3

LESSON GRAMMAR THEORY & PRACTICE PAGELesson 1 Tenses: A General Overview 5Lesson 2 Non-continuous / Stative Verbs 10Lesson 3 always + Pr./P. Continuous Question Tags 16Lesson 4 The Future 22Lesson 5 used to - would - be / get used to 28Lesson 6 Passive Voice 34Lesson 7 Causative form 40Lesson 8 More on Passive Voice 46Lesson 9 Transitive / intransitive verbs 52Lesson 10 It is believed that 58Glossary Lessons 1-10 64Lesson 11 Reported Speech 68Lesson 12 Subjunctive 74Lesson 13 Countable & Uncountable Nouns 80Lesson 14 Determiners 86Lesson 15 Conditional Sentences 92Lesson 16 Conditionals - Inversion 98Lesson 17 Mixed Conditionals - Wishes 104Lesson 18 Would rather - It’s time 110Lesson 19 Adjectives / Adverbs 116Lesson 20 Comparisons 122Glossary Lessons 11-20 128Lesson 21 Possession - Prefixes / Suffixes 132Lesson 22 Words easily confused (1) 138Lesson 23 Words easily confused (2) 144Lesson 24 Words easily confused (3) 150Lesson 25 Words easily confused (4) 156Lesson 26 Inversion (1) 162Lesson 27 Inversion (2) 168Lesson 28 Inversion (3) 174Lesson 29 Prepositions 180Lesson 30 Prepositional phrases / Phrasal Verbs 186Glossary Lessons 21-30 192Lesson 31 Modals (1) 196Lesson 32 Modals (2) 202Lesson 33 Gerunds - Infinitives (1) 208Lesson 34 Gerunds - Infinitives (2) 214Lesson 35 Gerunds - Infinitives (3) 220Lesson 36 Clauses of Consession 226Lesson 37 Grammar Revision 232Lesson 38 Defining Relative Clauses 238Lesson 39 Non-defining Relative Clauses 244Lesson 40 250Glossary Lessons 31-40 255Listening 260Writing 270Speaking 281Extra Essay Preparation 290Appendix 325Verbs / Adjectives / Nouns + Prepositions 330Prepositions + Word Phrases 335Irregular Verbs 337

CONTENTS

Listening Transcripts 338

4

This book is intended for students in the initial stage of preparation for the ECPE. It consists of:

40 pre-final GCVR lessons 10 pre-final listening units 10 pre-final writing units 10 pre-final speaking units

Each lesson comprises a vocabulary revision section for the preceding lesson, a grammar reference point and its corresponding multiple choice questions, two mini-cloze passages, two reading passages, twenty multiple choice vocabulary items and twenty multiple choice grammar items.

VOCABULARYAn average or slightly above average score in the Vocabulary Section of the ECPE is usually enough to tip candidates into the PASS category of the exam. Thorough and diligent study throughout this book will ensure that candidates have the necessary knowledge, skills and experience to manage the complex vocabulary they will encounter in the Super Final Practice Test book.

GRAMMARThe grammar reference points briefly revise and consolidate previous grammar knowledge and lay the foundations for the increased complexity of grammar items that will be encountered in the Super Final practice test book.

CLOZEIn total, there are eighty mini-cloze passages to build up the candidates’ understanding of the organizational features of written texts as well as grammar and pragmatic knowledge of vocabulary in specific contexts.

READINGEighty reading passages are also provided, all of which are based on contemporary topics that take into account the latest trends and stipulations of the ECPE.

WRITINGThis section guides candidates in developing the given topic in an organized manner placing emphasis on correct structure and paragraphing.

LISTENINGTen mini listening evaluation tests have been included, firstly to introduce newcomers to the ECPE format, and secondly to help candidates build up the listening skills required at this level.

SPEAKINGThis section focuses on the NEW ECPE speaking format and familiarizes candidates with the arts of summarizing and paraphrasing. It also accustoms students to the idea of supporting their opinions and interacting with each other in response to given prompts.

It is imperative that candidates not attempt the ECPE immediately after completing this book, as it has been written with the sole aim of developing all the necessary ECPE skills up to a level where candidates will feel comfortable tackling the Super Final Practice Test book. With the correct guidance, there is little doubt they will manage this.

