT ^ ■^TiT an I w'Ji^c^ w '^>5'ii an n^-ir| snmf^ sfr^ ^^^tnlctaff % 'Jiii^5i<p’< snr^ n? ^Picn fctrarr an, SPicn nn fmnn fefnj ^apfenrf ^ ^ ’Trt 25 Pifciti'i •sm'< vrt n^ i 1908 ^ ^oncTf^w—?ff^fe nra f&jnr, I^rt^ ^?Mei ^ 3T^nf^ ^ 1% f^rfmcfhfFT ^ w- rra> ^5^^ ijnfr ^ f 1 ?>Fr ^rt an ^Pi^ti ^TprfifeRff ^ anznnT ^ 31^ omfr^ ^ nwr^ ^ cr^ ^ ^55iR ^ ^^aMci *iT^c^l <T5*il?M «i'ii<ji I §ticfj| '^al'Jii ajf ^n an % STI^ ^ici^R fcFHn ^ ?im'icf>ici ^ '^•S'lci Rvjicl yuiicfl ^iRci ^ Rjt I

ntt

7(?f >HM5<?ioi'iTt ^ vdc^o nR^ ^ 6c|n sfk >3'Men '^<acn'l enr osn ^ PitifRa ofR Ri.si'm'i ^ '^aRT^ ylriMi'5'i ^ 1908 4 afr? amt sn^ nr^

y^ifriaiRit! 'nrfefn ^ 'man 7^ wr 1 5^ 3fR Ri^i-n'l ef^n^ t^RT an, «rfean viMcn n?R ef^ rrcIT 5RFr ^ aft, vnenl ^jRn? ci'flen stRTRefrT f^nr an aif? 3Tn^ xiiwl cr? M*iRa eR l^nr an 5nnR ^ ?ijfRt eftrr

>3^ v3t?aff afR Ri«si'fl'l ^ iff^ laRcfRT ^ cR 1^an an, ^ mvji^cc ^*iiici^l afR ^Rra?r cpi4?iRki ^f'RlaoiM ^I ^15^ givdM tfl'S*^ n?^anr'TRctf RiwIRa nR afR vdMen f^ ^ r Raj ^fnn> ^nK nR 1 ^ I^rt ^ ^

RiacjiM an. ^ ?8nn RRft t afR ^ ^ r?[ tri^ an f&> ?rf^ feh-si Rf^fRf Rf ^sffeep ift'S'jci M'lcpK ^ ^ I 5R RcT ^ nwT ejwl'i an % nft Rttt ^ ^Rn ^ aM<nl Rn^^rft

?Rff # f^ ^ RR «T^ aft? ?TR cTan atixR’n ^ ?tfj, nR aft? rtst ^ fn ?isaff ^ ^ eRft 1^ n? ^nft ’R ^ cTtWt ^ ^Rf> f?ftRcr nRft ^ ^7frR?^ ■rmt t, 5M01 ■»fi ijrr anjffn an r

c^Rhi ifftft?R efn cRS'ii ft 1% aiii5?il afR Rt^iRTF nft enft crR ^6fR^ ’ft vdMcnl MH^waR qiwiq ft sT^ ?ftfft?T aft | 5?fcR aRR; «nRR ftt an eFftft?! ft ftR«f fft^ RR ’^ftr fftift, nft m qigai an 1 cnnnRftf aft? ^aftnfrfftf rt nftftR ft nrft rtr an, ftf&R n? nR fti ?r ft fft> fft^ ^ Rnft TR) nwjH cfvft RT ■gan?R an 1 eicnTft> n? aR 'jfRR? anjRRT R?ft nft ftan? an, ?TnnjRR 'ft^ v3?r fftxnft ^ ?naT ^ eiftft ^ aft aft? anRt nft Rn anft ’T? ^ M*isilai nRft aft Ifttft ftan? ftt rrt an ftfftR Rr ftl ftftft?R1%^ TR Rnft ft fft) ‘R?Tcift tjgi ?nRRT iR aft ffti ■;5?3ft ■g£n?afft aft fcR ?t^Rj ?TyTftftrr am Renan aa^ 1ftan aft? ??i natn? ynfftanftt anRtcR aftf iftcnr nR^ fftRi 1 urt ctan ■ER^nmRt n^r Maid ft. vdMeft ft?ftfts apRf ft ?R^nrneft aftf wnft ?ifft?r fft^ft 1”

6.5 «)vjI^QTi ^ o

IftRT ?nR dd^cc anrftapn nn ft?ftft^ ?r, ^ ?Raj amftanT anat ft?ft ft 3RR.?fft ajft ftifft n???T an I Mvji^ec fcRar i^cnai ft feRnM aRciT an aft? amft ft?T ^ ftftft ft 1ft?R? ??ft aft fftnj

cneai an I anfft?T nft nft atnft ijan rr? ft ia?ift an?!, ‘Ri^Rj fftn aft? m*mm aft Iftigid ft fftRft ftt yMftHasi aft fftnj aR ?fttnn ?R]?cnyft ftftft fftj ^fftan ftft ?cR n? an ^?Taft Rjrftfan ^nft ft 1% ^fftan am ftt 'MilftMiftl ft?T ffttft amR ?trr rrt ftt aft? ftf ■^(ftan

3PT^fW ^ Wf^FTW (^ 1776—1945 ^.^.)60 ?7iR

^ ^irfcZI 'W’Ji*! 3T^ ^?7f ^ 7T?^Rftc{?TT ?nf^ ^ fcl^ 7? ^ I

?? ajfckl ^ ^ ^ yc-l/^ 3r>ft ’ft HIW f. ^ ^ Oflicfl f 1% cfrn" cfr TPEflT^ cPH f '3T +i<s<ji ^ 'j^i«;i ^ ’ft *ig;Tqi^u| xjicjJtij Tpf si2jf?i snc’perr ^ ffFTcn^

>b'iw -fTTST ?t^ cTT^ aicJltspP ’filHcf) 1%^ SP^inff aft? STrJJTW^ ^ Ttcfr^ ^ eft ’IHRST-Piofy 3ff^ ^ 3P^ cf^ ■d'Hm ^ ^61'<l ^ l” ^ fttTNT^JM 3Tc^

sft I ^ ^ WT^’feRP 3fk ’ii'iqlti ’fllsi'l'l Pf^fiTW Sft^ Rlcpl-fl ^ ’ft WTef

IT^ ^ ^ sp I ^ ^ 3RRf^Ur ^ ^ arpSTT # »TTcRr yp ^ eft ( qf^cf’ft’frai^ ynf^f ^ ’ffPeT cf^ 3fR 5RTRT P^RTFR sfR vjINU ^ ^

4ofli ®JT) Wyl^eC ^ ^ ^t^ ^ ^ cTT^ SFlsf ^ WSPJof ’J^|Hef)| eft i WK'^Iaprfr^ eiif^Tci ^ ^ '?Pfn i ^yicic^ ^ fci^ ’ft1% ^ ^ppr t-

1. ^?^-y|lHl'l '5^—1904 ^ afR yiimi ^ 4tx! fn-si^ ipi ^ ’left I w\Ji^cc eift

^Ei^'jfrl vSinTH ^i*iilci5> eft,ft RRft ftftt ^ a>®Jfl 35^ cjft ftt tnyf^cC -rt^a ^ PeTT I 'TeftuTT >ft>/»^<?C ft

fft) 3? ?P H’T’t ft ftt^-«i-mq cp^ eft 'SRTft 3?fT 313 ePP yllHM ft '<^(?1I-6K' fttfft 33 ■il**li’i^?ft 33 31331 3^ 3RelT afftj 3? yft?T #3 3ft dldlft 33 31331 3^ 3R3T, 33 33? 31 l^ft ftfrT-33T3 3^ cob'll I 313 33313 ft 13 fttftt 3Teft 33 3TT?3RT3 ft fftejT, eft 3131%^ ft 31333 1905 ft 3?! ptftj 3RT ftt I 5^ 31% ft fttftt^ 32ft ft 3^1^31 3ft wl-sft 33 31331 fftl3T afR

33313 33 ft'jcn <p'|R41I 3^ sfR ’ft *i\j|^a it 3311 33313 ft RRT ^ 3^Jft3T 1^131

fftr311

3l3

eft 351 ft ^ 1 RRT 'epH 11R’ ftttft 33 RTg 83 I ?Rlf^ 33313 eft ^38J ^ -^531 3133 eft 313 313 33313 ft 3R1 3ft ejl| fttftt 3R 13131 afR H^3l 3^31

2. 3tR3*) ^Rfd—R7^ 1905-1906 ft ftR3^ ftcpc ft #3-3373 epT# wyiqpc ft 3^ aft? ^' #ft ft ftepTi IH 313ft ft ftRcfcift eft 3iftft ft 37R1 eft r -jef eft uiftftt ft ^fttftl ftt afR 13 313 eft

H3 3R. ft UTRI ftRR31331 eft f!t) Reij^ ipfR ^ ejRW 3R Riepft3)fT 1ft) 31 viTlft aT3ftei3 eft >i.qlet 3R Tjefi wfteR Jdltl 1 a)<ryllR<4i ft ^33 afR *yl^e<i

ft IRlft eTFI ftft eft tclft ft3ft gl^d 3ft fty3 i ejlf 3^ eft RI3?ftc3 ^33, ^ft 313fteF3 eft ftlftc ft 313

ft 3^ aiRittsi ft Rfttiftft 3313 eft 13 IRHfRFTcl IftftRI fttfrr eft Rsldl^J 3# t yft 31

eft 1 fttfts ft eil ■# cfTH fef) 13 R13?flft 3ft Rftt311R 3R31 3f3ft3)T 313ftt t iftl ejRtftt3 1ftR3 ft yivjiftfclep

SPlftt 3ft 131 3?Rft ft 373ft ft 313#^ ftt^ 3# ftlT) RieiftcS ft 3^3381 ft R13 ft ftt 313

1ft31, en iftR3?ITfftl eft 3313 Reuft ft 3^ 31I 3t3313 fft311 ,■3. ftftft3[3 fttftl—ftft1ft33 fttift ft 'dd^etj ft TJ37 3H3ft3 ^ 3ft fftftRT ftffeT 31 nftRl fft3T I

13 313ft ft Rfpra ft Riesftce eft fcrft?1 fttift ft ftft '3^ 3tR3 31 8J1 1ft 3^ aiHtieht ft ^ ft eft f|3 ft t, ejieft 353 ftl vmft afR Iftftt ftRI eft l^flft ft eft^ ai^^ 3Ri 3 ftft31t3

3F?1(^) ftftejlJolT ft e^yln ft 37^ ft?ft ft efjft IftqJ §ji afR ftftejejcTT epi Rl^ftcT

fftfftjjftt 13 epeft 3ft 3(31 epRft ft 3138} 3# 8J11 fftR33R, 1902 ft iftfl, eilftftt afR gccit ft ftft^’JcIT ft 3)11 fft en ^3ft ii'iRftl gIRI 3ft epft 3ft 3313 cft^l ft I epejf cilci 3#

31311 lalyll 31 ^3(1 fft 13 aicpcil ft ftftejejcll epft ftR fe13f^3fR 33ft 3^3^31^ 3R 3t3rT3Tft 3ft 1 ftfte^TJ31T ft ft 1R1 313# ft 3'tacM ftft 3ft epH I.Rieiftj^ ft 13 ell ft ^ftftt3 ftnt ejft yWiafR 313 ft #3-3313 glRT 13^ 31 fftqciKI 3R \ ,, ' ,,))

17387 677 I^ITW -1776-1045 61

(^) -^r ZTF 3PT^ ^ 3T^ifr <;o<?i

sn^ 'iMiR'ti'l ^ ftcfl ci'ii ernj,53^ <iv?T,

^ sispT ^ 17^SPrflW ^ ^ ITT 3P^ 3RT *t (^-iff ^TWI ^ ^ «;<aei ^ f sftr h [5^*11

t^.&l’fl ■?! l^?q)<i gTHl t 5'dfcn; cFTTrTR 'Idfcliil

in cRiqyqi ^ *ii*ici'l ^ §xt^T ^ ^ sn^^fW ^ SncTTf^tlT yld-M Inn 4 cpin cp^ c^

el'll 1” '^nikld^' in yl'i('3|| ^ ^ 1% '|ldl<4 fch-iH 41 y ^<;<9d ^ «(qf?Ci ^7^ cpl^ll 3ft7 ^ ^fS.'i 31*1^1 cfi| c^ cf^ IT? -claici-Tl ^ niff

, amfran^nr I 5^ f^i.si'^-^ STTUR n? inur^c^ ^ -slR'il int sm^fin si^ffmsr

^?n3n nnjii iRT 1^ i mft sjcrstt ^ aiiftn ot^cpt ^ arfsi^iRiff inr ?cn 1^ tt^ji % ^

gnf^ ^ if^ ?ff 3ff?iR nr ^ S7TI ^ ?thct 1905 ^f ^rmr

^ninl ifi ipuf cffer nr ifT arr, f?tn ^ nffW W ntipT IRTTI -dvji^c^ % PtlcSI*^ OT-Rl«5l'fl ‘ IPT^

“cFTIcTR <icnlaii7 HI cnN'^ai cpm, fuRi^f cr3lgr ^ it«i irnKn

CT'imi'!

^ fnfe

am ^ anr^ ?tt% n ^ in^ nr^idl *f q'aci

•sli^'M iTifij ^ ifWT-'^?iF> ecpcoi afR §cf)coi n^ wn ^ ^ %?r^ unn ^rr^^ f^ 5«l*iid. Ffift ailn f^a'fi ■nnf cjff amripfi ^ fern Pt^y if>^ 1 u? ’fi mi ^arr 1^ ^IPi'il n n^f ir^nr affi n ‘F>ijf (aicTn ^) ^ m^nr 1

(n) W'Jt^cC ^ IT?ftmT nn -WSKl clW'^ ^ qoei f^UT a^ ^TRF ^ cr<^«iicfTPml' ipt iim nn ^FT^ ai'iMcpai i^d'^ mf amffiPT 3nnff afcnmftai^iTN qtgd \Ji>f)’< ^nr i

(ar) Hdi*!! n?^—■i^Pr?r-3Rffi^ nm ainylq^TiFRf ■ff ^ wi ?n nm# nft ^ ^ s^arPran ^m «i'iqiqi vjiinr nrofi Bf mn air n^lRh aff? w>iRiwl iifr ^ ewnn2/3 ipn ^ diil'H aft? ^

M?U'<n newiMK ^ a>ic<Tn(c<r>

irranHiciK amrffein aft? n?iRf nPft

ywK am^fetn ^ ar^eiffeiP ^frifr ^ n^rmi nFRmn^ Fn affi nn i aim in nnewmx

«i'ii41 vjii^, ?fT am^fnn «iff 'tigsTi mo-I ^fif i ^in Tmrnr inMn? ^ afh? aiccnTcf'^> inriTFR ^ I nn isso nff-^qwcd-qi^qy iTf^T ^ uni miT an ?ii ?cni^ qqiql nrcfl f&iifi »ft n?? ifT^ ^f flr^ <nl ■iff amfran nmR fi arPlcpR nM Ffni i nf amraifafinR wl-s^ nff ^hr n an aifi? 5^1 fci',' amffin n?R int q'lgp if^f hIuht aint nff nmnrnr 1 mi 1878 nin mfiftiff nnqift % nffcTf^mn f^im^ arsffn in n?R ineiT irnim an, f^imiff mn in? dflh'i 5?i inmff ^ 8 mm mn inw m?^ ^ «nn an n^f ipiff ^ ipRn in

um ■itl-s 1 iRim <n'iid n>imfi imanfi isqiiciqi wifrifi iumfi ??f sdi^) 1^ gm ^ afr? in arnffun ?Taj t ?:g) ffm? afr 15^ ^ fttn nff-iffP ^ iff nPcTcPi

^ mn afr? Hftn Tn e^ni if anpf aif&inR mf n? iff^ i^ tm 11 ii^ nml iar^ irrcfr qey miiicii i^ anm? n? mff ^ urnif^ aff? ^^-nfiff ^ f^ Pr:?jc5) 15^ ?i^f m^iff i in • ’fl mf afr % n?? annFTnn afR mi ?mTf^ iiff mif ^ in^ ^r mai nff^ ifnnnr nfff&iin vfi^'ii I i mff anffinr ii^ aff, 5+1 Pn^ ?ig 1901 ff ifnt i-nia-n ifPr ^mffi

ifr

mi 1903 ff amffnn i nfferf^m maj ijin ^rfS" iift pRii, arnffin i in? 'i 5RT^ ii^^ 10,000.000 ifcT? mn g?cT 'iqiq. gqaiq ait? 250,000 sieiy nidi'll Rhyiqi ii lift im <fff(nH #) I fyw mfiffiff imniff i fn n? i anRi mn an, ^ff 40,000,000 iiH? nfi Tmi ■^f nniff aft, nn i intcri^^ iiff yftAci 5?f ■?ifal uft ytil'jip unm ip?i i ^nn? ni?''

62 77^ W ^(asiti (^ 1776—1945

I u? an V? sfr 1% Tnrmr cf^ ^ ^rcf?^ snr f^’ t,^ ^ f%^ <7)101 f^iji cpf [*idHi ^rr%n I 3iH^lt*)i ^ y^ldP^yr ^ cph ^nr R^ciinfciid

npTTi 'wvji'l'x 3rJW ^ ^ afk ^ nm ■# 1^ ^^dicT) 'Ji6iy<;«il <7)6^11 cfj? f^rnr yn^ i

f2j<ll«!'< Wyi^ct

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H'ii*ii ^ 3Tn^ <7)1(71 ill ^ ^iicra tilled cP? f^nr i aPTfran ^

'neiHdi ^ sft 3fl7 (3^iTdi*ii ■ff Rifile

ipTFTT cp^ cTelT^ibldn^ill if)t '^'IKifr ^ yTT^ ^ YfiPT ^ (Jp^ Q'i'd ^■^^1 15

’llHH*il ■^yn PTPJdT

tRFTT ^^lilvil IJcp) TTRI cR4) §'di1*1'dn? ^ of! I 3i*ii1<7)| cf^ fTT f4)<^«('4l <f)7% W ’ll 3lf3<7)K PloT '’RTT 3lk yTWel iploflp

3fl7 ndmi 715^1 ^ jlcRT ■(’iii’l ?)T ’ll B«f) nRT ^ I 5^ TTRI ^ SKT Hdidi ?rff^ iRRT 7^^ f^ •3l*iyl«f)l cPf (i<a<7l W 3Tl?Jcf)N ’ll nPel ^ TmT I iPl'iHill nP’pH ’ll 40,000,000 •Sfd-^

^ TePPT flle^ Tf^l I• PF? Pl,*lf«l ^ W*T 1904 g3TT 3ff7 1914 ijff ff^ ^ ’pH I 15 3FRfr, 1914

?lip^ niHT Pl<7)<7ll I PI? PlHf>J| 3fhJ r4)(?l«l'41 cPn ^ tFT^: 275,000,0003il7 113,000,000 -sld'! 3lli|l I 5^ epFf fem 3ii<77ii<7) SPT ynH cp^ 5(7)C(jl Rbill PPT STTI■ddciec % sm^ 5^ PfR il9)oiai P?? Pi*iI'J| '!ilf4a 1% P?? fchd'D 3TTcI?7ra) # I <7)l<7ifi^iji 5^ ■?T# ■ff ifRcP ’TFT arr afk ^ scpr n? ^irll PRir 'd'^^di ^ ?rg c^ if ^pr iPR 7?T 8JTI oi'Ji^cC OR: ^ ^TiaT ip)FT ^vRT ajTil*l<l<7)iqiidijl ^ '7)ldr*«iqi ’fnaj vd'd'7) 5^-^<4q6l'! ipH PTO ’ll «P)7 f^TJT ^R)H 3fR v3R«^

Riaff ^O-T)! <R <7)6H 11%—

^ foRT all^ 3Tf&tPRT. Hdl*!!

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7N# cpH wlifRl 3NR BeRT ^ v3'?l'l-ftffilB ipf ’ll '^^NTHTT I BTefff&) (iH<^Plel If ^oyf^oe ePT 3nRT <7)1^ fdf^ Waf 'T^ SIT, ^ftfR fyNT cRB ^ 'd'dd §R «IRT ^ ■iicjjlii NR «tn 7)1*1 PR <7)'<<7) ^-diT)! ’3?!’ ^ 1^R ^ ^ vpl’dl'dl ■^RpH i^v^cl t|)l ^PTR ^RT^ ^%R ^ ^ 3TR?f pH PR pfi afri

fyHB OT 31*1’51'7)| H B^aPRT MC<^I pH bI^IPTPT, PrH (Tlfcd SRHpP Hr! sffp RT^ ^Pliii

pH p^ pppp pfpTi rr ^1%p r’p11<^i tH Hr! pH pb wt nr rpt rr^ (Wpt pp 'i'iiii He<7j, PPT t, P# cH HrI pH ’ll ijR 1%?ptr ^ rrt sr^Hpr rtrtpppt^I ?t11pH H ijtt

RRTTP PR RRT t|

• 6.6 ^ f«M7l'|l^’tfi

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anp Ri^ ^ RT^fH r rrHcR pH rb Hlf^ br^. pb^ 3r^1cpt srt sfPRnJl ptfl stnrtp pH HlfH f«ld7)d f^T-R ^ I 'dien^e’C H #Hf^RR jHp pH H11% PP RPTN RPT I NR^IPP iH feR P^

^-RBtP ^ ^ t, RRHoC H fH)# ’ll PTg PR ^ P^ 3fB% PTPT PNH H RP)N R^ ^ fHPT |RRH^ H HH^JPNT <H RTR^ H B^RSfP fH)RT eTT% fl^, rH’H affp BR^ B^ RPR H P5PN R HH

w^m aniiim m wftf^ (^ 1776^1945 ^.^.) 63

^ sfr? IfRT ?PT% cpT I^-Wcll I ^ftPR 1905 '<^'cl's'lR‘i'l^ *i]‘i^ 6(51^ c;'a<?i 1% ^ ■m?cii ^'ilM ^ 5^ ffT^ H ^ «i5i'i ^-aci

1^ Cf? ^ WrtT ^ ^ ^ ^ F'RT^ ^ I ^ ^ 3T^rto^ ei‘i>i'i '?R^RT «f^ fell I ct^«li '•ff \i(i 'fl^l'l^'i ^ 3TF5 ^ ?llPa ^iRcl <f^^ ^ %IIT 5^ cTF ?TTf^ ^SiTf?m ^ ^ ^ ^ >3^ 31^ g^f

^eC ■gF cRcfT 8JT ^ ^ WK ST^rffcPT ^ yft ^ FOT5) ^ f,^'ict^ fB'+i'Jlo ^ ^TF^ snai'yi 'jrpF 3R5ft 11 '^nTTcIce ^ ft^^ F^ sfTcT ^ fcTg ^TSfr cp? f^iii fit? 1850 ^ cji^C'i gcTtJ7 ^ aFTFfcT vj^ F^ 5cii3# W

^ 3TfSra?R ;rRT f, ^ 1^ ^ ''3^ gffcTf^^ ^ ■fecfro, ^ ^ gcR tftSJT, Mllfll f^fi'lF ’IFcPRT 3ff^ F^ cRF ^ 5cll'^ ^ vji'ili TITO Tfff 1 F^fSjJRT S-Ttw^ 3ri?J^ TITO ^ ^ erl ^ cfe -HTSI ^ f^. TOTO ^ 1^ Sft^ 3lf5Rf?m3i*i’<l<r>iqif^<jl % cpli^ifi^i^i ^ ■^n?! vi-dcf) ^sJclFR ^ TOR TO? f^TO |”

’ffl'Ji^TC ^ TOT^ Ri.gi'q ^ 'cpkIcI'?' Tf^ tj'lq^ii cf?7^ '^TTOI Tjft TOgl SIT W ’ff TTO^ ■et^-^^FT cPT TJcf? 3TO sjt I 1904 ^ 31^ qif?<i> TOTOT ^ «>vji<^c'C ^ fei, ‘‘cITOFR 'lcl(^<lT TO TOPITOT TOTH fui-icnl TOFF ^ ^THI TOTOjT TO?IH HF^ TO% 3IHffTOT ^ ^ TO aiTO TO^

3RT ^ jlR# TOTO ^ TO3H ^ Hvjig^ TO^ gf sft? Hf^TOft HtcTO^ 3TO?ITOTHH^ (^•Sl'Ct Ri?q|+l ^^5% TOcTT TOR ^ ^ §'<11^^FTTcfR TOTtrRif TO TOTTOTTO TO TOTOTt ^ F^ Ft^ ^ ’tt 3IHfrTOT TOT STHRI^TO gfcH-w ^ WI TOTH TO^ HTOg^ FfHT H^HT l”

'<o'jiqcC TO^ ^-^’c TOTT sfR TOH^ 'HFT-FFT ^ *^11% TOf cRF ^5^ f^TO 1 vb«iq?| f&TOITOTI 'W'JicIcC ^ 3I5TH sjf | F^lf^ ^-iiqT TOFTSI '•s'Ic1'<-1f'<i1^'HI' TI?[ -iKf^ 3TOHT^ I

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• w'JiqcTC ^ '^ciRb-^ tjhs', %HTOf TOIS. ^ WF TO*^. >iHcl TOf qi-H f&THTRji-dA TOHFT ??[ HcTT^ Hff ?TTO TOTSJ ^ HT5I FTO^ TTO'^SZt, 7FH-TOFH, 3TT^fTO t^f^ Snf^ H

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f^ TOt^THt TOT TITOTH flpTO 1• TOURteF ^ 'HFT-FFT' •^Ifrl TO?^ 3Tf?lTO eftTOfrlH f^TOt^TEff sff | 'TOtoPThH HF?'

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arrorm

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2. TOTOft?? nft fftftro ’flt!f TOT STFTOlxlHTrHTO '^^TOTOH |

64 wjTOf TOH7 spT^iw m ?frfwm (^ 1776-1945

'h'Ji^cre3. ^ H'lHI •T?^ ^ ^ ?T^ c|5f .RI-WK cjftfyfTJ |

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1. 3TTO ■?

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4. ■? 3i*i<i<r)'i

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«g<m ?7«^ 3l*l'f}<t>l W $Iae/ff fipf 1776—194S ^.^.) 65

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66 ^9fr VTifq fipf 1776-1945

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w^m wuR amitm m ?f^7W (^ 1776-1945 rr.^.) 67

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tpiFi-yan vi^d*!

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WJTOT ?7W »?^TO7 TO7 ?#F7TO 1776-1945 69

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70 ttg<70 ww»v 3l*i'f}w Wl (<fFl 1776—1945 1^.^.)

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Sti'^'lci'i ^ 'jeim-naTT clfT ^RRT ^ Tjff^ qcfi.g'ii f%nT I

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■^■OTn-UafT '4'*Jpi'i

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7^ ferRF%^ tilqu|| nit yft 3ny% itfRR tr sfyBw tirt^ ■nny 7^ Tpyjn % ^ trt.

WT%y\Jl)il

Tnft^ I 1831 if 'I'fl'fll '■^-^'(^'■s3IRT

«3<7r/ 3i*i'fl<i>l Wf ^/9«/W (^ 1776—1945 ^.^.) 71

5000 'Slci'< ^ ftePTT I vi'ei^ ^ 5raR f^-yi ^JcIPT-^RTT ^li'iil^cp

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^ t, fad'll % 6HRT XldM 11” ■ '■

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f%55 31% '%! t5 ■^’ 57F7 357757 11 37775 Rh'xH '^•S*+l %, 37% 5755 5% x5q%ai 577 57557 (^57%%? 877, 'c1‘lldix 3l%ftl57 ^ f%) ?73 f%3J5 5% 77 577 f%3J7 3771% | %R7%3r5 cf77 55 %te% 3% 575 Rh'Xl'l FT^TT 3775) f%%3%^%f%5 3?77 71575 «H 3T3I7 85 3f?7 ci‘llcilX 3775 7T7c7 7757 F775)7 77575 7F71 1841 %

35Tcp7 ‘.%t %5 7)c7' 775757 f%)3n 535 I

10. ,«n«^x-‘JlxJ*’'S %cr-7?^—§555-5877 3% 733§^T5' 3% f^573Tfcr3% % 3§I7 3%7 axiq)l %?

37357735, % §5775?' 5%’.375% 57fc73f% 5% 7%F3f)7 7<7%57 7|5%[ % 575% % 555 %% "§!%) §clT5? 3f%

72 W§W 773/^ Stf/lo/ WT $l^e/tl (W^ 1776—1945 ^.^.)

§0775-5877 '3'§cll

%75

cPFT ^ vncTT SfT I 3TcT: 5^ ^ uTTcTT STTI 5^

'‘ai'ti ^ <P';nl sft, c^fch'i iff 'ffl^ scii<p fTf ^ W scivfliH ^jTfrlT

87TI 1830—1860 ^ ci'r*l'l 60,000 ‘jcii*i ’TFT ’T^ I >3x1'I ^ <gw TIFTTf ^ ’^clIhI cf?f STTW^t ^ ’TTTT cP? I 5'Jli':f cft’T ‘WT^ qjt clSTT,6FT eP^ I cftFf

cfir ’ra 8JTST’R 3TT^’?t ^ f«FTT ch'4^’< q’5iq> TTsTT ’T^ cfT vJ^ 3Tq^ 3||qchl 3TTFTR

. 3)'K sTT'jrrq el'll i ^jcrnrt ottw^ «rt^ -d'lcfTi fi^ q>7FT W’TTTT 'q’xfcJj

^ I SlMIcl ^ ’T^ cpT’T 'SF^TTTRR^' '^-'Tt^ cF?T \Jliai ^ I

’JeTTF-qaTT’T’TT

11. TT»t 'Nisei q>'^Jfl'l—^fcKiwl ^ «IT^ ■JcTFr-TTSTT TFTra cR^ ^ ^^TFlfcFTf ^ i^^RcT

■?RcFR R c^ejii cr>'<cp SFT^ ^TT^jFT cTFJ^^R^ ^ ^ -^Hld arq’TT

^«TTcic(K T3^ q^t leTRef qi^f ^ ig® eft^ff ^ '^-g'ci'S ^ ^ ftcFR 1T<F ^TJIT '^'^lO'l «l1iqi, f^RFFT ’TFT 'q?f Nisei qj^' aiT I W ^F^leR

(qRfqpT) jeiNl RJT | 18 TT^Jqf ^ Hlal^ltiiil' ^ ^T’^cT’T ^ ’TT’T feT^T I uRiPilti^i'l ^ 'fclel*l'lc jfrfcTvjft' <FT ^T’Taf’T f^RIT I vi'icfti ^efTF-qaTT q^T TTFT^ qR^ ^ TFTqTR q^ qqiq ■SleHI STTITqT^cT

qr^ 'jeim-qarr qq Ri^lai qR% ctsf q’TT^ aff I f^FFT ’RT2jT-“q?r w|eT, q5t Tf?r ^ aff? i”

12. 1850 qR 'M*isi1fli-1848 ^ ^RTcJ qiq qffiR 'TFsqt ^ qq^ ^ cZjjqR qT!

ei'iM ^T'q’tff qq’JR qq qFTqR ^[Tn qR f^qr I qfaFT TT^qt qq ^Tiq qqqRT rbcH^HI SR I RT^ qq^ ^ Vjqj fqq’T aRT f&rqr. t^RT^ vStR TTqqf q? STT^ eFTTqT qqT an fcg

^enq-qarr qq qtqr erqjqR rstt ’T’ft^ ‘jeii*i'i qrt ^tR qpHrT ^ q1?Fq qr^qf t%cftRaeim) qqq f^qi ^ I Tqq ^^tqTTP^qT oftq *)RKicpi ijpRH ^ ?[TP^ei qR^ +iqiei qq f&qqq

^ qfT aq, ^ qFFJ FTeTTcT ^ ^ -Rt 5^ ei'iai sTT 1% 5m?T f^Rff ’fi qrqq qjqn ^ qiqqq f, cl 1^*1 1850 '■<i*isflcl ^ 3TRT’fcT aT^q> ^I'tiel ?cT ^ fvRT^ ^tR q qlqTR ^ ^ rqrqj RTTI ^q qrq^ftqT ■^Rrq-qan an’qlen q^ qqq i

Pl'>l>'(—'j,ell*l-qaTT -a'•jell apT *i'<iell qq> qiyT^f^ H+lell qq qajT aq I STTT: cRHTqT-^nqqq qqe, qRTTTqr affq eiWI^c'i qrfcFnq. q^fe gqjqqr aftq qffq qrrsq qq gHeii qincTt ^ q?

qqrqq qr^tq qqq qq vioai q?T i arq ''f, ^jenq-qan vF^^ciq srfqt^ ^ qaqqqrqr qrq stRscfr qR 1^ aftq qie^ f? i86i ^ ^qr^ qq^ ^ q^ ^ ^rrq ^f ?ffq> i

wqRT

• qjenq-qan q?r ^arrq iT^f qrcTTs^r ^ ^ ^ ^ afr i ql^m ^ srafoqqqen f^q^ '|q?f sfr i qjic-i Tj^ii {qrqrqr q^ qtrft q^T^ qrc^f q^ftq) sql^l^Fqq ^ ^eii*i-qaq q^ 3itq arfaTqr

• q?T [ xftrft ^prq qrq^ ^ i sfR qrraT # cTFFRjt ’fi a^ i qfSro^t qrqqf ■grsqq:3ftq ^I'ihI ^ qqq qR^ qft <g«iei ^ g'icpM, q^ q ^FR qq qqq qR^ ^ i

• •jeim-qajT ^qr 1eF? qrqqqr qq ^q5t ^ l 'J,eii*i-qaq ^ ^ qft NitTl'ioi sftq eftq>?f5f q^ ^qRTiq qfq q^r an i fqrf^ 1739 qrf qff?rqTq fifj, 1%qT qqr 20 qrTeff ^ afqq ^ ^

'jeiiH qajT qrqRT qR f^qy qn^Fir 11789 *i qr^ qqr str qrfcFiTq # ■^cTTq-qajT q^ qiHiki qR% qq qqrqr %qT qq q^r an qf! artq ■’pqq-qan q^ q# aff 1

^jqf7 77w^ W f^Y 1776—1945 ^.^.) 73

• JJjdH-ysn ^ cfiy+iici 3TT®^ t?! TO ^ an 1 vjxi^ ^TTO ■^pTFT-'SSJT

T5^ ^ narr ^ efhr ^ ^ (^j^-nan ^ wjm ^'xf€i ^it^fiTf^' nr^ n?[ ■^ri^rf^ nnif i

' • 19^ TfcTTs^ *f 'j,ellH-n8TT sft^ vd'-llri ^ I

• ■^jeTR-nan ■^rrt ^ 3ttoT^ TOTTn nn TOfl% am ^jdin-narr stP^ttn^ WT ^ Bnr an i ar^ fcrMi aro^cnr 'ncnn nn i nn^ nnin?^ 'n^TT^rff ^ HT’J, ’ft f^n7 TOT I aTTOTTTT^^ ^ cl'lTO 50,000 ‘Jell*1^ nft aTOTT?cb'!cii<yi TOT I 'fftnnfk yiRivjiV cpT 'nnafn f^mr tott i isso ft TOfftnr tftmr tott aroftn ^diH-nan ftl n^ aft^r ■^dm-nan arfnt^nr ftl to? tot i

TOT^ Toy'll ^

ftt^

ai^oRi

1. amfmn ft ■^enn-nan eft ^ tpt eoiyui i2. '^jdTn-naTT nft TOmr tptot toT anronnT ^ tot an?3. ■^ctm-na^T eft yivflftllaep TO 31lRJep yf^H TOT^n I

4. ’jciTn-najT efft ■ftefrft ^ qdm nn anmterftf eftt snTOT eftt^rn i

1. afro n yftcti ; 5/ftft2. arra n yftcti: oTftrf3. n 37TO n y^cyy TOTO nftcT^ftwT •' 0^ JITO4. amffeTO i^y^ ; n ^ TO TO '3/to/^5. n c^fSi amftfefR nficnft afre n y^cyi ; to TO T^/ftw/

74' 77TO snrftm w fTftgM irre-ms ^.^.)

3rE2ira-8

^^fxTcFTT8.1 ■!3t?q

8.2 ffwi/cn/ •

8.3 ’J?-'g^ ^8.4 ^

8.5 ^ ?>RW

8.6 ■^-’RiTS *^43cj*^ W *iclwiPicr

8.7 fwch'^-'S^lcW

8.8 ^jfH SI'd'l ^ ?^THT 8.9, 1660 ,451 ^'lici

- /

• 'dKI?l

• 3T«fra .

8.1

31SIT7T 7^ aiKTTR ^ M?-qiq fcl^ITsff 7fr>7T^aiWI ftcTK ^ ^*15)'^ ^ I• «P=fIRT

• ^ ^Id ^ v5^T^ chK^i ^ 3:i'Ji41fci‘P ecl’^'n n*isi^ I

• 1860 ^ ^ WiS)^ ^ I \

8.2 J^iqnl

^ ^ ^ fcIcfT? ^ ^ MIH ftpTIT

afr? ^ I clWfi’TCT '^Rlyi'i 3TT^ ^ 'll'Jl’ilfcicf g^fcf^R' tr^ ^

^f^PT aft?

^ 7^ WI <t?[ 43^dl

^ ‘kHT^ ^ ^ ^ f9v<jd 'Jll'l«t1Tfl ??T 3TS7IT7I ^ ^FcT 4?^ ( •s’lci'H :^1|1&h4) 4^ vjfPT 414^ I aid'l 5T?r SH^I ^ ^ cpR^ ^tR sft? ^tSpT TiEZf ^ ^ 3^

?fuRT 4^ I 1860 ^ ^ •g'lic) ^ lal'Jll 4? ^ 'PNl 3fW 3T^ ^ 'Tcfl^ff 7^ 4T^ ^1 \j1M

^tT?

I

8.3 ^ q>i’<‘'i

3r<dlgq ^ ?SncT ^ f&5 an? ^ 3T4^ ?Tf^t^H 4^ STIT^ ^ ^ ^ 4rTT cl‘'l*ii% 7F34t cFt f^clicny 4ft 6pfl t 4? ?SJTtit 11 ^41 ^ ^?ft ^ •n'lc|y|^' ^f ??JT7ft ft^43[ 4TcT 71^ 4^' cP# 4^ t, 4? 4F 4T4 3T4?7r t" ( 47t^ *ft ?RcpR 3f4^ yiT^Wll

ffg4w 774^ 3Prff^ ^ ^/tieitf (TPT 1776—1945 ^.^.) 75

^ ^ cZIcTOTT cr>'<al 'd'Wcn'l Rhyi 'Jl|i)'ll | 3FR -ST^^ 'dfclWM ^

«fcTT^ ^Tiff ^ ar^ Tf cn^ eft ^ ^ ^ ^

f?f> ^ ^ WT ^T ^ ^FffcISTR ^ ^ ^3TT 11”

1850 cPT cl?gj? 8IT, cFR^ if iRIM eRf ^ ^ ^ ^ ’Tmr aJT 3?R 10 W5f ^TR ^ ^fft

IRT^ ^ Rbcieicl cRI

'’j5-'3^ fan I jfiWf^ ^ cfR ^ ^-'5^ fan i -^i^isfici ^ en^y^. eiciT w cDg'it %_ eicTT ci'iai ^ ^ \iiiqii{l 'gnt ^ nft ?h 01^

f^tTt^JI %?if^ 'ii'«*i5i 'rt'icw’51 Mc;ilkicni^l RT vjnra ciR^ f i xi'Ji'itRi w ’j^

c^ #ii omAci SoNi #, eft 'n? nindi <«'^ nra ^ ^

f^R*i nft xiert'ilfei ^ nnFi ti”WR Rt yc'iii^ amfran nft ?ffevR«ra-RTWT

f^l

8.4 4>^ra-^«ll'M>l ^

^ 1850 ^ <41*1 sitet ^ ‘ciWD'y nf^lrTT' ^ Rliglel nft RRIcTT RH ^ sft 3fR *li)n ^WTeT ^ wIcpK ^ fcRT STT efn^ 'j,i?iM-n5TT W 'tiqioi t, criilii TR^ft ^ nmcTf ft C'acln€f I ei<?iil^ «n^ ff nft^ vi^tia ^ sjt i i850 ^ ^ caRSIT

s'ici’H ^ R?T 1% f^cpl sfk TFRt ^ n3n ^ if ^ cRitl^-i ^ '{cl cl'll ei yifcicjiV 5ft 3RcftRR nR aft? Hucii fn ^Ht ?TRt n?t vji-ieii c^ TjnR f^nr 'nm, eft fTran araf ■?!? stt—nfci^ if ■^rngt ^ 'nsn ^ *ii'icl if cilc»fii<j ^ r?i<siei nff nn 1crit 'nm aff?

f?T ycoK cPTTRT ^ 1820 ^ fiRTtfl-^RsM ^ ?Ien cfR |

cr>'<

«P''rtl'H-”lfll'M>l feiR 'Ji'ici^l, 1954 if -rtTlyin «'ici-M if ^ ?JT I ■%Rnn,c^ f^ 'dicw'! nft ajcRsn ^ ^ aft I

Rttil'll ^ 'HrR-yRti'i if fsiR?i aRflW eR? i#RT ^.n sciwi •fiai-wi cpgciiai aTT aft? MtiotRt((^ epf cpRTM cPBT RTeTT an [ 5?T ftt^ if •s'iciti % uteiici ?a3T an f^ ^)Rn?T nft fcRT?Rn 'c^ ■?)? if aff? %?n?apT epf tcid-a ?n3?j ■c^ ?!)? if ■^Rrh' if ?i]f*ici ciR feWT nnit 1 5?r^ ^f^RR if tigern feR^ ePT ’ira ^ ajT | ailriRctn 'em '^t^n ^j? an fcp i850 ^ti'isil^ if PiRei ciWRcj nf^irTT ^ Ri<gia nft t41cf)i'< ^ fcRT nm an, am nRjift ^pneTi nnincfR ^ I >s‘i<?i'<i ajF ^ ^ fefRT f^ 1820 nn n>njn f?i Ritgiei nfet^ t ?nfnt if 'j,eii*i-nan ^ ^imd if cRi'lti nft^ ??eTs^ f^r^ 1850 ^ ti'isiltl if npyeTT nnn n?in^ aft, am;araf n? t fft) anfft?? fftRft sciicft nr ?njn if ipTR-nan ?^ nr ?5en nRft ^ f^ nft^ annjn n sRift, dfw ^ciicp nr ?nR ^ efftft nft ^-a^i tp? "ft f^ ft anfftnn ^ ?TfftyR aisftn ??ft ^

amif fftRft ftt nan ^ nrft nr n^ft 1”1. cp'tii’ti—^flitcpi fftcT—fftr^ ft fftn nra fftRi an <scjici an fft? ??? fftnr ^ nra

^ mrft n? fenn nan nn tiaici ?ft?n ^ era ^ nnftnT aff? nfftra ft ■ft?T ft ?n{% ■ftn n€t ?ftft,

^fftra -s'ldti nn anniyn 'iciei fftn^n 1 aiteici ft, f?r fftcT 'ft vjn {ftnra ftnr nR fftnr aft? ■^tr eft tiytil ft anftf^ ^ 'nnT 1 '^tR ^ ?nHft eft eftnt nft ??t ffte^ eftift^r mrit n? aft? nnem gT?T ^ 'n^ f?Tnft Rn?5n fttftt n? arr??ift ^an 1 ??ift eftt^ ■jr? nft f^ ■ftfft?Rft ^ ■nmef ft nnft?f

RTeiT 11 5?i nne nn ?rsnT annn aft?

I :

76 i7>Jn 3W^W W 1776-1945 ^.^.)

% 173? siHRji SIT. ^ ^ ^3^ cTPJ^ 'T^ fcp^ t^IT 8JTI

2. sit? STT?^'®^ ^•fli^'W.t-1850 ^ ^l*tf ^ WIT c^ f^ g=2J^ ^ c5?^^FT 'THR f&tIR 3T1^ I 1852 <5^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 3Jf cTT^ 1%^ t ?ITf^

^i?|7TTi ^ ??T irm cf^ cRm WT sfR WT c^ ■4tci7 ^ ^ TiTn i ^ xrg;

'!M^lcl0 STRfcTXI 2IT i f^T?I^ Srp^ ^ yRxT ^ fcRIT 1

18 31^5?, 1854 cpt 'OT^^XJ^ c^ ^ ^ 3^ ’ft fft’TR? I^ ^rri^T^ft ^ ir)^ 5*)c;41 sft ??Tf^ ^?Tft cf^ ^ SC110I xr? sixrt srt^PRR

UTX^ cfy^ ^

■’fte

1^ clldlc^N ^ I 3Tt1^ ft 3)*Tft0T ft x^ ftftl'^tc'l xsTlft IftlJIT, fftwft cpfT ‘XT^H aiT % 3<*1^101 cPJ^ ^ 0l*id ?nXI ft 100 fftfeTXI’T •si0'<7T7JT ift> jrfft ?ft^ ft SWftW 5ft ?TcT xTpft cT5 3T*lft0( ^ ft ??)*ldT 0?H) xj^ijT |

3. fftcT XJ7 ^gti—5?^ ft ^tI? ^ TJXjftr ^ fftcirf^iftt cjft ’TTcFTraft ^ XS’TT? f^^ll sft?

xjft’T ft ftt FfT ■XTT’rft ft TI^ Ift^HT | 5?i0i STsf cfT '^TIXU Zf? 2JT xj^TT^-^ian Xfft «FTTft ^ fcTXx fyi^cni Hlftf vd^0l ft?I cITHT f^<gid sn^TT^ vj1i^'<ii | cfT^ ft ^xfTcRT f&TTlT 3T^: ^’’^TTfT-ftsnxRRT x?? x^ ePftt sft? xiif ^ | 0<JXx XJ? vd^<Jl fft? 01'^'^ ^^fSxsft’^ue ft 3TXTftcRT cift XjHcTT ^ ’TP? 3TxftH uTTft ^ I ???ft ^7?7 ’PIT SIT f^, -“■?!? )ftc=I,fofft ft?ftftxjs cf^ 2IT?ft^f? inx?T xjgr qfclci ^ '^ecTEI’T 3lfft0ift ^ ^1% x^grSTXTOSTjft tfPlT 11” Iff STxft^ X3tt^ ^ Wff ^ cftftf ^ fcTXI sft sft? fWT xPTc^PRxjft sm?

^1

?ft^ ^ ftft cift ft^TR ^ sfh? 3t*iftc{2i ftfttc^^ ft ft ftt

XjI«I ’I? fftdl ftlftd ft fftcJTTTsJ STPTT, ftt ftxTT, ft^, 'gXT’T? sft^ '^•S^l'i XXcfts ft 5'<l4>ltftftET fSPITI

4. «Mci'ti ^ srgrw srt? x7t?t st’n—tj’Tc?^ ^ ^ srcrft cttf ft xi^ an fftr 57rT XR ■^FTSf’T fttH ^ ulli^'U 3ft? ^ llf ’TT’TrTT SIT fcR

ft gft ft ^-tj^gr? gift fti 1 xJTlft «RWT fft f?T 1ft?T ftn xst^xj ftT^Rf?Pl IPJ^RTT ft fft^TcT ftt xjft cR? ft Wrf^d ^R’TT 3ft? ft?T ftt ‘^Jen’T-^SIT ft gTT?xJT ftgt Btft cTlft^ ?Tift grf&xTrfftf ft *jgd^RT’TT SIT. I ?TXI?ftft ft ^tft ft ^T5 ^ ffttd XfRT §t ’PTI sft? «TT? ft 61'J^ ftPR

ft X3ft XTT?T cP? fftOT)5. 1^ xn?i ?tft xR ^frrfft^-ftlrq ftftW^ffterftxTRT^q^ gfH ?g?T ft xrxx i ft

ft •d'ld'd ftl ^ XR ^TfXTcT ft fft XJ’lft *tm^ XR ift'dclT 3T«t ?Rjft ftT ft ftxfT ft^TT 1 ftSlxir ft ^<ni*1 TTTlcRRt ft 31? rtft fftjT fft, “3RR 3TXlft ?TTSI STxift xzrrft -ftft Tixft eft ft ft XjTT’TT tUft, ft ??T 3TcT XR fftft ft! gft OTTXJ^ ft?” 375 g^Txtr ^ ftr^fftg ft SIT, ftl^ x3tR ft ftft XJXHft ^td? fftftft ’TX’ ft 1fft 0I?U| ^fTTir iTT5 X3tR ft ftrft ftr gRft ftl fttftr?T ftl 3fR ??T 01^^! 3Tx?ft■^^rxxT ftt fttepfiPlcfT ftt ?ft 3ft? 'd’dft ftftftxxd g-lA ftt 'Hlft Xjxftft ft ffteT XT^ I

6. ft xTcflft—??I ft 3IXTftcRT ft gfcigw XR gft ir?^ 3RR a[ft i ??Tft ^?|g ift^lCRT vJcft’d'ftift t^3IT 0iai ^—

1. «£j6^ giT ??r ft UtT7-5%xjt ft ftftsi ftgrg ftt fft? ft ’T^0T f^xiTXjft 1850 ft ?RTfttft ft «IT^ ?TXW ’TT’T W Sft | XJrR'mftt ftt 31? ■HH^Idl cR?f^ «Tft??T x^

gcllft ft STxift xrft Pi ell'll ?SITXT ft

|3ni

\Tip^ k*rffmT ^ 1776-1945 17.^) 77

2. ^ ^ ^tR TT^TJff ^ | ^ 'J,e1l^-W2TT ^ f^ST

^ ^ I f?T^ ^ ^ rT^ cPT I ^ '^fSTR TTHI ^ ^ ^ <jelH-^fan

■'W^'HI 7TT7 I efT^ «rcl qr^' ■# SIll^cH ^%IR<Pr ^ fclcjl'5 % f|FT ^TT^ ^ Rlc^cl TRRT ^ I

3. ^*ilflic^ ^TT^ ^ f«feT ^ •^*ilfPC'<i iTF^ ^TcT ^ sff Wff&i ^tn^ ^ '<iq>^ BfR vi's)’^ cf)i<)ti ^i ^ 1^^iT aft^ '^-^T-i

^ 3ff? ^ 'Jc1l*1-^rSTT ^ fcRt^ f^cpff C^ -^TTST ^ I ^ cjiwrff 1854 ^ •^110

<§t1«P'! ’<11*1'^ 3TT ■^, ^ viticf^ v3«lic;c)iy FR 1

4. ^ qr^ (f^qfSeT^ tn^) ^ ^ 3fR ’TT^ ^ ^

l^'il'^f ^ 'd'?!'’^ 'p5t-'Mi§<n ^ ■?TT2T RiCTcp>i ^ ^ I ^ ^

‘jC1l*1-ITan ^ R'MI'I ^ fcRi^S ^ I

5. ^ ^ ^ 5^ 1^ % 'S^ 3ftT ^f^Rr ^ 3)’«gc1'l ^ I

■R XJcf) «ia-5( ^ ^RTT rfr ^%0T ^ 7TRT cp^ Wd'-^

TTHf ^ «R vjrn;j i sfR, ■^jfR tn# ci^ ^r? ^3cRT 3tt ^ sjt 3fr ^priri ijcift^ ■^Rir, rff dg'71'1 f«l<i« ^i^'ii I

6. 3RR—5^ cpT THM 1856 ^ ^ ^R ‘>t[ I iJId'f?

TJ8T ^f I 3^ ^I ??T rR? ^ cfjRil'dsffe

\1^

sfk -S'lel-d ■fNt ^ ^ eFTT % ?ft cl? ^ ^jTT^ 5^Tt^ ^ aTRTT STPT ^

I ^fchd cp|*l4(141 ^ f%c?f I ^ ^ ^dld ?R IT? afR j-qi’1’1 ■'T fcl'Jl4l ^3TT I

ticftK ?1T 'dcp^ ^ 1% 1856 ^ ^diq cpRiiti-'^fliwi id^'ilijcn ?rc^ -dll^d §3?T I

'*‘1'< cRf^ RTFP ^leldl t % 3id'<lcp| c^ 'didiRiiw g xiM^frlcp M^lqi

1R ’IS'<I 3RR ^IW I 5^ ^ vJRF ^#11 Rqic; cj^ ^ 1^^, 1850 ^ xidalcl ?RT

RRTO ^ W an i 5^ fcfcTR ^ cPRTTT ^ WI

8.5 <l>'^l'H

cpRim-^fli-wi ftfR nR? ^ ^ iR> dal-Jii n? ^3ir ^RffRT n? 3nnn cPwtt vfit^ ^ 'sr?3iW ^fSfR ^ 41^ ’dt(4 ?JR) ^ I ?R d'dc^ ^ 3(Pdd Pi^Id cpm^ ^^-'ia'<i^ c^ RR ^ nRTT I

sfR PlR cpRTRT cl^ 7T^ ^ R?I ^J^RR *f (dtiPlcI fcpR Rm |

n? ^cR TTRT ^ ^tR 3it? c;fei''i 'TTS^ff ^ ci'l'll ^ ^cllcp ^ >jTRR ^ ylrdipd

Rcii I ^fSRr ^ cfRfr c5T coedi an 1% 3nR <prtrt ^ ^jcTR-nan ^ ^^<71 d ^ nm, ?ff ^rrpt nf^RR n? 1% PrM 3fR '^f^dcp'l ^ '41 '^jdTR nan ^ nnRfl, ^cpi IcRcirt an 1% nffidn n^nr^t aft? cprtrt

1. <Hi?*i 4 fl'd4 nr^ oitn—^nrft ^ 5Ttn ?)Rn?f 4 n4 3ft? nm:^ <p^ n? 4t fft4? ^ I

dldNolSfRtr' dfm uimi an 1 nfsRr c^ 3ft? cftnf n4 ^^rmR n? artftxRnr nn? nft ?ancRT ^ 1 vJtr cf?f 3Tf&cp ^jRRRsn 4 ‘ftt TRP ?nrrn ?ivr nn ?nR ft?5nR'dl'dNci' n^mff I Pi<ilCi 4 'dldi'd ^ c'lVi'l nft ■h-scpicji fft> 4 ^fR c^ 444 n4 Wr n?T4 4 44 tfT4 5’dcp feTT ^4” f|iRT nn 41 ?tfrt 4rt n41

2.1^4? 41^ 3it? q>'-til'd—^41-^cic 4iii4 4 4nf4pT4f4nT Piqi'dl fte? cf4, aft 444fts 43ft? nR=iRT-45rR4nr nns ^ ?Raf5) 4, cprtr? cpt nn4? I4yctri f&Rn 1 4rg? 4 4m fcp f44f4 4 h4t nR f^'dirdcp ^4c(i^ cp? ?4 41 5rt4

78 w^m 7T^ m^k>T m ?f^wm (^ 1776-1945

^ #jHT ajT I 1854 '^JcfFT-ySTT ^ ^ ^ f^RfTft cfT^ ^ ^ arir^ wfrlRRT

cf>r ^'icii'^ Tf cr>i*i4(i41 ^ I gciitp ^ 1855 *t ^ I F^niR^

RrI^ % ‘jwm-aan 1%^TRIcft vi«ll<;c|Kl' C[>t f^fcM I ^ 3TW '^1IC0'<

cp'^m ^ 1?^ <jcim 7F?!T tj'lRn ^ \ ^ cpi’j_i'l ^ HPJ, ^ I

^ fcp J|ci4'! ^ 4t f4tit4l ^ cfRft «l5t ^ fTT <1^ I ST#^ 41^4cfiT ■JI? 3r5?T ^ cRTT 3fR ^ ecicr»; R|<rtii ^ Piy^ ^ I

^ tF^THT Tf # ’RIT 3fk wd-^ TTRI ^ «iiPi(7i ^ I

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efc^cR ^ I f^r ^ ^ v4fl<PI ?cRT ^3fT ^ ^ 3fR> Rfil\4'^4.[cq ^ TRP

site'I 5^ ■% ^ RT7 I ^3^ ^ ^ yc^li ^ 5^7 cp^, eft ^efdft 4 ^cFfT ^ €t^ eP?T I W WcTcTT t sfk f^>cRT ^TePt^ sf?

fg5T ani

4. c|>"ril'd eiciial ^ 3TPt •qeicp'c ^ cp? teRTT I 1856 ^ ^JHRf

^ '^w*iiq( ■=FR ci'l^'+i ^ 4t^ % s'cqiq cR f^gr | ePR^ ^ I

nlciqiclRepi ^ ge'yicRi'S,^ ^RTTI vjfPT Hivd*! ^ -todoi clVfl ^ 3P7^ f&TtfaRff RarifFTW <r>'<<f) ^ aicii i •jcii‘i'l % g-w^ 4 <fti4qi^ ^ | afk aft? ^

^RRT e!^ -qcid 7^, vJfT^ ^ I '’Tepf? Icte'd'i 4 '^JcTR

afRR g«?l‘^>t I vsficnl yR?

^ afk ^3^ 4t 1857 4 g-Ktlipi 11^ i

5. cll<t>l**1C'i ^'f^EIPT—’JeTR-^ran ^ f§*ligRiql ^ vryiqol ^ tpR^ <iq4’< \d'ld) ’78? ^^ cf ^ vi'icf) Raeiiyi ^ RJ I ttff ^ ^ sfR ^^fPR gpR gft \jft Tpl Rf^Rp aft?

1RP v^+ilspc ap, <iq4’< Pl^cm fcpTjT I 'd'M^ Pt'dl’JlaiRigl ^ widqif^t eTap a^RJiapfr P>f

'dend p5t 0lRi?i ^ afR ’ftfcRTH «i*ii4 f^ 4Rcf?R ^cTT^ I epp^f^R ’J,cil*l

PlIeRpf ^ ?ilf4c1 fapPT PRTT I vjft 'mRI'MR PPM, 'J,cll*l-yap pft epT^ PTReTT

yqii pit I '3ReTT ^ aitqlyfd ^ ^ ^ 5^ PReTT ^ ^R5f Mtga P^ f^RT PPTI M,<SW-y8TT P>t gifcT ^ cPRP PrfcMP ^ xiidicpl epT RTf ^ Pi<picii, pf%P PPcR c'ftpt’ 4 PR P^ feRT I

PFlftw ePT PR ap, vift ^RPP cl?f 'MioMlo qiRi'ici 4 P^ afr I JUMI % tjcp eppp

apd yppvj dfciyii pit ppi cpiilti prt '4p? ^ afk pip P^f ftp prppt pft pp? <j,cii*i tpr

PiP 4 ^ftpp 4 ?pf^ pi7 fcRT pp^ I

6. dtpi)*4tiP''tlf^t4lP iHtJlyfd—<ll4c Tf RP cftpiRiPP -di^wii cpT 5RP aPPT PP

^PcRT 4 RR aPPN P? f^TPP fcf^ f^Pl I vi-wd pftpfRfSP pffelapp pft ppi PPcRIPjft PiFT I

pippp cftpftHRP-pffcRR 3)'<4lyn pap I •S'lciti ^ PT^ 'jjOim'l ^ t%PRcf pit ait^ afPcR ciVil PiT R87 P^ f^pT I PTp FP ^tf&PR pft PRcP ^6T M'tga f^iPT ap PP PRcP 4 '’ft 3RcitpiR pi7 1%PT I FPT ■pfetPR apf^t^ ^ pp^ ^ ■ppp pft pap Ippp prp ppt4 pit Pl^ pit ’ppft 3P7PP ^ ^f ftc? p^ I app ^f, 1816 ^f PTRT'P ^ pp? WP ’RR a^ 4

■^I^PR PPf^fcf P)7 feRT pap I

cR

PPTI j^Rftft a^ pftPtarft Pft 41 ^P#at4t papk PPRT

a^ tcfTR a^FPcTO

^?f7 ?7w^ <MH^>t>l m ^ 1776-1945 V-^.) 79

7. ^ ^ 3RR—^ 3fk 'i'flcT cPffl ^ cBRW va-tio^ ^rr^

^ ^ I ^iJlcp, '<^'Jl'tlI 3ff7 H'iRi'M^Pi<JI ^ ^ '^ITST Ri?1^ ^ '^'dcll itb<Jl I 1860

^ ilxTi'^c T?? ^ IcT^ ^ -gnq ^ ^ tiqici ^ ^ wTc ^ ^ cil'fc;*T 'ig'<i 3ro^

51cll ! 'TO^fr ^ •^‘llsf’fccD ^ ^ afk •g'lici R^leclcp-^T clft \^d ^ I

8.6 ^q>q^ ^ 'tl4t|lPl<n

^ffSyi'i 3ft^ ^'il'd % ^ cfi'T^'^1 llRiyct ^ 1 ?7Tf^ '^J^FT-SfaTT ^ f?r^

sff? ^f&FT ^ ■JcTFTt ^i*Tl 5^ FFT^ ^ ^ Islc^g^ vic^ cZIRUfT cp^ 5^ I %

■j,ell»l-'Han c^ ■'tiqici TK Pi^jlii ^>7% cpT ?cp ^ejT^frjI ^'icll cpt ^ffF 1^aiT aJT | cp-<ii^ yi'xq

^ Pi4q ^ Fair i1857 ^ ^•SwTc a^TTF ^ wRitS ^ ^ ‘jcllH-UajT aF >nqici 3FrfRPT a?l

^sfFT a^ ^ ■?TFI^ 3TFTT sfR a^t€ ^ 7F3at ^ '<j,eil*il ^ Flfcfa^ Ffff ^1 3TWf^ I 3TT?^, ^^s^fcpfe ar^ gcpq^ a>r waf aft^ fcTf^R cp^ I

HH<Hi—■^FT cpT ■^rahr ^i*iy'tii a>T an i ■?Tra ?fp

^fri'ily 3fR Pt'll'ti'IcT ^ I a?! ^s^ftPTs ^ 3Ta^ *ii!ctcp ^ aFT a>Ta cP7 nf^difclaie a?? fcFar i a? a1%^ a^ia^t # apfct ^ afr i ^ ^ a^ ■»?[ fa i ara iF?a araaHM'rt'i f^RMt 3a atf 3fta vT=?f^ ^ ast a^ SFa saa^ ^ ?Ta ^ i ^-swic ^ aa^ 3,a>^*ii araa a^^ f^ fipfftfi aa? aacfa araa f 3ffa th aasa ^ 3fR vs'w^ aRaN cfrat a^ fcaa aaicpa aa arajar \ cftaia a^ ^i ■^ewic ■ga^aFT afra aar, c^f^i f^Rfrf[ ^ '^^ta ait^^ '^'dcii '3efa I 5^ ara a? araaa ^r sffa aiaffaa ■gdta a^ ^i afar iFrcTT% aF aaicii Tga aarar a^rag'’^ a^ ar c^R)i Fftarf^ wfa aa a^ a^rar3a tp^ I 5^ ga^a^ ^ RiciRic^ ^ 3Fr?raa a^ gtfra a^ ^ gciin-aar ^ a?a a^t '^a^ §a •frafft^ aa i?f f&aN Itb^i i gJl*i a^ ^ 9 aiaft ^ s arar gana araar ^ a?% ar^ 31?t:

a^ 3iT^ sff % a? i^aren ^ aa^FT art sFP^tan Ri^i 5<Hicf) gena-aar a?

afrTw <?i<ii^ aa a^ i^i g?sa t ^-

1. aar Wfe R-fll’?! ^aaa aa araf^ ar 3fta aar ^3^ ’^^aar a^ ^ ga^aar aan^ aasrfecpR yr? - '

2. aar ftyil’Jl araa ^i wFff ^ ^ ^ 3tivr aF ■?arfa araf^ aa^ aa Fa5aR ^aar an?

3. Ri'^"|y| a^t '«3ytPiv>ai aa a^Tcn i

gtfia a^t^ 1^ar f^-1. 'wmc (sfta aaft Ricgia ^ arg^iR siaJtaa oaa gpna iff) srafraa ar fttM aa

nMiR<n a^ an 3^)a ga^aar aarT^ aa ?a5 a^ an i •^'sw'lcarraTeia an awan ^ aiT^ ara sraTefcf ^ '^^cii f^ar i

2. ^ F'H aicT a?i gfe a?r % ^ff&ara ^ 3ici4d Fa’ gcna na’ ^Rd a^ ^ 3ft^ gfe an^ 7Taf^1%ai ■^rgara ^ ^rgara a^f §, ?^Frf^ ^31% at^ sjf^aaf srl^aa^ nrar a^ ^ 1

aiaoT

80 yr^ 3/H/)<i>/ m if^gw (wi i776-is4s ^.^.)

TIT ■^rra ^ ^ ’fffcl ^ 3fR <«'ill’ll fcb^ ^ cTT^ ^ 'rf'ic»>l ■W^mIti

'?TcfH?[ I I^M^lci cf5T cfnfsi t cl? ^ ^ ■^6IT ^ I

3. %?!?'*?[ '^’<lcll 1820 ^ f^’dl^-’dHsilcil, 1^RT% 3Rfra^ ^ 'd'^-s'f-'jcllfl

3lk 2TTI 36‘’31' ^ ^JfT? # ^JerPT-^faTT ^ jrfrTW cFTT STT, ^h'-^'^yiPlcff

aiT crcjl'f^ cf?t^ ^ »fr Selicii ^?TTiT-^rsn ■’57 ^ ■=T# t, ?7Tf^ ■cpfTTTT

35^ »ff TTwJ? ^ '_^c(i*l-ir2T7 ^ ^7^ ^ SjRJcpR SIFcJ ^) 3)c:icid 573

^TcT ^7 ’ft ufR I^TJT 1% Bt37 ^ TFSTft ^ 573 cpT Hlcil cRTRIT vitlll I

7f? eft TjRjft ^ «(g^a ^ Pi'jfiJ 8JT, ctl^tR aTe'Wef «R5ff c|?I TR v3c^ sft 3ff7

\3Hcbi cbgHi an ’wa’S ^tTtft OT^lcjn c^ iMiRcn f aft? 'TffctyR chiii’d efft ■^jefm-nan ^ 'RnnH ■c^ ^ *t cni^i 6('ii'^ cpT aifycpi'C y^M cF>7cTT ^ 1

^71^ ^ mRuIW

1. nr^ ^ cfm aft? nft ■jerm-nan c^ f^Ttar n ^ ^ 5?t ^ f5c<gciaf I ^3^ (Ti'iai

mnw ^ n? Ri^qi-d Reiiiii ■^jerm nan nn f&nR nn am eT?? ^ TTlftn ^ nr^, (^fehn eiVi'l <nt ?Tcp an R> -^yln cptd c^ nnjft c^ TTiaT ?ItRi?T

^?TT Mi-dcii Reiqiqi ®JT I

2. 5?T 3T^TeTcT W nm ^?ra fSTT i «r|^ viddifSa ^ f% amracT

an aft? ^t^r nft^ -dio'iio ^ i ^ am^ ?cfj^ ^ vjin^'ii I f idlfch n? sfTcT ^

% ^nci5t nrcT n? TTtf? cptt ^ am R?# ift 5oiicp ^i efrf^ 'j<?iH-Tian n? nfrr«pai hht ??^l ??1 ^ n? *ft Cf>? Ran % 57^77wlrlqR'1 fcbqi an ’ft atqidd ^ npTJcTT yqH

^ cfRiRn H’gTfw ^ Rr7 cF? ^ t afR am ^ ■’TcTm-TRir ■'f annft

^ gcTlR3> cFI'^'l nT?T 'cF? 73*ft ^ ) ^RnT ^tR ^ eftn §?! ^ ef% glEI ^ | ^ngn cos'llan fcF 71? ^TicTT ^?TT n€t ^ 5^ yiTT? mm mR ckiI'IcF ■yJld ■cffR ^ 1%^ 3jcF ?T7i aoR?

efft t aft? j^cFtjjf c^ 5^ cFt ■$73^ ^ ?ra vjiiR^ <F?^ ^ 'cFt^ 'GfRRn aft i ■^smFT an

R> “5?7 ^ cllRl’iciH n^taft c^ it §cpci5t ifn ^ q§*i(n c^ i^dct 3tRcF nerci 'n^

Rnr an ?nFen i”3. '5?T ^ ^ann-nan RylsJl anmtam ?j?f) ^ nyi i RnfecFn nRf 5?i «rm ntt aftTnn

chlRifl ^i am n^ R? ■^jfm afR anmr ’^Tian vacic i ^tr ^ aftnt 5?t ?^<t ^ ^tr n nRnn mnW n^t Tirf cR aik ’ft Rnri gf?nn'% ■afm ?fkR ant ■% v3tR ^ afmf ^ anar

?naj RjciA Rn mar nrtmr, aft ’gtfm mt aft? TfRarm gfr miR ^ 5mFR cf'Rvd-lcFl

fl

8.7 f^’^-«*lol'fl ^IkT

■TTaR c^ atRcFRf aft? ’jatm-'nan c^ TTmar nff Rcf? gnTnat-^sRcFT Rar nT?T R ?mn n? sft?

^ ??5T5 c^ ggmft R ^7m cFtR faraaf ^ i RRm-^naRt ggm R gVin 3^ «n? Rr Tmtar ■OTTcR ?fR arR 1 ti? g?73 ^ gt ^Tm? R^pff R Rtj nm TimgR RhmFi aft, aft czjRemcT

R? n? T’cF-'^Tk R qlTd y?^ TtaRRcF '^fe R R R?Rt R1cF'TtiTH-^fiiTcFi Rar, 1854 n? ^ «f5?i R qkid •s'ici?! % n^did-yan R RfatRiR ^ aftcFRn

^ eiW'l'^cd ?fRafPT c^ n?n n? 5naR7 % anmngarar R Rt^rm an wlcmiqi Rmr an, RRm am

v/genr wo^ m*i/)<f>T ^ sf^eiti {H’f 1776—1945 81

>3^ ^ ^ STTcTt^FTT ‘f?! I '^3^„ '^'TOHia Mlfsa

(«c?rf^ cf^irt) c^ ■^ttsi ^^rni ^ st^th ^ i

5ticp Rm^Ici, fcPtRRMf^cbH qr^ cPT qq5 ir?T ^ 'W I fcfqR 'yjft ^ eran ^ ^TTcRI qq q>?qT t

qra, crazff ^ vjiM'^'iRii'I qq 3?sttfsn... ?? qRqq qq uMfcn qq?rr stt i

q? RrRT STT 'JcRT '^^t |”15 1857 ^ IcigN'l Tpf qjF^ 4 q5t I 5qq?l

6if^ qrq^if ^ a^fllcpR fmr ■^crm-qsn tR sft | w cRWr sn % ^ ^i ^ q?^

^rfsrqr-w ’qq^ ^ sn afk qrq >3^ qqq ’5^ stt i qqrqiq Rfcpq tR q^ qqqp ^?sth q? fcfcpq,^ TraicfT ^ -s'lcifl qrt Rctt Rqr 1 Rt^r % “cRTT arqfraq ^ ^ qr^ qfTq ^ ^ciicp qq ^fTfc^nq qq^ ^ q^R

qjpjjfi OT ^ ^diq^ ^ v]^<?im-qsjT ^rtr q^ ^rq^ ^?” qqq q^ ^qq>q ■s<ici'<i q^ af^qq

#fr qqi! qql'Rb -^aici ch-tily^-^siwi >5^ SHI v3t1'!sij-iHK qqq qq qqq Rqr 1 qq^ q^ ^jqiq-qaiT qq fciqiR ^ qr q ^ 3fR ^jcim-qaTT qRiq % qr ai^Rid 5qq?r 5^ q^ t^qq q^ ^ 1 STTiqRf ^ RteirT q? q% ^qr^ q? fcT?t I feiqR q^ qfq tfi R> ■^jqqq-qsrr 7^ qqq 7^ qR R qq^ qr^tq q^ii^ qrrff RRr 3Tqq f^<Tl 5<?iicf) ^i qrcR R 3ri?lqq?r Rtq ^priq-ysn qsi R eft % ■^jqrq-qqr qft rtR

qTTpR ^ I fefqR R •s'lci'W 7^ fefqRf q?r qR STMfqqr qft afR 7p^ R> ?qqq *iaci«i eft q? §3TTj% sqqTfr RjRt anq^ft tR nlcai ^ eft qftf efraq airq^^t qqR coei q^ ^ TtepetT i

fef^q 7pT q’S'ii 2TT R5 “f«P^ ’tt qqq. ^ e^?ii fRq ^Rt ei^a q€f qqr qqqfl R> 3ttR eftq Weld ^ 3^ 3nR ■^jqnq ^ 1 ?tqT q? Rj qr eft ■^qnq-qqr 7^ fctRtft qsq ^ Ri-wk tR Rqtit 3iR qR eieia ^ ciiq>y wl-i't 1% TRIeTT tpt -dHiWM ^ qqR 3Tq q? eRB R TIR ^ unRifr, qr qqstqs ?qqq Rwiiy tfR qpftt sfR ^qqr R-eafy qRR Rr q q^, qq?

3fr7 qf^ qjfr qqqf *i q? qqrS'iciyi afR fefqiq qft q^q R qiq? qeir ci^mi

P|iqj^ 3tq q^ R [ ^qff 3fR, fefTFT qq qwq ^ei-ii >ji'I?T1<?ii, qil^Tp 3ft? atp'^4 qt qqT^

qR-R-qR fepM qq »f[ qqqq 3iqq qR Rqr qff TBeTT qr 1w 3RR—fefqiq-^qqq q^q t^ tftr^ qqqq ^iici ^ Rtq qqr q^^^ Rttft tR fqR

^qeiq R Bqqr vfTrrqr R R5 1 ago R RttR^R 7^

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qR

21 3Tqqt

7^ qtqt cfe f&qR R

qq R Tppj^ qq rtR i”

tf^qqiq

R 3fk■s'iciyi 7^ qq^ -dTR qqTfj

q^q’fi Rtq PtRt I qf^tq 7^ Rqfjfe ^qrq ^ qR arqqr qqsfq q^ f^qr 1 5^1 «p Rnylei, qqft 3ftq q^tq Rff^ 7^ Ri«sieit % fcfTFT cjftyiRw q^ ^ I fq qqiR I860 7^ "gqrq R qqT^ RfiR’R ^ qq 77^ ■^ttr ^ qTTT 1

8.8 «frT slivsq ^ eqqll

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TfRiR 7f?t '«ilRi?i qR q# 11

yqeld

qffq «jiv3H R 1857-58 R RR qlvji'ii qq Rrqfq f&RT ftrfRi qqR qqnqt qft 3)i\jiiq cfjy^ R fc^ qq RqR Tfjq fcTqr sjj I qqiR qgei-qq Hq 3fR fTjREft qftqt tR

i^qRi ’ff Tpq fRqr aq I qB qRfRRIT R BBIB tr qqqR q^ R 3TRI-qRT ^ 'jeii*i'l Tfft aTTqqq qRqjqT qiseii an 3iR v3Rrqq qpRT an 1% aTMiq BlqR ^ Rjq TjcTTq ^qqq qfiaj ^ afR brt

STTqfcH R qR «f^-R cfRft qq 'qiar Ptei 'jfRjqr 1

82 77^ m^tm m ^ 1/76-1945 ii.^.)

sTT^ ^ iM «PTOT I ^3^ 3R^7?rF3 fcP^ ^ sfT? 16 STtf^, 1859 g?r W 3T^^ 20 ^nf^Tiff ^ vd'ti^ eKHt; w gc^i i aivs'i vi'd^ ^rr^Ert ^ ctr ^ cpts

■^f, sftr 41ci^'^ 5^ ’R i^«jii ^ feRTT ct^■?R^-'>T^R ^•3T’?% ^ ^ feRTT I

aivi-l oft^ vRT^ ^irf^RTf ^ \jnr41 ^ ^ tfTBjii cf)>:cp 'J^cIlHl ^ OITIjTK cfRT^ feT^ 3liq*l|

^ ^ ^JcTRff gjt SfTvTT^ WWU 3?t7 ^ 3P7I^ ?R )cR7T I

ura aivH ^ OTffRR 3?f q'JllPl^Jl ^ ’TRT ’^f^. ^ 'd'^'l^ f(iv3i ^ ’Mycr>i'<i SHKcl ^ ci-Si^ ^ I ^ 1?^ ^ c^'Sl^ efR ?%irR I 571^ «fT^

^ 10 eff^ fTT^ 3fR WFI?r Rl-^WIK ^ I ITvJ^ ^R -WlfylSl, fRTT off? ^

2^ ^ 4Jl't^l c|?t ^TuTT ’^'11 I

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um

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^ cTTRT ?l^«l’ cPgciR' ddcT?^ Tf^RTT I \3^ ^ fc(Ci( ^ WT^ 37f ^ 'RJT %gdfl-ySTT ^ STcR^T di*ii'<l ^ 1 3TRT ^ Sl'id ^ ^ ^TcT’^ ^ «T^ R'4T 1

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aTRTT f^ T[^ r

8.9 1860 ^ ^liq

1800 ^ '^•S’<fd’«;'l ^ SRR^ ^ «fT^ gi? ^'iicil ^ 1860 TPT g'lid ^ I

^ ^f ^ tlM^lcl'ti Mlf^ill 5T?T ^1% 1%^ Tr^ ^ iJfjfTRTT^ ^RT ScRR ^ I RMfS?i<jr»i yr^f ^ lci«d ^ [ch>tii SIT I •^*i'ifpc’^i ^ gyt ^ gs ^ i ■?f§RT ^ '^*11 sped ^ ^Rh-'iRd ^

. f^RJT 3fR ^ •^‘ilspC'ti ^ 'S'id'd ^ ^?igT f^RTT I gf^^R ^

^ y>r 3RR vi**il<;qi'< «HT^rT I IR v3*41<;cii’<'I ^ ■# Rlxxii'! ^ I

RMlwHibH T3«ft^yR—RyfecraRT yT^ yy ftiwft -rr ^ fan 1 5

'd**1^gcil< ^ 5-cwcf) -{ilq^, fcRR, i^-sq^, 3^7 ^RRT1 'SIcIiRH 'd|q4 H5Wl ^^<5

8TT, c^r^-i T3^ qm-Jig f^JRTT RTF, vsH^i ^5ITeT STT <j,cil*i-ysTT c^ «fT^ y? SirqftRfj

fhiRict>i^ fcRTRT yy ^ 3fR argyR ^ y? 3Tf&y> ciWfiJ^ sjt i RfSpi yr^' ^ ciVi

sm^lm m ?t^WM (^ 1776-1945 ^.^.) 83

^ly|^ ?)■ I 3T6f RmIsc-icpi qj^f 1^ ?fl I fefqR q^t qjfeqi? 3rqcl?f anqiqq qrq aft aft^ ^ptcTO ^ ^qar ^ cPRq fciq^q <?iWf3q qq qqr aq i

arq^ A'il^«:'l ^ RmRcici^'i qr^ ^ ■?R6FiTcqq5 SRw> ^ qfq q?i i qffq qjqq ^ affq•^■sWic jjcftsA q?f q5f afR ■^JcTTq-qsTT q^ qq’ «idli|l I qi^ % q? ai-yqi

fcKqr % q? qrqqt ^ ijqnq-qsq q? eRT^ i•^*il$pRtp qr^ ^ vj«fl«;qi’<-g'iiq ^ qf^ ^ ^ ’ft ^ q^ q^,afr I

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qq HvJi^d vJT^trqqrq aq | ciWl^^cd qff^airq ^ qfrT aiq^ q^ ^q^ q? qrR ^ ?ft ^WfiJq aq, q^ qRqq ^ q^ i qRrq eftq ■^cqq-qarr f^qiqqft ^ arqqr 'q^’ftqqR qqrqr ^ i q^ftqqrq q^t qrqqrq q^ qfl’ qv#?Tq gan qqRf '^3tR aik q^Ri ^ ^ qq '^sqqq?^ wq^anqi I qie^t^ qrq qfqM <R«fqiq ^aq i qRff qsr aqqfi qrcfr q^ ars qq i qqqq qr^ qq fSqM-i ^ qqr affq afk qRrq ^ R tRRrRqr q^ arqqr^ •^qWc'd ^^3fR •S'ldd

gn^tqqR qqrqr Iq^Rr ^ '^^iltpc'd % arq^ .A^liiycl ^ qr^r ^rtRaqq ar^^TR 'j,<?ii*i -d'^qlri § afR ^

tq^Ti gqrq^ ^gifrq qrt^ ^ ’•^1 qrq q^ qR '^f t, ?^rfcqj q,cim-qaq aqf qqr^

■RaR q5t 1%qTqq q?i I

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qn%'^ I

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q>FT diVld aqr q rfr ■^j^-qarr qerqafqt q?t arqqr a^ rsq^ ^qr

I860 ^ ^iici if di'«ric<^?iici '^Pi<ji qi^ qrq q^t qar q^ qj^ »f[ ^qii if arr^.i §Tr micH

if 3rfalqq?T %q ar I ai? qr^ ^rfarairq ■ajRrajq afk di’ji'l q^r arr^ ajR^ ajfi l%qrqcff afr, RRrq aj?: qff^ 'aqr^ qrq an rfraiq' eft arr q^ i qr^ % ^#r?[ aft tar qft arqqr qTiffqqR qrqarq1^

el'll! afti arr^TT aJt 1% feftaft afr vd^qlsjciK aftt qrq q^ qT^fi fftr q?: fftqraft aflRcT ^qrr^.afR arqr if ^ ^nq apy Pi'jfq diij+i ^ arRafr i c!(cbi ararsaR, 1359 ?i^ ar? qrar aqqr q^ cqft araq a^^qqKl apft ^lael ^ fefqrq apr m<?i«i qrft ^ afra q? “^iiq if fftaaraft ^ arqrcq 11 5^Tafti dK^i qf an fin qfqt qaff aft rsqqajf fefajjq afft q^rq aq?^ n’t st rrTl% -jeiii-qan qn I'd ell g^?ii aft erq ^ mr^ i #qt qn asaner an Rn ■siei'h aft ^ qqit at qftf qrrajqr q^ ?tqT,

aFaff% q,eiii-qan am qRen FR q€f ^ qrapn 1^liq if dial ■ft' a^irqqia! apt jpq if 3rq^ eftS f^—leldH, •S'leid, ^RftiRd sfR %eT 1

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^ qfqfiiqfqq) qfq'j**ftqqR qn qrq dial

feTqrq 180 1866,452

ftRi'iRd 72 849,781

fteT 39 588,879

12 1387,957•S'leid

84 ti^<ra iTW snfftwi w ^Rleiti (^ 1776—1945 V^.)

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ra #4t ^ ITsff ^ an 1T^, ytt 1%?ft ^ 5?Tf 3ft ^ ^ #2JR n 41/

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cm cfTni 2JT tcp ijpiij'i ^icjy^di’WHH ’{ivTcfi' g?[ Tjcp cfi-icp.5^?H sfr aft? yr^cp ?nHi gfr sn fcp 31 nra 3T% era i?i 3Torn ^ xm^ i ^ armn it% c^ Pi^'Icj 3^ xrfn’nr 35?^ ^

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wt? I <j)^'ti ft 3i^TiR, “■q? yfft^i

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88 WJW 77^ ~wfiiw W ^fcIWT'fl /ftf '1776-19,45

4 1864 ^^ fMw Ill’ll '^iRa Vl^yfrl ^ ^RT gwiDJI-i ^'■Il'^Mfa % 3r7^ Hllchc 5RT Rrt i «pf^ ^ <[7t aicl^dHI ^ 3ik '!|t<^Mfcl

^ 5'dmi «)q<ni ^ fpRIT I

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fef^ ^ WKUI cpitj-fi g>r, 3Tf&^?H ^ §3TT I Sftf^ ^ cJT^ 3fR

^ vj^ cfiqcii cf>i-J_'i'l c|^ r^byiPiycl cpy^ii ^Uf^, ?^TRT"1^ ^n1%^ I MC0'< fcicpi ^ TRTsfcfjf ^ \d-^l^a pW'! fcHfji'i ^ '»TT^ 6|gtia ^ f^fcTRIT, 11 3)3c1, 1865 ^ ^fsRT cfft \jiicil ^ ^ WfWr cpgT ®TT, Rh*g g-ticp f^

s^ 6WK «t?f ^ fT?H 3TTr^ ^ ifR^ 3TWf ^ I

yfRIRT 3RT^ yiii^Mfci 6TT1?, «'i«p| ^fecpK ufcT -dHSfldl'^'jf 2TT I vi'^'l''^ 29 1865cf^ tjcp 'EltWT SKI sIsI^I ^ 8RTT ^ I v3^ 1^ v3t1'<I ^THcRT ^ Miqlticp J(q4< R|y<«l

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f^ZJT I

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I TT^^fct ^ feT^^I^ ^ Rr^SJTf?JenT7 5T7T 7? ^ f^ |

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end'll I 71? TRIRtt aiTIRITTig mstm

H'^tM 3fW^)W W fipf 1776- 1945 \'.ifi.) 89

^ ^ ^ ^ 1 ®^T. HFT 3RJ10 yivj^rf ^ yfafthiii ^ ^ I

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9.5 3lt^Pl^H

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9.6 fRT

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?cl^ Hp4t 5?; I3H7^ 3^ ^ ^ ^ ^ aig^ifa ■^I ft I [elwcll HcTTi^t ^ ffrlFrH?ft ^ atR ^Rt, hh afR ti^ ^ f% cpj^ 14 si <11' ^ ??? ?ft sn? ■^R3^

H'ji^y'i fH Pl«n4 yf^FTT y^cTT ^ f4ui41 I3tR % H'lilyta ?fSRT ^ W^T Ht arafR f^TjT, ?? Riciiwe vd<,Kai HT ai?fR s? I”

^ ?Rrt ?1Srt ^ cRf ^ ?w? ft fTiT afR '3'tiiTJi ?imi-cfy eTfH-?f^ ^ yyi I 5?RRiRi y^H ^ ^^yiPlcp HTcPR cA ^imi ?3Tf&<PR q? 3ITH ^i H? TRfiRy'41«icil' ?? HTW <iR?T y^ yft ^ ^ Hyy ?RyT tep aiR >d^Vit ^ ^ ^ feiy epyt ftn yyr air, ar? h? yyy ft w ay afR gyMyK

SR ^ atmTocttoi aJt i Htyt iR yr^ yR HypiT yyi i ftisn yft ytyHT cR^ ^ cnKkJi afR Picp*4 yay HRiy yyif ^ 4t Rtyt y? yRt yy yR «ra yyr, ^if^R ?y yry^ yry^ ^yf^RiRi yyn ^ ny yy>R yft v3"iici ft i

It ft fyTH^ yRf ^ HRr ■=1Rit yft ’fi nyry y?i ^-yfri ’ft ft I fyf^tyf’y yyyi 'Ji-im yft yfy-ytt yt

yfT ani yf^ eft ^ ^ arryy^ ^ aft.

q’<qi<ri

ff y^RT ijff eRf yw? ft yyr y^f fyf^fyRr yy yyy yft yfy eflyyf^ fay i tt nyy yyyiei y^ yij yif? ^ yHiyr yyi i ^^F^tyf^yf cA yfiyyi ^ sicr^tt yfi cpiy enyyi yyiyr TTyr afR vSHyft siami yyr-i fHt yft ynyeT yRyrt yt yRf y^ ynyer ft i yRyftyi, wntsy afR ytyifH ^ y^yHTif Hfiyfr yy 3tptt 'jimi ft yyr, ttyr y^yRtyf eray ary yRarraff %

^ aryyr ^ ^ yR f^i

yj^ vaejl'i ^ yfei Rw-s yyi, yHf fyRtyW <pth rftyt ^ ^ifty ■?atcT^ ^ yf^ ynyHyiefT 14^3it I yf^ ^ Mtil'i attcT^ ^ ^ t^yflMleitil ^ aryyr ytnyry f4yi i 'FT^ afR it^yrfy yft ei<i>4t fyR^ ny^ w '^a'sfty yHiyr yyr i yy eTRi^ w yRR^ryr ny i ssa eryi fRiyr <pt HiR! yfi y^rr^ yy y^mryi yy yyr i t^itt afR ^aertt arenypiT yftyHi y Rtt yft

yft Ryr yft yt, yf^ yy yn vattV; yyrRi arr, yyff4> ^air^fry ^yfty^fyt % aiy^/■ .