George AndreadisPeter Pappas

Sarah Yu

WARM-UP

Lesson 15

• PRESENT SIMPLEUse: Repeated actions, habits, states, general truths, timetables, stative verbs (Lesson 2), after links referring to the future (when, as soon as, etc.). The clock strikes every hour, on the hour. I usually go to a movie on Saturday. I’ll call you when Mary gets home.• PRESENT CONTINUOUSUse: Actions in progress at the time of speaking, temporary states, changing states, annoyance (Lesson 3), future plans (Lesson 4). I’m talking on the phone, so I can’t answer you now. I’m staying with Jill till I find an apartment. We’re going out tonight, if you want to come.• PAST SIMPLEUse: Actions/states that happened in the past and have ended, regardless of repetition or duration. When I was a child, I drank a pint of milk every day.• PAST CONTINUOUSUse: Actions that were in progress at a certain time in the past, past intention. We were having supper when you called.• FUTURE SIMPLEUse: Spontaneous decision, prediction based on belief, information about the future, refusal/agreement, warning, after specific verbs (hope, believe, know...) Are you leaving now? I’ll come with you then. They will probably win the elections. I’ll throw you out of this classroom if you don’t behave yourself! I expect he’ll be late.• FUTURE CONTINUOUSUse: An action in progress at a certain time in the future, a prearranged future action. I’ll be playing tennis at eight tomorrow. Will you be needing the car tomorrow?

• PRESENT PERFECTUse: An action that has happened up until now or at a time up until now, a state that is true up until now, an action that has happened very recently, to emphasize that the result is more important than the action, after links referring to the future to emphasize completion. I have worked at this company for two years. I have visited Tokyo twice. Bill has just sent you a fax.• PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUSUse: To emphasize the duration or repetition of an action that has been happening until now, for actions that have been happening until now but are incomplete. They have been buying products from us for over a decade.• PAST PERFECTUse: For actions that happened before another past action that is mentioned or implied. When they arrived, most of the guests had already left.• PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS Use: To emphasize the duration or repetition of an action that had been happening until a point in the past, for actions that had been happening until a point in the past but were incomplete. I had been studying for an hour when the doorbell rang. My hands were dirty because I had been working on the car.• FUTURE PERFECTUse: For actions that will have happened by a point in the future. I will have gone out by the time you come back.• FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUSUse: For actions that will have been in progress for a period of time by a point in the future. By next month, I’ll have been working for this company for eight years.

GRAMMAR - Tenses: A General Overview

1. “What happened to Jim?” “Someone into his apartment last night.” a. had broken c. broke b. will have broken d. has broken

2. “Would you like another doughnut?” “No thanks. two.” a. I already had c. I’ve yet had b. I’ve already had d. I’ll have had

3. “Didn’t you hear the doorbell ringing?” “I to loud music.” a. had been listening c. have been listened b. was being listening d. was listening

4. “Does Mr. Smith still teach at NYU?” “No. But he for 15 years before he left.” a. has taught c. has been teaching b. teaches d. had been teaching

5. “Why is Jim so dirty?” “ on his car engine.” a. He worked c. He’s been working b. He’s been repairing d. He had worked

6. “Isn’t this the book you asked me about?” “Yeah. That’s the one I .” a. looked for c. had looked for b. was looking for d. look for

7. “Has Bob moved to his new apartment?” “Not yet. He with his parents.” a. lives c. is living b. has moved d. moved

8. “What are your plans for the weekend?” “Well, I my parents but I’m not so sure.” a. would visit c. am visiting b. was going to visit d. can visit

9. “You seemed quite happy when you found that book.” “Yeah. I for it for a month.” a. am looking c. have been looking b. had been looking d. were looking

10. “What time shall we meet at the cinema?” “Well the movie at about 8.” a. is started c. started b. starts d. had started

11. “Did you manage to clean up your room?” “Yes, I everything by lunch time.” a. have done c. have been doing b. had done d. was doing 12. “They when I walked in.” “That’s because John was telling them jokes.” a. laughed c. were laughing b. had laughed d. were laughed

Practice

LESSON 1

Lesson 1

6Lesson 1

Scientists can choose among different kinds of natural clocks depending on the scale of time they are working (1) . For the period reaching (2) 40,000 years or so, they rely (3) radioactive carbon. By measuring the amount of radioactive carbon in a sample from something that was (4) alive, they can determine how long it has been dead. For example, archeologists know that one of the oldest parts of Stonehenge, a ditch that encircles the famous stones, was dug with (5) found at the site. By measuring the carbon in those antlers, they have determined that the digging took place 5,000 years ago.

Almost all (6) contain subatomic particles in (7) nuclei, including positively charged protons and neutrally charged neutrons. Generally, atoms of the same element have the same number of protons and neutrons. Carbon, for example, usually has six (8) and six neutrons, which added together give this form of carbon its name: carbon 12.

When atoms of the same element have different numbers of neutrons in their (9) , the atoms are called isotopes. Carbon 12 is one carbon isotope; (10) is carbon 14, which has eight neutrons and is formed when particles from space slam into nitrogen atoms in the atmosphere.