,'^-H^frt Y/vii/ SfW^hST WI (Wl 1776—1945 X’.'^.) 91

dJ|l4 sit I y-i&lJd: ^ vd'ldi) hR’Io'i *i\n<^’<l 5^ I 30 nfrRTcT

3ft? cl^ ^ ct "Jtt y<syd: i^? 3nwf^ 'rfaVl. cpqRT 'd£(l<i sft?

vjtll'l I

^'iPf*if“) : '{I'Jl'flftifl) 3jt?

^ ?R? ^ 'T^ ^ ^ I ^ cPRW ‘fl'del fift^ ”T^ ^ ?T^ I^ *1lfc1«r>'l' ^ ^ ^

?R^R ^ ’7RT ^ <r1l4J0 'T^ 2TT I ??Tf^ ^ STT^ ^FTH c^ I

'PK’^ ^ ^ STT f^ 3T^ •ffTft fcb^Tl ^ SFJfr^ cpM^ii IRT^ st | cf? 3TTJ^at, f?Tf^ ?irdt W 'ddm^id ^ I ' ■

■^cTFT-yaiT ??c*T ^ ^ cPRW «(MIM ^ ^ ^ aft

irnT fcRT ^?n an % ^ 3ft? nr ^ m?T fcHT ^?n an 1% ^^ f?P?nr n?^?T5^i??TcRfi7Pi^?l?ftn5tyan^f|, f^ «fer^ nan 11 ??r^r iMt ^ 4)Picr> f&>?tt 3ft? ntt 'Ji4l'i n? «P?^ ^ 3ft? '3?Tn>t ^ “n^ nn Pif^xia l%??n ■^3^ 'Jiidi an I 5?i nan ^ <T)K^i ^ sft? 5?T^ «ra n^ 'i ^t^—^t^ fcP?nn nft cnf^ii^znP ?tctt n? 1^r»f? ^ 3ft? cpyf cT^ nn \ 'diet?) 6n?ifl «janp ^ ^ n^ i §?t^ n?^n?T f^?THf n?r ?Mf^ n5t^ Rciq't41 ?# i ?tfftn ?n ?Tn^ f f«P nan ^ 3Rnfn ’ft ^tnt citnt ntt ^piPT-nan nit gi<?ia ^ ^^5 3i^ ait i

5? ^ nn?^^ n^ nr^ mj i j^^f^tnf’n nner ^ nft «ramT ften i «nnm ^ 'n| 3ft? nf

Feld

^TPnfwRj y<ifa

di*iif^<^> w'lfci ^ wj vjn?^ ?nn^ smj i(1) '^eTTnt nit(2) ' ^itifr n^ ntn ^ nn srfSrnn? nnn ^

^fen>cf ^ ■^eTint nfe ^ ^ orf^lnn? dti'i f^nn i ^ 'd'nfd -qiect^ I nf^ n? dd^til ’d5i5*jlri ciigci ,sit I v3% 3)i\jiiq Ft^ nit 3n?n aft nr ^ ^ 'jimcI^ ??r stiviiicfl nm ^ n?^ nnr? ag?? ^apR ^f 5y?-'^n? nnt f^d-^ aT^jn?ann^ sft? cgt5 qiMd nmm mfern^f nT?T f^m n? % snf^ ^ i sm: srmn^

ijn? -nn fi ?TTf^ i

ftreiT ^ftrsn ^ ^ ^ 'jft u'lici ^ I yi'ipH* f^isn ?T«rn?t 'jncrai nRT^ n ddn’') f%:'?jen’ nnr^?RapTft nit ?annnT ^ snr ■»?[ f%ni 'iM ^ aft i xt^ gn; ?iter nn3ft? 3m v3?T^r ■=fnft ^ nn ?np^ ^ i fh n>ra ^ nM 3ff? ■>fr ^npjn ni?r f^ n^ i

'Swfnd nijfn ^ nen ci'mi ^ ^^rf^^rf’n cptct 3naTn>i?nn ^ an, nncngdi ^ I 5?i nneT ^ “ntn nn 3?1atnn? ?Jtn% ^ njnj^ si^itn sTcnrar? sft? nt^ nit 3Ri\jiq5di aft i” ziF nmT-^^mj? ^ nftnt nit n>?^ nit nilf5i?i aft nit 3nnn d«icgt#

^ I ^?ft nmnin ntnt neft ■'f nn ’ft n€t aft nm *f ■g^ nier ?ft an 1 gnf’fnf'n *f niT?^ • era cpi4cg?iei 3ft? ^nrnm? n#f an sfi? ’3?? mr^nr nit 3ft? ncTfctnT iff [ ??? nncT n%R

spff^tnnft ngn # y^Kaiqi^l at 1 mf?T 3ff? ?^ nit fpiPd ?pm fniPeimiRn'l nit d*^Id ^ nnn

92 wjw ?nm amiim m ?fcrsm (^ 1776-1945 v.^.)

n‘jfr iMpn ^ <^cl^ fcf^ ^ fc^IT <51R ill ^Pt ■ft 1^ 3?f?)<PJ?J rt1')1 ^ 5® ^ «l’<«<)41, ywiHl ^ &]ylicj 3fr? '5>T'<'1c ^ v^—^RcpR

gTTT ^FTT’? ^ ’^rff cf^ ^ cpisui dO’cTl'^ viOl’Tl I

5^ fcPT^ ^ *li'l'ii^ I ^'lR*lI‘J| cRTcf if ■?ra ycf>i'< ^ 'S'^lci ^

cR^H ■?cr5R 8JTI

’<ivji'flRi<t> aitye)

f?t5 cfiT^ ?l??t 3ff? 'dei'l^T SOf^ ^ ^ ^ ^cfjRW TTFI: ^ ^ WT11% ■zi? ^Plet ^t^n>r ^

?rPKR TPTf^

9.8 ^ 5^Tf^hff®r 3(I^Pi9*f (1867)

5^ 3t1?1P|4)*i ^ RiidT ^ 7STTW ci?f, ^fSpJT ^ ^ 14^

aff? 15^ 'TRTRH ^ MiRd ^ f^^IT I TFj^I -dV'KKl 3fk RnReicni ^ 4txl aTJfrft^ 2TTI cfiKUI ^ cpg ciwifl ^^TR afR <5i5c cpRiRiyi ^ ^ anctcpcir^ 'dP)(d cfji %?Tr i

cpeil-^ cIT^ ftxai-Jl afR ■^^cfTTO i^'i-di sRRT I ^ cfR m51«*1'1 ^ ‘lidl^l^yl

'^qd5 «!^ (fell'd (f>cIH ^ afrf cei§C (^RffcRIT % Rhdl I 1870 ^ ■??ra5 357 -gHT^ f^TJT 'TT^TcTR cjft 3?^ ^ ^ ^FIT

t, 'TT^ ^ cni'jdl ail? 'qyi'<l ^ ?J?) fthyi Tj^fT 3TTI ;^df^dl''i ai?^d1 sprpi.

if iT^ 11 if qr^ c[?r TRPfffcT ^ f^lwi |an i

9.9

Tft^ %fr ^ ^ 'HRcf w %fr (t^ 3TRT^ Tjnir ^ 1IR ifr ?tt?t'T^ (fi'edi yierl ^ I cpNW ?R 1865 if cn'l^ m?T f^yi iRT I ”ffTft (Pf §RnJddqw

if feP? '^ffiW TTTsft ^ aT^^ <f>i”jd TTRT 1%7I I '5?I ^ dltil cf^ 8fr% arf&OTR R*,' T|TJ

tR ?ntT ■^-■JTTcr m TTTT I(1) ^Wf ciWf ?TT8J |cl<Jj? ^ gR ^ I

(2) (PR (R?% ^ ^ STT I

(3) ^75 ?TRff ^ ■=ff7Jt Ht^T ^trif ^ ^ 'i'l(f’’<'l ^ ^ ^ 5>R ^ 'FF(^ ^ I % 3IR efft^

(pR 'T^ ^ 'dcf^ ^ I

?fsfiT if 71? «p?T W 'd^f’dl ^ ^ (PT^ cpi^i 'ttid-a eilfff 7^ Rp'< <j,<HR sdiii

fePJ ?M f(^ RJ 1 13tR if ^JcTR-TISTT 7^ 'd'*j<?id Igdld^ ^flRT yivwjl 5^ (PPJ^ «f^

dKM ^ Rt I .

9.10

?Ff 1865 if ar^RcpT Ridi'i f^Hic^Ac’ 4 (f5f ?S||hHT (I^ I 7f? 3TTf§f(p

^dRdRi ^ «PR <r’<di

cTcP a^ cPFT Rbdi I 5?T^ 5evil'll •ftrft <lir yyiyi,

ReHdliJl afR ^dep PTR ^ 'Wjel tf ai-tydiei TJcfcTR I 5?T ^ clVll (P?T ^ aR^

‘1lf?1V)'l R?i qtM’d vTR aft? TJep RRdd ’T? TpR ^'j ell'll ^ ??i

SIT aff? aiMiq ^ ■^JefRf ^ciidiei (PT (PR <f>'<dl SJT | 71? 1872

•Tlul eil'll TRt cpR

I.. >•/■

ti^tni^ x!'^ 3i*f/l<r>i ^ wf^si'ti (^SR 1776—1945 ^.^.) 93

3>W ^ 'iKivfl'll 'Jiif^'< cl?[, cfy'i'Rh ^ sne-Jl c;<aci<;iy?l ’TR^ 3ik ^ ^vJFTF ^ ■# ■jfi ^ I «q7r ^ wf^m vJT^ ^ 3fr? ^ amj ifr^.3is2n^^f^

2^ 'R^t ^ Picpid f^2JT ^FIT I

xivn

cM' ^ ^rfcT ^9.11

cf^ ^ 6^ 31^cf> ^iPTf ^ ^ cf^t sff, ^ ^15pJ| 3Tf&2f>^ ■^TWr ^ cpT^ct>['jM »ft af I fefcfR ufpRR i^l'Ji'ii 1865 ^ ^ '^'IIq'I ^ '^ffiTW ^ y 1^4)1 %

^ '^'IImIcIaiT afk H<3lftl«PlR<j'f ^ STRT uiclPil^ ^ \ vJTFcblO'W 177 RMfaTtcbH 17T^ W STT I ^ 3TW ygR ^ 'y? ^iWtT <I?f

cRi ^fSlW ^ *?rp1 y7T«R cPT SrRlyjR 'T^ ■^, cT«[ clef) cnii)'H ^ffiTd cj^ TR^I cjcfll I ?7T^ sTR ^ 14^ TWren 3ff7 15^ 7f?flSR f^RT 3ff7 TRIft eP?T RJIT ■%

3IFR ^ Tf ?iiRi<n ?^TT cTt <1 ally'll T^tefjR cfRR y^yr I

9.12 ^%°T ^ ^

^ ifR 23^ cR) ^ •g'liq c^ TR^J 1^717 ^>1 'HFRT '^tyf ell^ft ^ ^ ’RTI TTf 1868 ^ iddl 7FR eFcTeRT erell'l' RH RT d'lcS'i syiyi RTT, Rt Hgiqiwieff ^ftrft

eftyf efft ^y'41a RTd ^ epR RTR aJT I 57T^ 3THRT STTepfaTR 'TT^ ^ttyt HRt Rt cf)1^ ci'll^ RT^ d, '3'icf) 3R epTS \jn^ ^ aft? TfR cR) 'd'lcpl fcR ’tt ^ villdi tff I

9.13 W

gifty 'd m ^=ttlft dWf 4^ yfcf f^yr I 'i^Ttt 6RR ^f)RJ7R' ff (l896) ^5ft^ Rt€^ ^ effRT iftTRTI f^ ^ 3ff7 Rt 3T^-3RR 1%^ 7RR 7«fR ef^

SZRTRT fD'J'll cfRj^ ^t^) § I ^ifR Rt^ ^ 5^ eS'Md ^ 4^ yt^ 4pT s'l-rtdl '9^ RIT 3ft7f^rerr ^ ^ cran srt ^ir^ ff ’tt 9 Rieff ^ aRR-sRR ajcRair ep?^ cjft ^

4fft arpt q'siqi 1tR) y^ 5^t^ft dcTT d TR 1895'd 9? RWT RRlf^R)

yft deD'C aPRT 3TTRteR ycil^ 7^ 1 9t^ *ft ?7T 9TcT ^ TRsf^ ^ ^ aft? TR 1909 ^•ftTfr cll^ll 4f^ RlRlc^ 9 TTar^i^cf) 3d&9)R f^ell^ 4^ aft? vi'i4t?l M'lfrl 4^ yef) ?T^t9 d'loi (NAACP) 9R9TI

TRRnr 9> 99101\

xTRr?T

• 3Rft9)T ^ 99 eplef 994^ §(ri5l9 99 1R) 9fcT ^ PFcR^ft 99R t 1^19*1 13tT??R99? 9 9f^ ?R99? 4^ \39R-x)aiq Rf qijifiji 99! 11

■v

, • ^Hf^Hfui 9)t #9 -g^ 9RRT3ff 9R 99191 99T t, Rt t-(l) fef9R 9ft 9t9RT | (2) 9fR?R 9ft ql'Ji'ii (3) ^-slcnei 9ft ql-Jin I

• 9? 9TcT eft fft;9'^6 99 ?T9)cft ^ 19 99 'ft 9«ift '991? fof9R 9ft 9f9RT aft 9ft9f^ 9ft 15ft 9?? ft eRT 9)?ft ft 98T ft aft I 99ft?T ftfe9RI 9^ ft ?TT?R eTTg 4p?H 9T?ft ft I fd94f)| 3Tlft99ft ^J9i 3Rft9ft 9^9 9R?R slllT I

1.'/

94 W^WrT •ilvii itf</V?<»/ W ^[^61*1 (^Pf 1776—1945

• TTHI ^ irg; gf ^ ^'^'fliq frpft >j1C^ aPT^ cfil^ill' ^ fT^ |ailej'iRicp, 'tii*ii(vTicf), ^ flisTT ^ f^?TT ^ cpi4>l '^sjK gsn I ^ g^f-^

''?r vioi^ ^ t/’i’j,'!, M’l'S^'i ^ ^fr^ ^ aft? ■giJr’T ^^ ^ ^ STT^ f^la ^ 6f^ ar^ cRF 'a*ii'!i afk "5^ H'^^a arf^^PR

fir^ ^ ■^JcTT??[ ^ cj cife ■sici'^ w arfilcpR I

X^f^'TK ;Glut'llRi<j> ait?t^efry

3?«IRT

1. frt<P'1 C{?f g^TjRT ^ fcl-wjcl 'J1l'1tr)|'<| I

2. ^rscfcl cl?i ij'l'Ji'ii ^ «n^ ^ «RTT?^ I

3. ^ ^ aft^ tfT^ ^i etai^v^ 1

4. w'l-sti afr? a^Tt ^ ^ffrfr ^ tj1% 1%*? cpr4 ^ ^fR^niTj i

.5. ^ •Tiij'ivji ^ gji^i

^^4 y^«i<P

1. afro f^RT ^ I^Rtei ^ 3/Wfr//rtu?t'

2. arro ^ aprffcp^ 41mci ; i,'s^

3. ^ ^ g'Scii-d

4. afro ^ t

•W^mr V7^ 3/H/)ii?l 957 ^fBSr'if (*1^ 1776-194S V.^.) 95

ailalRl* aTC2IFI-10

10.1

10.2 H-«lici'li

10.3 cf?f aflej'lPlcn

10.4 ^ ■^31TcT

10.5 3i'l£j'l<ri<niy'J| ^10.6 'JyTlciiq 3^7 stI «jmK ^ [ciwi'rt

10.7 ^ «JNiRcr> ’^MO’i'l ^ ylrtii^-i ^ cTT^ cpk'ji

10.8 ^ cdihT^^m ^10.9 ftcpra ^ ^

10.10 vitll'l 7^ 7TT ^ ’fR^’

10.11 sjkfnfrcRq cf^ wcT

• 'WKiSl

• 3ivgra

10.1

31S3TnJ ^ 3T£ZRRT ^ Lr?t|lci f&URfi TjfrTj ^_• sRfiw aikiWtcfRW ^ I

• •illriii'l 7^ '«*HS)'i ^ I

• «f^ ciJIMK jcfcpre Cf^ 'fp=??r^ ^ I

>1 ■

10.2 UWIci^l

aiKira cpT Mcscrj's 3niT Trrr^ <f5t sftiJtRr^ ^nrf^ u^pr ^ i ^ i860 ^3RT^t^ silejlRicp «(®al IcRcT ^ \jic<{1 y'lfa ^ ^ ^

^RTT I StH'Jlwi >d£jVl ^ ^ 4.sfrl ^ ^yftcTK Tygy juRI^ wlii-u'li vJElVl^Ici<4T ^ gfe ■d^lkl \iejVi TjRTcT ^ ^pfr^fcRlt ^ ^ sfR ^ ^ 'da'l'i ^ y'llrl^ '5^ '^PflR ^ ^ ^ I 5^ *if§dl-JTf ^ 5r»Tt^ ft I

y10.3 3R^Wt ^ 3iteilR|€t) viMeif^

3)H'<I‘7)| afk ySRI ^ cpTcT 3RlftW ^>1 ^ Ricrm ^3TT vi-WI?!

yTir I 3TR»T ^ ^ 'iyiK'l

’ 96 7757 3f*i'!)<Pl ^ ^f^eitf fipf 1776—1945 ^.^.)

aildRi*eRcTT ^ ^ 3fR Tpm ^ ^ SJT. ^ 1914 cRP ^ %3IH’^4>I ^ >dci'1l vdPJI?^ ?t% cFTT loci’ll '^THR ^ ftcltpy ?tcTT STT I yf^T ^'w'l^lT'^ 2PT 'HcfM ^ 3IH’^4>I fc[??r Tf WH TRT I wl441 ^ vi+l-^ 3TP^ STT I SFT^I^

3i1tl'lf^«f5 f&^RT ^ .g?SI fcRt^cH^ sff I1. if 5%-^ oqiHlR^P tiMO'il ^ fcR^RT ^ ‘TOT, ^ ^ 5*ll4 'R 'dr^l'^'l

W I

2. si^^ltt)! if vseil'i'l ^ Ilia'll Rwm ^an, >3^ ^ ai^^TR vtFRRPJT ’ft (ut^rrsit 3

^ 5S5R 10 cp^l-S ^ R^), 'RT^ ^ ^ ^ 'jTTcf l^t# <|i|l aft^ mR^*i ^ ^

§cii<pi 6i>fiicic ^ 8JT, vd'ttA 4t ?frR ^ ^L—*^*

3nTfra>i

^ f?If^ .

10.4

, ■JT? sTcTT ’THT cnfci'i t, ''R^ 3TPTcfk iR '51?

Ricm'w cjit ^ ^ 4^ «ra '3£)'i‘iHfa<j'l ^ '^Jici ^ ^ ^ 'yf^wisrf ^ ^jcttut i

effRf ^ ^ *iN'il ^ ^ eft ailEjlRitp vi-^ia aft? l^cPRI ^ ^ 5a41

arf&^ ^ ?tcft 1 ffe<rft aft? ♦nq-Ti 9i«^ ft ^>RW, sftft ^ efftf ft fcRT arfij^ Ri^om garr, fyidHi 3TRr f^ejfcRrf ft TtFt^ ^ ?RTrf6??ft ft ^r i ??i ^ ft ctft^ ^ ^ 1^ ^

aw^t^ ft aiiRlcb «iiPd cift ??tTR ^ si^ cir f^zrr aft? 5?t ft?T eft sjcrtri

'rfeiVi ^ arista 6i<eiai f^?iT i”iftfch'i ?n?T ^ ^^5 <4<aepl ^ dl'idl ^ ^ STTf^fep s>lPn eft ?TT8J-?TTSI aft? ^ ‘fT^

eft epRUT [

ft 1% ^ WR ^ aid’lleni ft ailti'i'Flef^iui ^an i ^.gepM ft

ft l>f& ^ «|VJ1|4)

\

10. «ni'<‘'i

aiH’ftejTt ?R^ ^ fttfftftt eft cpRtJT atlRlep ^Flfft fttR 'Ml'dlf^cl? ftt SJT, 3RT R?^ ^ ftt ??? ef)R ft 6f^ ftt ^ I irt. ftftertt aft? <p'l*i<il'( ft 5+1 eft W- efiRert ft —

(1) apT-ft^i ^ ’TRT feraftt aifft^ nrar ft aft? fftrcift wr ^ wt ?Rr eftt w'l-ser>'<3Rq fftRft ft?T ^ft R« ft 1

(2) RcT ft ftR? ^Rft ^ fcR f^’ft Rft anfftRiR eT8n tftlftftt ^ fft^iRT I

(3) feleM^?f1ci 3TftcZig?Sn viRReff ^ ^ ep?ft eft vJRT nRelSd ?T5JT ^

Rpg I

(4) vRRcT ft ydiReb iRdT §3TT ^KrlR aft? fftftftt efiwft ftt ftfts |

(5) ^TF? ft anft ^rft fttftf ft r?'f ?rs£it ft ftt urrrt i

(6) ?Rftf ft ft?l ftfftB ?Rpftt ?miT3ft ^ ^ ftR, fftftftt ft ^ ft ?R8RT aft? ?Reprft ?iFra?TT I lift. afl? 4>t*r*n? ft R?ftt ft w aft? ftt epRuy ftrs fftR ftt t, “aPlftepT ft fttftf ftt ^wftt ’ITeRT |”

* 3TT?ft, FH ebRult gF aiWJ^Jd fft?FR ft ^ I ■gRlyi ftt ft 5^ epRftt ^ 31SZRRT Ptnif^Rsiei

fttftftf ft 3TRR R fftRIT ^ 'tiepai ft—

W^WfT 3/*t^‘p/ ^ $/fJe/r/ 1776—1945 ^.^.) 97

•llltllPlO)

nuft sjH'ftchi ^ f^Rira wi^l^cf ■^rra^ ^ ^ 5^ ‘^n^Ffr ^ ^ ^^ 8n l 'Hmi’^ci«ji cril<ji?ii, f Iags -wiyi

^ cf>|4jc^ cpT sail ’TT^ STT f^ 3l1’<l<PI ^ ^ igO '^TTcTcra5 tlcIT^ ^ «niw^ 2TTI

^ cj5t ^ ^ ^ 3IM^)chl «r?T STTI W[ 1859 ^ 5 Wff ^f ^ cf?rS'jIk'I S^1l« vrH^ el^ | lalvitl 'll? ^STT ^ cilf^cp 'dOHI'l 2 PlRl^JI

^ 3Tl?ra5 ^ cFTT 1 'I’tWl ^ff¥T '>ff SlH’^cbl ^ STTI ^ 3RI STT^ 31^^f?^ ?TM ^1%q5 Rrf^m ^ ^ f^cprar ijimr sn. 9k ^ isso 8fk i89o ^ ^ ii hVcmi afk ^Plcpi^ viTI^ ePft I 1859 ^ Vlci'l’<l«l ^ Hlpft ^ cHTT^ ^ 3TTf§f^'

aft? ■-a-ewi'i ^ R|ti1<< ^ ef^ 3Tx?7T aRR 1 ai<?iiai ^ ^aicT?ifcki ^ fcRira ^iciiiaff^ 1^411 ^ I igtff ?iai6iHl ^ aprT cTcS apT^t^ ^ ?yffRT^

oiwy f^vji^ ^tiiM cfR^ af I ^ ^ ’TFT ^ «r^ S'kIHi^ Rb^Ji W -a^ai STT1

45I|P|<T» i«lft«T>K cT®n ^«T*fl«T)

Rjia-^ anfclWR aPT^tiPT ^ cTt’ft ^ f^, ^cT% [«h’al ar^ ^?r ^ efFfT ^ 'T^ 1%^ I ll'^ ^siifi'’’ Viicp ajifclccpiyl PZIT ^—

(1) 1?^ % coici luT’T

(2) ^ T^t^Tefte

(3) giciili’a ^ f’TT^ l^fll TpT,

(4) qic^ ^ tc^FT’TT?^

(5) TllS'iy afk ^ ^ 4>>a(7l ^ ^ 3Tff&^f>R %^IT I TraW ’JTT S'ofimi rpfr ^ ’TT^, ^ra sx^lcl viaVl tPT IcfcpRT ^ F^n aft? ^ vd til'll

^ I^'Jloil ^ TRTFT eFTT I

aftlftpt^ fft«FT?T ^ WT ft «IRft cfT^ 3HJ F^xcFJjft anfftw? ft ft- ^ 1ftuT^ ft ftvffft ^arrfft^FR, (i 876 ft tttift ft?i ft anift^cFR f^) arrlft i

Mptre-i aresft

aii'Jlcpi c(ft Rcfjitil'^'Lsi arftsTcRsjT ^ ^ gaiR^f) 'Jici mRcis^ aft? ftr mRcisi ftftft cprtft^pRI ?t?TT ■pTIT I ftftt W Pllf'Jl ^'5? ft ^T?ft ft ft 'FTF an I 1865 ft aTPftw ft 35,000 ftt^

ftt aft? 1873 ft S’rttnl dHii^ ftftjftf ft pf I ftcTft ft Rpft cF?ft-PTeT, 'dtiVl aft? fftcR^ ^ U^<a ^ \Ji'|.S4p'< ft 'ift sffptF Tgcf ftFlft ’T? ft^, fttf aft? TfftTift cf? f?ft’TTcT TRcft ftl aftfttfft«F Ricpm ft -asNai ^ I f’rfl ?ftf SR aiif ftftftftr ftfeTtPR aft? ^cifti Tftillfti cfr hRqsi ft 3R5J ?TTai^ ft I cPT’Tn' ??ft ?FRI VcllsF PftftT' TfF ft anfft^cpT? ^aTT, ftt ^ ft ?T’^ ftt ^1l--4)|c|yiai ^ Ff I cijiHiRcp 'J15I'J1'<I1| «FT ?|^ fftfFTT fan aft? 5?Tft ftt?T, TITUT’ft cTSTT ap?r fttfttftt f&ftftf ft ftsrft ft WT ft sfft-ns:? fftftt 1

HafTvjRRT^TT

ft<TcRti'l' ft ft?T ftft cnftt ftft ariftfR ft f>? ?Tfft ft ft yfiftt sft i f’l ^r^ft ft 'nar^,^nfFR, tpftilTft cTajT '(imH ft fftRip ??ft ft I l>Jlt^ ftt ft>!si|l TPf 1860 ft 1,300,000 ftt ftt

t

98 xt^m 77^ (M*/'/)<t>/ W $/<5em {7F( 1776—1945 ^.^-)

^IVJIK

^ 1900 ^ 5,300,000 ^ I ■'TTofT ^ 3RT^, cpi^l cff?T 3jt? 3RT

^ ^ ^ ■)f[ ■J^

ail al Pi tna;*i'0ti>i3TTI ’fl 3FI^ ^fUflPTm ^ t^T# IulaT

^ el'llcFl 3TWpf[ ^ *1VJ1(J^ <fn f%cT vjTPTT ’ft sfllMlcfj^ Tf 'HgN^p ^^TT I ^ ^

• cPT ^ cbKui sra ^ ^TRT a?TKT ^ SIT I ?7Tc^ 3lc1l9l 3R7I ^?ff

3TT^ cTT^ 3Tfil«Pf?r cfRi 3)1 til Rl <^5 ^ ft 3n^ St | 3RT^t^ c!5t *ivrt<^y TTSIT ^f^^'lldl q? ’ft sS1 t^ Fif ^ ^ ^PNjt Srf&qi^ I ^ _p^

'<ivrq'l ^ 'ti*^*tf| ^ibii3^ ^

3Tq^tqiT f xiuiflfriqi i^cpdl ^iRld ft qnf Tjq5 \ji<i? ^ vu'i? ^nf ^ €R'l5 qr

3?^ 1%# cHF q^t qraff qff qf sff l «PRq ■ft aftnrftq^ qf qsiqi I 3iclicii3f*i'<lml qtt ictift ft qftft f[ si^dl qft ft, 3iqf[qq q5t 3RRt^tq q'Jifllci q?t 3Tt7 sqrq ^ q^ qttf 'Ji'?)'<a qft q^ sftq 3TRTl^ fcfcFM cTSIT 3ft^ltftqi?q q?r SIR SRlff ^ cFTlf I aiqffqq qtt ■?Rq?R f '^fr vjsftft q^ fcT^fft ft¥ qqif ^ ^5RT irqpT f^iqi cRIT.qrqST q 3tqcqaT fq ft RRqjlft ^Fffiqcn l 5^ 3ft?lt’ftqRq q^t q^Tqr I

'H'JctJl'fl 'H6iqcil

aitiitftqR’q qtt 1%?it f ^Rqqq qR3 f qft qqq ffeft I ^ c^qR ?qt ■'900 crq> ^r^tq|ciwM*i'5ci afR qqqt ^ f^qrqq^qr qq cqrqrffqf qq q^^ qqi q?T 1 ^ ^iqq f^qpTTcqq^tRq5 q5t qfr ^s^itqf <Pt ft qf ft. q? s^qrqft'^qTqrqftif^^ tfqfq ^ c^^ftq ■qqqjR f qft '^151^01 ft, ^ f^aqR qjqq ■^TTqiRt q wffq ■?Rqqft f 'ft qqiR q^t yigiqqi qqjq q5t 1 inpR 1%qRq ^ qrffq, qq qsq q^ q^f ^ siiff ^ qiq f ■qfrqqi fi qf i qftq fRrqrf, fqRft ci<^ifl ^ fff qf qqqf sfR RRqqfi qifiq q^ q^sft qtt

qR f ^RcpR fff^ ^qqjq q^ sjt, '?^iqn qftqfi q? ^sq Rp ^qq1% qq cr?* ^T^qftq ^3n 1 ■RuqMff qq qtqr ft f ^ isse f i889 ftq qtt 3Tcf|?f f ^qq^

q^ 3T^qj^ q?T 1 5R 3!q1^ fRiq ^fiq qff f “^sRicT wljh^i' qieqrqc^t qf «jNcp 3T5t qqrq ffqiT I f ?qi §i«;iq<fi qq qqtqiq q^ sq % qqqq^ qqqrf ^ 'f q f^ft q?r ti^nRi qi^qR 3fR q Rbfl ctilcki^in Sltstqqff ^ ^ftq | 3!q -qiqiciy f 5'!1«p Rel q^ t^fqft qit ftqq, qfr ffift «iimRq> fMPT q^ qqq^ ?RT ciqTf qf qq '\sRia' aiHlf f qiqr -sicial aft, 3itq tea'll yRiq ^qrqq' f, fqi qiq qq T^qipq Rqqrciq qjqq ft Iff? an 1

qqftqq qqqft f 3rqfRqT Jpfqi qq qq’ q?Tq silei'lRicf’ f?l ^q qiqq I jRi<ji ^ 3Fq Pbfl ft f?i f ^qf attf ^iqq ^ 'ftqq fqft q1fri«p q^qq^t qff qtt, f^rqqt aiqftqq f qtt i

1; •

f4

r

10.6 ^vjflqiq 3jt^ oqiHK ^ Rq>l’«

^ cpRuj 3iqftqq viEjViHicifl qqi qqqq qq wf qq qqi 1 R^lffqqi%qf qRf afr, tf?iTei yi'^lciq’ Riqq 5«lqici fg q^ ^ qqi^ ^ ffqq ^ 1 ^Rtfi ^

qqqq fff?tt qra f ft^ qq Rlc^gci qq qff air, viviififrisi siqf ^i^ftq f^iq ^qR ^ 1 ^qjq qqqqq f qqfrrqqft ^ 1 feiqiq qtt ^ 25 TTTcT ftqq ft Siqftqq ffw qq Tiq^ q^

V.

'fi^’Trt v/q>v iH*1'f)‘Pl ^ ^frfW/W (fr^ 1776—1945 ^.^.) 99

<Jll q1 Pi q»spiffs

W-| ^4><Hdl 100 ^ ■# ITM ^ ^ 3TTr^ ^3^ 3IT^ ^TO^ I

^ ^ sftlJr’fW?’’! ^ UF |cl?lqai 8f| 1^SldTs^l ^ 3P^ cra^ ^?I cPT ^ ^?T '30Hi<;'i Ff^ vlticpl 3/4 ’TPT cpihT^ii'I' ^ 3I£fl^ ^Tcf^ cIT^ i+cfcRill ■^f FklT 8TTI ^^tFT, FWTcT, cfM, cpl-ycli sfr? 3T^ 3TTcf?JR cRgsTf ^'icHiQi «rt-«f% tiMO'i'l ^ i^cr5i(t|cniy srr i

^Rqd'l ^ cpiyui ^ crnT^^II ^ FT2T ^ 3n 'F’? I TT^ ^ F^ IJF 'J'Fyi«P^ f 5^45 Vid-MynM l?ct> 3)iRJct> oyqyeTT ^ g3TT fjl-wA Ffe ^ Rl.fil'n f^ cf^ Mi'lg sff I FF^ vjiF F^ ^ 3Fr% vscHi'i'i ^ yya^il m-soI sft rfT’Hlff ■gFFFT Rciai 2JT i F^ "'dHlKT ^ ^ sfR '»1t cpRtT STT % ^ !&!&■ ^

Njqiqi cidl^ ^ vjixsya cPff sJt, Slcf: ePTT^ ^ cfJRW F? ^ if eg® aM^ cTT^ yi'^ld-l ^ \3FTTFF ^ «PIF ^ ^ 3fR '^1% dr^ct> cRg ^ FrdTcTT cPT W1

^ «f^ cfR sJt eff ^ aTTOpff 3TrTO 3T^^ FFfTcR c[5t TpRF?ftnl*ia PimIRo ^ ^ | 'dycniy ’ft FF ctP’TpRit ^ ^3Tai FtF ^ 'H'^'o! sff | Ff?epT c^cR TJcF # v3FRt STT FF ^ Riailci WFFR ^ ^^31^ F? Fr^lFF RFiJT RT^I IciRb'l fclaiM WtR?H ^if^ci ^ mFT '^PtcT STT cRff% ^yff cfT^ if ?TWcR ^ Wn^ cfTTR ’iff ^ cR F’f 3T^ ?R Wfl f cffT PfcT^ ePT ’5?T

F Ft ^1

if ^-erf 0mT^?R ^ I 1 g^tywj

’itF

10.7 ^ cZJTqrf^ 'H*JO'll ^ ylrMIS'l cfjRoI

3t%9) Uiy^l'l f 3i*iylcpi if cqNiRcn '^PTS’Tt ^ ^ WFTFf | tj^, SRhj ^ ^ftcpiyui 3)Hylct>l ^ FFTTFFcPrrfaff ^ g’TTOT STT 3fR ijfrfR ^ ^>^RirRff ^

^TT5J FtF Fft cfjyql TJFft sft i ^ ^ ’‘ffF^ 3fR F^eff, ^ FF^t 3TTf^ 3TT^ cfT^

^ clVil efff Rr^, ’TSlf cl Fetlf ^ cFR^Fpff sfR cpy^'l if g>PT ^ ^ fttef ^ cr>iyu| FF y/iO'l'l ^ *i'Ji<^y PtcT Rtf 5^ I eft’T, yiycpiy cFT yPs'^'jl czraFR-cPiff^ yfy^R f ’TPM^^ cp|»ia F^ ’fPTS’tt ^ FT8J Hi^lr|ct5 '^rraR ^ 1^ ^ sfr? 1^ 1%ft y’cniqc ^ JratF

^ 31^*1 fcl ft aft I FTcftffj yiyfacp TTR’tt eft 4ya*iici cfj^ ^ fcTTj qRcico sftff)^ ’TR^ Ri^l'i art, etf^F c^ qtqiyi iJyfl-lc «Rf ^ FF^ W ff'Hi'i cFT ’TTcT qicf ^3TF% ^ WT if ft cfjR gifTFT ^ 5JT 1 ’fF"^ 3fR WT fS?g^ ftcT 3tcrf^ if ^fRcFR f 150fitfePH ^ 3Tf&gT yiycwfl yfft’T '^etf cRqRrff /t ft sft I yiy<t)iy'l' FSTT '^STTfUl y?iiyiit it ft F^ gRTPrat gf «qi.yai'^fch yiycRiy) 'Jift-i 3fR g^t 1^ ^ I at^^raft if ft g^-'ft grftg f^ gRrRnff ^ F^ eft sft I ^gftF girf f ft RffarR ^gkFf ^aF gfi arRsti ^ fif ff oumiRcp girfR^tft ^ 1%?ft g^ ^8Tt g?f i ^ftF girf f “Ft^ uftPuT” gisgigcft gF g^ egrgg? sraf Picpicii aftF ftgft F7 ftg5 cIft ft aft ff^ft ggft^FF gf ^fwa ggror gRif ^ ftg^ ^ i FF Hcf>iy F^ gicT gf FpgFT ggtF g;? ft Ff ff> ggff^FF git cqiniy epyep argft yiRRi gRtf gF ^5^ gfalgjR SRt f i

10.8 ‘»>ihT^?I’1 ^ ^PR^TR

gf-gf cpmT^aii ^ ggf ^ g^RF ^ 'F’rftf ft fgt ft gf f% ff g/iRfgt gg c^tot gg ft WlRlccI an sfR 3TTf^ TtffF ft F^ ^ FTH aft | -FFR ^ ftn eftFf FF’ ntFF Ftf F'HT, Pf>g ’ft FR gtF ■f FFgjR Fft 1%gT Ftr FgRt % ff g^-g% ggff^FF gft ■^ftcia gf fnif gg FigicR ftf cTFT sfR cpi4cg?icicii gir F^ ffgj ffFi ff gg fffgm fft gtFt FRg Fft an i

100 wg«m 775^ •h*1'!)’PI W (^ 1776—1945 ^.^.)

apifrar10.9

)|1 ^ Rcpm cTSn t^'Wl'^ ^ 5rFfl vjlfSel 8f| f&5 cpjfTT tTRT cfiRS-l t’ft vj^flftf ^ l^cfTRT ^ ^rfST’<T fclcRW ^ ^ ailtjlRlW fcl<um ^ Si’^l'Jll yllki^M I

cpT R-WK ^ 'jnft ^ 5'Jl'l'l, tfjT^ cT8TT ^’TcfRTjyf f^ ^ ttFT ^ «ra<ftxl^ I 5'Wra ^ Pi*ili>i cf5T v>-c^\ ’Tra Siarf^ cnxcit p{t?T, fftf^FFT 3ft7 Rpft#^ ^ ^ «lft

■ft 1ftc^ ^jTTcTT 8JT I cfT^ 3Tqft R*ii'i cfiT TOTfT cR ?TR, xlf^t ’TT^3fr? ^ 3p^ #!jf 5^TTft ^ I S'tHia ft spiPawift nRcicii wft cTT# ft TI^ ^ chift'Tl ^ ^ I cT? 'f<p|Ic;«| STT sft? 12 ^TTcT cfft ^ ft 3t*iftcpl STHITI ftcftTOTO 3^7 ft'WM>ddl'^4cb cPFT ‘Rft ^ ^ ^ s-fHici ^ejVi ft STRT 3^7 gx^ici cPT ^ i^kIsik

gR 1^ziT, vilt 3)»i^chi ft ^ cpR^uftf ^ Piii'-3(^i ':<adT STT l

?3p|Mf

?7f ^ ^ 3J^ 3n?znf^^Ril’ 'rt'flctai <aP(^ ftyf ^ >dcx((<;'j cfSTT ^Tftg?! cj^ 2TT I ^ 1862 ft vbEjVl ft 3nft ^ ^ ’Tfft hRci4i ^ I \3ftlft ^TTR?cZiRfffftf 9ft «PTT1 ft 3N^ i^cpilycpK ^PTT feftIT | ftft 9^ 9R 95^STHRft 9ft ^ 9R f^9T | ■RT9i^ft9R 3lU ft ffteT9i^ 3TT99T3tf9) 3ft1%9t 9ft ^STTW 9ft; 9>«H*ll ft 9cft9cte ft ftd 9ft +1451^ ^ 999 99 999lSr999 9M ^ fcRTT I S'ticn 9T9 1880 cI95 ?T9’’fteR 3ff9 \5xi<p ■fllRjftt ft Ifteico’^ ^ «j|M|y eft ^999 90 wlci^ia 9T9 9? 3f99T fft999 ^iffta 99? fci4|i | ^T9 1882 ft RRl”9 <t>im1^?I'1 ftef ft^R 9ft ft?sl'*ira 9Rft ^ 99ft ftt fRc^l 99 995 99T9T 3ft^ ?9 9W7 99ft 3T9ff99 ft cZrnTR9ft 99) 9^ 5JR9T 99T9 9ft I 9T9 ft 5^ "59 ft 9ftft 9 clfft 9ft >aHl, 914^1 Picp 999tftt■ft^TSft 3lk 399 9f9'ft vdEj'l't'l 99 •WiRicxi 9191 9R fcRIT I 999? ??r ^ FT9 ft R?lld 39^9)9rf^ cPTflya ^9^1

ft9

99c^ ft ft^rft ellS'l'l 9ft ci*<ii^ 9T9 ^J9T 9^ 9^ 1 ftcTft ft 5cii9) ft 9??ft ft •dgi^jai 9ft9 Wft 4*1lft 9? 9c9T99 ^ 9^T9T fft9T I 3iceilR«P sft? hRiPHo) ft^ft 9rT?9 Pbdi'i'l ^ 999 39ft 91?^ 9?ftft 9TT?ft sff I ft ells'! iMg^je'q £9^ sft? 399^59ft 9ft TJcF 9T9? 'ft 9FT? ^gxiiftl sft 1 ??rft STeiM 9^3Tf ^ Ricpi-iY 9J9T ^39 9T9 ^^99^ 9 PbcIl-sfcMxJl 9 ?9ftfft9fft9 9?f[9ft ftf enfti ?fl I 1860 ft ^c9 30,000 ftfof ftc?ft 01159 aft | 1900 ft 192,000 fttoT ftdft 9919 99 “9^ aft fft9^ fteff ft 9Tfft9) aftft ft eft9 ft ftf 5^14)|ft 1 ftoTft ?9ft ftWf ftfftelfll aft i 5?Tfei9 ?TT9T9 ftefft ells'll ft 399?? ft ?I95ftc9 9R feRT I ??? ?l*isftft ft 3T£ft9 ft 999 9ft 399?T ft 9ts ftfti aft’ ftt? 39Tft 9Tft 9ft 9? 9ft 9^ ftftt ^ i 39Tft '9ft ■9?99ft fftft^ ft 99T9 '??3ft ft 'ft ftft 9)ft cR9ftft 9Rft[ aft, ftft ?T9rftfftfff 989 3RR9T? eftft 9ft ftcT ft 91911 9Rft ft leP? 9ft Hltl 441 aft 3ft? ^ 99)T? ftft 9)1^ 9T?? 9R9T 'fteft aft, 't^pfft 9999 999 ft I

999^9 9R-\399t9 ft 99T9T fftoft ^Hift ft feT9 99 9T!?T ftft aft 3ff? ftt 99KT ?TT9H ftviai 2JT 9ft 9T^ 9? ft ftifft enft f?T ft^ ft ft9) 9ft 9T9 I I?T ft^ 9ft ?T9ra 9v?ft ft

?n9pr

77^ 3Ppffm 957 ?{cmw (TPf 1776-1945 101

i

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^ O^l’Tl, ?ifckl 3ff7 ^f«TR ^ felvfR^r ^ ^ pnr l ^ ^ OTfcI^fiR

19^ ?ldl4^ ^f ^ ^ W 2TT STR uRR ^ IR 1879 if ^ |3n ^ aTR^ 3T^f«n3Icfl 6f^ ^ cTN 1^RT i "fPT 1882 ^ i^il’d'l 5<?|[^'^ cpJR^I ?TF?