1. a. along c. from b. with d. by

2. a. down c. further b. back d. time

3. a. in c. at b. on d. between

4. a. once c. usually b. almost d. seldom

5. a. ditches c. antlers b. bulldozers d. machines

6. a. antlers c. carbons b. elements d. atoms

7. a. which c. its b. their d. several

8. a. nuclei c. clocks b. totally d. protons

9. a. radios c. nucleus b. nuclei d. protons

10. a. one c. another b. two d. moreover

Consumer electronics companies commonly cater to couch potatoes by pitching bigger television sets, more mesmerizing video games and remote controls that can even place online orders for pizza. But a small cadre of entrepreneurs at the world’s largest technology exposition hope their gizmos will work up a sweat. Company executives insist that the marriage of physical exercise and video gaming is becoming a hot new niche, and the most bullish aficionados say it might even help reduce the nation’s obesity epidemic.

Consumer electronics shows are even sponsoring “Cardio PlayZone” sections for fitness-themed companies. In one such show, the PlayZone was tucked into a back corner of a tent outside the main convention center, far from the impressively gargantuan exhibits by Samsung, Sony, Panasonic and other popular brands. Although scents reminiscent of a gym sometimes wafted out of the zone, the jam-packed area was popular with retailers and analysts. The exhibitors - many new to these shows - showed off digital putting greens, optical sensors in miniature dance floors, biofeedback devices and cutting-edge workout contraptions.

But most of the PlayZone devices, often played on PlayStations and Xboxes, don’t feel like exercise at all - exactly what many of these companies like to hear. Some executives say their gizmos can help trim the nation’s expanding waistline - especially among children, who might be tricked into working out if they think they’re merely playing a video game. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 18 percent of boys and 15 percent of girls aged 6 to 11 were obese in 2005. That compares with 6 percent of boys and 5 percent of girls from a quarter century ago.

“These video games are certainly helpful but they’re not going to solve the obesity epidemic because it’s simply too overwhelming,” said Frank Hu, a professor of nutrition and epidemiology at Harvard. Hu authored a study of 116,500 women, finding that people who were physically active but obese were almost twice as likely to die of heart disease as those who were both active and lean. The Harvard report contradicted a popular notion that exercise alone - regardless of weight or diet - is enough to maintain good health.

1. The passage characterizes a traditional video gamer as a person who... a. enjoys strenuous physical exercise. b. orders pizzas over the Internet. c. is overweight. d. avoids demanding activities.

2. Supporters of these new specialized products believe that... a. video gaming and physical exercise are inseparable. b. they could help people get back into shape. c. electronics shows no longer need to sponsor PlayZones. d. they are best played in a tent.

3. What opinion does the author have of the exhibits of popular consumer electronics companies? They are... a. impressive in their detail. b. innovative and informative. c. notable for their large size. d. novel and crowded.

4. What is true regarding obesity in the USA? a. Girls are more prone to it than boys. b. Figures have increased threefold in 25 years. c. Adults run a higher risk than teenagers of becoming obese. d. People think that it should not be classified as an epidemic.

5. Frank Hu believes that... a. lean and active women may be influenced by these new video games. b. overweight women should not participate in any form of physical exercise. c. the problem of obesity is so serious that these new video games may help to solve it. d. both lifestyle and diet contribute to overall health.

ditch = , antler =

MINI CLOZE A

READING A

χαντάκι κέρατοελαφιού

5

1

2

3

4

7Lesson 1

1. Judy likes to around looking for cheap clothes. a. wander b. rally c. grasp d. pass

2. No one agreed; it was a subject of great among the world powers. a. controversy b. discrepancy c. collaboration d. ambiguity

3. They knew the old man was alive because they heard him . a. sting b. frown c. grin d. moan

4. The figures presented by the opposition give a view of the economy. a. detached b. detained c. distorted d. deprived

5. What shall we do to the angry professor? a. diverge b. alleviate c. appease d. agonize

6. “Look at Tom. He must have lost his appetite.” “Yeah! He’s his food like a rabbit.” a. gobbling b. sweeping c. nibbling d. devouring

7. During the summer, the seaside resort is with tourists from all over Europe. a. trimming b. teeming c. picking d. soaring

8. Nothing grows in this arid and landscape! a. bewildered b. harvested c. diverse d. barren

9. The animals devoured half the flock of sheep. a. carnivore b. herbivorous c. predatory d. omnipotent

10. A(n) broke out when the herd of horses were frightened by the thunder. a. evolution b. poacher c. lumber d. stampede

11. This kind of dog is white when it is born, but it gets darker as it . a. matures b. incorporates c. abounds d. ripens

12. She never shows what she is thinking; in fact, her manner is always . a. contained b. competent c. contemplative d. considerable

13. They won’t hold the meeting because it has been . a. canceled b. confirmed c. discarded d. dismissed

14. The teacher is going to check our homework. a. out of b. down with c. on d. by means of

15. “Does your coat fit you now?” “No, I must it a little.” a. expand b. lengthen c. recede d. trim

16. The remains of primitive animals help us understand the course of evolution. a. fossilized b. eroded c. evolved d. sheltering

17. Roots of plants prevent of the soil. a. evolution b. conversion c. erosion d. diversity

18. Depletion of fuels will mean trouble for the automobile industry. a. burned b. fossil c. gasoline d. fungi

19. , like mice and squirrels, don’t have scales. a. Rodents b. Primates c. Reptiles d. Mammals

20. Fish breathe with the aid of while primates use their lungs. a. scales b. hoofs c. fins d. gills

VOCABULARYπεριπλανιέμαι

ανασυντάσσω,συλλαλητήριοαρπάζωπερνώ

διαμάχηασυμφωνίασυνεργασία

διφορούμενηέννοια

τσιμπάωκατσουφιάζω

χαμογελώειρωνικάστενάζω

αποκολλώκατακρατώ

διαστρεβλώνωστερώ

παρεκκλίνωαπαλύνω

καθησυχάζωαγωνιώ

καταβροχθίζωσκουπίζω,παρασύρω

τσιμπολογώκαταβροχθίζω,κατακαίω

ψαλιδίζω(with)ξεχειλίζω

διαλέγωπετάω,εκτοξεύομαι

ζαλισμένοςθερίζω,τρύγος

ποικίλοςάγονος,στείρος

σαρκοφάγοφυτοφάγοαρπακτικό

παντοδύναμος

εξέλιξηλαθροκυνηγός

ξυλείαάτακτηφυγήπανικόβλητων

ζώων

ωριμάζω,μεγαλώνωενσωματώνω

αφθονώωριμάζω

ήρεμος/ελεγχόμενοςικανός

σκεπτικόςαξιόλογος

ακυρώνωεπιβεβαιώνω

πετάω/ξεφορτώνομαιαπολύω,επιτρέπωαναχώρηση,απορρίπτω

φεύγωαπό(ξενοδοχείο)

ελέγχωμετηβοήθεια

επεκτείνωμακραίνωυποχωρώ

ψαλιδίζω,κουρεύω

απολιθωμένοςδιαβρωμένοςεξελιγμένος

δίνωκαταφύγιο

εξέλιξημετατροπήδιάβρωσηποικιλία

καμένος(fuels)πετρελαιοειδή

βενζίνημύκητες

τρωκτικόπιθηκοειδές/πρωτεύονθηλαστικό

ερπετόθηλαστικό

λέπιοπλή

πτερύγιοβράγχιο

8Lesson 1

The largest American member of the herring family, usually 18 to

24 inches long is called shad. It spends most of its life in the ocean.

Like salmon, shad ascend freshwater (1) to spawn.

During the early spring, the shad swim northward to the

river of (2) birth. The water temperature must be around

50 degrees Fahrenheit (3) the shad will enter the

mouth of the river, and once they reach fresh water they stop

eating and live (4) stored body fat. At the spawning

(5) , the shad deposits her eggs - all 100,000 to 600,000 of

them. The eggs are about one thirty-second of an inch in diameter

and hatch in about eight days, depending again on the temperature

of the water.

Recent (6) indicate that water temperature is the

(7) to the shad’s movements, both (8) their spawning

runs and their oceanic migrations. After (9) , the shad head

north to the Bay of Fundy area in the North Atlantic for the summer

months, and in September they reverse direction. By late December,

they can be found off the Florida (10) .

1. a. oceans c. supplies b. streams d. springs

2. a. their c. its b. first d. the

3. a. when c. and b. before d. for

4. a. with c. off b. in d. without

5. a. mouth c. grounds b. of d. runs

6. a. scholars c. research b. studies d. it

7. a. factor c. key b. route d. way

8. a. during c. are b. have d. of

9. a. that c. spawning b. while d. movement

10. a. area c. beach b. ocean d. coast

1. The text is about .... a. making blueprints of our genes. b. making humans susceptible to certain diseases. c. a new possibility of curing diseases. d. converting a double DNA strand into new drugs.

2. What seems important in finding a cure for a disease is... a. having complete access to modern weapons. b. developing drugs that block certain disease provoking proteins. c. spending less time in doctors’ offices. d. conquering every AIDS and cancer cell.

3. The new drugs ... a. will be completely different in the future. b. are not going to be sold in the drugstores. c. are against God’s will. d. will include genes with instructions for making tissues hormones, and enzymes.