Tf Rfj RcR 6i\d"'ti ^snftcT f^RT Ril’d«pr R'Jicil ^ ^ cprt sjt i >fr

1887 ^ R?ldl'J-s ^ hR^SI ^ fcR Rl'Jic?! W 5'*^*llcl Rb<Ji RIvjIci'i ^ del*^ Rcff Mgcfl cPR sl-ii^ I icil‘fl'l'1 3fk cTR •ddl'l ^ SRI R1?R ^ R'Jicil ^ ^ iRt I t^vll^

^ STj^ra^T?! ^3W7W '^•H'tn Sc^f^cp (l892 ^ vjld’icl RIT) sfR ^Rc'l FIRR

5^icf^ 5Rr eRT^ vTT^ ^1 . ■ .

SRI xjej'l^i

§’d<ii RTSI-RTSI SRI v3E('l'i'[ ^ ’ft H>iPi:i<ni|<l nRcit^'i ^ I ST^cP d^tl'fl sft^TR RRt ’T^, Rn-?'!'^^ ^ H'Rcuf'n ^ f^^IT I ^!^>Ji^?i'i cTSIT ^ dlyi't ^ ^ cf? ^ f&i?t^ f^cpRT ^ TjfT^ cpTRT HTfft ^ STRcff ^Rycti ^ RITI

f^-RcpR IR f RI 1860 1914 ^ ^ ‘PTcT STR H? s5t 1%8fr| R§it ^ criPaa ?tR RIT sfk vj^itRt cPT Riwm ^sir I Rcpt^^ 'dejl'iMlclijl ^

^ ?t^ W ■ulirdi 3R I 'd9>ciai ^ ^'<a^’< SRi cfR ’ft ’ftl^ ST^RTft «R Rtr sfR vJR^t ^ eieia

,41'P5’tc, sfk snl^ cf5T ^ Rni^ ^ w i?R

10.10

5dR ^ ell'll cpT ^t^ R<^5|4 'T^ Rn'pl^. SRft^ dgl^M ^ -diydl ^ SlftlcRR TSRft’T ^ FT8I sRRT i^Ph'l '^tRTcPI^ ^ ^’7’ff (RfR vjRT ^ ^FTRI ffPRT) ^ ’itfcf

^ ell'll RH fcUsHTrT ^ I ^^5 R*! ^ ^eT^ ^ ^ ^ ’llvSe'S, fctfePR c|'''S’<Retl, t^jeRT ^f. eRc'ic^, ^fRI ^ 1%el sfR tj^. ^ffRT, ^ ^ 'iff’T '<lW'«el'!, $'t^R ^t} TJtf^ cpi^'H, ^ ^ 'j|<gw sft? v^, ^ft. dV'fd, ’ai'il ^ ^ (c|leiiid xj, cfeiw, 'liy sfRgSR ^ RR # ^ ^i SIT#? 1 #t?l^ ^ Wf # “STTfSfR ft #?TT, R3T^ sfR RRft

^ 'd'Id'icPdf sf, qRcl^d ^ ^ W^ # ST

f^RTR Rl-d^ ^Tet XR ## eTT^ Rt#f cpt ’frf^ ^-'^fcRT Pf^, Rt cT SR^-STR cRT sfR Mel's! W "^tf^ tFRc^ (DaiR Rx^ cR R#)# st i”

Maim'd RelT ^ R^i^a ^ I 5dcr>l #;ft rjr 5R RcT sff^t% dtft’T cf^lTRTRXI Rit 6|'<«ll<ri ^ sfR ?I? TTR el^ Rn^y ^... 13slid cfSIT STlf^R^

R8IR RR Reft ^ •eietjl'i # RRt# «rt #R# ^cMiad ^ Hld^ # SIldaK RR

f’T r|-«T^ vdEjl'IMplyl Hft cRTT i^Plchl t ?R R^ # SR^tW # cfRlft RRI # Riaia 1R t#?I ^ ctt ^t5 Re^ ^ ^Rf# ^ fcp SRftRT ^ SiiPJr "'iRpl #

O

ftlRf# dvd^^l sit? ^<^41Pitldl clft fiedd # #R SR-a1eid «I# v^cvi't vddR WR xj^^ft’ft X# qi'eqj^ etf«hd ?!? R?T ’ft RT?I t e^el'l ,3TRft RTptfeT^ ^ ^'?cT#t #?pTTT a1eid RR^ I (’il'Td sfk 9''€'<f3ec Rt ols«P'<) §d«n RR #gR dRlri sft 3#^ ^T ^ c<ji^iRcr> STRTcT ^

’ft HH R’<lsH(rl ^ R

dTaRddcni

Rt^ ^SIR 1^R I \3RRT *^e1d-> ^Raf aiT I STt^TRlfitR ^dlMJl RR# ^ # dejldMl^ STRIT^3TRR ff 'ddsildi cR ^ ^ I ^ ^TRR % RT# RT# Rt 'ddl'^l R? ## af sf[^ RT^tR? # STTTO # RTSR? RRR? ^RTRT RR^ ^1 'd'XRlft pTRRT’R ^ feTtJ Rf 1^ R# ^ sfr? ##

102 ?7«R sprite R7 $f^gw 1776-1945 ^.^.)

’TRT ^ ^ FTcTT ajT| f^, vra^ Hll^cp (^“•5'<f5cc) <1^ eiriNl ^Pir '^«j|c(i 'TT^ ^ ^l^'l t^5TJT |t f^RTW MldH

^ ^aiRw <PT^ cp^ ^?1^?” 5^ ujf^iil' ^ ^ 57T^ pci'll

3ii€ilPi<jj

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«P^ t, ?fr 5teni«l>y ^ ITT^ ^ Hsqi? cr>yai | ^ 'TRT awa

vjqiqi 'yyST STT f^ •tigqiq ^ ''RTT STTI cpt 3PT% W? ^ ^IcTcTO

an, 5^ ^ cl5t f^RTT ^ aft f% vj-icfft 'ft ^cp'MH ?tcTT ^ I

mrTft 3Tf&cf>i?i viEjVmlanl ^ nft ^ mq-ii ?yT sttct ^ §q>iy %nTw 'Mcpqt aik'TicpftcR frlnt?n ^ ’n?'dOHiqq ^ sm^ejT ^ <n^ nft i3n^ grtcT ^ i ft ri^tnft nn f^ftnr^rft n? ft ^TKinr nft neirt 3fk ^ w wr ft i nnft'f) 3ft? ?rftcT? smft 'jftq'i ^ 3Tfftm fftftr ft smftt q1cici ft ft tn

snrT ft ?n «P? ?r

•ftrft ftnpm n?cnm 3ft? fftran ft ?3ft fft5?n i ft ftr H ft <^^’<1 cp?T w 'tiqiai 1^ sft? ^

viaVl ^ ftnT tn^T W ?iq><ll ft I ^ftftfftft ft ?nTft ft ft ^ ftft ft ft, ftnftft dHrll ftl ncTlft n *inq cBenFI ft fftpi £H fftm 1

10.11 3fhfr*ft^^ w ^r^rraft sTR ftl ft 3mftn5r ft ft 3iil«J«p ftftciftT §3n, >3?^^ inw t§t i

(1) ft?r ftt y^-q1«a ^ nft sft? ftft ft, fftft *i>ji^ ft ?iif^w ft, ?b^-?7?^ nn ?fr?wft ftw ^ nnr i srftftr ft ft fftrft ftia5> ^gfftnft \3hci^ ftt, yaft jPinr ft fftft'ftr ft ft

(2) fftr cpiy<aMl ft nnft nnn n5?ft ft, ^jnft 3Tr'H-''n?T nfn ft ^rn? n?r nft 1 cpiy-aiftft ftft nr q'ift ft ftxsqi ft ft ^ ^nft ft nn?*? nftt nfftrft ftftnr ft I ft nft qf^nqi s'+iii'l ft ?Fft ciiqq)n%ftf ft mn ftft cfti

(3) 3(if«Jq> qRqci'i ft qicitqviH nft Iftni^jH ft qijni ftm ft I vjiftmfft «fft?fteft 3ff? 3ftftcRrR ftftr ftt ^Jafft n? 'J^Kl qi^ii iTST [ *1'jic^'<i ft tTSF ftft n 3I?ftft

an, Rjitift q’ei'fq'WH ft?T ft 3TpftftFr ft ffttj nft u?i«i ft nm 1(4) 3ftftftftp?^ cpT sftftnn ftt nfftroft 3??r 1 n^-?ft 3ft?ft 3Tftft?s, ftftrftft

smftcr?, ?ftftftm? ft^ ni?ft eftt ft ftepf^ft ?Rft fenj affsff? ftftftf cp?ft SiiRJtf), n ?nmfftcp ?^ftftcTr ift^ 1 3ff?ft ft ftftjft cp?ft ft cpivw■^jnft fftn? ft? ft ftft 'dft 3fi? nfftn? ft ftlfta ftft eft 1

(5) 3i1a'i<nn>X‘"i ft \3rqiqi I nftft ft ft^n? ftft cTT^ ?Tr?T 'HIHM ft?I ft ft?T? ^ nft 'tiq’ai an, 3T?T: 3PTftcpr ftnft n? ?nnpT 3F?f ftft ftt ftp'll nft 1 3mft«PT ft ^nr ''Hi*ii'i ^Piqi ft 3ift<p ftft ft Hg'qft eprr 3ft? 3TnftcPi 'fiifsii'jq fftftn ft ?ftft ft nan 1

^ uq’iy 3nl^q> qRq^'i ft mft 3T?1? | ^ 3ft? ??rft q)i’<''i ftft ftt vjyiqi spT-qlein fftftsir? 'witil'ini fftft ft? 3ft? 5^ nft-Tpft ft ftn fftn, nftt ftftft ft ?Tn?an ftnr an? ft sir?

nmnft ft ?jft ft cp? fftu | 3ifT: 5?ift ^cp?th ft ^ 3ft? nnft ft 1

nft ftlyqeiaJ

?R?nTnft ft 3ff? 3nT?ift ftn 5ft n^

w^m mfim m (m irre-ms ^.^.J 103

artsfIPr*3Frfra>i

WXT?T

cfjt 3f|ejlf<l<^> effcf fr olH'lla ^ ^ Ic[5t STsfsir^WT ^ eft, 3TMcT H'i'g vdtjl'IMRl ^ ^-6f^

^J^WrRff ^ Wt^ cf)’<'il etf^R ^ ^ ?R 3it^ ^ ^3?lt^Rie7^ cPT O’j-M

^fSTlf^tcT ^ W I

'9*11'^ ^ ^TWR ^ '^fcieji aff % ^ afla'iRicfj f^tepRT elii

t^if) ajT I ^‘l'<lcf)| ^ 3iafajot<JT tefepRT 3RT ^ «n?l | Tift

t-Hcm

'd’fi'^ |cl?iici wif iclct> ■?naR I

2siiPi«t> cTaJT I

HRciei ^ STE^fr SJcRSJT I

yH^FRsEIT aft? fcT^sfl crr^jTR I

fT>jT^ Ef?t cfiEft ^ ?t^ I

■?T^ ^ fm ?Rtfr EfMiaff m ^ ^i

?1?cPTff ’<16l«ni I

gldl'Rb ^?5 vitjl'IHlrl ef^ Pi<141 0" H'i'g «f^ >3<y|<j, I tfidcl 3PT^ -RfT'if ^€t <Ji^ai E[?f 57cIT^ ^ ’ft EJ5P? |cb<^i I ^ 3TTRf<P Mpacf'i ^ 3l^i’<l^i Epff ^

*1^1^ eTEf) 4g-qi i^TlT I

(1).;•••

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

arwiRT

ai‘1'fl<bl 3ft?fr'ft^>?ET[ cf?[ v3^(?iRj aff? cfiK^'l'l E^ c<ji<5<ji «rlPfii^ t

2. I860 ^ aiHyltpi ^ 6rl-«f% rfttRep e^ P<hm ^ cf^-ctftET ?ft ?t?rr5

tff# <}?JT fcmR aTT'7

3. ^ yfr aiiRfu vs'nici '3?R>T cp^ E^tl^R I

4. ^ ^ ^ 1914'cR> 3RflEPT\c^ wjmiRcfj cT&TT afltllPcn felEpRT <!?[ 51^ 3R??TT3ff RT epf^T cplftin’ i ER>vitiVi E^ ’TlfcR’ EI?| 'lPf4P|ill EfiT ciufi colpii" 3it? 6iai§4 ??T Rjt+i ^ cffETf ^? EJ? 3n?R el'lMi RFt eTEp t pp 4 <^ii?'l E^ ^eTT ^ I

1.

X-

1. ^ (?lf^H 3TEpflEF1 'j'lPi'rfl 3itR ? y'lis^'S

2. EJ aflR ■? y'll^ii'S 't'ieifl Ept^ EfffeT# : i'T?

3. afR# ETTR^ :

4. aRP ^ :’ i^'ifp^vc /

104 ?7ER ^ ?f^F7W, 1776-1945

aik3TE2im-11

yfcT^ 3jt^^;ETR

11.1

11.2 W'KIICI'II

11.3 y^ii^ciic;

11.4 3ft? '?T^ ■^cR 15^ H'lfrlqil ,

11.5 ■gm?

11.6 tR ;gEJT7

11.7 ^ y‘ifa<ii41 ^I'^lci'i

11.8 M^lfaqiq cPT 5T>W

11.9 'Ji'iq!<;

11.10 'M'ld'i 1?^ e-sal^

11.11 fc|'«j61(f)’<u|

11.12 mi^IcH-w

11.13 W] PTIW

11.14 8ii'<;li?i'i 55T 4(Vi«iii arsM *i6Tq

11.15 ^ |c|cpm

11.16 ' ^pRR

11.17

• w7m• 3T«IM5R^

11.1

STOTra eft 31HI7H ^ft wefici ^_• 'd'ef)C 3?r? ’TT^foTfS 3)l't;'lc1'1 eftl" ^ I

• '?fkT HigRi ^ I

11.2 y-rtiiq^r

ailZITO eftf H«cf)’< fH •Jll'^'O 3)*1<ler>l ^ SRIT^ ^ ^ cf)KU| eft g yqepi ^•

^flsT Reel'll f^5trT iRT? JF f, ■^IvGl^ 4>'S'!Cl ^fcR ^ ^STR

I eft sTS ^ f^'HR'l ^ ■^FFRUaff ^ 'tim'll cR^ SJT, IFFfti vd"l(rl ff?

./

77^ «'/»'?<»/ W s/aeitt (W^ 1776—1945 ^.^.) 105

ul^EI aih ^ETR anfra?! ^ cPT ■^, ER ■$?! ^ Ri0m tziH f^r i

Sif'q'ici'i ^ ^ ^ fl’l'iqi'i 3^7 >377^ 3T^ ’5Tf§7jf ^ g?r WI^t} vjIUcw^

\

11.3 g'lRl«1K

SRl^ter ^ ffrlgRT ^ TRT 1890 1917 W ^ ?>loT H'lRiqiq ^ <PT^ flHT TilTcIT 11 ?77

^ VN^frl^J, SrrfSf^ 3fR TITOf^TTF? ■?[gR ifd I M-ilclqi'fl %TT i^lWa'^a TR^iR, Sif&ffJT<T'WrsflMcll 3ft7 I^Tofl 7iwr% 7(?r -TSTT ^1% ’jJt f^IW 77^ ^ ^ ^ ^RPTcf ^ 1% TRcJTR § aff?

vd'd’^ efr^

3fR ^ 3llElcf>lfl ^ ^ q7 11 3117^ ■^If^ STRTf cM ^ TTT^ 7^' 1 SnfSfe ^ \i?)|f&3517 giTTR fSitil'i'l 3^7 ^ ?i'lq^i ?t% eFTT 1 f^RI^ y^lRiqifqq'l ^ «r^ f^RTf 1 cl?

717^717 ^ U? 3TT7TT cpT^ ^ f&> 3ff7 fcfRTFff ^ TTf^ ?xfT^ c^ ^-11^ ciiiqiRiil ?2IT

ciJIMlt^ch TH'^UH'I ?7 3t^ 77^ I

n?fciciT^ cfRr 3Tl?rc?m TRwsrr ^ ?c7 crt^ tn?t ^ i 5^ TFmiisff 3Rifi sfr?ytcJRTT^, »jPt, H'jI^^ 3ft7 ^dl3it ^ TRTRTR, qRdill, qicl^ 7l%RT3Tf c^ cfR

qVqdl c^ 371^17 ^77 Plyf^ ^ wuiltril, 2fl*t7 yT^ TlTTRRt # TSTT ^ STff^ 7#1T1^

afi I ?7I y7f>T7 yqf^ciiq, tJcR ^TfT 3TP?t?F[ 2? yft ^ cpf c^ 3^7 fcRlR'f

^ 8? 3fl7 fvRT^ 3)f^7>fly TT^afgi SITO^, %7rH 3^R cpi^.tr^ cTT^ ^TI cTchld,

TRcpR 37?^ Tiraj yRcII cf)1

■CRcpR 3T5RT ciimi^l fyl'^'l'^ 7RM ^ SIM WRIR #7 ^?IT7FT 7t vbflRiia §M7 erI <17 t6c17 SU^I^Rf ^ ^=7^ ^ Of)<;<;(>; TRf^ cP7 SJI 3^ fuF# ^-^5^ 7J? ^n ajj

^ dVll ^ «Ref^ ^ Tnaj ^ TTTTH ^.girl ^ iff igEIK cjR^ ^ yRTTcT 11 yJ|R7c||<{l gsiTTc^ ^ cfr? ^ ^ f^TT# ^ ?feT yfT TTcMT 11 tj???) ^ JM? 7f^7Pf

• c^ ^ '^gsiTTcP f, tyF^ 73T7Tcft7 3TtMcP ^Mdl ^ 3ft7'HJFT f^ I ?R7 'Tfp^ iR? ^flcT^f' c^ ctTJ^

^71^ FTTyf 3^7 <^f5ni 4cpcf4' c^ ^3ft7 'S'iddl

TJcp i^cf>q4 ^cil*ll TTcT^ fcl<&yia 5^ 1 y'^rfcfST'? 7^ ?7T ^ !vy*a

3fl7 elT al 1 t^'d'Jl ij c^ % H'lfflcliql ■^gETT7 ill'ildl c^ 3n7IR ?7 ?tcp^ ^iJllcfl 3it7 TTMMcMf&^Jt TRTTTTSff ^7 yft7 f^TTT ( S7T

c^ y^'!3 yqttdi ^frsf^FT yfTy^ MeRR cTjfSxi 3^7 5i44 fSifciRleJldii ^ ifcFI^ ^ I

5?^ TM^f^ iJcfcfdi cpTcf ^ l?sfT? ?7I, TfM TlW? cfO^lcI^ 3it7 UfOTFI ?) I

TFTlrl?f[cT xIT?^ ^ 5^ cMlf^TPT ’77 7T7cf>R tf?^ cf?t 3T^aTT 3lf&cf) Piy-^jui 7^ | cRiFft7

TTyRfcM ncjcfdT 7tc STOm

cPft 3ft7 Wc^ c^ nfcT 3Rin7I TPTM 7R^ ^ ^ 8^ As'ldcf)?! TT^^Ta c^ cftM

3tielcr);(ticn f^'MlTTcffR uTR | ^71^ TIT^l 71? ^ 7Icf>^ ^ ■& M'llriqicl cIRT RRTTRI TFlRcfK

c^ 3Tf§rcP j^fcfR STI

11.4 3lt? ^?R ^ y^rfcT^K

7aiT%r 7?R ER 3ff7 7MI M7 >77 1^ TRTUR af( 7^-1^=51711 TP^ c^ TTTai THR^Rt ?7 cRFT cJR^ yTK^t aft. 1%STT cjft TRrRIT, cff? cfft 7RR7IT 3TTf^ I TMJt ^i ^ 3Tf6fcFf7T Tl^q ^gaiRt cjff qgR

TSr?! c^ TRH 5^, TiM 7|?^ clfl 31^7

TcR ?7 ^VT7 I >J?I?7W c^ f^, TnOf^M ^ '^TUcjf 3fR 3Ic«pft ? I^lcfl,

fratT ^ elTcfR ^75T ‘HTIT 1 ^ttiycpl TTyJJ

?7^#7f^t77

106 f7^ 3Pr^ m wf(Wm fir^ 1/76-1945

5{rRt£T ’gciRcTsjT ^ ^ arsferawT afr? ^i^tfctJ) Pi<^ ^ ^ ^ I f&c^R^ 'ddi'ii ■^TcJ^ ^ ^j’T tJ -oyifrl HTf^ ^ | 3T^ fc|<syia ciifcki xjic^, ?cfp^, ^

'I'lR'd aft? T^icf>fpH ^vJlcIcC ^ ’T? 3TT^ 3T^^-OT% y|\rijl ^ ^ f^?TT

^1^ ^TRT c[?r sft I

11.5 ^I^Rmd ^?R ^ ^ETR

Tpj^rf ^ ^STRcf^t cpT ?JTn tl«(+l ^PlI+(Hd H?im'l ^ 3TR ’RTT 1 cTWH” 3fR

^ «J^ WraR sn I 'jRcjpri, T^'H, R'Jicnl 3ft? ^Tpff ^ ^ yTT^ ^sff sft? ■ytCI^K ?t?TT 2TT I cli^>sl ^ \jftRT ^ ^-’t1'<cr>iy| ciVfl ^ 'Cn^

aTTeftrHT ^ aft? ifFT ^ % .'Ji'llHiil'Tl ^^PiRinei ^ -t^lfHoa ■^51^. I ?PT 1897 ^ 1904 cT^ OR cR? ^ ?TtTT ?FT eft IJ'R^ U^raN ?%cT ?IW1 xtHlRT | efK ReffcT#? sft^ OTHFO ?H. 1901 ^ ^ nRiei ^IcRSJT «Pt ^^Rlf^l^el ^ ^ feRTT aft? 3 ^f^TTRT RlyfRa RbiJi I RcftR RjlVI-^ Rt^ ^^OR Tjtom OTT vjpT ^3TT I

ep*ll?l'i ^ii'fi'i tJRTcft 7^ 3RRtcT Olxt \iT^|[t|ct5|Riil

7^1 ^?T?^ cpt ^ TfR^ cjft cfffftr?r ^ ^R7 '0^ TftORT «<'1I^?R^

^ XR5 cfjtili^R eniiii OTTeTT STT I '^>*ll?M W F? ?R^ FR? ^ ^ feiRft IJcF RIhi^i OtT MRI cfRFT 2TT I Rt^f ^ffORT ^ 3T?fR Q’*i1?n

^?R y? yy5 ^%jR Ri^cr cp? sy, yy? c^ yy^ 7^ yry^ ctoro ^‘et-Ti ^ •wo'^ai yryr FI^ sft, furl'll 1%^ cijiHiRep yfrT^R ^ ?Rt^ M«i*yct5 yft HIKI Ftcft sff I 3t1?R)I?i

^ TJT eft yyfRH TtRR Quncfl 3TSRT '^^OR RtORt yft cZR?SJT attfR yyyj ^ ?FTT I &

11.6 ■?T^ ^?R ^ ^ETR

■yoy ?eR y? Ft^ yr^ ^ ^jotattet §fcRty i'c^'if aft? RiJlyH 7^ ^efi'i y?T. f^fy^ ^ yft etfetR F?T ?y<n?T ^f ?T«t% yFry’^y^ ‘^Rcpi ?r^ ^Ryy otr yfr^ yff sf[, yff ft?tyftRfR yy 2TT 1 y? ?i?yy?

oiiMiReh ?R8iTyt 7^ yy f?t?l^ ay 1 ?t^ 1900 ^i y? Rti^iRn'i yy yy^yyt I y? yR yrytetR yy^ yyt aft? yy y? yfyyR 'o?!^ aiy^ 1ct?ryftR?Ty fctyR yft ■•3^ yR 'yyty f^Rit 113^ Uriia yiatfty? vjyjyy aft? ORyy ?nTF y^ tyytcft yR^ cnWei'^ yft Ryyy; yytyi 1 v3<i^ cficici Rnf^ty> y^ yff ^ft^yR yy^ ^ yryiFty (Rcoici) cyy?^ cii'3,yft 1 '3?t^ vjRett yft yyyf^?FT yftyR ^ yyr^ 7^ yy ^ yft^ % ^yyr aft? ary otytyytjfi ^tyraff ^

•fch’trft-'yT^ RlPtyRiei yR^ 1^ yy^ yytyt sfR vinft ?Tyy ayyyR y^y ?Tefy yft cgy?ay yff I ait?eff aft? yot^ 7^ yyf^RT yy^, y^ yft yot^ oty ^ yyy y? cT'ii-tgft ?fy> yi?^ yrcTT yir|y afR yor^ ^ yyy af^ Ri'^lRei yR^ yrRT ^yrjy yRt [cb<ji [

^ '4)1 fid % 3iy^ ?toy *t yerf? ^ ?sy ^ oft attyyf %yt i3?Tyy yroyt y? y^ yytyyFt I a-Fl'l ■>?[ aty^ yivyt ^ ^an? yft yf^fctfaRy yR ^ 1 f&fctyy y?T. 1:^ yiffe ciiRteiiil' ^ yryfiT eiWdci yft ??jTyyT ?Ty4 •qcii'Mi I Ryyt yft ^ yy atfatyy? otH 1^ yd arryteR yRRyyty ?r 1911 ety) yl^yy ?tyyt «j1Ri-i, yftrfRt^, vjtst, S'Sig'i,ciiRi'ic'i aft? ^^tyftf^yy d fetyt yftyte yy atfityy? fdet yyr 1 dRiyi'i d 1dRt yd i9d ?f?ftaiy

^ ^ d?t d l^ydt yft eft^ dd yy atfaiyy? yyn tdRy yyrii.

;,3/*j^4>y m jf^wiTT 1776-1945 107

Scf^R f ^ ■<|\rn'f <|5r n4l<i?iidl ^ ^ ^ 5't^‘ll'n 'W,^ ^SIR WR '^'Sxci 'f^R ^ eTFJ, 1%^ ^3^ 7FR W ^ I

11,7 ‘fr«'<el ^?R ^ «‘lfa<ll<ri 3TF^teR

’ttvl4cti ^ ?TRH ^TeT (^ 1901—09) ^ w^ifaqitTl 3IP^t^

'S'SMel iR il'tTl'^c 'ffl'Ji^cc ^ y<ifac)i41 ^ Mgell 3JTI aTR ^ ^-fcrfcFR FtcT^ $^75 afRfctefFT I -mvaclc^ WTf^TFT ^ ?iRci ^ a'l««P'< ''3^ ^ ^ R?qm 7^ §'<ifci'^

3Tq% 1902) '^citI FRTH FRTT ^ ^ cf)FT % ^ TPfF aRFfcT'ttcryRcTl'ji Racii^i ^cn>;*ii <5i<jx ^ i 57i ^ ^ ^ vSTR-qR^n^t rf cA ^«jq't«TT q7 i^cpiltltpK Sjf I 1903 V>'S’<ci ^TTipft •1T>T cfR^ ^ 3TT^

FFT (ciqi I ^ 3Rf|cPF cpiKpft,■g'+jpc <t>hT^?m, ^^ ■^, 7^^ aTRFT cF’Ffr 3TTf^ ^7^ F7 5RR f^RT | 3R^ ?imi

^ ’rt’Jl^'X ^ 44 xidlk; 3ff7 ?7^^ WKwi ^ ci'l'S^ cTT^ ^ FFT7^ ’RTsft ^ Rciiqc ^ <3H>iiq) FRcTT cj^ 'Q'llsia 775^ c^ TFT 1906 ^ 'Wmcicc ^ ‘’TfR

1?^ iRe RTT1^ I 5TT TR5 5T7T f^RTTR 7^ TTTFfM, 'M ^ '^TOff afr? 3TR aflqRlql 7^ RrW TTJcI T^) air^l^lw ^R^ 3ff7 aTTRTtWFTF eiciial ^ ^R7 ftIRT FTJTI TwTTleS ^ TT^ 1899 7^ ^Re 7^ ar^TTR TF^ 1902 «p|qCTi 73T^ 7^ FR^ 7l?f g^aici 7^ ^TI^ q<9ci f^TIT 3ft7 TJTp FtZJT^T Pl^fq SFRT, fyTTH cplqell 75R ^ FR^ ^ F8T ^ 3RFT RT^ f^TJT |

^ ^ ^ ^ 3fftt| ftFRii 7R ifr 7R?T F7n arr 3Fft FTfT Ffr Rn3f[ Tjjf^fTTTff 7^ fcR 7g^ ^ 3R TT73F7 TTT TTf vd+1^ 7g? WF TJT PisjIRa TRIT 7^ 3T^TTT7 1^7^t sri^tTTff ^ '3F 7^ ^7^ Tl^t ar^Fl% TRTF cp^'fl I

, f^TjT I -gritF Tpt^ ^ ^ 7^ ^f7j5

f^fcRR elq-^ (^ 1919—13) ^ ^ y<iRlqi<fi 3ii*^)<7jq

3R# 4 TTTFf 7^ TUTTF^FFT ^ ?cFTT TFlfcRl^ TfRJF TfFTFT fvfcTFT T^Ffcf^ 3TF^ TTT^ TTTcTTITcI ^ ?im'iqj|ci ^ ^ F^f FFTTIT I '5371^ TI^F ?75 XRg: 3FffF 90 5^ TIFTRT I FTI^ FirfcT fRF aftr FTTCFT '^fcfF ^ Tariff f^ f^iq>i «j|HiRq'l' FfcT fcf^ f^TJT I v3TI^ "^FR 7^

7^ fcTi? ’fr 'JTp FTTT f^qi | 5TT TppJF 7^ aT^TTR ^FR 7pT 75^ 3^7 FT^ TF^ 7^ FR ^ TFT ^ ycRiRia FRFT 3TTF77I7F an | v37T^ FFcT 1 TFT 7f?fRFR>qi FR RitiV! ar^TTR XllHc ^ TTFTTff Tfit 7R7I jclai'l *1-Scll ?T7r ^ FTT^ TJ^t FFTR"^FT FTTFT an I 7TF 1910 ^ FF IRlf^FTT 1R5 FiTT TfiTT^ UTT^ 5F7T^ TRFTf RFft^FT TFf sfk ^ ^ifchn^iicnl FFT7TTI ^ IRF 7^ 3RfFT fTT 7h41?l’l F^T ?Fi f^Tn FFT

7FR

tM vjl'ldl sTTT

1% F? 1%7T^-FT^ F?1 7f^ ^ F^ F^ FTT F^ cITF elPj; ^ ^ ^ FR cfTp fTp T3F7^ aj^rJcF 7^ FT^ '^T ajRcTF ^^TTHT F ^ FfF? I ^FF 7^ 3F7I F?tF^ y'lRiqi41 7pTF ^ 5^-7pfFT^ eR7 fTlFTF Tpt F^ 1J8R) fJlTFFT FRFT,3TfR *11571 (TJFT 3J^) Tariff TpTFT 3ff7 FfecR? ^ ^ ^ ^§7717 F>7FT I ^FS ^Rr F?I F^ TpF TpTFT qigoi ajT, TRrffe 7R vdTicpl FR^ F^ siISf) aJt I 3F7T ^ '^y'Tl-SiiR^'i FT7T f&RT R'dA ^Rft ^ F^ FFT F?T F^ F7^ ^ F^ «f^ TpF FTjlT TpF F^t F^ | TT^ cft7 F7 F? 7p^ RIFT ^ Rl ^^FS 7TW M'ifaqi<i) F^ an, RRtF Rt7 i^t 3TTTfcT7JF TR-f Ri ^FS 7^ 7TTTTF FFcT Rn^ FFtcRT^ TplF

• ^

•■ r

F^, 'W'Ji^ec 7^ FTTTTF FFR ^ F^ 1^ F^ aj |

108 ffJFr? W $/c)g/ff (W^ 1776—1945

■T^gK«<llcic|l41 arp^tcTH 3^ f^e^TT

3^7.5§cT ^ ^iPT I 'd'fl^ ^ 3jfst^?Ff tTc^ ^ gRT 958 cR^arf tR ^ -^Jc^ ^

sft? 100 ^ 3Tf&^ cR^Srf ’R [«Sp^e1 fpliTT ‘NT I ^ gRT W’'S’<ci

^ ^ Rb^JI ■’W 31^7 gTrf ^ <*lRi?i ^ cf?T ’TR ^ ciWt ^ •SMI uTR,

fyi'iA g? ’TR 'dOI^ g?[ STOTT ^ I

Tjge (^ 1913) TRfi cn-iiiji fuRT^ cTlrf 12 <a“'s1 ^ gfs afR

?sR^ ^ f^ 1JST yi'S'<ci R^4 ^ ^ TORSJT ^ I ip-s-iici 9*1 iltil'^c gRT Piyro

9cf) g^t ^ g>FT cpTO SJT I ah' ^ WT cFFT gr^TT sit I ’<|vkj'| c^ fg^

^ g? ^TfT ggT% ^ 3FR xnf cfr SjcRSJT Tf gyipr^ h ^T5h f I gR^ ^3^ t[Rc^ ^*1 \jl^ TR 'hs 'anff ’ll?, ’TORI 9^ RhT gT gf^ "^gR TOh 91 ?R ygTR

3^19^cTTgR TJge ^Rgr TJgS 1913) gTH gRIgThgr TOT he

g>T RTTOT gR^ h hoTO 9 1914 cfc^cn gcK gTR gRTgT I ?R TO5

h gTR gTH^^RR *1*1 rff ^ TO-g^ gTT^ g’J RgT h g^ I ?R TOS 9 ggT h •siy^ac';! g9 sjg^ge? gg^' ^ RgT “h I 5R gge h gr^ fci^ro 9 toi^ ^ 1%cfT hr ■^stt h

g?f I 5r9 «p?t g^ gr fh tot^ ijjhh g’rg grpjg h aihg g^ arrhfi i g? e^sai* grggro gg^ h Ri’W.g g^ ^ I RTR ggi afR tjgg gRI gRh f^cRR 9 SJTgR htaftg Rl*f^cb

ai^Rid ^t1%gt g5^ uTRi gR9 h ggr ghhig ggr hgr*'S’<cn

1c|<rRT h gTTTOggcT 9 gTR fhg glj 3TO g^Rn^jf y‘ifci??lci gTpjh 9 *gi*1 9 ggg gR^ gT^ ggf^ hi ?TegT ■ggig^ h hrhe gg hhRT ggg (gg 1915), h'S’<* RiRici ^f^-^ai h cng h

gg^RT grhg^grg ggs (to 1916) afR i^toto ‘tos (^ i9T6) Rji-w* gRT 9gr9 9ggg giRt h ^i9 ggg h 8 RyfRa fhg 'gg afR hsxci ^ gge ^Tg 1917) f*'fi* gr^r

h fhrRi h h'-s^d g^g h gg 99 g^ wg^^gr g?[ gh ?iif*ici 91 h-syei htg tos

(gg 1916) gT^f^RTlgth STTvjT g?r ahSTT^ gRT "ghg? ht gifr I

h gi^ g?l Ci|q^xia *< * wmI'

eiwifh ysjg lci?c)y<s h gn9 g9 gun h f9?TO an9 afR ^gR g^ gR mgr hfhg 'agh ?iTTO ggd 9 l%g gij hr TOflro gfg g^rg^jh (1) ishTOfiro grgg^nghr hr BPj^gRh gg ggg, fh9 gght TOg g?h fhgT ggr gr, gR fhgr ggr (2) i9h TOtigg irg inhi gfecnai! g9 ggro to! gg 5^ ^ TOTg €r 'cflg 99 gg aifjjgTR ggrg fhgr 'ggr 1

11.8 ^nrfcraTh ^ «+iiqfTcTflh ggf^gTg ■<i’Ji^ Ici* ahf aiiRf* ggrhr 9 ggl^rgrRi gRgcfg gR9 9 ggggR g^ f1 grh, fh? 91 ^’fi grg ^ §'*K g^ 1%gr gg TORiT fh aTg9 ■ggT9 h ?Tg ahl9 dRgg^ hr ah&iiyd arl&gT yiRd^iihl ggr fhgr ggffh ^ ^gRf h sttt arg ^nro gfl arg-giggrail g9 alR tgig 99 h fcTtj gT?g gR fhgT "ggr I ?Thtfh ariRRs 9^ 9 ggl^grh hlg gggf^grR g9 totot '^^ *14 TOtggrggr ^ gT9 9 TOcT g9f hr grh hfhg ahf9 TOgR g9 RiPi<jRd 'gR9, ggr^ h hlgg g9 afR wiij>id* TOJgf h gfrsrg h Icgj h’sro afR TOg TOggh hr ari^gT arf^rgrR ggrg gR fh91

?g gj(*j9t -yyi'^ h 9l g# aft? arfslgT geRg^ ’hv^cioi gf ^,fh pgf^grfhgl 9 ■7igr9l9g> 9rTT3fr■\

• wg«rt7 ?7TO •3/'/«9<p7 457 $f^5l<fl 1776—1945 V-^) ^09

sfR vdejl'mfayl ^ jf TTf^g^ cf>? f^m" | cffi 'lot'Jii STT

■^f ctiiMiRcft cftml^^H vjRrfT ^ ^ 3T^ ^ f§**ici ^ ^ ^7^ 3ft? 'JJ!' ftjTlT-'f^

vH^i ^ ?rT2T srfsl^ 3r55T 'H«cw 3ft^ 4>ifti5*ic; ?Wt I

yfcRtsi at? ^6JT?

11.9 ^®i<t> '«*i’t*ii'i «n«ii«;

■Jjg ^ ^ «rT^ fcIsiM aft? flw-Tl>:n ?IFRrrfT ^ <PT?W ^ 3ft^ mRci^'I ^ I ?H

1865 ^ 1900 ^ ^ 'arMi'i'i WgcT .3ft&<R ^ ^T?!! SJTI '<i<^«ra-?FHT ^ ^ ft^TcH? «(gci

3ft?lcp efftt 8ft, cKilRf) srfil^ ^? ?M[ ^ nftt sft I ^ ?Tfl^ ft '•aftiT ?tft

cPft 3ft? vi^cp a'ft'cbf ft WoftlcTT 37T sft I 3ra STig?ITfft^ 7J1P7 ^ '^T^n 8IT tfiaci >J|q'iqiH'1

^ fl'ftcni

ef^-

?T^7??TTft Pl^fciRSd sft-

*7r3 ^ ?? ^n?lT 8JT ^T?^ §?r 'iftl R^Rl ft ^ ^a'l clft «r^ ?T^ Mg'qi Rqi SJT iftt 'HH'WJiQ 3TTft Hftr 2ft aft? >3^ g^-?ft ^ftfiicff cpt ?rrfFiT cp?^ ??t 2jt i ??rft ft ^

^ ^ cfTRW ft «TfcT ^ETR ^ 3ft?"gEJT? ^ cpT?R viticpl

^ 3ft? 3ft?ftf3 ?tft ft vd^HK'1 ftt ?tft I 3T^ fcfRTTftf ^ 3TTft ^T? 3TTft c^ftt 1% vjft ^ 'dtl'i ^ STrRf^l?! qivjiK ■ia'lft viil'l cftf I '7'!^ 5?T

qivjliy clft ^ 3ft? ^ ?lft 8ft, ^ f^’WI'l eft fftzp^ ft ^n? sft I

<9-4Trti

gMifeh ^fft «T^ WTT ePlft 8JT q?^ ^ ^ W7R ■'3?fft cTefiftftftt cf>T gftftl

cFTT I ft? debftleb ^fcT ^rfftl 2ft 3ft? §<101 TfftftT ^ ft ^ftft 7?^ cqayiiq «FT 'W 3ft? -HiyKUl fftRTT^ 'W|cI<hM1 ?^cb? 5ft cp? ?IcpcTT 8JT \

ft>t ara^cRT■5j?o3TTcT eft yi*iq ft fftRTT^ ^clft ft gyiicii^ cj^ ftwfft^ anfft^fTlft eft

ft ?TSFT ft 3ft? eT? ^ Stlfeltewft ^ ^Tgref eft ?TTTgf ?Tft | cj^ ^ ?Tft

?t 3ft? ?r^ ?ft?IeR 5ft ger>yft ?^ I 5?ft eniyui «TgcT ?7Tro cT^ ^T?ft ?ft7jT ^ eft iJT^ ftt «R ?n23I

aft? cqqs?|<7i ^ siftf ?^ I

^ 3fPI

ST^-'^ cTepftteft eft fc|cf??r eft c^yui ?|cT ^ I^'Mm'I ^ Cll'ia cft efS ^T?^ 'd'lepl 3TT?r ^ ^ ?fyft I ?R 1860 ?T^ ?I^t?r 3Tra ^ 30 PfcRTeT ’TFT f^RTpft eft TTT^ ftcTT 2TT jft ?FT 1910 cTef) ig yfft?TcT?? F^IT I ?T^ 1910 37 y[^?m Tsieft ^ cl'IRSldT f^tiiftl IfT?!