4. One of the advantages of the new method of curing diseases is... a. better directed weapons. b. the building of new molecules that will act as arrows. c. fewer side effects. d. learning how to spell out more genes.

5. According to the text, the most important step is... a. to unravel the mysteries of mental illness. b. avoiding doctor’s offices completely. c. getting to know more than three million biochemical letters. d. understanding the genetic basis of a disease.

With the mapping of the genome – the twisted double strand of DNA that carries the instructions for making every cell in the human body – the process by which new drugs are developed is being turned upside down.

Scientists, armed with blueprints of our genes, can identify the individual molecules that make us susceptible to a particular disease. With that information they can build new molecules that home in on their targets like well-aimed arrows. Such well-directed weapons will have fewer side effects than traditional medicines.

How will all this change our life? The pains we suffer? The time we spend in doctors’ offices? The diseases that finally do us in? Will we conquer AIDS and cancer? Will we unravel the mysteries of mental illness? The possible answers are as surprising as the science that is producing them.

When the human genome was sequenced, scientists finally gained access to the 3 billion biochemical “letters” that spell out our tens of thousands of genes. These genes, carry the instructions for making all the tissues, organs, hormones and enzymes in our body.

Once scientists have decoded these instructions – a process already well under way – they should have a better understanding of precisely what happens, down to the molecules within individual cells, when the body malfunctions. And if scientists understand the genetic basis of a disease, then they can predict what protein it produces and set about developing a drug to block it.

herring = , shad = , ascend = , spawn =

genome = , strand = , blueprint = , unravel = ,

molecule =

READING B

MINI CLOZE B

ρέγκα μεγάλησαρδέλα ανέρχομαι ωοτοκώ

γονιδίωμα νήμα/πλεξούδα σχέδιο διαλευκαίνομαι μόριο

3

1

4

5

2

9Lesson 1

1. Sylvia started to cry when she saw Jim yesterday

because they each other for 5 years.

a. hadn’t been seeing c. wouldn’t have seen

b. didn’t see d. hadn’t seen

2. “ with the dishes yet?”

“In a minute.”

a. Had you finished c. Will you finish

b. Have you finished d. Are you going to finish

3. “Can we meet for lunch today?”

“Sure. I time to finish everything by noon.”

a. had c. will have had

b. will be having d. have had

4. “Did you get the tickets for the theater?”

“No. I to buy them during lunch, but I didn’t

have time.”

a. had been planning c. have been planning

b. am planning d. will be planning

5. By the end of September, we work on the

garage that we are building.

a. will be finished c. will finish

b. will have finishing d. will have finished

6. “Where does your sister live?”

“In Athens, the city I was born.”

a. where c. which

b. in where d. in that

7. “He used to be a good basketball player.”

“If he the accident, he still would be.”

a. wouldn’t have c. hadn’t had

b. hadn’t d. didn’t have

8. “Your grandfather grows roses, doesn’t he?”

“Yes, last year there were he gave them away.”

a. so much c. so many

b. a lot d. many

9. “I thought you were buying the same kind of car.”

“No, my new car’s the old one.”

a. more different than c. different of

b. more than different from d. different from

10. “Are you going to the movie alone?”

“Yes, but I wish you with me.”

a. will come c. come

b. had come d. could come

11. “Where’s my book?”

“I everywhere for it but I still can’t find it.”

a. had looked c. have looked

b. will look d. was looked

12. “Why is Laura so happy?”

“She’s to that big party at the Walkers.”

a. inviting c. been inviting

b. been invited d. to be inviting

13. “Harry’s got really bad manners.”

“He’s been like that he was a teenager.”

a. since c. when

b. for d. while

14. “How did you like the Mexican restaurant?”

“Although I Mexican food before, I enjoyed it.”

a. was never eating c. never eat

b. had never eaten d. have never eaten

15. “What annoys you about Mary?”

“The fact that she too much.”

a. is talking c. is talked

b. has talks d. talks

16. “I’ve had a really exhausting week at work.”

“Why don’t you give a break?”

a. yourself c. your

b. you d. themselves

17. “How did you meet Mark?”

“ since our first day at school.”

a. I met him c. I’ve known him

b. I’ve been knowing him d. I know him

18. “How is Ray coping nowadays?”

“Not very well. a millionaire, he’s now living

on welfare.”

a. Being c. Upon

b. Once d. Having

19. “Do you mind who I bring to the party?”

“Of course not. Come with you want.”

a. either one c. everyone

b. the one that d. whoever

20. They along the road when suddenly it began

to rain.

a. drove c. were driving

b. had driven d. have driven

GRAMMAR

64

abide .............................................abort .............................................abound .............................................abstain .............................................abundant .............................................acceleration .............................................accession .............................................acclamation .............................................accommodate .............................................account .............................................accumulate .............................................accustomed .............................................acid rain .............................................acknowledge .............................................acquit .............................................adapt .............................................addition .............................................adept .............................................adhered .............................................adjacent .............................................admonish .............................................adopt .............................................advent .............................................adverse .............................................advocate .............................................afflict .............................................affliction ............................................. .............................................agonize .............................................ail .............................................ailment .............................................alien .............................................allege .............................................alleviate .............................................allocate .............................................allot .............................................altitude .............................................ambiguity .............................................ambivalent .............................................ambush .............................................amount .............................................amplify .............................................anaesthetize .............................................anecdote .............................................answer .............................................appease .............................................apportion .............................................appreciable .............................................apprehend .............................................apprehensive .............................................arouse .............................................artificial .............................................as the saying goes ........................................... ascend .............................................aspiration .............................................assessment .............................................assume .............................................attack .............................................attain .............................................attribute to .............................................audible .............................................authentic .............................................authentically .............................................bad .............................................baffled .............................................barn .............................................barren .............................................begin .............................................belated .............................................

bewildered .............................................bill .............................................blast .............................................blend .............................................blow over .............................................blueprint .............................................boisterous .............................................break .............................................brooding .............................................budget .............................................bulge .............................................burned .............................................by means of .............................................calamitous .............................................calculation .............................................call for .............................................call on .............................................call out .............................................call over .............................................call up .............................................cancel .............................................capacity .............................................captivated .............................................carnivore .............................................censorship .............................................certainty .............................................change .............................................charred .............................................check on sth .............................................check out of .............................................chicken pox .............................................claim .............................................clear off .............................................clear up .............................................clot .............................................coincide .............................................coincidence .............................................collaborate .............................................collaboration .............................................collapse .............................................colony .............................................combustion .............................................come to power .............................................commence .............................................commonwealth .............................................comparable .............................................compensate .............................................competent .............................................competitive .............................................complacent .............................................compliance .............................................comply .............................................compress .............................................compromised .............................................concede .............................................conceivable .............................................concept .............................................conclude .............................................condense .............................................conducive .............................................confess .............................................confidential .............................................confine .............................................confirm .............................................conflict .............................................confrontation .............................................congruence .............................................conjunction .............................................consensus .............................................

considerable .............................................constancy .............................................constant .............................................consumption .............................................contagious .............................................contained .............................................contaminate .............................................contemplative .............................................contemptuous .............................................contend .............................................contingent ............................................. contrive .............................................controversy .............................................conundrum .............................................conversion .............................................converted .............................................coordinate .............................................corroborate .............................................counterfeit .............................................counterpart .............................................courteous .............................................cover .............................................covert .............................................crease .............................................crescent .............................................crevice .............................................crude .............................................crumble .............................................cure .............................................curtail .............................................cut off .............................................dart .............................................daunt .............................................deacon .............................................deadly .............................................deafen .............................................debilitate .............................................debris .............................................decay .............................................declare .............................................decline .............................................deficient .............................................deficit .............................................definitely .............................................delayed .............................................deluge .............................................demolish .............................................denote .............................................denounce .............................................dense .............................................dent .............................................denude .............................................dependent .............................................depict .............................................depleted .............................................deprive .............................................deranged .............................................deride .............................................derive .............................................describe .............................................designation ............................................. detach .............................................detain .............................................deterioration .............................................determination .............................................detract .............................................detriment .............................................devour .............................................diagnosis .............................................

GLOSSARY LESSONS 1-10 (by)συμμορφώνομαι εγκαταλείπω/διακόπτω αφθονώ απέχω άφθονος επιτάχυνση άνοδοςσεεξουσία επιδοκιμασία παρέχωστέγη/εξυπηρετώ (τραπεζικός)λογαριασμός συσσωρεύω (to)εξοικειωμένος όξινηβροχή αναγνωρίζω αθωώνω προσαρμόζω,-ομαι προσθήκη ειδήμων/έμπειρος (to)προσκολλημένος (to)γειτονικός επιπλήττω υιοθετώ ερχομός,έλευση δυσμενής υποστηρικτής ταλαιπωρώ/βασανίζω συμφορά/πλήγμα/ ασθένεια/αναπηρία αγωνιώ ταλαιπωρώ ασθένεια ξένος ισχυρίζομαι απαλύνω κατανέμω κατανέμω υψόμετρο διφορούμενηέννοιααμφίθυμος/αλληλοσυγκρουόμενος παγιδεύωσεενέδρα ποσό ενισχύω αναισθητοποιώ ανέκδοτηιστορία απαντώ καθησυχάζω κατανέμω/μοιράζω αισθητός/αρκετός συλλαμβάνω(ύποπτο) ανήσυχος(-sion=σύλληψη) διεγείρω τεχνητός όπωςλέεικαιτορητό ανέρχομαι φιλοδοξία υπολογισμός δέχομαι/υποθέτω επιτίθεμαι επιτυγχάνω αποδίδω αισθητός/πουακούγεται αυθεντικός αυθεντικά κακός (by)μπερδεμένος αχυρώνας άγονος,στείρος αρχίζω αργοπορημένος