?Tt \jTT ^ ftl2TT 3ft? 33 TftrRIF ?lft ftt?^vft•!l.. C1I ^:1l x6lv;.-

j;j''i

110 aprfim w (^ 1776-1945 ^.^.)

yf^ET aif^'JjWT

cPI fSixii'yi vJ^

^rrnt5^ 'j^ii;i 2TT aft? f^'^ii'i'i' cpf ary^ ct^ ^ ^ ^

y^ScTT SJT I ^ fitPTrat Rb-^iil' ^ ?TTSTy^'it<J‘H|c| fcpyr WcfT SJTIeTw sy f^ ^ Wr cRi eTcp? tr ^ ^ aft? 5^ PR y? #1 ^

«n ?TgRT^ 3fWT f&RTpff c|^ ?t PIT ^ ^ ^jTelT ^ v3^cPI elW vidl^ I

3P?I «il<;i*il ^ ?rT Bt=TT

jTc^ f&RTR ^ yro ary^ ^ftcrnr ^ -gf^yi -r^ sft aft? gizi y? ’tf 'Jiwyn fl^ny ^ y^rf’^r y5t gRyi sJt aft? yft 'ilqm ^^4ii '>ft fch?itii yyra" stt, y? t^RTHt fc?tj afR?RR?IFf v3?y^ Jp? ^cIT STT I

y? pp?^ yr^ fy>, ^rpyicfT wH'fl aft? Pi'iy anf^ 8f, ^ f^p+ii^'i' eft ?t?cT ^ 1IcP+fi'fi yfr vdRtn ?rrt y? xjcf?r€t yirft y? vd’io^ ar?RfT ^ 3ig?n? wr nra ^yicP air afR IcP+im yffr H'ji^? ^ i ary^ *i'ji^’51 ^ feP? I^'rtt'i y^ sURjT y?f ^ yfen^ yraf y? M'sai stt i

y^-'

yTl+ial ^ ^pR?rr

Rb'^i'i'I yft <^ci« vi-^yfl vd^vj! y?r efti*ici €t yp^t ^ ^%yyiy y? ary^^yyty pft y?5STT vi'deft fey ^3% ygcT afttfep ^‘icin yj^-ii M'Sdi sjT I y? ary^ ftsici ^yft ^yicTT sy 'jTiyiT 'yc? w? eft -dcil^ii, aRRf^ty etyi? crtt ^'^ty aiyyi ?8jpf|y fttyffftr^ ^ ^ i aryyr vsynyy f^yjT ^3TT RTHTR ^i\jik ff «ft fep? -MMK ?y^ yR^ y^eft aft I afR y? yft y?^ ?3^fyyT syy?: TjcpTfEjcpR Pi'ml eft ^tst ^ ??^ sft 1 ^?f[ loo ^ arfity^ y?^ft y? yy yR crj^ fctRir ynyr sy \

fftRTFT ^firf fi ?5cr ^ I ^yepi yflci-i ?if? ^ ^t^T sp I ''syeftyRT 4)iaiyia yyy^ ?tyT 2IT ??rfcPj ^ yryft ?Ry? ■% gcury^ yi^ ^ aft? ^ yy^ aryFT-^jynT??^ sf i ^eiol yft?ft ff y eft yyt?yiy yy ^t^ ritpr wtyr sp y ■ft ftrarr y5t ^t^ yyfyr cyy?sp afR y ^ ftf%y^ ^

ye^oiaj fteft sff I fuT?T^ ^ 'jfidd 3pyj^ yy aft? y^ ^ft??T yy yyi sp i f^Ri^ arfty? yy^yep aryyr yfy pjteyR ?Ji? y?i aft? Penyy yR ?t ^ aft? ?ci-y?Ty^ y^ eft ^ pnft ^ i

f^Rpyf ft aryftr ?R?yT3ft eft fft?iyi?w eft fftrft fftoPgeT ep? yyT?T yRft pr®? yR fftft i ft ti'ioi 'rfTi’ft aft? yfftrft yftyft ft tftRpftf ^ %cr ^ fftfft ^m-TKcI yft yyiRia yRft ynt i ?Ty i89i ft aiyyT yR yrftl yy yyy ^an i y? pr ftyraft y? ?Ryyff fftftyp yy ?R8fy yRcft sft [ ?yyy yiyyi sp fftif^?nftr eft ?TTST ^ ep^ aRpy fftRp Rrar 11 yqep ftyr rpyy^ty aisfsjyw ft ^ypy fftRTTyf yft ?R?yTaff ^ Pi^ieGMui yft cqy?ep yft yfy PR ?ft ft | yf PTyyrftt apRtRy yft ^Rapy ftt | f?ift

f yy ?psT ftftHPT, yyfffti ^ pry pyyiftyy? yft ^aftyiftt fttPR ft y?Tyft ftt yyftty yyr ftt ftt i

yftft ?aT?T ?iiyy

yra

wgw <M*t'/}<r>/ W wfrfwnr 1776—1945 111

ait^ ^«TR 11.10 17# 6«rHc^

‘eJiR^ «l?f ti'iitll sl^ I ^ *1 ill'll cPT STTf^^FR fOT ^ ^ a’^ici^^'ik'i' ^ 3)c3?i«i ari^ra^■%^ ferar i ^nPict’l ^ wsr ^Sctsyl, crarr .^i cpnJIFFT JjdlHl-OT cZTclfR ftnr aiT I % ^^^nfrTlf ^ ?iaj ^ «r>o;^acil ^ afk vS^ra^f ■^TPTrfuT^ 5<[cl«i

^ ^ I 'd'l'til 3TT^f5) ‘jfr ^ 1 ^ RlPi'-l ’Wi'iOl cpt vit ^^sn cp^ ^ I arf^ra? *i>Ji<^^l aft? ^ ar^ff ?Rft c^ ft ?«ai^ «P?ft cift i aft? ^ImmIcI xi'iomI 5)T fftft?j cp?ft Hft I '^'j^ImItI -ti'ilfta aft? ?TPia2fm^ ft"(yR?F(?f^ a^r i ^3^1^ ^ 'd^lO'll c[ft ^r)ci fft^ I ?T?cf>R aft? '^|4)lcHl ’ft ^ ^ ft ft, §?ffcJ^ *i\JiCjy

^ ?ft ?wft «P?^ I f?T ft ‘if&ci ■g?5q *i'Ji<^'< ft^io-i fftRfftrfecT ft- (cp) ?T^tq ?ra (National Labour Union)(?3) 'iisc'fi afftp ^1? (Nights of Labour)(q) q>T aptlftgft 'ft^^^pr (The American Federation of Labours)f’T ?PTSftf ft gft ft ftcRT ft^ld'lT Jjft tJ^TcTT ^ ]7?rT? fft’T’ft ^ tiviciw) ft

?Rq cPP 5'icni cp?ft qft qftf^RT qft *1'ji<^’<( W 3T?T?ffq 2PT?FT aTT I ?ftt srftfttq ^ cpKut >d'plft ^ ^-satci qft, fftf?rft f§?rR*Tcp cJT?qift ft) I §?i ^Hel ^ Rivmci

fft*-irciRad ft—{3i) ftcfft FSrTTc? (fPT 1877)(^) ftqpfe cpni^ (?H 1886)(q) elm^l-s qft ?-sa;ci (?F( 1892)(q) ycl^i s«aid (?Ff 1894)5^ P'sdicn'l ft ’fl^cin ?Tqai apifttPi ft '^faem ft) tn?i ft fftftft’T ftf? airq | ?ftft arr^ftp,

?r'Ji-ftRicp, ?TFTTfftPP ?ian apcfft^taj ftfcpT qft'cT twrfftcT ^arr i ??ift ^ ^ tjcftTiftra qift ftJft f^f^a . ‘

ftl^

(^) f^'tlir^<iJ qixqi^—psaidl ft -Mfftftt ft f@?IT5*PP cprftcpftt qft | ft=ft P'SHIw (?FT 1877) ft cp^ Wfftr qft qq, qftfft ft) ?pq1ft ^ Tf aft? 3FcT ft ftyT (Hays) ft)ft^ ftvfcp? ?T|Pd-c^c|?*iTT ??JTiftcT qppft q^ I qq^ ft ?r2TT *iui<^'<l ft ft?lftlfcTftt ?Rq I gl*-rtil'S ft) P-saicI ft ?Tq7r ft) ^cHT fttjft ?FT fft mlw? ?ftailetlRicp ^ (Industrial War)qft ?Tsn ftft f 1

(^) 'Mi‘f'JiPi«i> ?T*qf^ w f^Wti—f?i p-sciici ft qqf^?pqfft ft) ft)^-ft)^, vjiciiyi ciifft ^qft) fttft) ft) 3))? arfftqqlftft) qq tiii-i arrftftrf ft) i

(q") ’lift —qpj: ?)ft) f^rira) ft ?Tq7l -^ftftft) ft ft) ftft q?^ ft) ft aft ivd'p)’) ftcPT ft <fjc1ctl w fftfttET fftPTT, qqft ft arra ftft fftaTcT ^?ft ft) Hi‘t ft) cisn ’TuJ^?) ft qqft ft) q?IT ■:gtn?ft TPT q??TTq ?^ I

(■El) ’«’<«i>i'ft ewfl)H—?q qlftqt 6'Saicl'l ft) qqrft ft ?P3q aisjqT ?Taftq aiarciT ftft) ?)?q5Tft qq Tpa Tffftq qqr aft? ft qar^ ft) cgxici fftiT aft? qrq ft qqtft ■’rq qqqqqqft ftcTiaft q? Tjdiq qq ?Taq ’qrqTqrq gr?) fftui qqr i ^qqfts qq^J^ ft ’qroMq ft ?n? oirfftrft qft qq?)) qft ?raT ft i

qpPT ftR'H ftqft ’kHci ft aT^?n?—“cftsP qrqrft qTcft, cit^ IftwftqTcft, ?ft)fftq?t aft? tjlftqqf^ cRJT ?)I^cp|ft ft aiqftcpT ft ft) d?crftl qft, \3ft ftiqi? ft ftlfftft anrqft ft q^ ’ft, ftfftq aqftraq ft fftqrrft aft? ft ?ftft qqft qrft) ft ft) rRqft) qft q? qft ft ^cfft) -yticcnKi^uf q ft, ftfftq qqift qqr qft sft I ?[q qqft ft) aftiftfftqt qqRd aft? sPiPd ftft) qq>-'^^ q? 1ftft? afi i qftftf ft fftqr q ftft qn qrqtft aff aft? q ft ft qqlftq ft ?)<pftl afr. §?)) qqq? a)q? ft??) ft q)qTq) ft ai’q q qfqqr, ft) aftiftfftqp qqffti qq^Tq ftftaS)!”

) ft)

, I

112 Wg*?!? ?7q^ 3Pf^fW 557 s/^ein fipf 1776—1945 V.^.J

11.11

■?T^ 1860 '^r 3Flfr^ ^ ^ ^T^sHT 20,00,000 sfT 3^7 ^ 1900 ^ wif ^ 5.737,000^ I ^ eft ^ t 'fH 1870 ePP ^ ffcTFRI ^ Rjia-il \ji4l'l sJt, \3^

3Tf?J^^ vfl'il'l ^ Tslctr ^lyN ^ ^pSt I ■^3ft7 ycTR ^ B?qT^ xIR 'PTJT | §# TIepR

Pef^JT 3ft? gPTm ^ ^<IOK ’ft effcT ^ I ?F[ 1860 200 f^tf^PR f?TcT ?fm2TT ^ ?R 1900 ^ 655 ftfcRR ^ ’ft 3Tf?P5 cPT I 3Rft^ f| pel'll 'i'CHIfl'l ?t% cRT f^RT^ ’T 9’cici ^ 3Ppfr \jRn?cft ^ c5?cTT 8JT sif^ if iff ^xTcfT an |’J? ^ ?PTM ?t% ^ «fR ff 3)ial<H ^EfT? ^ I fyRP^ cp|yu| ^ vJ^TcpT q^I-l ’fT^ ftRTT

^JTT??! t :-1. HRq*l ^ 3ff? R'rtii’j—??r ?PPI ^ sTTB? ^ 3TT^ «FfrT ^ eftn 55RIRT, '^5ll'W>l, •d4)liil,

w'lPl'l, ’ft'^'SHT ^ ^ I ?)T ^ ^ eliqi?) ajT | <P^qPiqi ’ft 71^ ^

7f>r fcl<l>l'd ■yiSctl sff I S'ttfci^i ^ ?R7ff ^ ^ I fcRTpft «5t sffyn? <aflq^cp'!ll

3lt? ^ cFT ezrra n? gft sjcRan qff i fig gira Tf Aqpff 3ft? qfT^^RPTT gPTT IijKi'iig'f q?j3fr 3ft? 'ft^ ^ qft

2. g^Hlt ^ f?#gTcT—tMT f ^ ePPT 7fJ?ir ^'3'i<^ 3?^qTcr ■ft vscHiq-i «lf ■gTjT I c5I?W Tjf ajT ^=cft ft W f?ftglgf ^ gPT gTIT I f?lft i^'eef f^'Mi'1 t^cRT 3Rftt vjRRrT c5?ft ^ fefft Tiftt cpxoi 87T I q?^ Halt'll' 7^ 3nfftwR ft §ft qgci Rt^ja 75? fftqr I swftqq 7^ ^T?7ITftt ft Tiftt ^ qftg 3Tlft qr^ gftfgft

ft'Lwi ft qgft gnft I ftftt fTcRT ft RhtiN fg g?flftt qq 5?ftgra qj?c^ Tf^sft? gqqq qft 7^ ftqrqR 7p?ft eift | g?ftftt qft gqqtfftcT' fgftt 3Tfsl^ qf fft> ’TN ^ fTrlftt ^ ^tf^ tM 7^ qqg 3nft qr^ g#ff qft cFTlf ■qt ^fftTjr ft'gqft 3TfEtq> ^ ■q^ I q?ftftt Tift qqq ^ qft ft^rriR fgftt 3Tfft75 ijf fet? ijft vjng<yji ?3ht g^ fftrir qfen qqeI^3RTqf 7^ qif? ’fvfTI uflft gPTT 3ft? g?lft fft^ Tqft Ejg 'ft -dej'l'l'l qg fftrpT?! I«hqi gTJT 3ft? ftefft cTTfft qgTTff gftf |

3. ■fftsTTg ^ <iiRi<t> ^ f?^gTcr—fftfqg Tift gqq ^ Reeft Tift gft?7i5ciT t^ q^rngrqqft cTqr sft? fg qrq qft ’ft qftftiqr qft g^ gft frtRg ^ iftft ggr^ qi?T^ qg ’ftrqq^ qgg^ fftqftt qft gft?cq qft qeiqi qnft I 'ft’n??lg Ttq q>?gT sg fft? “fftRft ft5T qft ?Tqft q^ftqr qf t f% ■g?Tqft ?i’qqT ft qft^ gqj gqrftftt iftqT qft^ ^rg Tsgft |”

\ '4. ?R^R ■ft qqrqr 1^(?ra?ftft R>ai«ri-?7g I862 ft ’ftis??! ?T?7iq? ft qq> qqe xg^ fftiTg

Rntiwl ♦I'lRei efe gpg qgftvif gjg fftrg | fftrgrft gift ^ftft 3ft? sftlftfftTf) gftftqft qft ?agqgT Tft ?I?qqft qifttft ftt q^ I ??I TJTR qft qqjf ^ q^ ft eft ^fft qftftvjft ft ftjgfftq? OT ft ?ftftt 75?Tft eft egft ft 3T^?TqTg ftft cFTT I ?Tg i1887 ft §q-lJ7FC qjft %7g g?g i qTffg Tft^ ?snfftg 75?ft ft fftq 5^ TjTFS ft 7^ gg ?ift ffttg I §?7qg 'lai’jii TTf g3q fft? ftf, qft qt I'teit qft Tftqi qft g^-^qqg sft? 73T?7ftt7r | 5?ft

. ■fttfgR ft qggcift ft ^ aft? ■§? ft ^ qrftt [rtfftq ftgrfftft qft ftegft qq gqrq ?ftqf fePg I^7?q?ftct>ft ■^ ft fcba'ii *1<K3'1, qft cTTq t f?I75r qgT ci'iift qft fftft qg WT clgiqi | f?T7fe STggTg ’ft Tfft c1?f qft Tftvg ^ fftrgft ^ftft qg Iftqgg fftTg 3pft? ■g^-^g^ yggqgft ft 1 ftft—qg tftgg?, ft 31?^ frftft, eftftqR ?q? 3gfft | fg ?T’ft qgqqf ft srgftqg qft ?ftft ft qgfft enft ft 57^ grq ft gqq qft \

3ft? ?ftvg ’ft ^ I qgftqqg?

Tgftr 3ft? -dfsjiqi TPI Repm fftgr I ?ftftg tqqgeg

?7vv •snr^w ^fheiti 1776—1945 ^.^.) 113

gfrl'jlw aih' ^ETR11.12

1885-90 ^ ^ ’5)R^ sfk §'S't5^<<<n c^Piy-i -11*1 cR -d'lO'i

^ I'd tiiHlfyl'P ^o«l sit? ■<l'Ji'll[fl 'fr '•IFT st | ?R 1887 3pff?1890 WTTP?? ^TRTp ’ti'iO'i cHT STT^ cft^ ^ cfi^ ‘|ci4y ^ sff? 8 yivKjt

f&^ii»i“'5cl'i ’T? 3TW tjTHT IcHIT, ’T? ?T^ k;ciN'^ ^ v3«ll';qK '3?T^ -wuiel1889 sit? f^—cpT^tjpj=r -^wK fcpgr I 5'el^ ^ir^f

Siyilf^a f+i<KP ^iTT^ 3Tnr cfR cj5t ^Tf^tcp cpKjpltl'i ^RcfiR 7^ Plq->u| cpT TT^rsf^T

1%7n I ?R 1890 ^ 5'el't 3PT^ vd^^qqiy ^ ait? cr>ii)yi cfe 53 tiqy^ '^^ITT ’T^f afl?ct>ej1l (chill I ■

aft? gTs^^ ^i ^^Mcl

=lt^

^ ^ ^1

?I^

^TT^fcRS ^ ?i'Ji^Ri<t> y'*ii^11.13

TJTJOT ’TT^f ^?R 1892 7^ iiyil’^c gg c^^fcR srqgr vjw^qqiy ?3?r I TIf 5T? tttjt I 22 f^rafrjcg ait? aHai 10,29,846 OT?T ^ I ^tgt yicji'fiRicr> grf^Tjt g>T arii?T7F> 7J? tf^ xTef "ggiT SJT 7l1^ vi'glA f^RTpff 5ri% ciiMyqi^ «f?^, eft aN% gg’ ^ ?TST at^ ETS ■«<71(11 ^ I 1896 viiPi'yi ?fT7R 7^ ■^‘ita^cp git ?Rg> gg 7^ a'-'ilqqiy

f&iTiT TTgr SIT I grgg ait? m^fcTFS gfgt ^ ?it^ afr? gf^ aRttf^tg 1%g7^ giift tpt?^ c^ ggr §t, 5?ff^ gT^feT?g ^ arggr t^ ^tt ■^T^ttggR gg (^v ?i^ (%qi ^ff? sttr cpt ^ ?wf7T Rigi I aig'1 TT? -ygig ?R ggy aft? TiffcT tRii | s?i'^ g? g?TT ^cT 'g^i1%?TFff aff? *i'Ji<^yt gft (chyil g^i g? g^p ?n?j '^'licici tp? gRi g^ ^flgigi ^ i t%gi f^RTRf flcff git ?8TT cp?^ 7^ afam gtt^ ?P3r^l^gi gr^ g gg gr^ tpt gTp arg gg?^! g? gr fTh gtgt g^ ?Tar

^?i7p? grf^gt gg gigatg 7p?dt stt i gr^t cjtyiell'll t’ciigyi 7^ %rTT t^gfseRFRf 7^ ?TTg Ptai g^

^ gRr1% agg arf&Tiim ?Tggf ^t ^gts^fep gr^ 7^ ?tt2J st 1?R^ 1896 gg ^iia qiwiQ ^ (chyii'K, gar^ ait? ^iffgglctTfi ^ ^tg sg g % wbfj ait?

^ ^tg 7RT ?JT I giTH gif ft? ^ gr^fcT?^ tpt gcR ^t g^ ^an gfegi atil'iHfaql Tpt qijf^yct 7^ ai^f^d pyd!^ ^ ^cgiiyi ’tt fttc? ggT I

^ giTpj gijH ^ 5^: ^gr ^ g^) ^?t ggei ^ ?^ 7f? vsegrgg 7j?t gigr ait? Ts^jg^giTgcT ^ ^ ait? FTcT? TJif gifg^ Tpg ^ g^ I ?J^ 7pT aft qg^q SJT ^3?T7^ TITg fT^ ^ 7pT??r

vicMiq'i sjT I gitgcfr 7^ gg gg??! Tig an fep f7f^?ft g>?TeT aixiJt ^ sit 1 a^ arg^tTPi 7^ ^ ^ aiT^ ^ gran?-if ait? ifi ^ an grfi aJt 1

??gi? ggR Tilt TfTcT gi?% Tpt ^tjt? ?gctt sff I gr^fcTan gr^ ’ft ?TgTg^fcigi gif^gf Titcnr ^

m^fprre srn^tcR ^ <j1^gi-i arai^11.14

gr^feRS an’gtcH Tlle^l ^FT ^ tTTIT I F?I7PT ^ qi^f^yc ^aif Tpt ^ t <7iilTth a.'Fl't Ri-didt TpT ^:?Ig^ gi?^ ^ i^Tp (jilyqiy arngteR fchgi i i^?!! alio'd? gn giggr $ annft oif^qt git ^ gcTT^ 7^ ^cR art?—gft? ^ gm? 7p?77r? ^ttt? ^ Hen'll anr^ 6 git tr

?T7ITf cp?# ^ (” ,gti^yiy aft? ■ggr^ ?naft ^?g7pt 7^ 7paiT^?n?, “F?T ^ (anrftgn) ^f qij^lciy* anRteTg ^?tt

sn, §?T gicT g? aft? t^rn atgydJ^ Tticfl araidilci aiteitl^igi ?R?Tnait ^ aifnTg gcT g^ t ait? wisy« •dygiiy TPT? TRIuT 7^ gic?IJ?T gft Tft ^^5 fili'^qiRqi ^ J qij^feii-ct

./•V

114 wg<m «(«/ 3n{ftW ^ ?f^F7W 1776-r-1945 ^.^.)

3ih ^ETT?■3^ d'lfft aft, «Tfc? ^ ^ '^rwiFT’J^^ ^ 3fr? 3R1 ^ ^ cpFj^ ^ wf ^ HHmr 1^ Trj?r I”

Miyf^Wl W 'yViqii ‘jff «f^ 2TTI ■'d'gl^ HIf?i)X ^fatjl 3fR ^^ ^ ^sfl 3ff^ ^ -gEfT^ ^ ^ ■^FR^TFj sff ^3^ '<i*ii'<i cp^ c[?f cfilRl?) ^ | citsfCI ^

571^ («h'WM ’^'*101 ^ g^'jfTf^a cp^ ^ ^jtftr?r ci^, ^ ^ ^ eji ('3'?W^ f^^nl ^ vilTf^-’^ cpRHJ lclJ|fBrl 0’, -fl'll^a ^ V>1R|?I ^ I Ni-eY-^ [i})'Hm1 3fr? *1VJ1<^'<1 ^ ’ft ^ ^ elT^ ^ ^FTRT I

*i'Ji<^<l ^ f^q>m11.15

ci|imR<l5 'W'lOd'l ^ ^snw sfr? ■^TRRf ^ fcldl'H ^ ^ cZfFRP sPTRfi^ 'M'dM !T^ ^ f^^IT I ftrr cpK^ll 3i*i^lcri ^ STT^^toH ^ fcra^RT ^3TT, 'd'icpi cM^ 'ff^ Rhill ^ ^—

1. <t>NT^?lH ^ \iF»T—wnT^^M ^ ‘nfcitp'l' 3fr? ^ cillckl^irfcpWR ^ ^ <F5Tff^ ■’RiT^ W ■'3^ cj>hj41 ^ •Sli|^<TC.< ■#^n ■^RRf ^ ?t?TT SIT 3fk^ ‘ld<^’<'f ^ %cff ^ <ti(?*j|y| ^ <iyid ^ ^ ^ I 3111^ ?f5^g^fTT^ tR >ji|i<5i sziH ^ ^ 6(dN ^ ■?SIT «f5^ ^ I 6lcia ^ cfTn"

^ ^ 3N% i%cfT 75TT >3% ^ ^Tlfl^ I2. v3Ej)^l) ^ *Rtt^!W7^-'31ltTff ^ ^41cr>'<u| c^ cpKui cg?ici cpi-^l'iy! W ^

^ 7TSIT I ^I#=T cppfUT 'MIWK'JI 'HTjT^ ^ <g?id <PT WT ■*1?ll'1 ^ ^FtlRcTT ^ePt I *1'Jl'^'<) ^ 3N^ fcTTJ cp|Hly?|'i tyclSK

cF^ ^ ^3% WrfecT ^ qifB'i i3. ^PI ^5^ ^ ^'(1^ 6lda—^ ‘1'JlCj^ ^ 5cRft *ivji<^'?l ^ Pidol sft ftlcFTT

T3?T^ cpm cf)»;ciiiii ylTcTT SIT ^ cR> '3^ 10 12 11^ ?T^ cPTH cp^ tl^cTT ?IT If^RT c||cl|c|'!'J| cTf giR gR '7^ ^ W SRtTT 'T^ 8III ^ ^ yfl^ ^ vbdtp ^3TTc[^cpT S'Tl'Jll'i sn I 5'dfd^ >3^ cFTT >3^ ST’I^ t%cff cf^T ^8TT SJpRJ^ «RT^ I

11.16 <4pl<H

5^ 'M''lO'l«f>ciI ^ efFT 3TiI^ -rt'-iod Tf 'infl oymiyt, vjiifciiil, 3^7 cpt siiiRci <^><11f I '«<i0'i«f)al cfFT *ivi<jyl ^ ^ ?T?it ^'gETR% ^ f^'TT^tsj an^^TcT^ ‘pyil xTT?^

^ 3^7 gyicn '^yiid '^sR ^f^TTR' '11*1* yi'io-i yi'Ji'Tlfci \3d^ sfR 'TR 1873 '*1^ ^^ ^ WU sft? ST? ay*^ ^ ^ WUI ^ ^ 8 ^ ftyfRa

«isicii fejT IyTT*RT

^ 311'^'ld'i fcpili sfk »id'^x'i ^ 'a*iy<iiuTf ^ 3IS2RR ^ ’ft 1. dlcici an^ aff’^ ^ 'ii^cti—

STTP ^ ii^cyi' 'M'lO'i 7pT TPT Tjgi SIT, 5+1*1 ^3ITrT ^ I H? Tjgi ^Tcp +i'<iO'i SIT fwRRPT f^++ii eR^ ^15

?IW cl*?l '^'S^l sft I q*lCT, ?1?R gle^y ?Ki«i iwiHiyi ^ yI'Sdy ^ §+i* yici+yi

■JJpT^R' ^ 73r*T ?t^ 7^ +1*141 RteRT 3TT^ cRT 1 ^ 1869 'dR^Jl 1^+i.+cl*'+i vjfr R’cii'^io*4ii

^ +i*cl sJ I 71^ +il^fcl *i'j4l ^iRT ^ Rdal"^ ^ (cHy; cpT^f *+^1 sft (■7R 1879 ^ ^^RT ^f. MI'd-S+c?1 5+1*1 USIR "9^ *ll+cy' ^ 3fR ^ 5^ 'TFTB^ <PT

^ Rl*i+i ^TTI 'TR 1880 5^T^ +it;^ifl 71^ +l''!£4|l 28.000 sft sjff ^ 1886 ^ 6i«*+

W^W ?7«R7 a*#??«!*>/ ^ $f^eifi (’^ 1776—1945 V.^.) 115

nfrRtsi 3fh 700.000^^1

Rsic^w 8IT 3ft^ ^ ti5Ki ^ ^ cf^ ^«i<^'ii*i ^ STT i ^ 71? ti'icj'i ^ 'OTn, cfT tTvH^ tfrs^ n’t sfR 3TW aTH?

TTTI ^ I ^ 1890 ^ f’HT^ 7I?r ■^f75fT alK TFT Ftfft aff? 3P? '^f 71? •<l'<lO'i ^ ttz? I

2. ai*l’fl«t>l aif'P '^■yi<^ 7^ TJTp Ri^iix 6Hi^ TH^ ^3TcT Tfrrq^ 7fafRi 3TFHl?a? ^-s+l <^Pi<j'ixi 3TNj ^ ^?T?^ xi^cti Tju? cFTT^' «i'ii^ | WT?

^ ?7TTpr ■?ifeT^ 'aT^rffTFr '^•s^?im aw 177? 1?7T^ 27s5 ^ ^ an? 7T^ WT, XI'^16 W: TfFT, 3Tf2j7tT ?uT^, cfTF 7^ W?

TR ^gTBIT aft? Xiifll4 7I?r TTFW, 7f|cf>tt 7l5t Tjft ^75TT aft? ^ ’TTif^ 7p?|^ q? tftgi | §?f^[

'3T?%-aTT? ^ ?Tvlftfrl7p |

'4»*1’<1«n'1 affq? ^if? 7J?f ?Tirft TFFjft^ ?T? sft ??Tft «rg?T7i7I7f> *1>j1cjx'l Tp?

nfclPlltl^xi Rjqi I §?T ^ Tift tIT? «rf[ '^pITrft ?|ir*^iM aft Tfqtffti ??TTft

fftr? fr 3Rft-aTTCI afqrft ?ETT T5?% ft ?T7Taf aft I

??T cR? ■ft ^ ^fftrjft gft *i'ji<^xT eft ^gsn? Tft cpt? ?Tcrtfe ft Tjfftnft vriiicji?RZr ?TF> l%cI5 qr^ q? f^Tcft 57?r 7771 cplft eft fftnj el^ 'vJpftT^fttTI ft, aft? gT?T-

ft Wi ■fftTJT fftmft *i'Ji<^xT 'Sft ixiiqqi fftcTT I

Tfte

■^5^ ?Tftt ^ ftt ?RTf>R

11.17

^•^el >7ji4sp»i ai*ixl«Pi ft arr^ftp tftrpT?! ft ?i?ft ft ■ft crftl TTTpftf Tift Ci5?ft q? qrp xt<qic^ef5 'OTTTI an I ft^jfeTT 'n'»t4ec ft ft^m ft ^qix fftft nft ??t qqftqTq qq ^g?i Tjiftft ft ftqft ^177777 3ft35Xicn ?TTa7 ^ qnftf vjixoxoftq eftft qft ?!?? ng-qiii aft? xi'jyf vscHia'i q^niftt qft ^ajT??! an 1 ??7qnftfFr ■% siaicqqxan ft TTTai xixeqix ft TTW^ft ft qjft ft nft 1%^ ft fftrn? Ti>?ft qft qfftrn 3TT?WT Tift aft? ??Tft cftftt ft 3IT?IT nn fttlR ffteji, fvRlft qc1 q? ft ?7^ 1933 ft q7? ft qqf ft 3TTft nift ?TTpcft TF XII*)'ll qR ?Tft aft? ■'b'^'lft Plxi?ii ft xii*)4 ^sft ftft I ^?7 ■qqiTsftf ft ■q? qft^ tft ftri qft qr? aff Tpifft anq ftqr ft IftqqT?? Tftft Tjn ?ft ^41

TTn 1928 aft? 1930 ft ftepcfl'i 4cliql X)vj1c1c< ^ qqft? ft ?riq ft aTTTn aft? vixi^ q^ «igq ft^qR q^lif fftft fftqqft qTJI? ft vixiFi q^ "11? §3n I T3?Tft 5n '^yixi ft xixiF qqrjqnrT^xiftq ffteiai ^ I ??T qrftqH ^ xn^iclix ST?T qft tt^ cpiJqif^q'l' qft STmftft? ?? 'RJ,^ftl' tTT? f^qi \Jiiai ft I arnftftiqrlftTTft qft ftft ft Piepnqqjx qq? a?^ nfftrq ft ftri? x^ui^c^ xitfix ft aft qqrf fftft ftf '■^ 41 ct' ttt? fftTTT Tmr i l?7ft ft? jTsn oTCT ft-?!??, ^q^Tan? aft? ■^garr? 1

?ieO ft viMI<4

1. M>«Xe?l ^Hx'ftxfl RcTIh* IfS fftPlX^?l'1 {‘fi'SXd Xiq>C<T>lcn'1 XI6d 1ft?!?}—Tiiqxn\jic|c>c ?r^q1ft qft ?q vjrftft ?Tqft q?ft 150 qq^ ftftyfnTft ft qqft fftm | giciifft ftftqnTR eftftf qft Tftf TF?-??!! ft qFfT.aft^ gl^cpci TpF! an 5x1 fci? ?Tqq xitfixT ft aft?

?!? cftftf qft nr ft qrqq ftftjRTff nw fftr? an tjt 'nft qrq?! aft? ^HT ftrn? 'iqcift qqq qft | q!? ft aiq^^ ft ?R 1933 ft f«x<?i xixfix ft ?*)X>jI’x51

feftq! qftftfft?ftqFT qft qftTft ft Iftrfftqrqrfft ?'5lftiftxft?ii ■qmrp ?T7an ^ ?anq?!

116 wgw ?75q ^ ?f^W7W 1776—1945 V-^.J

^ I f&*FFT ^ eiT'ff ^ ^ W ^jFT f^)^ f^I% el^IuFnfl ’1t?T vHcTT sn |

^ 1935 qrfrf^zfr wfSra^'^I fvR#’ ^>!lvjlJ|K citTf ^ 7T?cT ^)T4 Cfi^ ^ injT 3fR

hR<i'|^hI^ 3^^ 6f^ cRf CR?T fTm I tchTFT ^ 3TRTT

^ ^ cT^rf ^ WT ^ t sfR ^ ciW WI t?ll4)«ri t ■'3% 'il'Jl'IK

2.

^ 'tii4\nRi'45 vdH^jVi ^ ^ ^ 'TTftl 'ttmiH ’T? ^ ^ ^ ^^ i f^’TPT ■% % 'iiychi’Jl gjpT-tpsff ^ q<aci ^ sff? <PT^ ■^jft ^

■^TM ^ ^tcR ^ I 5^ hR<i1’J1'1I ^ rlfn ^ ^frR aRf^FTT^ ^ iJncTT aJT"'5^ cl^ yTTcTT an I ^ 1935 ^ 1941 «itw cf^ Hail’d i^«I*]Rl'*^?l'l fcTHFr ^ 110

3R5 ^ 3?f 3ik 20 ^ira" stRr^ cj^ cpm femiT i t^lwr n?r

^ ijfr |3n. nF 3Tn^ ^ '^arnfi ^ an i 3. f%f%fonR *v»i^9n ^ (TrnR* crH)-nF ^ 1933 ^i ^ mr Wtf]

apT n>nf 18 25 ?Tafj ai?[ 3TT^ ^ ^ ?R> ?n^ af| v3R^ Waf^ apR iff Tf^ sn 13^ apR an | a^ 3iafR ?tajR naf^anp cprd ap^ |

vjft apR cpxiqik; RT^ ^aff 5R napR ^ 'ti-scfi ^anw, ^ HnannT, apt

'^'icpHI 3TT1^ I 30 'Slci'< ^ ctcR fteRT an 3^7 '71^ ^ uR? TR RiRbrfii -qRlyi^ '•ft

Ricicfl aft I |17 nf^aftvRT ^ ^fcT asn aR^cfcpf gtt Rrt ■nR git^ grR

nr ^ an \ ai^ nt^ajtvjRf 3Rft^/^ f^affai fciw^^ ?iiRici cRi 1

oiiiMK ^ ulrniRd ap^ c^ ift ^ «fgn apnJ fctj^ 1 3r uft efm 3nntt uftt^apr 0*11^ Hraap vR cM^#JPTRangiR-aranrr^ar^ 1 f^f^n^apraJ-^f^Tnit-

ftrf 3iiql'i)—’W'Ji^c^ % a^

IctHR af^ 3R^ api^ Tf 3fR TR1. R<p”t^<Ri'i <i>41jfi'i (^'iRf*if

^ wrftar Rapi^^cRR cpift^R Rnap

affn f^ I 3R ^ '3£iVi\ apRf^raff 3fR Rt apijf ^ a^ 3Tl^fapR iff 5RR ap^

f^ RJ1 ai? f^Rn a^cRf cifimRch 3?RN m ap^ an | anf 1936 ciap fafnR 11,000,000,000

siei": ^ ^aapn nnjf Tf ■$ ^nn ^ 3ft7 ^ 3Tl&apcR mic^ ^ nM ciih^i 3n

■n^i2. R<t><<^ TfR5 (^T^tar ija(^)-aiF ajafs ijap ^ fr STfRR^ appjn an |

5^ ^ aaRR, najf^ g|t7 arwR a^ ^r^aftn ^iRici af?i apfl%?T aift 1 farcpi'j^'i ^ ajfr Ram rr an w? 5^—R5f^ af?i rst^ n^iRa, ^na^ rr ^ 5r ^aa^, an^fapf ^ Rif^ ^'aR ci'ii^ anr^ na ^fn> amrapa sita rsi^ arafr affr apnj^ ^Ri^ia

TRH niaa^ Rjf^^ a^ apR cjft sfaraansTt ^ ^ana Ram 1far apfe cjft affn nr^ aft hccTI, 1% ^anft si^itn Mi«iHap antaf ij¥f^ff^ta$?H ^ aR? farnR

«i'iitii RR vjft SR a^ apaaft ajiftnt <fft ylrwif^a I<^ti'fl, fc|i aRR^ Rapcfft a-sRiRi'a^?ii •ii*i'i’ Rt*ii'i afft aaRFfr ajft rr nfta^ Rn^

anJ^ SfW^f^ ^ ?/^57W (^ff^ 1776—1945 ^.^.) 117

^ <pfTT d'li^ ^ <<1^, ^FT ^ •V'i^ '^JjTcFT *1'ji<^'<1 PitjIRa sfk

viol'll ^ ^ '<W'^ ^ w<j|'H ^ I

dl'tl'fl. FvJI^ ^ ^'<lfSci e'l<f5'< ^ yfclRRlyl ^ Hivici vFfl^enufl^ 3)R}cf>K 'FJn I ^ ^ ■?n 1934 ^ df^ RiA?ll

'?5Ff^ •fit’^IT if^fT^ afciR^vi ^’i<)C‘'i1l'1 ^ RW vJFPI ^-

3. Trat ^ ylrwigi4. iJlffWtRcT ‘^'S'Jidi^'c i^'sRiRi'f^^ii (^f^ <i»iiyi'Ji'i M^im'i)

5. 'WNd cp'>Jl'<^?l'i (i^ Wttiui

6. 'iiH'ddci'lci (^FTT ^FTRt^7. R-ilcldifd. (ji'lcif'M f&’lFT) 3fR Wf ’^^RfRpf^^FT fcHTFl).8. 3?R ^Rltaid Rrt^9. 3fh7

10. W^HIH ^ wlfll 1

^EiK i> ^tini

1. 'tlUld Xf9F5 (tiisiildqj ■^’ceii 1J^}—eidlRh 3i*ixlcp| jPliiT W ?Fft

an, cTf^ ^ 1933 ^ ^Tf^Fnfi, ^ aisjni ^ ^'ii'^ii nKipn af[ i Ri-ticpiRtH ^ ^lyn an, vIftirn 1935 ^ ^vldMiyl Wfnrcl5T Tjg> nT^HT ^ I <n'Jt^c?c ^ ITWR % 1935 ^ 'il'l^ld 'i^ctyR'^l wycr ^f^?n *iew^'jf 4)c;*i vioiiii I ^ ^J<F5 ^ ITRT Mi^xci ■d'l'dK 3l'tl4ci ^TTHci?r ^ 4i'i\Ji'ii n5t naff i afrumr ^ *iifd«p'i sfR nnfinRaiT gKi fcp^ n^ 3t?t npf EH 5cf)coi faf^nr nfHT an i ^j<fs ^ ^^t^rnrff «itnT aiff nn? nHHT’fi naft aft, (ddcft lef^ fSPt'd ^rnar ^ 3?n^ aff^HF? ^an? otc-A aff i ^ aflyRT apT cTSn sfh? ^^Id'iiyl ajff gicin '^TTnrfynR 'gasTT ai?[ cgg^ cp^ an I

2. sraffRtfl—n^, 1933 ^ tpiO'H % ^441 En€t ^ wiylacp an^nt cpj d'lcii . a^ 3iiRfcp 3jta fimiRjid «pdyi^i a^ ^gax 5a^*iidl apa^nfl n?^ ^ i^ail EIT^

■aanw af?t 1 4441 mtEjapa^ ^ 16 «rl-n^ affEj aHnm l 5aa^ <f>ciq ap^ gfJf aR gn cHTapa gpf ^ apsH apt atap^ d^ciai nRT ajff aff? Rbtii'n'l' apt ’‘ft ntranl^cT 1%an

^ 1^ qRasnp a^ asmar anpfrn I ?a7^ SffnRqn nfr gyia ^ ^waj,f^5^ nn ^ Ri*-ifoiRga ^—

3. anmaa ajfr ■amaan,4. aid4ci,s. vjMa'icM «)d4dc ^rar 1^ nn ^ afanaftai amrar f tyraa^ amftapr apr aiap

nfxfRfT I ^ \3arapT aj^ajfapn cp^ I\' ^ ^ ajdan^n—aaj^ ^tcT a^ n?Tai atta ?am?r ’jRmn a^ afR ^( sTcan-sfarn catnt ^

sf^-sfeH fcTana naps f i Rtsn'l ai?i arar 11% nrflTnsn ^ ?naH apFH 3fta 3i*ifl«pl ‘^5y<s ^ cf^ cf^^fgap^ 3fnftapr a^ 5fctwiai ^ Sfag fcbafi ’ft wici ^ ??f% nRanfn

fiici4 ^t^ ^ amaj ■if ^ | ^aift 3fta gar^ fcr4f?taif apr ap^nr ^ Icp ^ tfisr

\'

118 ?nS7 3f¥^*7 95T 1^ ir76-1S4S

cfl45t’*l ^ 3r7^ ?18^ ^3R? •si«'< ^ cfi^ afk ^ ^ 6||c|>jj_(; vjcHK'l sfk tana ^ ’TT^

3T^?R 3ft^ tpFlf ^ 3i|t|<PiIt|cp^ ^ I 'i'lVJl cfg'll ^ 'fi«(+t «nff

^ 'M’<«Pi'< c|5T cl'iioi'i Pl4-?i^l qcdl ?T5IT, vS'iwl •wiwl'iai'^

^ I T5: ^rat cR5 ^ ^1l<f)|*14)|6|

y’H7iq_'ScHic;'i ?tcIT7fTI 4'<l\fl'ii'<l ^^Fn=rWT'4t«fIrT cit ■JIf t f% c|>ra ^ -imiRwI

’Miyliai'iTt

trSIi

'h\il4cC c|5t ^ ^^ 3T>TffcpT cj?t ^’<l'Jl‘llxl ■^TTT ^ f4>«Jl ?T2?T \3’rt<Pl J^'I'OWN

-^TT^r ^yR »fl ^\

Pl«J>4—^ 3?WR iR ^ cf)^ -317 ficfjqi ^ % giciiT^) H?imn

4<|yi'ii'<l 3ft? ^ ^PRsrrart ^ cr? ^ ^ wir, c^j^'i

cflrT ^ f^)R 'T^ fcfJ^IT W 'rttpai HfTRH SWffcPT ^ arsfejcRSTT 3ff^ ?TRT^ Mtsf?l

^ ^ ^ «(tn^ ^ ijfr ^ <pmyi«i ^1 ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 1933-38 ^ ^kn cfii4ff)M ^ 411^41 ^ ^ snMcp yuncTi 3fk ’fl *i'Ji^fi ^ TpSt 1

^fTRT?T

• 5^ ^ira ^ ’T^ w‘if?ioif4'y'i 3r7^ cfii4 ^ 3ft^ ^ 3ft? ^>w ^^ ^ 4‘jc1 ^ elxIWT I^ 17^ I ■<n\;l4eC, 31^ f4c^H cfJI^ if wqlaqit; vJTFTT |

• ^RIM c^t ^Flf^ 6fT^ ^r ylHT 3ft^ *7751^ ^ 1^ 'nf TjJ^RRT ^ «rT^ ^ I

• yiyf^'W 3)i'4lci'i ^ vir^M sfk ^T?H ^ ■<1*1^11 'D'Ji^ec 5RT IRT ^ ^ f4cnm

^ 'jIHT I

[, '7FHI 3fr? 4i«'<ci iR H'llaqif^il'l

SFURT TR=T

1. wpfra 3ft? ?R?7 ??R iR srnfcT^ ^ i2. 3)H’{1wi H'ifr|qi4l 3iW'|m^ ^ R?'iqni-sff W\ I 3i*i'<lcpi ^ '41q'i 5?T

3TP^tR^ W nRqcl'i t^?