ζαλισμένος λογαριασμός τινάζω αναμειγνύω εκτονώνομαι,ξεθυμαίνω σχέδιο/πλάνο άτακτος,θορυβώδης σπάζω θλιμμένος κάνωπροϋπολογισμό φουσκώνω καμένος μετηβοήθεια καταστροφικός υπολογισμός απαιτώ επισκέπτομαιγιαλίγο καλώ,φωνάζω καλώκπναέρθει,προσκαλώπαίρνωστοτηλέφωνο(έναάτομο) ακυρώνω ικανότητα γοητευμένος σαρκοφάγο λογοκρισία σιγουριά αλλάζω απανθρακωμένος ελέγχω φεύγωαπό(ξενοδοχείο) ανεμοβλογιά διεκδικώ,ισχυρίζομαι ξεκαθαρίζω/“τηνκοπανάω” ανοίγει(καιρός) σβόλος(αίματος),θρόμβος συμπίπτω σύμπτωση συνεργάζομαι συνεργασία κατάρρευση αποικία ανάφλεξη αποκτώεξουσία ξεκινώ κοινοπολιτεία εφάμιλλος/παρεμφερής αποζημιώνω ικανός ανταγωνιστικός ικανοποιημένος/αυτάρεσκος (with)συμμόρφωση συμμορφώνομαι συμπιέζω συμβιβασμένος παραδέχομαι πιθανός,εικάσιμος έννοια ολοκληρώνω/συμπεραίνω συμπυκνώνω πουσυντελείσε ομολογώ εμπιστευτικός περιορίζω επιβεβαιώνω σύγκρουση/διαφορά διαμάχη/αντιπαράθεση συμφωνία/αρμονία/ταίριασμα σύνδεσμος συμφωνία/ομοφωνία

αξιόλογος συνέπεια,σταθερότητασυνεχής/σταθερός/(noun)σταθερά κατανάλωση μεταδοτικός ήρεμος/ελεγχόμενος μολύνω σκεπτικός περιφρονητικός αγωνίζομαι ενδεχόμενος επινοώ/καταφέρνω διαμάχη γρίφος μετατροπή μετατρεπόμενος συντονίζω επιβεβαιώνω πλαστός ομόλογος/ισότιμος ευγενικός καλύπτω μυστικός/κρυφός τσακίζω,ζαρώνω μισοφέγγαρο σχισμή/χαραμάδα ακατέργαστος καταρρέω/θρυμματίζω θεραπεία περικόπτω αποκόπτω πετάγομαι αποθαρρύνω διάκονος φονικός,θανάσιμος κουφαίνω εξασθενίζω συντρίμμια αποσύνθεση/παρακμή δηλώνω/κηρύττω παρακμή (in)ελλιπής έλλειμμα(σεπροϋπολογισμό) σίγουρα αργοπορημένος κατακλύζω κατεδαφίζω δηλώνω καταγγέλλω πυκνός βαθουλώνω απογυμνώνω εξαρτώμενος απεικονίζω εξαντλημένος/άδειος στερώ διανοητικάδιαταραγμένος κοροϊδεύω προέρχομαι περιγράφω διορισμός/ονομασία αφαιρώ,αποκολλώ κατακρατώ επιδείνωση αποφασιστικότητα αφαιρώ/μειώνωαξία/αποσπώ ζημιά καταβροχθίζω,κατακαίω διάγνωση

260

1. a. The man has loaned the CD to the woman before. b. Sam wants to borrow the CD. c. The woman will borrow the CD from Sam.

2. a. Hazel was angry at her boss. b. Hazel has another job lined up. c. Hazel was probably fired from her job.

3. a. He wants to move back to the suburbs. b. He doesn’t like living where he does anymore. c. He wants to look over the apartment again.

4. a. She will pay $50 for the skirt. b. He thinks $60 is a little expensive. c. She thinks the skirt is a good deal.

5. a. His wife has delayed him. b. She was not on time for the appointment. c. He had a hunch she wouldn’t be on time.

6. a. The flight is running two hours late. b. He will have arrived in Boston by 6:00. c. The flight is scheduled to leave in two hours.

7. a. He wants to take a look at the car again. b. She thinks that Joe overcharges his customers. c. More often than not, her car is reliable.