3. 'TT^fcRC 3ii'^'lO'i cPT cpjf^ colRh? 3ft? ^3?T^ Ryiciai ^ WRT qai§4 I

4. ^ ?i’RJjR 3ft? ^3^ ■gyr^ ^ ^ qai§41

5. ^ ^•flf^ ^ f^?fn? ^ qni§4 I

?iq'4 V

1. ■? 3T’TffcfR q'llei^il 3fFP ^ ?^ :

2. *7 %?^ 3fR5 ^ y-ii§4'S qfl^i tfrfcRfr : JTTS’

3. St'i'icfl : xpjT.i:^.

4. ft?^ 3TR> ^ ?^ : uff^ ^w)vc I

I .. W5W 77i^ sppftm wi ?f^r?m fW 1776-1945 119

Jil-'

12.1 \5«l?4(

12.2 y'«iia'ii

12.3 ^ ^ 3(*i<]cf>|

12.4 'tiit(|vj4)ai<; ^ c^kiJI

12.5 SRffc^t Rwiiy

12.6 3FI^tcf5t ^12.7 ^ cr>KU|

12.8 ?rTf%^,

12.9 ■g^ W ■*T?^

12.10 !5wg< 3f^? 3F{^m

12.11 ^ 14 7F)T cT^

12.12 3(’1'?14>I ^ aC'4»itcil (1935-1937)

12.13 3i*iy|<TJi f§al<j lcn?ciy<s

12.14 SR^TcPT 7f>r Tj ?iir*(cl afR 'jinii «]?[

12.15 vjINm ^• '<ii'<i?i

• 31WI77T

12.1

aiKTRI ^ 3M7R tcfUTsfl 71)711 ^-• SnfrcpT Tpt ij, 1• 3T*lf|7PT 3ff^ ^ vnuA I• ysT^T f&?cig^ 3i*iy|cr>i y>f ”fllci cpT \jTF1% 'tf |

• fgolTi ici?qg<s 4 yniiiTf afR 3H*ixlcf)i ^ f^?cfr 7t>f tt i

12.2 y-WNHI

aik 7117 ^ if 3iq?n cT^ Tayf^r^ tit^ ^ afk

ariT^tTpT 3i)^ ^ iffrl ^ 71^ aift^ TJ? t))

Tpggr ?t7i> y^Tn | airifjcRT 7f>r ^

«)«l^ 7f?| 5xt>i cPi ^FTTI S'rtw WR SR^Itpi aft? eft 41^1

f?i aiszfTTi ^ ^ 3RfR)i eft ^iryTyTRR

leRTTR ^ aft? 5?T 1c|??TR eft epRUT f% fef??T 3R^)«PT cpT ?IMvfJJctR epT TRTff aft? cf^ STRH ^TTHTvfJIcIR ^ cRjgr f^clR gft tixft aft? yep ?Tf^ eft ?1TaT 5'tlep| aRT | ??7eft «1R aRflcPT cpT ysjTi Rl?q^>s ■ft

120 ?7w^ SPrit-fil W ^/9e/W (fFf 1776—1945 ^.^.) ■ ■ ■ ■

3l*1’()<PI 9>I timivKjqiq

^”11 sit? acwcil ^ SiM'll'll sit? IcRcf ■^?ff Iclqiq

^ cf>RW ^H?T fc|?ci^<e §3ir I

12.3 ^ WR

>«<?»« ^ *IFR aT^?TR—“??T «iqCT?^ ^ c[>r ?|T|ch 3ft? JTfr^T’JJ’t t=r?t^ 'Zf? t % ^^ ^ «l®l^ ^ f^r?3 ’ffcR ^TTiR ?^^ cf?f qyllij «IT?? '>ft «lcl| I; ^ ^simkI ^ *ig'na sft? 3)mA vdwiqn ^ 8RcfT ^ ?t^ W ?jf£rT Hciciq ^ vd-iqi sit?5*^1^ ^t^l qivjiK 3ft? ■dcHiqcf’ Sisftc^ HIM? ^ R«cil ft | ^ ^^odi ^ ^iftt cft^ ft?ft«iia ft fjpftfft 5ft Sd'ft SH-q1cia sft? *igMai 5?sf[ ft I ??T ffttfRETM 5ft \3?I55^ ^ Snft 5^, vj?5 cM 3PTftr55 ft?fl STfTM?^ cM qf^lft eft HCT 5ft ip ^ 5>? ^ fft> ^ 3ft? ^ 5?Tftt jpTeil eft ^?ft ^ #5 ft ^'Hetft Tl^iftt ?T fftc? vTlft, 5ft1155 5T ftt ft?ft 5ft ft, dffeft5 3T5ftt55T ftt 1^55 ft?IT ft?I ftf ?ITST ft ^ ^ ftf |”

'ie^<g ?RRT 315 ?T55 25 ?TTeT ftt ft sft? 3T5 cT^ 3Mft ?l5l'ftlrl55 3ft? 311^1555ft ?el 55?ft ft cFTT ^311 §JT | ??TfcH? 3i'i'<|cf)| ft 5TB? ^ ft^ft ft 5ftft 5<ild3)5lv^l ^iftf 5ft I

5?^ vi"fra<?( ^IcTTs^ eftt 3Tll<aft ?Tftt ft 3TOft55T ft ftt ?IT5MM5 5ft Wft 1 3ft? 5?[

51551311 eft epT?*? 3I5ftl55T, c^t£'1-3f5'Clefi| 3ft? ^ ^ ft?ft eft 5T^Tcft ft B?5^ 55?ft eFTT I 3I5fl55r 55T 3j|aReKT fetftw 5B aft % 5B ^ 5f5 ?lf^^ll<?ft ft?! aiT ffti wlift???«c^ 3ft? Vi-left ?naft v^vacftl ^ 55B5T t fft’ 5B 3I5^t^ 55T 5^ 5^ ?ft’TF5 SIT “U-^frl 5ft

3ft? ft ^?8TT 5ft

^ eft gil?!? ^ aft I B5 ?T5 epRTiff ft ST^ftePT 5ft fft:^555 ^8TT 55T 5?5M 5M aiT |”ft5 Hi*^ aft, 5555ft? 5^t?ft ft 3ft? ^ifekiaiicnl .^T^sft ft5TT55T?

^ St <4*1 ^12.4 siltllvKiqjq etJlSWI

?TT5T555T5 ^fft 55^ 55RW ft fcl?155T Icl'^d 5^5 fttft 1ft5?IT TM ^-

T. 3ITi^5> q>i\''i—3(*i'ft^ ?rraT555T5 5ft 5?T5T ftft 551 H6dl 55r?’5 SIT 3I5ft55T 55T sfta'lRiep fft55I?T ^55T aJT I 3T5ft55T ^ 3ft? *5^ 5ft 3TT5?555fIT aft 3ft? 5B 3T5ft ft?T ft vicMiRa ^lld 5ft 5T?? ft?RT 5TB?TT aiT [yi?T^ 5B 55 ftftf 5ft ?ftvjr ?BT an | 3(*ifter3i 5ft 3T5ftt

^jft ?3ft 55?ft Id? 3n?I 55 ft^ft 5ft 3TT5?5epnT aft | 3T5ft55T 5ft 55 ^ftSlcT 3T^^ 5ft

5f?Tra tH? ft^ft ?T55 smft e5T5T? 5fteigd 5^ fd5l ajT I STTft HTHIT? ^ 3Rff55T 5ft ^?filrl 3T^^ 5ft 3!5B ^ftft 5ft 3T5ft srafftr 55?^ -oisai an |

3T5f[55T ft 3Mn 5jft?n5 ft fft55T?T 55? teM an sft? ftft ft 5^ UFTB ^ ft ?gii eft ?5PlTfel55 # an I . ^

2. Miieflq ft^tTT 55T fftRlft—‘ftfttft?^ ftffeftt’ fft^fFcT ft 5B 55BT n5T ajT ffti 3Tnft55T eft eftn 5^ 5TTtft ^ eftn ft ??Teft 5T5 •sif^'i ■<# fft55T?I5T5 55 tftlgTeT 3n5T fftl?lft 5B 55BT n5T % vjft ?r5ft 31^155 ?ifekiajld1 fttm 5ftt 5? 3T55T 5^^ 555? ??^ fftt 3TTan? 5? n^HI 55T fft55T?T isn ft 2ft? B?! lft<Siei 5ft ft555T uyfri «ft fft5n ^ mTHT ft, g<ifd? ftf?n % ftftft?!?

sff? vJicft ?TT8ft civaep] 55T epfnr ft, “sm? via'l^inla eft f^r^fn ^ snan? 5? ^ebilSebR

eft vjnn 55t vjfftrT SB?T ?r55ft ft eft 3inft55T ^ RaiRieil 3ft? fftisft ^ eftftf 5ft yftcf55? 135 5? 55?ft 5ft fttfft eft ^ 'ftt nftf efeft 1^5T W ?f55cTr ft [”

ft cftftfftiR 3ft?wn?afr fuRTcftT5?555oT

w^w ?n55 sprdm m ?fcfmT i776-ig4f^ 121

3. % tjiRch ^ ‘Jfl \nial^ ^’?!?TT ^ f^tglcl ^ cfcf?^ ^ y-yl'i fcpiii 1 crcf> SJT clt^ viiifct ^ f 3ff^ ^cR %

§ ^ ^PtlTl eft <R^ ‘’TF^fcTR dVft ^ 3T^^ ^5^ stycnal ^ '3'icpl ^

^RWJTf cPT ^ ’T|xfTf I

•■ 4. ^ ’J^lS'f^i—■^FRT cT^ ^ cTRFT ^ ^ 31^ -^ f5«?K ^ 3^ ^ ^ ^ I ■?5T?f#7 ^ IBR? 3ft? \jrft=ft ^ '^Tel ST'Tft ?nKT?5J eftt

tftcTrft ■Jft 1^ yfcTwiat ^ ?^ aft i -^rRH ^ft 5?rft ?TTfft^ ^ ^ an m 3nrftn7T nft ^ 1% ^ ^ ft ^ ngn ftt^??narrt3ft?'^ftr??i^ft ?rfN^ ^ nrRT ?nf^i

??Tcft SifclReW 3fl? ftt cRT?^ ^ '^-

5. ?f^ #n ?fft^ fttf^6. ftcTTSft ^ »^Plcfj|

5n ^ ft anrftnn nft mazt ap? aft? ^ ^ ft?ff aft ft ?a?Tftn aRft ww

aft? ft?ft nft sft? ^ aftr sm

•Mmivqqit;

ft ?lR*Tfftfrr ep?ft cFTT I?TTMT^

12.5 3Rfy^ f^^[7

-1. yTTi*^ H^i'HMi’i ft sR^t^ Ift??TT?—f?T ft fftr^ftft ??nft n?ft cf^ vjsmr1

>ft’?T «?R, ftfftd'ft afrn Tfts I ^rlftftt 3ft? ftftt ft -dg^Tl 31^ IRlft eftt eftff5l?I eftt,

■ftfftR >3^ stRtcF fftcH nr^i i

ft ft

(n;) vjrftftr, firftn 3ft? swftepr ^ ?Tftt3?T n? •fftftTm ??Fft a^ timci n? nft Rejlftr ftannft 1 5?l aft ?TiTiarH n)?ft aft fftm fttftf ft?ff ft [ftcT*? ?flft aft\ fftf^aft rtfcT ftH ft?ft

aiRcft 3nn?T ft ftfe fftnr 3ft? jcgw; SRftfftiaft ^ 5j«n ft 3TT WIIapft eftt aftftt aB?ft

ft ??i ^ftr aift fcrnrfftrrf(??) 1875 ft ?ajT^ 37??ftcFr ^ ?f?8PT ft ajT) ft 3Tnftaift fcTlf 3iicp?

eftt 1 ar^ ft ?n?Tap am nm cnidT aiftcrr sn fftrft fttft ft ft?TT ?ftftaTTn niift ft fci? H'Ji^a 1ftnr.?n?Tap ft aft^iamft ft! apn cp?ft nfftft ftr Iftarnn’^^^ ft fftaftm? aRTcTf an | Iftn cpi>nn

ft ftftft^nfti arft ft 3refm pftp? aft amn ftm an i IftRhaWciifti aft cpieiiaft

ft] a Iftlqi aft ^rg ft WK ar?T ftt ?tr?iaf> enft aft ?gcftf nmft aftftf 1f^ crneii

3ft? >3??^ ft ^ I f^rft WT? 1893 ft 3RftaBl ft ffft ogmiRft ftft Raciim ftrft? ap? nft ?ft^ aft ftR aft i amftaft lftfft?5? aftn ?qi^ ftajT ft 3ft? §?a fftft? ft ^apr ^cfT^ aft anftaft ^rmrasi fttf^ apT fftftft aft 3t?T; vj'^i’i ?an^ ftt 3i*i'<l«f>i ft ?ft^TftTcr ^?ft ft HftT 3>? fftrr | ftftnr a3?7ft nm ^ ftiftaft qftt gn ?j^ftft gnr ft a3?Tft 5?? g7?T ft ft ft sft? 1898 ft nftft?T ft ^arrft

^1*1 fftrarr i2. 3iHft<t)i ft' snrtftn ^ fft??n?—ftfftn smftam ft 3RftapT am Ift??n? ft ?5ft ft

?ftft=?T ft smftajft nftft ft fcrfftraftftmrftt aft srann ng wIssmi apm ftfftn g'wft Msft aft

aPT f^??n ei'idi afftterfts 3Rftam apT nn nan i ai? «FfraTa?ncrm aft

fsni(ap)ftfftn smftapT ft stnftapr ft aj^-aft gaft cFnft ftt 'naiftt ft apT?n? tiiRci RtcinT ftn

q? apT?7T? wfftar ftft 11 •(^) snftftar fteifty aft ?nft anPefn ftftf aft ftm ?t«raff aft nnrgn f^an 3ft? ajnaft ftq sRftap^

ft arg? 'g;| iTl^. gft cT?? aqa^R fftan I

122 71^ mitw m ^f^wm (iff^-1776-1945 x[.^.}

1. ^ 19^ ^ ara ^TPN ^ ^ 'i<'lci-5( THrlft ^ ST^FffwfJ cl'IT^ ^ ^ I ?7T TH^ gp))<^ ^ ?>T 3RR T5T ^njT)

• §(?ii^ ^ ffilTcl<yi cpK^i ^ ^ ’d’^o^K 3#ra> qiK'iy sff? fci«piv* sff |

'lalvjii ■?!? SJT f^ 3T«RR ‘'<I'j4)1 ^ q'tjc^ ^ ^HT ^f^cRcT ^ '\nidl SIT I 5+1 lei's'

Sin’lli^lcIlf^ijT ^ ITIT 3n5^ eFTT ?ft ^ ■?RcRR aN^ ^^lilcll ^ WJ- cfR ^ sj (

^ cf^ xj1lct>'< ?iiPa ^iRla ^ ^ptflRT ^ | aT’TRR 'jiicpy «R^ cRjeT^ ^awfran % ^ ^?f1^ afl ^ '-Slel'l [s'cil^'dl' CR?T mTTcTT 11 3Fr%Rr ^ ■^^3eP?Fjflarrf^fe ^rrw afty fci«ii'< ^ sft i so ^leil ^ eft ?id ^ ^ ■'nn ai^xicM ^ cft^eFTT % fcTT^ ^ cfT^ eTfcT ?iT 3i*i-^cf)| cf?[ ^ f^ aifsl^ *16T^ f I

(35) ^ *11*1 ^ ar^rff^ ^ V5?i; 'fiiw/^flicTl <>ac(^an I fslfS^i f^RPTT aft^ ^^vjciT ^ ^ ^'i-si ^an sjt i ^ ^ HifcH^Ri't

^5^ 1®^ I ^ ^ Pi'^fy fstfer ^ WR®fr iPT nsRl ct^ 5^PR 1^*11 1^■dlclki cr<dlqc?« ^ ’<^;nti'<l afR> R-aW ailcidl ^ 1895 ^ Ricgin ^ afR

tz ^ ^ ^ fit? cl? ^ JTT^ gft TKzr^-RRhi ^ a^r ^rmr^ 'th fll^^ wTfST Rr^ ^ *TFT^ ^ ^ 31*11101 ^ ^ ^ ■55

c|5t ^ eilT^ ePff I ^ ^ 5^TfeR fji^'i ^ Pl^Id ^ ^TH Icfcjl ^fff^ li*TO ^3nSl0l f^tgR ^ ^SfT 2TT I cRRW 3R^tcRT ^ iKllRt 3fR ^ '^T^ afR afR

3RRtW ^ 'Mfi'y'l'/ ^ ^ ^ ^ I

(?3) 1915 ^ ^ ^iRd^lll vJHfiq ?t^ ^ «rK 31*11101 c^ n^sJl ^ ^ ^7 0iwil ^fc^ I 1934 rT^ ^ ^?T 1 %€t ^ ^tfclyi'i cRT RprfR f^ui '’RTT, ^f^tR ?lin^ 'dtll

WTg ’tt tiyiTl ^ c^ FRJ ^ ^ ^ I cj^ H'Sct^ ^ ■^^f, ftreiT ^ f^ReTR ^3TT 3^ elVll ^■tqil*i2I ^ 3R?Jt ^13*11 el ?t^ I 3t*iilcf1 ^iind cf^ ^ 31^fR el1*ll ^ qgd '^STR cRid

) 1934 ^ 3pRtcf>t ^ ?S^ ^ eiiqvj^ ’ft t^t c[?t cITcR^TT 3l*lltgi| ^ efRt cpT

^ ^ IfT I

maivqqiq

^ 3l*1^Rf>l d0l1 ^ ^fcifT-'n^ eftt3rq^ ?T8tf ^ ^ 11912 ^ 3T«ri^'d^r^ jpfl^Rdt cr

^ (0**ii 3i*11^01 c^ ^ I ^ 1932 ^ ^ aft? ?rftg ?r? ^rjrt

qiaef

?Rn ^ arR Rt ?Tft^ 3i*ii1^ c^ uf^ ftRt’ro ??^111011

(^l) cf^ gft 3RRt0T % 1898 ^ ^jftR aft? Cf? 1902 ^ 3T*i'^0i aidRl ?FT I eT0 '<KJe|| 3Rrft0T ^ 3?dtR ?wr 13R ^ ^ ^i aiiRt^i gRT ^ ^ at^ ^ ^ tirr 1 ^r 0^ eR? ^ ?c/^e< ^5t^ ^ aft? dt^ gisil ^ 41*11^1 ^ f«)ecg« ^ ^RJ ^ f^ij) *ia)) 1903 ^ IpJ’ ll^l'lUR C^ 0I11'I 3l*1’jt0l ^ 0<^qi Tf H^sTl 3T?^ «PTT^ ^ aft^JcRR f^. *|i|| | 3f*1'^0l 0t cfq^ Tf cfjf y0R ^ ad^t^^ fftR RIJ '^, cp^ ^ 3iI'^R0 ^1*10! ^ 3Rtil0T gldift^

8n I ^ fmr^RT ^ ai 1^1011 cift ^ratR 1906 ft ar^Rt^ ft arqftt cpj^ ftvft^ WPaTsJf'Rft 1909 ?T0ft ?#f I 1913 ^ afR 1917 ft glcIWI ft qftftf qlsiiii cFJ^ ijfftt I 1917 ^ 'fttR 1922 cT0 ?# 1 ??t1^ ^ 0^^ fft) 0^ 1J0 ?cRTR 0^fcfR ?JT. 'HTR ft0 V0M1 ?RtT viRflft’ IFIRI ,

eft ft t fft5 ct? 3IHft0i 0T i?0 ?RfSrR ?KPI «R an I

2. 3i*iil0l mtii'jciqiq qtjift 01 ^?RT eRt0T aRjteJ cj^ eft ?Tftt ^TeTR ft^ft gft *l0iei

^TTfftR Rtf tt Rrar i 0iTR ft 1889; ft'.fftR ft?ft ^ fttw mm aft?RRtft 0T V3HI<J aftftep 011*111.

?I^ 3nrO<i>T ^ ^Irl^l'H (^-1776-1345 V-^J 123

P|uf<j ^ if THIRTY cf?T ■?F^^ aiQi'ici if gcimi ^f&R ?n

^TWfeR cf>r ^sTRT 'Tcft^ Pl«pcll I 5^ '«*^ci'i ^ <g'ici^ ^ Pl^il Rhxji, ^ ^rrs

^ ^ SFl^tcFT ^PSoimi WN gRT «iai^ ^ OT 3fk ^ 1cTl? 3Fl^tW 'luiyivy

"cFRFT 50 ^ITcl '5^ ^ qiRl'iC'l

3. ^ ^*l'fl<l>l R’KII'C—3t‘i’<lqj| ^ if ^ q<a<7l '^T ^ ^ '=^1% aTRfT

•Rfl aft ^ ^ in^ if ^ ^ ^ aft 1 ft 3rqft\ Qxm^ ^ ?Tg ^ €f^ TTiar atiw ^Raj ^ | 1850—60 ^ a^ffWi ft \jfNM ft 'W Iftai-i ^ ftRi an, i9^ amisqi eft anr ft ^ ^rrtfr ^ ft^ff' ft 3RfiepT cpt ^rift^Tro# ^ ^rji cr f^ciq'<41 ^ eft ^aif ft ^ I cf? eftc/^ aillalep ’R ^ KTH ft TFT an

•xivn^focp affr ^5’ Tft aR ift szinr ft tft an i 5TT tfr era? fttn <nT nap cjft §ciieft nr fSftn, TPRT, TRT 3ftT vJTRR cp: TRffPn ^ w an | nft[

TIT¥T«nnR

Tnft Tifftr aftt I<?ii

ft 1900 ft xftnRTaj

ft ftfeRR Iftc'lg ^n. fftrrtft aftt ffrfft ^ sftr vs-w* aft eftn mft nft i an? fttn aft enf&ivti cjaiqi'fi'i aftt Tsn aft fcR ai^ ftaft nn, cR 3Tnfr<PT ft ’ft ?TT ft amft ^iftapftyf Iftn I 'd<i^ ^fm nft tiyepK nr gstm •sicii 1% n? ft ^ nrin sftr nici aft ^cptth api ^snansTT ft I smftnn ft aft ftrft apt agen grr fttf^ anmift apr ^^nn tftan i ag^ grr fttfft apr ncfcR w an fft) ftftr aft anar smnT apaft eft fftpr ^ narar ftlcr>i fftemr wiftn i SRftapT ft ajaftt ^ ftaft ft ftf ajF^cpgT fcR ft ftftr aft? mftfliap sraften apr ap^ i ?Tefffft> '^pn gra' fttfft apt aft ftrft ft ni’l fetan, 3nM ft Fataftt apjft ftt ePIT nan

1904 ft nm aRT-grPH apr ^ lan cr ftt smftapr ft fra- ’ffgamar nm ^ ftfft (1905) aft par asaift ^n fttftt arnaft ft aig onaanam nn? gR fftran fftr ftfn aft nrnft ft ft ftt "^pn gra' fttfft apr nMn apftft i

omftapT ^ fftRfpnFRT na ftt arraRaRiftt apsjn an i ftt aiaift aftfftar 'gg ^ nm fft^n i ur smftapT ft tftRfpTFRT na apsjn Rb^i nn eft eftnt apt amr ffti eja^eir aftt crf 13^ ftf gRR ^ smftgTT aft Piq-?(ui ft ^gaptat fft^ gtRnr 1 ftfftrn nR mar aft snana f^asr^ n^ 1^ cr3aift annnft^ aft fftpr nfn ftt 1 1901 rtap I^cilHis'ai -apt fftftar aj^ gg nan sn aftaamftapT fn ^ngaft gft gnr nff nrani gR ft amftapr ft spftt aT«nn fftrcftiMi^-at gterftt ^ apa ftt ^ft 'i’pift ftran, atanenar ftta nga anift nn nftEi apa ar^ g?t ntnaTT apt agai apanr angti 1916 aft ajftRT TRe eft grat 1%ftftn?RT ft fttnt apt aaranam ggR fftan nan 3ffa aj? ftt enajgr fftan nan fft

Rctapa ajft nft 3fMi41 ft ftt uTiftft I■5^1 na? Fft ajF n?TT atcTcn t fft stnftapy ft igft ?iai«fi ft aifftm nat nft sfta 2oft1 ?iai41

ft ^ai ft gftf ft Far arRmararg aftt fttf^ ftt ijft rtag ft arngr ffttan naag amftapT ftt aftt ftffft ■gftn ftt annpHTang aft fttfrt ft arpr sta^ft ftt I arg -ciigdi ftt at^ na stw nftan apram aag arapan an, na^g ijarft a^ft snang apa fftan, afta fftfttntfRi ft aaratiam ann;,graft ajft ftt aiMiftt nn grajgr fftan 1

fftan 3fta ?n gtnf ft ftnaniq

3nft

yiiyivrilcllG

12.6

aftfftat-arnftaft ^ stnftapr ft gfftgTar ft ngr nfft ^n 1 ^atft stnftapt ftt irt atRKjajgTftt atfftt ft ^ ft cTT <a.si fftan 1 arg ^ atnflapT ftt fftaRaanftt ftffft aft gang ft ^at nft ^an an i ftan fftnf. ft apgt, “ajg pg ap?];^ eft asn gaifttn gRtteft aft eppg ft g3n, ftt atnftapr ft

124 w^gfr ?7vR ^ fTftgrw (fpf 1776-1945

3>ISTT t” aiH’Jl'hl 3T^ ^ffTTf cfT^T ^ «RTT^ ^ f^cT^Tpfl ^ 7?T

gJT 1 WK ^ "'T^ ^ ^ IcftJ 3(*iC|cf)i ^ cFTT “^l I ^ cI'jIS

^ ^ 3ft^ vrdj|<;T 7>f^ ^ cPTT I

'flltllvKiqiq

12.7 ^ <??/<“!

cr<^qi ^ 3i5jf^ sn ^ Picf<Jl 3f[7 sTc^n^irff «imq> ^ I ^ cRj^Tcnf^Rfr ^ vj^rt^

wjiHK ^ ’Trff ^ el'IIW'< 3ff^ 7TRH ^ 3Tt&^ cp[i|cT pf^ \5% '^’TT^ ^ «fr?T rf^ c;«li

gJT I WJliJlfiii aft? ^ ’ft ^ TTRR# 5?TRf 17? WT c}i?fr ^ | ^ 3)<a«jr^ ^ai^iql sft ( cf<^qiq(r««T ^ ??T^ fpf^ 9i^ ^ I ^ uTt 1868 ^ 1878

Hcf> WT, cp^ ^ pfrnt ^ srf&cp c^t»t ^ iTraT f^rara 5?r^ 3Fift<jft^if ^ ^15134^ vj^

■JT^ I 1895 ^ ift 3l1?ra7 ^4<D'< IJcp fclsls ^SpTT sft? ?R«PR qqiA ^ I

^ ’TTcira CT# cl5t ?RcPR % 6f^-?fr vHH^''!si|| ?1^ 3ff? ^ W I fvJT^ ^rR^ cPI^iiK ?n^ ^ ^ |3TT sn sft? WfS ^^1^ cT^ ^F?T ^ ^1 ^,m?f c^ efl^ ^ ^^ ct>jft 3ft? ?r^T^ ^ ^t^ SJcRSTT ’T^ sff pTR" ^ | cRjgT^rf^Rft

. cpl 3ll\Jllcfl ^ -Mtl^ 3ft? q<ic11 WRT ^Rb-l ?^ 3TtT^ 3)ci||xj|yi grf cf?iT cp?^ ^ qST ^ fetptgd 'T^ SIT 1 5^ gipia ^ ^lacpx; STH^t^^Tcnf^raf ^ ^ ^ cRJ^ ^ 'Wgi^^jfrf 3ft? ^ vi-d^ eWv u? ’TFT ^ ^ t% SFritcR ^ 5?^ ■$ I era srafran c^ cRfrara

?I^’Tf^ ^f&v^ ^ ?4r ?R3?R ’TT’T fcRta" ’ra ’fejll’-e RiclfB<jt' ^ ^TRT ’F?

aRTH^tJT <i!Jciei'! Pi'tji ^ I ^’Cgep'i; ?^ ^ ?R^? epT iRT ?TeTT% cRTT 1% 3|*ifl0i ^ ?RcFR yqep fecTira ept^ 'APicn cpi4c|l^ 'T cp? ^ I 5?Tf^ cift ?R^)R % ^ efTcT ’TH

eft 3ft? ’ll 3n^ rarft «p? 1% «pj5^ ^ ?^f^ ?tt?r ^ 3ftt% ctft ’ftf^ rift 4t ftrt i ?4ra

^ ?T7^R % ci^^l ^ frar ’{<(?!j'fj'i ^ ^ ’ft qjijqj f^FJT I 5?T ?T’T^- ett f^RFIef 'dV’C,^

’FIT<^|ehd ^ ycqi^ ^?ft f^Fraft cpjf?: ^ ;f4F Raciiw) ^ ?pK efR^ ^ FFT ^ ^

’ntt I MSCll yen ZJ? Sft 1^ ?^ ?TTjr^ Fit feP qiRi'IC'l ^ 2JT vjtlcp ^RT fpFJT ’Rll IFF FR

cpT irafrar?! ^ ’irar i 5?t^ i3?i ?rii<^a % ^ ^'jiRei ?TFFftf^ w?t an i ^ ^

’T’lT 3ft? 'lalui; ZJ?: ffpi' Ij?! ?|yi'^a RtF ^ yil^i'qdF ^ ?^ cIFRT Zf>t FFT I3cl

^ ?T? ?RT^ RIT’Fraf ^ I ye’ll ZJ"? afl 1% 15 FRclft 1898 ^ eam «('<?'i;5 ’f FTF ^ ^^41 a Zftt felctgel ^ f^ZTT ZTZIT, t^RF^ qR“ii*i'tywH ZI^ ^ clFtt Z|ft \j1i4 ’izft | 5?I

ZRt efcp? ?iFt z^ Rapiiep ?J?) ^R^ c|ft ’TFT ^FI ^ 1 pfFTt % zpt ’pft FeT, ^ eptyenZira ?Zat', ^ eFTT^ ^?r 5R I ^ FFTcTT ^ ?IF7^ pep'll V^SI 3^ 11 3j3o,

1898 ^ v3?T^ Zhii)?f c^ ?FiaT ^ zr^ f, i3Fcpr ^ zp?^ 1^ ^ ?? R?f z^ ijrazj zp? 13ff? 3ra zi^ raRT ?? razn

I, f&I ‘ g^iK MSld ^ Fit 3i+lS'l1zJ piein ^rai

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ijTT zp?^ ^ swftzpT zfft ^RT 3ft? ■e^sTl tit zpT §'t^*iici zp? ticpai | 515 zf?[ yli'^ii zp?^ ^

aTFffZpr zpt cniild ^ ?TTip ?IZ^ ^ ZJ^ ^?T 1%, “SFTftzpT fZT y'lq'^ii zfe gRI 5?I ZfTcf Z!^ ?nip zp? ^FT yipai zi^ ^ ^tF ^ ?ilfn ?ajTf^ zp?^ z^iSJpiicii F §?T-F? cpsuii zp?ft yipdi F

J J.'(i^<ni TTv^ 3/*i/l<rn W ^Riei'tl (Wl 1776—1945 1[-^) 125

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x^igai ^ STT^ Pi^J^xxi ^ ■«a'^i xiieai f aff? ^ ^ Pl^IiJ '^f

t efCT ^ ^ ^ vJIT^ ^ «n? 3i»i'^cf)| ^ ^ Piy'-a^i sfR ?IRRflTFTwrar^

/

12.8 «iiPa

1 aT<f^, 1898 ^ ^ ■g^ 'HHiki ci?r afrwR^) ■^rf^ '^3# «ppT3T^^ u'i'S'^ afR.trfl^ 'ilcii^ ^ cRw ^ ^ Trar i ^ sT^rfra^T

^ MlelR^l 3ik gsTT^ ^ ^ i ^iRhcllm?’^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^FITI ’Hi% SRT ^ g3TT -wlcpii: ^ >jii'^ ^3 ^ ’ffcR 5RT ^ 20 ftfeRH -Sieiy ^ I f^clgM SFlfTcPT ^^ c^ 3?^ W 3ff7 ^ 177 ^ ^ 8JT 13^ 3RT ^ fSTT^Rrff ^ ^ 3N^

#1

12.9 ^ +16x9

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^RTT? ^ ^ ^ sfR 3t*i-^cp| ^ vTijiqi vjfR-iTTcI ?Tf^ ^ ^ g| I '3'tl'f) 298

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12.10 y®R f^Seq^c^ «*1'fl«t>l

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126 77^ aw»W m ?trfwm fipf 1776-1945 z^.J

^ •Tlfciq'l W mci'i cf>^ ^ ^ ac-wai ^ ^ ^ 3TNf^Rcp

fclc^'i ^ ^ 3i*i’?l<T>i ^ d^-f^ai ^ '^tf^ ^ 3)H'ii4ii «ff^ ^■^41 «(f<hn aft^

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ft TTfcTETFT ^'f^Tgra 7^ f I7T7<PT7 ^ epT f afHT1^ Tra lint cPT TJ? ^aiT % 2 37^, 1917 ft ff?7R % tfJlO'W Tff f quii

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ft.TT^T^TIT ^ f

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‘‘ITT UTi ?iii^'^'ft iticTT ft g<€ ft aft?, ift TTif atfftcp ^ftcpT alt? ffftTTcprft g<s %, f

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f ffl, ft Tiftt 7T^ ft tttRct aft? ’gTfffT f^etrft aft? anr.ft 7i^ fft?i ft Ticfa «FrT Trf i’'

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TITTH

ftfftcRHcq

aft? ci-si^ H TTTin

12.11 fftertid f 14 ^

1 vTigft, 1918 ft ftrftfs ffteTR ft iftftTT f TTlftT ffj ift anft ulft<S liq^i ft anft 14 Tjftl «PT

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f aft? TiTTTcft? ft an? ift ftft i? irtf^-tfti ftrr f ffi ’^rfecr iftm im f, ft iirft ft ?i7i

W^m 7F^ mtm wf ^ffmw ^ 1776-1945 v-^.) 127

larrftt 1 ft 14 cfTR5lvdT1 ^T7t TTlftl Hi iftm “ftt imra IflTT ftfttfts f ffi ftlR ft if aft

CT ^ vfliq^ Piqfe cn'<'ii Tdgdl 3fM'?l ■fRSiT^ suMi ■'^lecii ^ afk

^Riii ^ 3r?j wVA ^ aicpci afk aUfFM ^ aft^ f^^sr sjctfr ^ arRcrrFR

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^ 3TT^-W^ g>t ^ ^ I3, 'fTi^r arrl^fe (^>cpr^) ^ 'HHiki wi? aft? ^ 4^ rrr ci?l ■?rr

?T^ ^14, ■?nff '71^ aPT^ aiT5f-'9nR v3?t4 ^ ■$, f^RT^ xd'i^ a<i'nRcf) '^stt Icit^ 'ji’»'<1 ^ i

5. 3ilMpiqRl«f) RRT ^ f^RTfiT 'W‘In'I'JI'1 f^RIT ^ ^ cR? RltSin ^ 4

^ n^’^iTii ^ ^rarait ^ cr 'M*iq r^rtt

RinjTjyi ^rT ^ 6t'<iqy WR I

6. ■?RT ^ ^ fc|^?Tl cFTTO ^efT ^ yR? afk ^ aiq4 -■ii'Ji^lflq’ ait^

4tf^ W 1<I?R PimIv^i cfR^ ^ ij?! Ht<h'l f^RT yTT^ I cFt Zf? aTT^cTRRT Rqi 'l^l

1% 3N4t swi ^ ar^TTR ar^^t ?ikii r^rstt sRT ^ afR Ri?q yi^qiq 'STTW •wi'id

end'll I^feyiq*l fct4^ 6c;4l yTRF afR ftR ^ cR? ^ XR5 aTTyfR yll4 I

8. ^lliPn ^ 1cR ar?HRT-dfRR wra ^ qiM'd efter (l917 '4 IRTT ^ 5^ H3|\h ^ lild1^ 2IT) I . ..

9. 'iH^ildiarf cf^ *ii-qai 4^ g'? ^cctI ^ ^fwiarf TPT ■?’TC ^'I'4*ll9lyi'i Ph^l yfR I10. •fclfw'^i fcRFRI atif^qi cf^ ^ ■'flRiT yR^ I

11. WItRrT, Rrf^TTT a^R ^ 4t yfRF afR '^iff^IT ^ Rrjs cRR Mg-tl^ RRdTTylFJ afR 4c«^>H yiyql 4Rj afR ^T^RlcTT ^ i^lagiRlcp 'ffe Rf R^lHa

^j^Rnaff ^ szTH 4 fR RRral aR l^rafM f^Rir yRRi12. aff^RRT RFiyiyiJ ^ ^ 1%R=^ ^ aiiyii'4l RR aiRqmi I^RIT yTTR afR WR

3r5Rt 3RI Rr^Rcnaff ^ <^rfff cp4 yfR 1%RRyicT RR atia^qmd f^TTT yRT? aiR arRRl^Rr ‘iKucJl aia'fd ■SIV'S'lcflyF FtRR Rnft yieiyll r4 3TT4-y1l4 afR 3ITRR R?r

a)|y1l4l 41 ylR? I13. Rt^ R5t RR5 aTTyR^ RTy^ R^TRIT yfRTT WT%R. fyRR^ RRT RT55 cT^ ^ Rf^ RR RTTcR

afR aTRRR^RJ ^rt ttrf r4 •<iyi^fria> a^R anf^ 3iiyii41 ctstt Rr^ftrR’

3)>iii‘'«ai R?! RRo^l 41 yR4t ■qil^'^ I14. ^ afR '?T«I TRrI R?f ai|y1l41 afR Ul^f^l-* 3)x!£|U.ddl Rf1 RR^ IJR’

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1%cfr Rft afR •fRRRy

7.

aTRRf^Rr 'il'ioi RRT^ yIT4 I?R xTlqg ^ RfxR R?r ^raf RR^ ^ RTR’ 3TR4 RTW '4 l^e^ld 4 '^>51—“?R

afr? f4?Rczn41 Rn^ R?t armR r?«ncT r51 r^tRri rr r# f aiRraRR afR rrr cqiHcp

.128 WJRf? f/i^v <n*i'fl'7>i WI ^/riei'M {^P{ 1776—1945 ^■^.)

^ g?| vjrnj | 3R ^ anufT^l -wif^i^ | ?i|cki-'«'g<rl'l ^ TKrpfffcT

^ ^ 3T^ ^fr^ff ^ 3fr? gcii'R'i ^ tf^sff 3ik cRgarf ^ ?Rf ^ ^FRf ^ ^ fTSI ^ an^ v5TT% ^ yTT^ l”

3T*T^t^ ^'Hltliviiqit;

-ffe12.12 3i*i'fi<»>i ^ ac-t^Htii "«t>l’jji (1935—1937)

31^ 3i*i^lwi ^ ^RIT ^|c|^ an f&> yanr ^ ^iiPici ncnfi aJt; ^3^3?«i ^ yfa511 ^ 3TW 3TP^ ’fi ^ n?n8T ait^ amrnsT ^P*i(^<i n€f Ftnr i yarn

^ ^ am^tyn nn TT^tn 5rrt «f^ ^ nm an \ a?nffyn ar^ ^tcr w n^yf ^SRI ^ yiT ^ ^ an i cmR n5t cf>f^ ■;jw?ry n# aff i 1934-35 ^ '^fr^ c^ arj^r^^nr

^ RhV ^ ^cii'rti fan % ^ wth nnr^ nr^ cpyRrnf aff? n>R?3Frf am^ nnn^ c^aiHylqji gs’ if ■nf^nfcra’ ^

f^nfin f^nr yft am^ am ci'Sis<?i ^ ^ aff 1 n^ ^nF ^ ^tyn ^ n yn^ 1 1935 aft? 1937 eft 4fn if grfft?? ft ftH nc^ai yysgft ym Rbyi IftRrft cnei yyi an fft) 1935 aft? 1937 eft ftt?j ft gftft?T ft fttn ?T^?anTT yne nr?! fftift i fftnft ^ nan an 1% (1) g^ ft ?nfft?i ft?ft nft yn ?nnH ftnft nr ft^ yrift y? ftg?{2) g^ ft ^iiiftei ft?ff nft gvenr nra n^nn gncTH ^ anan? y? ftm gnftnr. Iftmgn nngfy tjf Ffnr ffti <9'flqi>! enl*ia ftTFff ft ftm aft? arnft gfFM y? cirg^ nra ^ ynftnr, (3) anrftgft 'imiRc^ g^ ft ?iiRi(?i fft)?ft ftl ftTT.gft epyf ftft nr

1%?T g?flfcT ?ft aft? (4) amftgft yrnf^^ft nft f^gmw ftl nafr fft^ ft g^ ft j^hRich ft?ff aft yiFiyff y? nrar n g?^ 1 grg aft? i^frftftftnT gn gs (1935-36) fan aft? ?ftg ft g? g^ fan 1 f?i ftknamfran ft f?t cfs?ann gft fttfft nn gyf ?5y ft yicR Rhyi \ cicwai eft gngn gft 5?i Ri<gia eftan^? y? gnrnr nnr an fft? amftgn ^ giF? faj fft)?fr ftt nm n g^ ft amftgn gn gft^ yrgm n^ ft I 5?T eni-j^i gn v5^?<j eftqci amftgy eft ?gg ft gft ?an gj?nT an 1 g? febft) ftf ftgr ft ?naj fft?ft ftt ygn? gg ftynm nftt gRnr giFcn an 1 amftgn ft giF? gnmn gn f^Rn arftgj ynn? eft fnrft ft f&?T fan an 1 Iftmft 5?t nm gn ?rt yfftTm fftwr?! an fSi gfftnr y? ftR ^fft

ngpTgi ?fen5 anynr 1 ftftf eieid ft aRftgn e^r ?<m «ft feft# ftt fftgrg g g^ ft g? ?^ ymr ggn gRepci ftfgr gn ?ft an 1 f?T ?Tng ft?T ft gigrcicg ?T^yfft an 1 f?t ?nTg ft?r ft nm gft fttfrf

ggf ?ftt aft Rji-denl (ci^?i fttt^ aTePng ft Ri^m y? angifftr aft 1 ggnftos aryft ft Rtoft ?!^yf^ gft gel'll ft aft? aTePnggrft ?nfftT fan 1 amftgn gft aremrggrft fttfft gn gn?ig Fg enn eft amftftt y?^y?T aft aft? ^5 Fg ngi ^3?Tftf gr?5?eft ft ^ft ftftr fttfft anmrft gft ngig^ fftgr an 1

y?iy?T g? sft fft ctF ftPiep ?rfftjgf ft 3Tem ?ft aft? ?Rgn? ft f?i^ ijft ?t?f

f ft ?gg eft Reegei

aiei'i ep? ReJl I Slelifeh vft ?T^yfft -wvji^ec ft yFft any ft ft viiw-ea y^ft y? el fed aid’ll epi ft arggiftf nmeft ft gaseT ftft ft aft? xjgft ?naj, ftftffgft ?fgg ggTg>? ftr noft ft. y?^ F?Tft fftyftn ■wen^ec ft fg ftftt ft dideil ft q<aei ftft ft arf&gn? gn egnr ^ n^ fftgr 1 aftftg grgeTfftg? giy ft apR fti fftgr 1 ^varftee amftgn gr?! arygr^ nft ftflft fftmft nFn gF Iftftf ftt gjFft Hindi ft F^gfty nft gRnr giFFi, ^ gft cRF ft yran ftt fftgr 1 gjnffteg ft nft fftftftl ftifft arygrft, gF g?ift yfft gift ftfttftftt gT?r anmafr nf fftftyr fttlft ft gfftgrftt giy ft 1ftR afi i

ijejvfngT an t F?Tft grg'amftgn ft epj ftft gygg gn

§?iepi dfllejii gift

amftgn gft ft qicid fftgr I

wg<m ?7yg 3Pfff^^ ^Rieiti fWg 1776—1945 V-^) 129

12.13

1935 5^ arrfnrra ^ ^[^<41 ciiici srs% cT'if era ’ft ^ sr’i^tcpt ^ afRyei-f qc<»HOl '^I’J^'I wyqi J | ara^hf^ c|vt eTS^ycFT aft? aft? !7ft?f cjft 5^f■ftf^ w feint"1 ?ifvfra? % ^prarar 'doiyi aft? 1935—39 ^ ■5t?H erra^^ # i ^ ■^t?H 5ccit ft aft? aicaifq<4i ^ fftrur. urftfti ft anf^^^in aft?

’TFT F? ctisjii cf>? fcFIT I \niHiq ft fttF ft ’Tgftt FTft eft aft? vJ?Fft aft?ref5f?r ?T5S‘ cT€t^ ferreft aft? ^ q? 3^1^77 ttft? tcf^ri 5^7 m mwi qftft?3q5? ?ny1clc5 <7!t ^ ^ F^TT fft> cTJ^Slq ci«l4 F? ^ f 1 ^ cFT■qHT f% cfFTT?TT^ qft ?ftpft ^>7 UTIc’Tt F?4^g fftv? ftt arq^ ??r ^ q>T^?57q? Tft?' aft? qF^fs^ ^ ^tq 5®^ ^ ^ f^?ay«s ft anfran qft ?t3^i cTst^5j?ii cR?ftt I aFT^ ewt ft aft? ftt ydqi^ ft aratfftci ^ ^t ??q ft,qftffft) 34*ift«f)i ft ^75 fftftt qra vnieft'! ^<5 q?[ tftq^ q?f |

qFTRT ac’*»yai qft fttfft 577 qieR 57?Fl 5^ ?3H?FFH 5FFT tfTeal 877 ftlftiy Iftfcira? 1941 ft arqftqq

57?ft 5>t

12.14 3t*i'flq)l ^ BtftT 3^ ^ vftTftift qT^FeRTR

1941 ^ WT 577575, ^Ff, fft>1eT5T^’?7 aft? %F7^ ^ Qtfft?i -q^sTl 37^ 5? 15577 57?ft 5?[ 5>??FT 877, eicftlft’ 577575 5?! ^ 1?57 qft aft? Ifteegd S7T5 5^ fft?7T I \^cii^ 1941 ^ qTyf ft ^ ft)57 5^ <9^)9 •rtwqi, aft? 375^55 ft ftte cft5T cpiftepH ft aiftFrfttF ftr '55 ?TF775 ft5757 '^?5 57? fftqi 1 ??7 77577? 7777575 aft? 375^577 ft ft?7 5e7ft5 4§n 55T575^ 5q I 3F7ft ftr F^tftt ft ftftt ftftt ft Fclftq ^ ep?ft ftt fttfft?7 ftt, ftRbi ftt^ 577^57 5^ ^377 I 5?r 575ft ft ft5T ft?7 ft ?T57fttfftsff ft eTTrrftrf ftt. ftlft5 gicfiq aft? <a>;(5 775 ft 5^ 575 5I75T5 ft 375^577 ft 5ft lift? 37^ 5? 57ft 555^57 5717571 ft 15577 57? fcF771 1?715ft ft 2403 “jfckl 5lft 5q 3ft? 1000 ft ftt 3Ttft57 W157 I 57555 150 157^ 571757 5^ ft 55 aft? 6 fft c7?lft 8cl??r ft 55 I 5T75T5 ft 15 15ft ft 375ftftt ft?773f7 ft 55 ft ft5 5? f^5I aft? 375ft ft 375ft57T ft styit'^c ft en'itJ'fl ft ftt sftqT5T ftt 5FT ftt, qftift 577575 ft ft57 fftft 557?T7ft ft 351f>55 57?ft 375^577 5^ ■g;g ftra 1^ 577 I ^ptft?T ft?7ft7ftl'55ft5aTftft fterF7 557 ft3 1ft7ST ft 8771 ft75 fftr 5T5 ft 577575 ft ?7Tl^Tft7 3757^5 5i4ft 3f7? isftt ft ft 375^577 ft feeimi ^Tg ftt ft55T 57? ftl

ft 57T 315^577 5^ f&ft57 57? ?1T 577, ftlft75 577575 ft 15 5Tftft 3717 fft 51 375ft37T ft577575

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•ai'DfP! ^ 1776~1945 ^.^.)130 v7v5

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§'<1«l 'icilvjll '51? ^3TT1% 1870 ^ yT^ 500 a€f ^ 1900 ^ yH'®JI 6000

^ I ^ ^TM ^R^)R ^ sjt I tqj5il Hiq<^ff)*i'l' cfff ^ 'Ji«>'<a't

gaiRlth" «r^ ■^, yfr 6l^’<<l^<?i ^ yTPTT xiig^ £f, ^ fclEJiRJq'l' ^ ^ WZT ^ yHcTT

STT ^3^ 31^ ^ vrFnf yfR^t sft I

2. q>ic|y| Riyi-'^'3’<c1 TR^R ^ ^3^ ftlSTI c^ ^ +l'<l6'Tlq TRT1% I

^Rf 1862 ^ *ilRci 1?^ 3T^^TR ^•S'icl "fR^^R ^ sfk (^!?qR|ejic1<jT ^ fcT? 13,000,000

i^cps vjihI'I ^ I 5'M0 3)cliqi ’ft cl^ vji'ie ^ gcpcoi ^t^-eFTT I ^R( 1900 ^ 5000 q>;(^yi ^ R1J ^ yfif1% ^ 1860 RR!5 500 chl^y| ^ I

f^ren ■?R«rT3ff ci?[ cfr fr ^htst ^ ifE RBr^njyf ^ 'zr? ^ % fcRcif&^neRff 7^ ^ ^ (yRT^ ?T^ ^ xiic^ vnW'l 31^7 Riqx'il 'S'^ «j|cln

'WpHf^d f$?TT ■^cj^q U^RT I eft ^ efW RsN f^^?ft ^f?r 711^ ‘jft cfR

^ 3fR ’fr ^ ^ ^ RTOT-f?r»TFT Tf ^ f| ftinf^ gft ^ ^^5t^ ?R% 3fR STT^ ffTS '^^t cFH ^ I eft^ff 3TTlf|cf5T cl?f rlyft ^ qqcinl ^ 3TcRSTT ^dlf^5) ^ 3RT^t^ 7|5t vTSj ftT8TI-U‘'liofl ^ ^STR cf qRcict'i ^ i^t <fj'lRi?i 7|?f |

3. ^ ftren-i^ <Pra ^ «f?t 1^ nfet ifr oift w sfRTRf 'Jf[ 13W t^SIT c|R^ W 3teRR 1^7IT iRT I 19^ =emi«ri 7^ 3RT cTTR ^t^yft sft?

• cn^ if «ff 1 70% 4>l^yl'[ ■^f ^ I

4. 41671 jbH 4' ^CIR-lcly.clfclsUldTj'l' 'TOTHF# f^raf^R ^ fcl^nf^ TPt ?m #57^ W*i1cr)i ^ ^ w^iicil 7J?| ■>T^ I ftfTRT ^ wy1'i 3ft^ fet^ ^Pf‘i ^ oiddl^ 1R yfR f^Tjy RTJT I iR

5^ ^RTTc?! 7^ TpRt^ 37^?IRRT Tpt ‘16^1 8Tfef 3ft^ 'RreTT 7^ ^ ^ 3RTyI7pcTT I “

5. c7]|<1^|R14} ftTCTT-WTTRTrRrTp 3fR ^IcHTPcT %aTT ’ft I ^?RRI

aUcRnt^TTf) 1^18TT ftft cTTcft 3Ti^ sft I ft ^fci<JC ft 3TTnft 7ft ft cJiFT

fft^IT I 1870 ft ■Sidcft 3fR qcplcia Tjft ^Ift^T-cft 7^ I 5^ cRf ft Tfj^ 3fR'

TZHcRflt^ <gclft Rft" I ■?Ty7[ ■?R5tR ft ’ft TfTp^ sRT feft fyR Rlftft ft ft 'STTfSR 3fR C|4)|dc1 Tift ^ ftt 3171 ■JIf TPPT TR -tlcpa I fTift fttftr Tftt ifcHcpd Ttftftf Clft f^lfl ftft

qq MlrtHgd fftRT ITPTR ft aff^ -dlHlRjIctJ 31SI7RT ftftf 7ft {ft5r ft cRTF^ ^ I 5^ U*K ’I?-'3^ ^ ^

Tift 3rfqf?t ft t^TfffT Tift 3Tc7lj7t7I5 \b’^Iel ^ i •

ft

ftt^

13.8 'dlf^rq

yt. ftpft Tpr cpe-ii t, ‘^:73 Tift in^ ^ fft? ’j?-'§^ 7ft tu^ tui sRftrift rt1%ri ^

3TT?rT3ft 7ft 31^^ ^ sn ( ?TT7I^ sfk 7ft 3Tft7p iTlftt ^ 7ft ft qft Tift I fTTTI^Tift afltilRicn ^ ft ER TIeffTft Tift Tjft 3TFr TI? TRURTI? Rq>ReTT3ft ^ tftflj yfciq^d ^ T

ftt. fteft 5RT 7p^ Tj^, ^tcT Rc^d d'lOl qftffcft vd’tl'ft RlfftRJ, TfRTT, IT^ tft’tfTfT 7ft

ffts ft-fi’ fftTpiR ?ift ataftfiTRw 3ifR ?r?ff7iRT7T 7ft jrtti ft ’jofey ft yfftstr Tift ft 1 efttft •?t7^

«g«r wu>v ifl*i'/}‘PI ^ $f(iei*i (lF( 1776—1945 ^.^.) 137

3it7

(i860 ^ 1920 ...)qi«l(3q3Cli3lT ^ 3Tra^ ysTT^fcIT^ yjt STTRI feiqi 8TT | q^icl 4 qgrt ^ H6ld

‘P<?iiq>l'il 3ftR ’<1li^lcq«P f^Riq! RP^T §3TT I cl-acf)! qViqii cpt TRPR ^ f^

^ vddq^l TERT3Tf 3TTf^ ^ TjTFRRT^ yiRT I

1. ■RTc!> *151-1 yi5pff«PR STTI ^ 3Ppff cPT 3?f&^ Hfa*ii'fi*q—1

c^xaco SIT ^ 3m^ 3PTt^ ^ aN^ ^ wi ^ fqRict *iif^y sit 1\ivicp aiy^ \Jilqi ^ 3ij*jq') y? ajisnf^ sJ! 1 '.'•s'^-^^ atre €pt Rrrsft?' (i876), ‘■^t

l?^st=cR^ arPT) 50c1^'?l f^' (l884) affR ' cll^q^ affy; ^ (1883) q-qq-l aft^^ ^ ^fRPT ^Idq^ ^ if Ndd-^ arjiTcT cf5T 11 5R?I yspR 13717^ T^FTT ‘RftiiT

’ (1872) ^ -^qiqi *ll§Plq c^Rf ^ cpTIlf cpT I 'Ip3J’ ^cTpfR RTT8T f^R^cR tcPff, f^f^RcTT^J^ SR qelx;-^ cJ?f sj^^l afk

^-iRqfwi «PT^ +il*llid«P fqqif«i^q-i sr qg-d 5R f&RT % 1 3TT?[ ' §—i'i'M^jc ^

RTT^ cTT^ aiq’Jlq?! q4cqj'l cpT qxjiicf asiqi I

2. affcPT? (glpn e)^I^iql)—§-514 I866 ^ IdOdi f^RTI eidiTcb '^qq?!qfrlqiqiql ^ tjr 1? ^ I xJRT^ -v^qiq? ?rWR d'Sq’'! y? aRSWlR qic^ d'S'41

^ ^ ^ ‘leyi^ ^ 3TS5TZR fcjRT afR l|q)-sl WTcT fcTst,.fxjRT^ ■y?’ qlaq) RJR Iji-gaxdq-^iti

filRT di^-qRdai afR ^gqa eft RTWR. RRlf^ afR RTRR f^'d'ai 113. viRReT ^i^RT—-Sm^ vdM-qi'd ‘4qgx; : ^ ^ affy) ^TT?R^',(l680) ^ ?RT

^ elVl'l ^ Rac'll4> RPT^ ^ ST^ ^T RfcHT y<g^ ^ |

4. ^'1'fl ^SRSITRT RTTfi ^cRf c^ ^RSTTRlt ^ SRTfl% ^cRt

RrRTa^f ^ ^ vidK-^iq STT, ^ 'dticnl RSRraff ^ SIT I ^ RTR cff%sj5 ^rff 3jq^

cpT ^RR-f^RR I^RT 1 aRfraR' (l877), ‘4t

fcR^T I ^ cTSIT arsp^T 3RI 5^<Tcpt ^i RfftcTflR RSIT aTTRT-RTRT ^ RRtcRR 7^ RTTST

yq-yiiyi cf>T RR q-1iqi, feiq'l R vJR^ RTRTvf

(1878) afR effRRtf^RRT’ (l885) RRR

vd-d"^ ^ Rc^RRiarf ?pf vJRc^ cf?I RRRRT,

yqqji 3TS2T7R cjtr^ cir RIR Rpqi § I

5. f^loTSTR ol^etl—Tf? RTS^ 3^ cpf 3R^ 1^ sp afR sisiTsfcfR TpT qif^y STT | 'dyicpl

7?7p‘4tRT^ar afroRnfRiRT diMgn’ (i885) sfr,- ^rR?apRfTpr^ ^ Rf efRft7f?trR[cp

TpfT^f RiRid ^ aft 34-R^ R^ TT^ ^ I RRT^ cfRr vJRRRT, sfRi qigi-f) RR?! alR 3T^7p yilfSIrqw aftcfRTPT^ fcR^t I 3RT7f?t ctsp RITf^rq aft yJRiqfl Tlif ^ afR

yfRt pmfth-Rl ^ yilf^rq 7^ tTT'^RR W ya tRR fipR tttit afR 6 Rl^qfttiiciq'l ^ RR^ f^fiiqf ^ sffi

6. qi<rC f^qc^n—^ aRT^ c^ ^R5 ^ Rl'gR ^^cpid c^ PR ’ft Rtf^R R^

s4 afR ctTp3 f^qc^q ^Rf TRI STT afR v3RT% StRft ■jrrtcP ‘aftoJI afre TTTRT’ TPT RRftfsR RRcflRTiT WPq/STI I fe'cpq pff fcSTt ^ Wt^ URT^ 3Tq^c4) d/l^oy ^ af 3Tfpf?JcP ar-flRPTR a:>I4r)i4-'sft

w^q! cn'4q!’ afR ‘^fR R^TRT ctTRS 5lyqi4 I

7. '^fq^n f^f^^RR—a? TRi qfo'qisiidl ^ftuquy sJl 1 qeiR 3RT^ gatTR ^ 3lj&7p c1^ ^Rt fcR^, elRhq 'dd4' vjflqqqxd ^ RRP^ RPT’ ^ TfR qcpiRia ^ | v3RT^ atf&aiRi iftrf RP^ 1886 ^

vd'dqfl ■gag 7^ TTR ^ WWlRlci ^ TTR I

- 138 ' a/H\f)*l W {7P( 1776-1945 t^.)! ' \

8. 'wfl'P'l ^^—25 cT^ ^ 3TF^ ^ ^ 3ffq> <f5^’ (l895) fcT^,

^ ^ '1‘^yq'P y'l-wc ^ cTcf^T 1%5aT, 1uT^ ‘llcjllcJl-^ ffpFft I

^ 3r^ 'dlf^rtJ'PK 3fr^ OR'I ^^’ ?T^, ' *ii^T'Jl STTO

'ells'! ’ cTSTT 3?^ cnf^aiSTf ^ elPltiy sff? ‘^ ^ ^ CT<9cn \jfpT ^ ^ I

srt^ynui y*TT^

(i860 ^ 1920 ...)

13.9 cTfeRT ^cTT^

^ «rR oiRia tf?cTT3Tf ^i vS'^Ri ^ 1

1. sil-tci aff? ^4)i<i5 ^ ■H'llri 3TT#^, 3Tf^f7T afR w^’fr FM ^'tt'Fln ^“'HIcI ^ I O-iRiei^Pliji afR cpt^f^srar •ei'ifla ^ t^w ^ ^ cz^cnferr afr |

5^ cfiT^ ■jfkr ^^-‘'ii’til'ti'ti', ‘^r^f^RR cTcT !fIR’, ‘yl-wyl’ aft^ cllScf) ^ I

aii'^'f^i 7P?f?T ^ vj^lfci ifl tJ^TcT ^ ^ I feRltyt^ 3j^ STT^ ^ ^mRi<S anc^^ -ti'Ilasi ^ l cMfciioi?ai afR cfTSRra Pi5?|cp ^ ^ ^i <stiilrl W<T

f^tll^1'< ^ ■^^-^T'flcT ^ 'd'^el ^ y-uoi f^tll I 5^ yiTcT ^ aT^ Ri^iqcil tf? 2?f f&i

&RT -ei'ria Ichiii uTT^ HR I

2. RR RrK ^ 5H RFH ^ 'MM^elcil I '^R RTR HT%

aft? H’^ iRR ^ 'f(4>eiai Rfc^t I 1870—80 ^ ^f?R feRS RT RrW H cpiyui cpcid ©:

'ifyieii S'll'iel ^ «i'ial sff I eft^R 1890—1900 ^ feTR 7^ RrW 7^ R^ RFT^*^ ?R?cfr RT RrM ^ HR I fRcfR ?H RfH HRR? S*1l<cl sft foT?R?r •ThR ']'ii§c Rfl ^ sfl I Tjf

5eT 1883 «RR? ^R? ^aTT I vp'sRcp T^H. 4ll*1't^S ^ -fl'^Jel R^ RTTR? 71? cp? f^R f&) RTy?f HH? R^, 'qsl’ijyd aft? view's; c^ TTR^ 6f^-«r| H?^ ^ RT?J W HR^ f I

Rf3?l Rl'll^ 7^ 3THTR 5H RTH ^ §*ii'<a'l ^ RrIh 5?Rcf RT arf&RTf^lR ??^RH

HR I S>Mia 7^ R? 1^ HT^ ^ aft? <{lqR RR? ^ ?T?ff aff | 1888 ^ ccnl*ll

gdiyo RT Pi'lI'Ji R?cp S\^lRl<J''<T, ■’J^f^rfcRTt aft? fRR RT RR R?^ R^ ^ RPTR? HRHR RR cift I R?I^RT aft? gcftqi'l c|?f f&H8RI ytcTR ^ RT?H 'I'M'^ql s*ii’<^ RT ^FR?f | Ri'it'^i RHT ^ RT TfrfeTR ^f«fRJ5t aiHTR RT RTH ^ RTT^ f^l€l ^ ;^'1'jiI‘I'<'J| RTH T^?ft R7T RTT??ft RT Ri*if'?

^arr i r^ tjr. f^f^TRT 3tr. ’tra aft? ^qigc Rr^t ^ 5^ Ri^fai 1 ^ rth

R?5RN 3TRfe?T (aiH^lRl) ^ ^ 5?T^ ?I?TRTT ^ aft I Rl^ cll'Wcl xr^p

■?TFrR? ?itR aJt I

f?T RTH y?r S'ilXd'l ^ aTT?R 3fR ^R?R '^RtT RI £RHi ?7R RR I 5R RtRt ?tRRWH RTRR? qiRl'IC'l, ReftR^, ^RRfRRIRt aft? R?IHT RT? f Ht R%R R?1 ^T sTRXJ

RR I HTR HT RTut, RhT# ?tR?, RRH fRf&RT 3^ RHR€ RrWR ?T?Tg^ af^RH^ HRTcfR 7^ f&TtRsff afR RHT HKRaql ?TWRtR ^ ^ RTH 7[ft 5RT?cft <T^ aft? ift ^R? RRT I RTR HT RTXjf ^ ql'tC'l I^RT^I R^ Ra.sRhq'i 'df^a Rasfchq'l Rt R^ HRTTR. R^ ?tR?

% atTR Rfl'R'tl ^ aj^ ■RRTRR 7^ TJeaRR-RcTR Rt RiRio R?c^ RIRTcR 5TRTR R^t | ajTRH fR^THT arRTR fcRsRR R#f ^ RTR etf^hd X3?Tc^ R?^ R? ^ if HTRRT? ^TfS^H RT fctHlld R^ RTHT I fftcPSR .775^ aft? ?TRt R>t RRI^ ^ <2?ici 2R | \3?TR?I f&TsRH ^ff^R ajt—'%aT aTTR R ^ fT?f', RHTfR ^ ■ftR’ aft? ‘^tR^aT Ru^ ^ Mh’ |

?7^ RW^R7 R7 1776-1945 ^.^.) 139

/

afr{

(i860 ^ 1920 ...)

^ ’ft cf^ra ^ 3ff7 xd'^a ^ I st'itc'd itz ^fc|<sn;<i WTcRRT 9JT '’jfifjlf I'll^, \’5^-ti *ii'jAc' (l89l) ,s?l I

13.10 q^f'l

TJ?-^ 6fK ‘‘It ^ I 5^ *igT^i^uf nRqdi SUcf^TRcpfTM^ CRT

STT I TJcR R|>fli yujte?! t THt ^ ^ ait 1% ^ R’aai t cfjqcl eft # '41W ^

?tcrT «rf^ ^ ct?r ktr ^ ^ ‘jc^icp'i\rt'Hqiai *1?l^’4 ■nt^TcTfl, ^SIlPlcp aft? acf>?ll'<-3il -qictf an | 5^ ciiiqgiRcpclIliq ^ 3RJ■^ntafcR TjfH 3ttcilci>i Ft^ anf^ ^ i wri ’frjRi ^ wjicisiRcpaiqi^

aqii

I, oyiqg;Rcf)aiqiq ^51Cp'III

ct?[ EjRqi^ frnfr vTtftcT aff ftteRFT '•it ^ mmi n?r ’jrg ^ ^ ^cjvIh c^ h^t:i nft ’d*i5)i/an 'HepT aft? Ricdi'i'i fci^QfStjiCTq ^ WFT '^. ^ am^ ■^m^nretm ^ $+icpi WiflJi Rbyi I 5^ Ri^i'tI ^ *iaci«i art f% 'HTai^ ^ f^RTc^ SKI cnf&n am^ ^ nnfn^’n

^ a(|j'ctj^ ^ efFT I f^RTT ^ ffe ^ s-wep) <xwim\ TfePR efft 1% ftiaTT c^ TeRI

ctsn t ^ Mg-Q-^ ^ ■?IT^ f INjM-flckl ^ Fn Fft Hgiqrl f ‘^IFft

'rtlf^cit, cp^cM apt

cp?R afR aftFft’ffcp^ c^ ip(?i'4ei’<ciM flisn, afR n#T cRt jftRTTF^ I ^ ^rFi% F^if^ Ft % af^MtapT^p afe apRyr

fij, \^r %aTT afR cTf^ ap^aff anl^ a^ a^afR ^nnf^ ^jnetsj

anrorap f i

’«KI?I

• FRT ^ a^ aiujajH ^ qnr wi 1% ’JF^ am^ arm *f €t ar^a^ qRaci'i Rap? anRran R anan an 119^ yidi«{t ^ ur^ R ^ afrataftaR?^ aR ?j?>3nn ^ nf ajt 1 amftapT aR anarift

«ra ^ aft I ’JFJ^ R ^ anRtapT a^ ^iFffaPTR ^ ’TtR qRqai ^an 1 RR-apt ^najT, n^t qRaqt aR

cFTktRyRdetd lan, nrafFT a^ fRrj sr|t-^ $^Rd apT RrW ap^nran ■^PRanaff apr ?RTmTF R^an nan, Rn ir^in R frt nRRarfet R 'gan^ a^ IRar 7jg R^RTt apr

Ri*hIui apnap 1 \d'glR ?Tan a^Rt aR azicRsn ap^nr^ 1♦ ^fR Rarot aR n?TT am R aft, n?ag vjna^ fRn ifj am | -nTf 1920 R

5?^ R ■^RtH arts RR ^ arfafapR 1Rzn amr i Rt n? Rtm^ ap?R, Ftam?,

qcplci anfR chR apr arf&nTR fRan Mdi 1

• anr^iRt ^ argn ^jifRpT aft 1 i870—isao a^ Rra araRiRt ci^cp-cTFtcpaff a^fRn R -wtci ?RR arra, n^aR n? Ft fRRann apt fRarmw IRmr amr, ^rarfaf

■Rtrap Rt fR>n ar?, 1RhR afftnf nan arwaR aR nn? aR n^ i R Rt yRcidn apy Rk attatT l %an a^ fRn apiRnff apr,

aran, fRnR Retail Rt f^an Trnn ap? ^rapRt aff i ntnanpar R

amnRRt RR araar ?TratT staRtapr R ?Trf^fRap nram

fc|?qRlEji?i9t apT fRnW nman(Rny arrj, cimanfR^ fRsrr aR ^nratT fRart aptn anfR 1

• 5^ stctI^ R f^dR R ar^rn apftRtapR, R^r^. ■nanatRTapR asaRap? ?naT

TaRFjR R ararRapT apr am^nRt \jHltt RaR ar^ 1 apr?? R ^diacit R armar afR g^d-^di n? ara^R sann fRap amr 1

R ama I Rjim)R aniRt 1Rart afta ^ anR Rt aft? nFtan i ciIRd appnaR R

v'

140 71^ 3IH^0I ggp jJ/ftF/tf (R? 1776-1945 ^.^.)

(i860 ^ 1920 ...)

• 3Flf& ^ LiRcicfri cijiqgiRcoaiqiq Tj^ | ^ R\;aai f Cf)<1c1 ^ ^

^ ujf^ ^ t^rfRcP^ tJIvjiI cPT fcT^ WcT f^<4l ‘l«Ji I

SfTRIRT

1. 1860—1920 ^ af^l’Jlwi ■£( ^n^frW’T *f SfF? hRci^Im'I' ^ ^ ^ «fcfT^ 1 '2. 1865 ^ R^iiT ■5:?n ^^rfra 5ft i awffw ^i ?T?^tcp^ ^ ^i str ferot- ^

'^Rqct'l ^ sfT^ ^raf cplf^kj I ' "3. ftlSTT viFT^ ^ fcfcFRT cfiT Rlq'i'Ji 411 I ; ,.

4. -dlRciJ yFKT y^Hicfif'il' «lTt TcRTSff v54cif^q1 ^ qdlS"^ I

5. 1860—1920 ^ df^ci cfienait '=3^^ c^ ^ if sfcTT?^ I

/

1. ■? ^?5R M'lf^'tfl siro ■? :' ?2- ■? RfH 1865 : Wref ^53?7 f?W3, 3TN^ q+C-l : 7o7^4, STFP 3RfraR ; cfl^-S ^5, ■? aiTcFfra^ afro ■?!, Tr?T- t HlRH'i /

' Wgm j3iH/}*l ^ 1776-1S45 7.^.) 141

^ 3ik 3rE2TPT-14

14.1 '3t?Jr

14.2 wwN'ii

•14.3 ?iT MRriy14.4 ^ TTgT

14.5 ^ <Pi'<u|14.6 ^ ^ ^11*1'll cfvf^ fctJ^r 1T^ H4)ol

14.7 3R^ ftrTFra cPT Wm

14.8 ^ ^• ■^Kl?l

• 3T«frfT• g^TcTc#

14.1

^ 3Mra ar^TTTR tttettcI ^-• 1928 ^ ^ ^ Tf >Jii'icf)i'<i yro c5^ ^ I

• 1930 ^ 3TT^ 3fii?|cR'| srrf^Jcp ^ >ji|'1’^ ^ |

• ^ ^ ^ ^ TR?T^ rfi

14.2 «'«iiq'ij

5^ 3|Wira ^ WR W5f 1928 3f*l'^cpi «I^ ^ ^ Tf TjTT^

cR^T ^ vi'ficp ajfcjinrti I vd+iw cr>l4«Pl<?l if ^ ^RW3T! ^ ^I'H'HI |

?|t'fi'l^lci ^ 3Tra cR> ■3?f «I^ SiiRfco ^ STRT RW 'Sti'i xJTT^ ^

3T^q> yi^M Rh4 I 'vs'ti4 5PJc^ '7T5 Hsqiy >jiif^i^ | qaR c^ qR aff^

ft|?q^tS' 7^ 41 q ^ <6Ter ^ 3i*i4lcf>i 7^ 41^ ^ Rf I siui^cii 'T^ SJT cf? ^

RMff sn 3i*i4|>hi ?>T §li'iii Tidl'^ ^ 4tcf3T l^feTT I ^ f44?I 4ti^ ^ ^Tre ’TcTT -ticinl 11 ^

2TT 71? TfTcT vi-^cpT «im'l<l5|i?l 4 STT^fe if4^ Tpr 3TS7TT7I \jiiP|i^ |

14.3

TR 1874 4^ wra 3TRRT 4 ^ cPT ^ f3TT STT-I ^3^ STW<fqTRh cl4 <f?f 3TT^ 4 ^ v3'i4’ gq 4?RT ^ qTfT sn I vd-gl^ ^^'•5

snr^ WR 7^ TTTST f4cTRTatPR

142 Wg<?Vr ?7u^ 3/H/}<i>l m ^/cidl'H (^ 1776-1945 V-^.)

^ 5uilp!4)R<i f^RT | v3rff^ ^ ^?fr ^ W? 3r^ q1<7ia «FIT

^O^cbl, ^R1F5T, 31R^f^, ^ 3?k ^ I HSR

^ ^ cT^ WT ^ ^ 3TT HR 'TT^cT Wd f^RT I ^FTsT^ SR^fclR

Rcil'^J ^‘ll?N ^ ^ ^ *f cpR f^RT 3fR vd'«<^)') vjl44l 3Rfl^ ■ll‘lRcp'[

Ri^t<^ cprJ I 1915 ^ ^ 4R\Jiii*i ■^f q>41?N h>r Rc^n^ ^ afR ^1917 ^ fcTRR ^ cj^ SraiH t^WT '^#’7 | ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 'tiq-wj ^ 'fR

cfjR 1%7rT ^ ^ 3<lRJcr> Hit zflHRT ■^TJR «HTHT THT SJT I

'4 aTH^t >!i'j|'illct<u HBWHHaTT ^ HR% ^ fcR HF ylqu|i '^f R5 HF ^

W R'^IwicTj'I TFT t afR sif^vn ^ TITTR '4fi>C'51 arfH? WRt i^^-w hr Rtit RHI I H|f^ TTTTRHTTef ^ ’ft HF F# HH HT f^TTHRR TFT ?TT HH HT TFHR ^TT^ HfF 3Tx7?T H>R f^RTT afR ^3TTHft FR H7R *f HfF TSTTIcT R^ft I TT’t 1928 RmRHHjH HT^f ^ ^ HH ^ fefi?

?HFT 1%HT afR HF TTTFHR TTHTcTcTT ^ TTTST ^'iw yfiFT I '^TT^ HF 'gFTH 3TRft RTf«RTFF ijRildl HFTW fFT yftcTT q(w HF F^Tf^ yffcTT HHff% RMl^cfidt 7^ ?TTTIF<FTcT ^ ainflcjil ^ RRff

TT^ Rr^ sfri oTTTeT ^ ^5^ ^Hi odJNifl SJT afR TTHpftf^ HF eTWT 13^ cRF aT^’R 2TT|

^ 4fliafr TiTsi sjHFR ^ '3'ti4 f&Rft fcRtsff iiVticii ^ hRert fFt Rht i ^ it41Fc <fT ctT ariF

TR7T ’ft H^-Tff Riwal' HF TTT’TFT HRFT HF TT<PFT SR, (4lchl ^ TT’TH ^ ^Tft#5 HFT, HRf

aTH^tcPT ^ 'fim4 aT’ja'^4 ’THHR aTiRfcR F^t ^ aftr f^fRr ^tRt v3’«4> ttttr e^tr htT f^cRFcft hh

H5l^ FTF^ 11TItTT -4 3TT% ^ TTR7 HTH ^ ^ TTTR% ^ ’TOHR aTT^fe ’f4t 3?T7jt I cTTF

nft ’f^t-cPT TTT’RTT ^ HF^ ERift F^t f^RTT 87T | cf^ Ft 3t*l4l«l ’T^t HfR TTF^ W ^TeT SJT I 1920-30 ^ hRtF yfr TPjf^ 3TTsft sft 113TT% ^HeT hF-HF RTTHTRstf cpt HTRHT HfriTHT SJT I FF oiRfr

«TfF ’Tift 311'^ RR ^ I gicilRb fR RTTJtRcP tRsjtfT ^ ajR ’ft ^ TRR FRF^ Hft ift

ef’ft ^ sft i4Rhl v3FHft SJtFt sjt afR s-rtlclk; \3FH^ Rnjf FTF’TTH’ HF WJHT gaTT SJT 1

ai^HM F R’ TT’^ 1929 ^ hF-hF yttViX ^ HRhRth! afR aj’H i^cni(t|<jii': htR TRsjTFt

^ cTTRiT ^r ^ 78 HfcTRF 0.3% eM Hft HT^ |3n afR cft’T ^ SJtF-^ HRtFHf^ cTRt ^ I

14.4 5}'I<1'(T ^ ^TfT

TTF 1928-29 FtT ^ TTt Hft cTFT 3TT ’TSff sft | FTT^ TTfT «IMK ^ HgF vswid 3TT FTTT Sjf | FTT HHcT ^ cTRT STtlt ^ He! HT TtHTt HF TTfT ^T^ eT^t ^ I F^ ?RTT HF STT Rfi TT^T HT^ 3TH^ qcllol ^ HTT7 RFlf vJcT’ft Ff ^yft HTHT 7pT^ SJT fuTTT^ fRRf Hft c)fl*in Ft^ HT^ ‘EI^-HF HF ^HrTTT

'isoiyi HTT TTeFi TRI^ HT’T sfrF «T^ UK^'i efRft FTFcTT SJT HTF afR H^’t HF

ajq^t ^ ^ ?RR. Tg^tH^ ^ afR HT’T HT ^ ^ I F^ ?TTF aTTTTT^t ^ FtcTcT HRTT HT^

^ cTIefEI Efft HHIF ^ TTF 1928—29 7^ H’l’J’T aT’RRpT TT’ft ^ efRT TRRt TpJ TT^T <^cl4 eT^t I TRTH ?T^ TtHFr Hff 4’l*ia eft eFTTcTR HSeft T^f afR 1928—29 ^ eft FFHft «HTHT

H? fFi'•Rl^'l elRfT STTT aRlftHTT ^ uft ^yft d'll^ fF sft I 1^4-1 H>t TTTH>R FF ^TTT HTFTT aJH^

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^ et

TF?H iHH'f]<t>l W ^/rie/ft {TFf 1776—1945 1^.^.) 143

^ ^ ^ ^ cnf?P aff?R? ^ -^--^ 3TT7^ i[ZR ^ I ^ ^ %f?f ^ Mt 3TT^ ?Tg>

1% 24 31cf^^, 1924 ^ ^ ff 1,30,00,000 ^ I

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^pfl 31^ ^TZIT pi*lI'J| cItT^ R<?«gci I g?t tTuF^ cpH ^ <1^1 aft?

«r^ ?Fft ( 1930 # ^'ilui'iK 'fl'isqi 60 ^ 70 cTT^ ^ ^cT aft ( 1932 ^ ^

"Tltit I

^ qR

14.5 *Nt ^ ^r?®r

araf^TT^ afR gfcigi'ticrK'f ^ it?[ coK'^i't RRH ^ 11 ^^5 eR3^ ^ we'll t f^ 'zif

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gft \j^ ^ ci?[ sT'nrf Iw'nwl cRf? ^ ^ w ^Rwci ^ 'w 1% ^3RFff xffi^ 3j*H^lwi ^ WMR ^ ^ ?T^ I eiciia sTqcR ^ qwe aft f% 3Pfftcf)T ^

cilM'^ iffirft IT? yft? ft ■??T arr sfR ^Rrft ^ SHfifcp tteiqai ^ cp? ftt aft ^n^Rb fzr ^ SUfafct) -fiSlilai 3iiq?qcridl aft |

31Rt c^<awt' ?)T liiyici ft fif> 3R^fipT ft ^ 'HUfilR ftftt STfift, ^ ^ fiTJcToqFft RRPS cfn

f^wii aft, ijft ^faR fiRci ■gg eft ^kt «|6|Iftl afR ^ «ftt aft^eR giciat aft ^

aft I §Rr 5ra^ eR ft^ft f % 5?T ftftt ^ ^ ^ ft ^>aw7 ft ■H5*ilct ■=j^ ft i 5?7 ftft)

^ epft cpRR ^ ^ <151 XR v3^ ^ *ieTq'^''f WK'^l'i cPT 'dc'ct'ia

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^ sRI aifitd cRt ftt ^ afR ^^fttft xst <Rft R ajT, <Rjf eft cfjRxiJ jpzj ?TfiRT aft? ftt

cfR et 'nftt I 5?1 wKiJi qiwK ft cfiTR ftfiftt <lft ftfir ftt ^ ftt ftfir Zp^ fttft ft 'acMiqn ^ ftt 1T7IT afR viCliqi cRT fttft eft cpK«l ePR^Flftt ^ ftfRTXTR fttft 'xift I

2. vieiRit ft TfaT arjtj* ’dcMiq-l—SraR f^?q^<s ^ ^ ftjft" ft aft ftaft 377ft X3?7ft fiRfcTTOft

^ ^ ^'liwi fftcift ^ ■XRIT ^PTftftcT ftfiTR vd-elft IcRT eWiqi X7Tc=r ftziR cfR^TT

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afR epTT ep^^n Xf^ xRfi sjiff-^ftf TT^t qaol xRit Rff-eftr ZT? ftftvjfrnft ftt q«al xyjpf I oyiqiRq! ftarxift ft?r ft <rftt fttoft ftt ft?! eft zti?? fftRftt ft ftxpn -g??; zp? i^?n i ftfip^r ^ ft^uft ir 3jR arfftep 'MHeJ cT^ iftizft XR ^fift fttjft g?f ftfijpTT <ao<Hleb ^TlfftcT ^ aft? ^^Teftt qeng ft ftrft e[?f if>7] >i!ftd

(ftqegql ^ ?3c*T ^ xfjJt 3ft? Rtftt TR tftftt eTnift ^ ft?7 afR ^ XTUI |

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ftt pzft fftRrftt cfXHf ft XjftRff SRT «7ft ftpyft tR viCliq'l ft epTftpp ftt xr^ ajeJZPT qgni 1

144 ftg<nr 77^ <ilH'f)<Pl ^ ?fcfWJ7J 1776—1945

^4. ?TSjf Epr W 1820-30 ^ fl? 3ik ^OT?P[ ^ ^ ^ 3n^ ^ ^ cff^ (0.3%) ^ iRff ^r TT^r I f=T cM ^ ?if^ ^ ^

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^ sP^ cffiT ^ cfjRW 5Hcti1 ^ ycoi xT^TT 'TOT I ^ 1929 cT5) gic^m sffT ’flPl’<Nil'Ji'l^ ^ TO 3^ SWflTO ^ ^*i’<lcf>i c^ cpK-oi'i'l' ^ xJl'Ji'l ^

?T€f TOT ^ ?t S^l

vdH*l1'l

5. TTSpf ^ THTO—1930 ^ Tjff 3iif^0 371^ ^ cpcjcl 3R^)TO TT^

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6. ST’T^tTO ^ ^ ^ ^ TOO ^

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14.6 ^ '«i*i'ii ^ "OTJ ^niRT

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ao fR OFTOP oro^arfR’TTTOO

TTTO 3)H\‘)4>I ^ WfcfWM (fS’f 1776-1945 145

^ 3ik 'S^'l'i'l. 3fk wfaPlItnjl' SBcR I ^ wRlPlI^lijl' WT1%

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cit'l ^ <5!'31 *11^1^ eT^ I tRjff^ ^ ’It f^'rtl il’dl'^C ^ TTRT^TtPTcT ^ cPt^ 3TTf§fe 'Wcbd 3TTcTT 5TT, ?ft cf^ # ^3?T^ ^rmr m i ^ ^ray ^f ^ ^ arrattini if ^ w

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^ ?T?cpT? gRT e'MiffiM Ft^ ci'iai t rft cTt^ aFP?r ^ cTRPcT 3TW eft WT ^ cp?^ |

^ ^ aPl^tf^Rff cpT ift Riqiy ^?TT ft 8JTI ^ ^ ■<l*lt*ll aTRirf fS'llSiW ?Fr

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cpi'imIIiji'i) w^tftt, ^ Q*ii^ 17? ^ ^ arfst^^ i F?r^ cpt?r ztf stt, 1^

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cpvjf

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cpT f^qicll ^^5 ?PRI ^ PT? l^ePcTT |

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f^ ^jfr ^?T% ciJNiRep ?f?s7pff ait?■sidx ?a)l'1l4| ?T?tfjR

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40 3T?«f FTcR ?F ’Ffr I

146 wg<n7 VTw^ ^ ^Rlsfd 1776—1945 ^.^.)

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V/g<m ?7*«7 •H*/'f)‘PI Wf {fp( 1776—1945 V-^.) 147 '

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^ W ^ f^ ^ l^^fT 2TTI vR

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2.

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WM ^q>i4 ^ aa^ ara a>f ^ tcTa 'Ji4'Tl/^ SR^taif 'jjf! a?t asira^t a^ ^ ^1^ 'M«pa1 sf[ I ■% agfa aaaraa

sfta sRRf^ta oqraR a^ aaiar ^ ^ f^ ag ^sna aw ar, ^%a ^afR ^ ga ^giraaar

aa affea af^'ara a^ f^rw 14. 3ita ^-aftaa ^ ^ sita affa ■# ’jg-'g^ aa wiar aaiaR anara ^ ’^Ja ^

agt^ a^ aa aisar aR ferar 1 anara <pt ag aaa arga ara? ^ ag siawT a?r a^it sfi % a^ ^ar ^ta aa otsFM a^ a>^aT, a^ t^awa isfaf 4 snaRaj a^ wa aR^ a>f arar a>^ ajjt ?Jt 1 aaara ^ ag aaa ^ta sffaj ^apa ^ ■aagfl^ ^ 4t RgHia> sjt ■4)'i aaara al-il ^ a? g^arsR

aralWr ^ ’4£pc4! 3iTa> %a^ a^. Rc*^'i ^ agf^ ^ aaaaff snspaa a?f l^far a^t sfta a>gT sra^taa Rj'oI ^ s^^ta ^aa^ ast apaar a^ aara ay^ar. aft qf^ia-Hrar arf% ^ a??raa

^ ^ I ag ataw snaata ‘f^cRra Ri«siti’ ^ ara arr^t arrctt t afR gaaa aatara ag sa f% f^aa ^ araacT ^ arrjBaaaait ■^?ft ^ fewpi ^aR aft an i~ctfa sfna ^?tr! ^ 4t f^cma 'Sw ^ 'jfc'aVi sPHTar 3ft^ c?fa argcfi sf[ fcp anan cpi4qi^ aft an^ 1 I^^rh cfra ^ g^ Pi4a ^ asr ^ ar, eiPha % ga ara^ ’r R-crih an TPRja a^ tcfnn 1 ^jr an wnet ar f^ anara ^ Racitw^ aiiRlqj xfaq^ aff an^ar^ ^^ TTaicn t sfta ag aft^ an^ar^t aR4 aar ^ aft sjt, aft ?iii^ ^ wrt ^ aR^ aicft

fM ^1

gtiWR ^ a4a ag ara ^ cRg ^ 1%^ gt araft t tcp ^a^ suPVi ^ acg?^ gwr Raar

8JTI a^aaft Ri4«i ftf!t an eisa g^ ataa ^ ara aRar sn i

148 ffjatf ?7i?a appftm m ^frm^ 1776-1945 v.^.)

3fU *ifr^mRT

• 31HTFT ^^ t 1928 3Fr5Wr ' ■-Tr^Fl% ^ I

• 1929 ^ viT? a)|[5|cp gF gSTT era ^ HFT1% FF^ TKra tiycpK ^ F?IW F?I ol'Ji'ii -qif^e; 3ik ^p-s-eci <iia<?i F«I rR’ ^fcT ?t^ 8jt araffcFT 3?r^ TjF 3TT^f^ ^ ^ ^ sni

• 5F -d'cpcT w cfjRTJT WT »fr STT «Ffff^ iT’ft ^ ^r ■g^ ^ fFm ^ ■'s^rraFisjicji ^ ifiTT ^ ^ unft TFT aftr ftt '^tt’f FfF ^ ^ aitr fitt

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WgW ?75F 3ti'f)<7>i ^ ^frfWM (^ 1776—1945 ^.^.) 149

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MR'tItf 17^ ^ff^’ETFT

15.1 y^?'y

15-2 W’Wid'ii

15.3 3R^t^ ^ ^rfcrapf

15.4 ^Tcpf

15.5 ^ si'W'.hciai Spfk ^5^ ^cmRuir

15.6 'fl^^cl'1

15.715.8 yiaPiffcit^'l' ^ fcTTf^ ^fSicpVi

15.9 ^ 'ii'Ritti'i ^ Pitiful .

15.10 '{I'f^'iJii ^ Mldyi'i

15.11 'Mfqyii c!?r 'mI^IcI

15.12 3Tf§raiR

15.13 5I2JTT •iltjJMf?I f

• •rtKl?l

• 3IWTR1

15.1

3^aM STOTIR fcmrsff ^-

• 3)*i'<l«pl ^ ^ ^ TRST^ ^ I

• 3R^tc5T ^ ^ fcl'*1l'Jl'1 ^ ^ vlM^ ^ I

• 5fsj^ xic^hItI qiRi'icn ^ «rR ^ vjti'iff’iyl yp<T ^ i

15.2 «’WI<l*1i

5^ SIOIPI SIHI^FT ^ sTT^ 31N ^ 1781 §1? 3)*iClcr>l ^ ^ RrW ^ Pb'^.

?RW 3)*H’<1'^5| ^ ^sfk 3TN '5? \jii^’<l % ^raiR ^ hR'MM ijpfg ^ «n^ \3cRT '^ih>oio

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f ^ ^ 3Rlf^ TR cf ?7T^ ^ Pbci-^ 'TRjfT

^niT I ^ £JIPT ^

150 ffjw 7T^ 3prf)m w ?fefwm 1776-1945

sfr^ ^ STH if 'i'isiV'i w ^ f^n#T ftp^ ^nir i cpt l^njT^1

15.3 aiH'D^r ^

^ 1783 ^ ^ ■^rf^ RlRiciq g>KntR gi? jvTfl^-W ^ fTH # 1% -<1*1-w 13

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life)'ll ^ aa^RT atrar titr acn 3tt ^ aft? ^ ?a ‘ara^taa aa ^ffciaTa' f i

15.4 ar

aa 1783 ^ aft ■al^r aa ?^ffR ^ ^ ^al^tfRiatf^nff ^ ara^ ■^aasar-wra aft f%afa 'ifri ^ wciift ^ 'Mpaf^a ti'icuK aai^ aft 3)iq?<jcpai 'rt*is51, I^vitpi artaaa iKa^ft FtafR fuRiaft snaa> ari^RpR a ?t%t atar ^ ?# at^a ^ 12 ^ i776 afT^Mta aa^ ■ft uritasaai^r^ ^ a^-aa> ^aR a^ Rtf^if^ w f^rafa f^^ar fyraaa aa^, a^ ^ MRau ar afa^f^ atctara aa fciaR ataar ar fttaa^ aiRFfa a^ Ftav? ■aaft aaf^t^ aacfaat ■afara aft actr afta stfaRa? aiaaaT aata ^ 'ar^ i 'acaaa, 1777 ff 'aFT^t'fta afatar aft ataa ar^fr vpaRr^^ifraaraat aft aiP*il^a af^ sft afta t^fai^ jrar vsar ataa aaaaa fciaaf 7^ aa^ aa ararpta f^aar ■anra ar I a^rnft afa cP RtaW afatft ararsTt aft ■acfiaaa a>a fctar 1 a? Riaaa ftpar aat f% araarr araat grai ij8Ta5-’jaa> a^a ^ '^aaft ^ '^tra. at >3^ cpaf-ata ^ i^ar aita i ara 1778 a^ 1779 cP «fta qfqci aft tp|'S«p'; ar»ft ar^jat ^ afa at afa^ aft aiaiaff aft acftaaa aR fctar 1 aFcft 'ai^ i782 aft ^ »ft ata^ a^i^fct ^ “^t 3tta 'isa^t ^ aRata ■ar afa^ cP aari^ atf&a ^ ■aa I ^.3T^xda ft ar^aa ataa araftaa ^ ‘aaa ^1 ai '^Jc^a^fta t aa^aa, 1777 ^aFtft'fta aa^ % 3iaf^ aiaaa ^aRiftafta aiaaf ^ arfM^ at'-tsui f f«iat af^ita czraaerr aft a^taaa aR ar afta f^raraa anft araat gtar ^^taR^ i78i ^ aft ft arat ar.-'a^- sraanfr ana ^ etpj, ara 1777 ff ft aR fear “aa] ar arftp 5^ ft arar a afa I

ara i776 ^ airSta atf^taja aft. f^Riaft sra

aaaraar aa a^xa a^ arf^ai f aaftf^, “?arat srarfa siicpierrsfr aft arf^tcafcta aft f f^ta^ ftRci ftaR 3Ta^ aft ararftffaj va> aja ft ataaR

aat ^ aRf i78i ft ft arf,aft ft 3Taft -aa araaa srmtsft,

3Ta^ a1^ aft ^ aar^ aa aaca 3fla 'aar aiaat aft aaa ftrar^ ^ am ^ ata ft aivji-ilfda) aaarr ■ff ataaR ija? yacP at^ ft^ cp 1^ staaR aara ^rjt i "Far atfcTaR araafa ijai i^att 'atTflii ■aRaaa aft aamar aft af, ■fefaraft ?il^ a

3it?taaa Rrt^aa 8fta attfftcr- ^ 1 ^ar arfcWPT atar Rit^d ataf ■jjt aRata atgafr amt aft aRtta Ri-aai «PFaR ^aaar aar 1 ■atRara aft asja arar si^arR ata aa ara ‘at^aa 'ar^ sra^taa' aoi 'aar 1 'uft saar aa>'acn an aFi 11 faraft aa? arar cP argaiR am aft aaf^ar aita atarr ■3ft aan aft a^t^ff ft af crar 'a? aa^ aR Rar ■aar % aRta5 'amr ata aft ?rRa arfciRaa ara

ff ifif WT smi aarft f 1 'aRat '4, tr^ar amt ^ Ptffd aaft af 3^ cff-sfia aft atRxT a ^ataP arl^taiTa atlRia aa^ "aa! aafia aiRkial aft aaatRicT aR^ a^ Rra ^r^rar aaa ■araaat

araaaa

«7J?f7 ?7 a7 W ?f^WM ^ 1776 -194; ^.^.) 151

<i^'i ^ ^ ^Tarr ^ ijcp ^ ^ fit, f^-^iA y?^ ^nni

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f^iiSi'y ^ yici'i >3710 ST^TyfcT *7^ Rb-yi yyi 1

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3(t^ xJ^T^ ^chRuII*!15.5 ^R'H’m ^

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152 3Ppd^ WT wfctwru 1776-1945 f^.^.J '

5^ ira sfcRen vanPi'^^il'y TT^qt qiwfcicp i-cpai ^ sfl I ^ffctWR cf?f

PliJHicic?! qcfiR ^ 'S'fifl ^yivjyl <Pt qi«ifc|cp ^ f^njT 'n^r i wn^t

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^ ■yl'^q -Mycniy ^ ’TRT xjif^v^ 3is?f^ ^ gqicoi «jiHiy ^ f^RoFT

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15.6 Rheii'^oiR>'m 'H+^??n

W T^ciai t yRcuR

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15.12 3Tffera>R ^

ij'kiiRld AfciyM A arfajnTR n^ ^ cznnan nA ?iifAci n aRnr nfA n^in fAA^j nn cFnTW an I AAt nAA cncRan nAt aft vAt ^TEfra eA fA^ nRcir ejA ■ni'iRw wct^rttA n?R ^nA i •w'tiqifAql' A 'dlAyH A a^i^yiK qRqA'i erA Efn Pi“I<j fcRT At AreejA^ nan ^JbA TTEHit A v5^

fA^ Fmn At nEiA ('1791 A ■nfEtnpT A ^ AAttnr tAiEj nn ait^ Tm aA&EfTF-TiR AfAnH ^'maj AcrR fART nm I

nn y'Jitn'^icMcp IAeitA EnAt eA '^ffeEAnn epi yiciPiRiTO erctt an 1 wnfArEp ^gmftA e^ Ritsi-n A fA^ERT erA ^ ?n nftnf A ?et nra n^ Erft^ fAnr % "nni^di E^nnr ERmr eA nm ^e?eA A aft? nA ^tnr nAt nn 'dwat 1 ^repr <^qci n^At nfAnEff ept y^Vi gR ■nEpAt A vA 'JBEtt srt "AAft nA AI EREpif^ grraf ^ 'Atnr qdiR arfAnrEj an EnfftA? eA nnnEpTit ^nA ept E^cm ^rAn

TfcTT an IaA^TEpR-nn atAaff afR am^tEAt agnql' er ananiAcT an 1 g-wcAi nfrEi’^ armaff sw nAAn er

sjA, nBR afR A^ nA wcT^ai RiepA eA fArtj Atnr ertA ^ 1 et? aAnni etA nA fARA sAAet ejA EpT^ nf^Rn E^ atIflRcra uAert, ^nn% afR 'MO'^di ^ etItiet nAt f^nr vnEpn 1 ■n^r^aRt an

ertett nA 7517 eA 1Am 3TTEr?nEp sjgranA nA nA 1 tr^er er Mi-iaiTEiwmRnn Piq'^''! TenfAET ep?A eA A wn^cnA anEREjEp tbsA nA 1

fARt I EiTg RrfAann ejA ^At^Act e^ «[R nA tttepr nmA nA eA EAn fAm I n? ?7t eprett gan EfAffAi TT^Enr ttert anRtEPi eA

nranr etA gniEni ejetA err Tmat n?n7B h^m IAbt

3TEET A TrfWm etA

’fra-Rl'ilRiq'f A g'iictA aiieit-cni cpTnT

nanr yi'^qRi ailRi'ic^i A EjnAafR #nTEEi 'A ATT TBET 7BF1ETT EfA At TAt aft I arnffEiAEA cfA TTEnAtfA^ yRycMdi At ?7t

A dpEn TEgdi aft i amAE^ nrnfAfA A tebtet ert aTBcrt A eprut ej^ AfAann TnpgfEn niEET er TiEpT i laAt ^idi«A A arnAAt ej? EnmA A1A tetefet tr^r ejA TFPETEn fteAep wRkiMa imiRcp ejA 3fR ariEn fAERnEn er fAA? ^RAt A1 arcAET A cfA gfaem A 3i*iCiAlq'[ etA eiepct TErnmn^ etAsTeet fAETT I A 37EtA f^qiA At ETanTPm Wd’vl f^TJR ait? ‘iciqid 577T ETEJ ^tA A 3TWRfT gA I

wpREn

fAAaA eiA amA arf^EpR AA aitg epi^ A- AA aim? niEr At anncT «ic?11TBn

WgOT V/«»V SnjftWT W 9/^eiH (^fFl 1776^1945 V-^-) 159

15.13 yaR

1789 ^ TJ? 7W sjT giT gg aft? f^-H^ ^ g5l

^ ^ I ?lT^yH ^ ?<iWR g>?ft cTT^ cffftt ft i^cpHa gWy ciiQi'^icm ^ TfSFI mh^hRi ?Tft gft girT ^

?ftt«PRT I fftfft^ ?T^ 5RT "^ft cffftt <PT w Piql-qcn-^l'J'S'M sHTTIT ''RTI '5157^ '!l'^''7fd ^ ft ciicid g?7 yivrtj)' ft ^ f^y^i f^TJT) -^yicp ^ cZjgTSjrfftW ft ^ cpiy’8 fftgftjgft g? g^iici

Tftf ^ ?T^ aft? viTiyl ^ftfcRT aft? ?ftT ft yiiPici 'T^ ^ ft I *iaqii ft giflftrs^ gft

yi'^nfa siiiiji I gfR ^ fftft aft? >3^ anyi

qd^/'ic-i ^ WfM

oyfcRT sjr I gtifft g? ?crii ?TTftgifft^ ft fft^ ?ftTT ^leai

?RiTlg# ?T?^ ^ ^ vMy/ft) ftJfftcT ftgr aft? ^rift i789 ft nen fsigr? gft

qftft+1 ^ ft3g> gciift gft ftftJRT I '^TR ?Tg??ft tft fcTJ gtfftcT 2TT aft? vJ?!?Rg gft yi-gft} ftt ?I^ ^ sft I mefcT; 4 'Hlft 1789 gft gel f^qlfftcl wft?l gft ft 'i^i'^ici 'iff 17^^ ?7^) 13TJ ?rg^ ^ 5m aftftft^R i arftcT ^ garr aft? 5 fftg gig ?ftft? w aftftftgr? gag i m cTiflFTCT 18 arftgr gft «n? fftn? •t^yicp eft fftg? rift eft 3I?t^ ftrftf ft irrft ft vj-iv)!

?c|]'ifl Rhqi 1

gif^Fi^ ft' ?Tg8f aiftgr WN^rr^ aft i vsift) ftrftg ?cfft aft fft rig? ggft ft fcT? iftyiiji ?Tg’ 'jft fft?ft ft i3an? ftgr i aigftt '•jfft ft cg^ giftt gft ftxigR \3?rft amftf agcRggKiTg ijft ■ftf i gf^?fti ft qif5i'ic-i ft;,fftg 'SrRftaTgg? ft aiftg? 3T?g^ aft? ggei ?FTg ft ftrr RRi g gi?ft gift Iftfftg) fftj i aiftg? Iftft^iift aft? ’gft gift Jigig fftg i ft^i ft) ft ftgr aft? ara ftgi

ggg gig ?? aft i aft? ?ft’T ft ^arepR^ gg uiiKH g?? ?^ ^ i gsjg ?T^gfr[ ftft ft giRW qii^i'ic-i gft giRfgftftftr ft affijepiiftft gg gg-ftqig PiwfRa gi?gT an, fftgtftrrar giTft aft, ftfftgt gft q?iq?ig 57T?’5f cp?ftt aft ( 5?ift 3(faR«n ?T?gii? gft ifftT ?ii^aft ft ftg «M^<w ?ggi?r ?ajTfft?T g5?gT ag 1 ig ?iTft ?gT?gTaff ft ?tt2i giRi'igg ft ggft fftgr i ?ftcrsTFT ft fftftaft ftw

rufft ^ fft ?Rgg? 3i?R>gi ^ ggg |5rT?®T ft gftftH ft ftftr guftnfergsT fft’rrft gft sigw gft-fftftgi, ?Tgift)g aft? i ggift)

vHH'icH ?H 1814 cigi 'ft^’Rsgi gg ?rg?g ag aft? ft?g gr-tc? vuiyci gft ?7g i839 gg? ?Tgigftg ft ai#g ??IT w ajT I gftftg ft gft ?ig 1907 ft aftft^ ?iig 'ft gp^eiT ft fftig m??!gft anan? ggr gi? 5?ift Tsft ft amft ggftgrft 5rT?wr g>? ft ( gf^i’Rsgi ft ?ig?ft' gft fftgfftr ^

aft? fl?ft gft 'ftsTcR ft) "n^ 1 ggrf&ggft gft ■ftgr aft? ?)fri gft ift g^rg fftn 'ggr 15?r ggg? giflftigg ft ai^ gft fttg «icfi 1

gfg

^mIcI ftffftcT fftgi ggr 1 czffftei ft) ^ ?Tgg yRft^ ppit ^ ?Tft) ^ 1 g? ggi ■'fFrgigftafl

sjT, Ift’g vii'iai gft ■ftFT gft ggRT.’Tf)

• ^ aiszng eft aiKigg eft grg ^ aigftgg ^ gffeiang' ^ gift ft Rix-cja giHggft ffteft 1 ?ig1781 ft ■g? gf?j?r '(ftigi ■ggr % ft?T eft ?iftMg eft qg> ?ff^yig w gg?ir arrggggi 11 ?ft?iep? ?F[ 1781 ft yRfty gg fftgW IftTgr 'ggr 1 q?’g epj ?TTTg gig g? 'Hg?j?T fftigrgnft 1ft> FH gReftkJ ft.egs gftftgf f, aft? argftgg gft i^g) ■ftffttjFi gft anggggiciT 11

{

160 Wjgff ?7^ 3i*i/l<r>i W ?frfWRT 1776~194S ^.^.)

cpRUT ^r 1?^ STRTff^ f^RTT ^RTI 12 ^ 55

• i^q<7i yls^M ^ 3nRT yRiPlter 2JT ?Tf^ ^fpff fclsi'l'l ^ Plci^py

tiRlwM ^ cl?f I •=ftef cl?f irgj ^ aj^ yfapiltjq']' cj?f ^• ^

^ sfr I ^ RfriKl' #5?^ 13^ 3TTcRW mRcI^H %1? I ?R? ^ •dRtlM cPT Rwt'JI ^3n I <iTc)yi'i yiasiMl cPT ^7^ f^TsF f^RT '^RTT § I §<i«p cfR

^f^yn ^ 3f[7 3fRl«FR 'R cf^ ItIcRIH '4 tlf^ll^ci f^RT

'Nl 27T 10^ ^ ?R 5^ *fl 'tlR*lf^a ^ fcRT I §yiq) efR ^ fSqiy (c)i4ii Tnj7

% WT yi'^MlcI 1^ elHIill IjfR I

• qiRi'iC"! im ^7 ^Rff ct^t •rtg*ifa ^ ^ cpT TTSR yioj^nlci eRRT ^RT ai^ ^qicp

'<i'Jiyi'i\ I i

STRIRTTO

1, qR^itj ^ ^ arRR^RT ^ R, fTTcFT Pl*ilu| cRt ^STT? flRT Pi^I^i

^R §^cR IftRF^RR ^ g-Mch 3Rr^ bV^ ^ cRT chRi^ ^?2. f^oil'^clf^qi ^ XR XR> tileiKI f^RXjff <t?lf^iJ |

3.

?7t *19151^ I

4. ^ ■flf^yi'l ^ f^RW 3(iq?qcpc1i cRt ’T^? RT -tlTcIsjM c^ 'g^R yiqtll’i'l ^ ^ ^cTR I

5. ^TSR ’<l'^q|a ^ W7 ^ qiRl'lC.’l W ^qiq cp^ cT^ vilqa an? BR fqqq XR ■Slf^l^ 1

\

1. ^ xjjR n'lfci'tll aTR5 ■? -T^C-W : /^^c/)c\^

2. trlci'lRiq'l iflRq-S aTRj aR^t^R

3. ■? : 1%^ : WfWW '

4. ■? afRfn^ arra : W-t5. ^ amffcfR xflfeTjff arfxp n 'f^C'd : ^.xpjj. tf^'dI

WgffO ?7iR 3i*i'/}tpl W 9/defd (^ 1776—1945 V-^-) 161

3lbqm-16

^fR^RT16.1

16.2 S^iaii

' 16.3 3rsjg*1 4R^I<J

16-4 f^'cp'i : ^igi-i

16.5 ^cIT^ (-^jpc^ sfro 'F^)

16.6 fel'cp'i g?l ijRcpi

16.7 Ricp'l ■3?[

16.6 lef^. 'S'ld'H, Sian 16.9 IcTcFT ^

16-10 '!M'1' W 'W'tfl4>'.|u'l 16.11 fct^R ^ ^li'ti'icRic^

• tlKl?!

• 37KTm3^^

16.1

aiszrra ^ M^-aiq f^tursff ^rNf fW-

• ^ 'j?fcR-'^r55^ <t5f I

• (wcft'i ^ ^ clft ^ W{?I^ ^ I

• fefcp^ STTcImiH^ ^ fc|q(^ cT^ 3R^t’T ‘jViqil ^ vTpT^ I

16.2 H’WII'HI

tefcFT ^ '^RcTR ^ >31^ ^ I V3'1*| vJRl 1809 ^ ^5TT ?TT 1 'i'l^ ^ ^ ^fffcTT ^ ^ ^ ffr Rlaie ^ fpTTIT 1 10 cTW cTcP ^ ^ ul'iqi

I 25 ^ ^ 3TT3 ^i ^ •<l^Jl'lllrl 3ITtJ I 4 *11^. 1861 3W?tc6T ^ ^ I iTTcT ^

ifIcPcTT Ricp'i 3**1'^cf)i ^ ^i<r)': 3TT^ cff f^'ii

^ ^ ^ WTI f^wi 3RFft xi*iM ^ «fR'1i ^ I ^

Srirf^cpT ^ ^|c|cij vi^jvjqci (^T^) ^ ^ ^ ^ I ^ ^ 3^ tR? ^RT-y^ yy xaicHi

^ Sf I $X1cJ) 15^1'^ yiire l%t31 ^ <^[^<4-1 y?r ^5IT ^ R1?1m ^iH 113^ <f7>fr •ift 3iy^1% fwRI ■^T^ cf? ■^TT^ ^ ^ Xl^Pdl. cRTfl^ ^g^rffT^-^QcI^TT^ ^ eft Tf^

162 ?71«7 3/H'f)^ m 4l^gm (^ 1776-1945

^ 3?TRfI ?iRhn'y'l W 'leicl wiiVi 'Ttl f^yi I 3,ief>i hmHi sttxrRTwTei

^«|{< ^ I ^ ^ j^ToT^ ^ I ^ '^clld ^'jfl ?R? ^t«FTT TfT?^ ^1 fcT5R ^ fcf^ W?>[ ST^ ^1 ^ cT^’fSIcn

SJTRI^ ^) % ■g^ ^ <|V^ Kf 1 IcfcfR fcTrU^ ^ fc|?IIC1 5<llfe'^

^fslui ar^ ^Ta?ff c^ ^ »TlcHT ^ -T^ 3TT^ Ryi | g?-g<S ^ 3f?g

Pi*1l^ sjt I |^'if^*lfDI A ^ ^ilylHiaTt W *16x^1'^‘^1 8^11 tn3 hs'P': uTlf^ 1% fcT^FT %

31^ vjjlo'l-cpTcT ^ ?TRR-cf>ra ^ ^ 3T^1fchcf> Wif ^ gyf 1%^IT 8JT?

16.3 fcRR ^ vjflq*i qRxiq

ieicbH giT 1809 ^ mRcik ^3TT 8JTI ftcTT af I ^ fIraTT ^ ^

sff I ^ef Rcdcpx 12 cf^ ^ isi^c?) %arr w^ ^ aft i wi Icitp'i 21 ^ ^ ctw hRcik ?fcRfti ^PIT an aff? Rt'T’i ^ RbyiiMl, ^ «i1m<1 ^

^fRs nrfe?, NFi^fiR aff^ ^ wr 'tst i ^ ^ *icnie crt gnnxtiicl njcT «H1^ aft^ vT^f 'TTcf ?ft xfcfT^ ^-3Tlf^^ cT^ ^ ^ 1

cg?<ft cl’S'^.^T^ rfan ■5't^ <?1<ll^ cIT^ ^ ^iq if ^ I qft cpFJfT ft «r^ fftpTxRftT

aft I cfipjjT gq aisznR g>^ gR g? 28 gft gft ang ft ^ift i gr^ ^ g? sRi'ilg <ftgivj-fl airo Rfixii'^R.q gn gft gn g^ft i 5^ ^ eft ^ ft ft eftgR3 gft(?*iNci gft afk gcfR-gajT w fft^xTR ft Iftftar %gT i

fftRR ft TRifttfcr ft 1846 ft ^rftgr fctRT 1 ?ftt gft gF 'FT^ aifts ^ ^rr

ftt ^ lift ft [ «pi'0xi ^ ■^R^ ^ ^ ft fcRR ft ftfftngft gs ^ gft ft ■^Rgn? gft ftffft gg fftfttr fftRT aft? fftcRR nrfftgft gg ?Rafg tftrqr 1 fftrgR ft g^ift'd gft ^rrctt gg gggr ^ ?tft ^ gR 1ftgr aft? fftpig?!^ ft ftRM gggeR ^.ggg fch^i i gg?iT?T-ftjrrfg5T trs qT?i Ftft ^ gR

fcfgR fft>? ?RTftt1ft ft arr ggr 1 sRii'ig ft ^3?t arrRftR ft IftfgR ft gFRgft gfftgg Rprft, fft?Tft w?g?R RhRcicft gg Ri*il«i gan 1 5?r ariftcR gg g? Ricpcn fft flcfftR ft Rifti aRftr R^ gg lci<sqia ften rr Rift fftt i

?R 1858 ft f^gfwRR gr^f ft f^ftg ftT fferftg ft 'S'lctxi ft fftftg ft ft^fftg gg ggR RFft ft feP? aTRTT RftfggR ggrgj? fftgr 1 f?t yc*ii ft gR ?r^tg ?g? g? R^wta gag 1 Icift'i aft? s'lrtd ft #g gagftf g? gFR ff, fyfgft ftR ft gg?r fftgrg?ft 1 fR giR gft ?Rft arx#f gnr g? aft fft ggftgRrgi grRaft ft ftftf ggj-g^ ft g?g gg Rgrg ftft ft 1 aggft? g? ggng-gag g? g^ RTfti aft 1 fcigR rt gcT an fft “fftra g? ft ft g? fftf> gft 'Webell I ft?T fftggRT f fft gF ?T?gg? anft gcR? aft? agft ?grFg

depol I ft gft qigai fft gF g? ggfg ft, gf^ ft rfr ^fft F?Tgft ’gg ?3eg ft Rift 1 gr ft gpTRr F?T gr? ftR gr rh gR i gr ft ggng-gag ft fftftft ftg F?ift ftciici gft ftgRR Fft ftft rr g??ftft 1ft ftft ftf gF ggfft ft Rift fft arg gF gag giRgr ft Rftft, gr fft? gRig-gag ft ?R2fe Fft eR cfa5 37ft ggft RTftft, fft gF gg g 5?ft arft ?7R# ^ afl? UtR g ftaRT ^ ft gggft gg Rift 1”

feiftd g^gg: ftftgj aggR g? gRR-gag gg f&ftft ag 1 fr gFR ft gRR-gag ft gft ft FgRR ?TRfr ftt cil<rf5ii ggdm gft fftgRtg?! gg ?R8fg gRR ag 3f1? g^FR ag fft fftft F^nft ft gft Rtft gft' ft |R FRift ft gRR-gag ft gft ft fftftg gRft gg fr ftgr ?n%g 1 gF .RFR ag fft gggg ftt F?f g^ gg FR. ft fft gF argft F^^TgR? Rgft ?RiR gg ggg 1 FTcftfft fftgR

. . «gW ^ wfcfwnr (^ 1776—1945 ^.^.) 163

’aggg

Rtft gft ?agft gft ?f?«R?

^ ^H|c| if ^ ^ ^RIT, IT? er^TT ^ ^ '?n^ ^ if ^ 'W sfk fcf^ ^

■^rfctSf vd'JMqCT ^ “W I

16.4 f^<t>'1 : *i6l'l

fyRT fefcP^ ^■rfl^ii g? '#^1 ^ '=1^ '!i«tHTT §11 1% 3)^1<I<T)| ^trTfRT ^ ^TFB

?f^ I Mi-iai % +11^1 ’fl SIT fcT^FR §ciii ?iRhn?iicil w«;m ‘^T^i

6|i|j|i I fw'^'l ^ 'S? Tj^ c[?f sfTcT sfr vS'<i^ ^^frarff <r’M if ^ ^ 'TT^ ^

'H'T>ddl44<T’ fldm; 3fk cl^ ^ W^IT 1 ^ ^ if f^cpi cpf <wifa cT^TTcTR

^ ^gm ^ ■?i«r^ *igi'T cyfcki afR tjcf) iigi'i if-^i-sc *ini uTT^ d'li |

1. 'j,cil*l-TI2n 4>T <air*ll—fcH<f*1 ^ '^gcli tpr*T <^<?ii*i-TTS1T ^ '^nTP^ SfvRT STTI ^ 1=FT7§IT % ^3^—^ clVll 3T?nt% ^ '^t sjt I vd'tl'-l ^61 1%, 311^ ^JeFTH

3TT^ 'Widen cll^ll ’<<aep'< '^STT^ 7F tic^dl l” ^fch'i fefcIR M^fniH-TTSTT ^ ^

I^*ni<jff) ^ SJT alf? ^ ■?1?TW ^ 77^ ■^cJT^-JJsjT ^ if qod ^ -mcdl

STT, ^ ^ ?ell<^i1 if <j,cll*l-7TSTT ^ ^ xiigdi STT I «Rff% cpi inctxpi f&TcTTTT §77

1% 3T7T7 ^^?n^-5I8TT 7T^ if ^ 7#, ^ ^ ^-sfl^ 3Tdir-3Tm ^ ^ TTfltr^ | iefST^T

'^dT^T-TTSTT ^ ^ if ^ TTHT^ cf’T^ ^ ’TfiT if STT I .eifc^ sft^-sff^ TT^TT'cT <f^ ^ ’T5T ^ STT |

^T^ epTT^ % Tiig ^3TT, efr lw<T’'l % ^T? ^iTtnuii cP7 ^ RjH ^cTTSpt if ’JHTH-TTSTT

t, ^ ^ ^-TlM-ysTT TTc^ar 7JT 3TTfc?IST c;>ad TJTfrTT I ^ IT?

ETfWT ST «pqei vJTT^. q?^ cIT^ qqfT^ ^ at^ciyji sjf ^ ii[ 3Tf^ ^TTF sJf,

TTSHTT c^ vStT^ geilc^ lif cpi'n'^'S^'dl 7TTST f^Td ^ 1 uTq '=5777 ^ ■?T? qfTT ■^JcTTsff qjf J_icil4f ^ ^qTT qiTTSJT TjTTstT t||f^i<, eff fcfcFf ^ qflTTR TTs^ if

«iali|l ■g,*1KI TTif^ «f?T HCT “SJpRST mT efTITSTT t-'j,dlH-TISTT 7aTT 'cb>Hi -jn efi^

^trqiq ^ w q^, eft ^tT7 eftq q? q?7j^ qi7i[ ^ ?7T qq qqqqr aoi-^iy

'j,ciiiM-qsiT (yff dYq^dei Rc^cgw f^c^np ^) q>t TTqTqT ^>7 tTt1%ti | f^fq^T qq q? diqqT sn

f«P qf^ ^cTTq-qsTT qft q?? f^qj >jii^‘it aff7 Tj^ cpn4)«^'«l c^, qfl ■^JcTTq-qsTT qff

qqrit TT^qi tngnf t, 7j?iqcn q# i 22 rdo«<<, 1862 arqflqq qft #it ^ q^rr^-^q-^^tq? q^t fttiqn ^ fcfqR tilquii qft f^, ?7

arqfiqjT Raeiiq) fclfile 7t ?fit, if 7?^ qr^ ^ qftq qft ‘J,ell*i f^ TTq 1 vfRq^, 1863qft aDvTTq ^ di4‘'} 3ft7 arrif arTqrrq 7#ir 1” ?7t sftw ^ arqfrqq if ■^jcrrq-qsTT TTSTTqr q^ ^ q? sftqw <^q^ q^TsfT ^js^f TTqqt q7 cTTsj_^ sit qft if ?iifiid sY|

1865 ^ TTf^qrq ^ TTfffSjq R)4|| qqT I q? TT^tSTiq qq 13qf 7f?f|qq STTI 57T TTTTfqq sY Jjf^qq ^ Terr 7^ qqq fcpqr affq atcTcT: q? ■^cTrq-qsrr arq^fqq if ctt? Trqrqr ^ q^,

irqi ^gJT cPT WT ETTTq qT7 arqffqq arsJoqqTSTT 7^ 1^7^77 7^ 1^ STT |2. TjJ^iqq ^ T^TT—fcTSFT ^ arqitqq if sjf^rqq 7^ 7STT spTif ^ q^jq TT^kTcTT HFTT qft

4t I ■^l^rqq qft tsit cPTqr fcT^FT 1^ fYqrf ?7Tf^ ^ uTTv^t q^ stt fcp q? aiq^ f?rq ^

TsfRsq q^ ^Tsqr qrfeTT stt, qf^ 57rf^ ^Yt ^ttv^ stt f% ci^mi sn 1% qftq>rfq aft7 TqTTTTTq7^ Ritgi'ei sft <aaY if q^ qq qf^ atq^tqq ^ ’jsrq’ cTSTT qqj-'^^ 7^ q1% TT^-qrq 77^ qr^ft qtqqq^^?Y?rqf if qq qncTT, eft gxiTf q? qTeT fYn? ^ qrr^ qjqeTT q?f ttt^tr arq^ qft TfqfeeT ttj

TTqq f«P7f[ (3f5i'c qrq, f^TTT^ Picii-df ■q^rTJqq qr

164 <H^<ra TT^q mH’ft'hi 557 $Riei*i 1776—1945 V.^.)

^ t, 3T^ ^ ^ f^'c^i ^ 'ZI? ^ WS ?l6cfr

•^f ^ afr 1 ^ ^ -wciid t, ^ ^ ?Fn| ^ «fm ci^ ^ w

HMcll f, ^ 'Wll^cf ^VHI 'Jl'?)yl t elWfiiil cRt^ Pi<r*^ +i’<=f>K slol I ^ ^^ ?RT 11% «Rn f^Rtr ^ ^ cpt W STf&cf^R 1%

% ^ ?R ^RtpR rfr^ ^ I 3FN ^ f, cfT 5?T^ ?l€t 'WifSo ^Y^TI ell'll ^

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nff an, nng am amt nn ?tf^ apt ff ’ll ^ f# an i nm isT^ ^

wgerr 3/*i>f)m ^ $/^eitt (^ 1776—1945 "?.^.). 165

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166 wgw *'/«9‘P/ ^ $/o5/« ffef 1776—1945 V-^)

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gtg

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ffjOT Vp^ 3i*i/)‘t>l 957 ^/9e/W C^ 1776—1945 ’^.^.) 167

3nn5»i 16.6' ^ ^ ■♦jPjq>l

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’ , ' * •

168 ffjwiTMr -tmUm (^ 1776-1945 7.^)

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3/H^H>/ m wfrtmw (TFf 1776-1945 169

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1. F^Rt ^TtfcRT (20 f^7rR7, 1860)

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1

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• cl?! itl'Jl'll ■'5?! ?R? ^ ticflci cR^n ?cT% 'icpM^ ^iielei ’fl

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174 3rwft^ WT slaeiti ClPf 1776—1945

./

^ '<silvi| qiell ^

Name Year NameYear

Columbusde Ojeda andVespucciPinionBasridasColumbusOcampoPinion and de Solis Ojeda and Nicuera de Balboa Ponce de Leon de Solis de Cordoba and Alaminos Grijalva

Espinosa Pineda

1492-981499-1500

1519-21 Cortesde Gordillo1521 .Nino and Gonzalez1522-23

1499-1500 1522-23 Davila1500 1522-24 Alvaradeo

GuevaraSaavedra

1502-1504 15261508 1527- 28

1528- 361508-9 Navarez1509 1531 Pizarro

Cortes1513 15351513-151515-16

1535-36 de Vaca1539-42 de Soto

1517 1539-42 de Niza1539-43 Alvarado

1518 1540-41 Orellava1518 1540 Cardenas

r■ 1519

1519-211540-421542-43

CoronadoMagellan Cabrillo

i 1488 Diasde GamaPereiraFernandesCaspar de CorterealC^ralVespucci

1502 Miguel de CorterealAlmeidaAlbuquerqueAlvarezde Andrade

de Souzade Mota

1497-98 15051498 1509-151499 1513>500 15171500 1530-32 .1501 1542

1497-98 John Cabot Sebastian Cabot

Mary Guildford Willoughby Chancellor

DrakeGilbertRaleighDavisWeymouth

1577-801509 15831527 15841553 1585-861553-54 1602

^ Wf^WTW 177B—194S 175

WeymouthHudson

1605-6

1607-11', .JenkinsonFrobisher

15571576-78

AllouezDoJIierMarquette and Joliet Duluth La Salle Hennepin

1665VerrazanoCartierde RobervalChamplain■NicoletRadisson andGroseillers

15241669-70153441

1542-431603-16

16731679-801679-87163416801658-59

mRQi'c-2

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Ptcjcild

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1789-1797 1797-1801 1801-1809

• 1809-1817 1817-1825 1825-1829 1829-1837 1837-1841

MC-I

RuRelcpiRMfscixpnRmRm'P'i

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2.3.4.5.6,7.8.

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1841-18451845-18491849- 18501850- 1853 1853-1857 1857-1861 1861-1865 1865-1869 1869-1877 1877-1881

10-11.

unT12.13.

h-iRicimPimi14.

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15.16.17. yiMtin

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188120-1881-18851885-18891889-18931893-18971897-19011901-19091909-19131913-1921

21,22.23.24,25.

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3ff%7fr26.27.28.

176 7T^ mH'ftitl 957 ?fctWlW 1776—1945 ^.^■)

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>o<pfci'i wyi^ec

1921-1923 • a^ff^

1929—1933 ».1933-1945 1945-1963

RhI^cp'I

RmI^^i

29.

30. •1923-192931.32.

33,

hRRioc-3

qiS-H—i-tfl-Jc

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1789-1797

1797-1801

(1801-1805)

(1805-1809)

(1809-1813)

(1813-1817)

1801-1809 a*^

vjTO1809-1817

vtTi^ ^51^

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1817-1825

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w'gOT 3P}if^ ^ ^/SfF/w 1776—1945 179