8. a. The man must give the woman his credit card. b. The man needs to submit a copy of his I.D. c. The man only needs to complete the application.

9. a. They hardly ever go to the theater. b. They will go to both the theater and dinner c. They haven’t had a meal for a long time.

10. a. The woman will make about 30 copies b. The man is leaving the office soon. c. The man suggests 20 copies are too few.

11. a. I’ve heard much better. b. The first scene was excellent. c. I wanted to tell him, too.

12. a. I have, too. b. Neither have I. c. But, I haven’t.

13. a. Not as far as I know. b. Let’s ask for directions. c. Let’s give them a break.

14. a. Only if we both could. b. It’s been done before. c. Well, he might.

15. a. I told you to bring it with us. b. I think it’s upside down. c. I agree with your calculations.

16. a. It sure is. b. I think we should call it off. c. I’m not at all ready.

17. a. Yes, I booked a table for two. b. Yes, we are booked on the one departing at three. c. Yes, would you like fish or meat with that?

18. a. You don’t mind if I walk, do you? b. It needs at least two layers. c. Actually, it’s quite urgent.

19. a. Yes, I’m leaving in two weeks. b. No, I’m leaving on the next flight. c. It’s quite convenient if you ask me.

20. a. I think I’ll watch some television. b. I got out of bed when the sun was rising. c. I was too tired to do anything.

21. a. U.S. bases b. the FAA c. Barbados

22. a. temperature levels within the storm b. total mass of the storm c. the storm’s wind speed

23. a. via satellite b. via laptop c. via joystick

24. a. They are worried about public safety. b. The scientists will be able to improve their forecasts. c. Hurricane season lasts six months.

25. a. They often form near coastlines. b. Visibility inside them is limited. c. Their intensity may suddenly increase.

LISTENing 1

In this part of the test, you will hear ten short conversations. From the three choices given, choose the one that’s true, based upon what you hear.PART 1

In this part of the test, you will hear a statement or question. From the three choices given, choose the one which best answers the question or is best related to the statement.PART 2

In this part of the test, you will hear a short segment from a radio show. After the segment, you must answer questions 21-25 based on the information in the show.PART 3

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WRITING 1

The Importance of Content In the writing section of the ECPE, you have 30 minutes to write 250 to 300 words. Depending on your handwriting, this is about one to one and a half A4 pages. Obviously, the biggest challenge is producing a proficient piece of writing in such a short period of time, paying constant attention to grammatical accuracy, vocabulary range, structure and content. Although you will not be penalized for your content (for example if the examiner disagrees with your point of view), it is of great importance for two reasons. Firstly, your content is the vehicle of your essay. Imagine that grammar and vocabulary are the passengers of a car. They will not arrive at their destination if the car does not run. That is to say, if your content is weak, you will not be able to display your knowledge of more complex grammar or vocabulary structures. Secondly, it is very important to learn how to brainstorm for content material. Some of the topics are challenging and require considerable thought and some background knowledge.

BRAINSTORMING 1

Most people believe that laws exist to protect people and should not be broken. Nevertheless, some people may break the

law at some time for what they think are good reasons. Describe a situation in which

you think breaking the law is justified.

The Importance of BrainstormingWhen students are told how important it is to plan before writing, they invariably answer that there isn’t enough time. But consider this – statistics show that if you don’t plan, you will probably use up the full 30 minutes writing a badly organized essay, whereas if you do plan, you can produce a much higher quality composition in 20-25 minutes. In other words, it is imperative you allot about 5 minutes to preparing a good plan.

Planning as a Class Look at the following topic from a past paper.

Planning in Pairs Look at the following topics from past papers. In pairs, decide what kind of essay the topic asks for, and then write outlines like the one above.

Choose the skeleton plan that seems most appropriate.

What type of essay does this topic ask for? Tick the right answer.

opinion

for and against

description / anecdotal

problem solving

1. Some very talented amateur athletes become professional when they are 13 or 14. What

are the advantages and disadvantages of becoming a professional athlete so early in

life? Provide examples.

2. You have been left 4 things to choose from in a relative’s will: a. an old family photograph in a beautiful frame, b. something written by him/her (a diary or

a book), c. material goods like a car or jewelry, d. money.

Explain which one of the four you would choose and why.

3. Many universities have distance-learning programs, which allow students to take classes at home via mail or

the Internet rather than attend classes at some central

location. What impact, if any, has distance learning had in your country? Discuss

providing examples.

Intro the advantages and disadvantages of laws

Para. 1 the greatest disadvantage

Para. 2 description of why laws are bad - example situation

Para. 3 analysis of the situation

Conclusion that you have proved how laws can be bad

Intro laws are necessary but can sometimes be broken – mention a situation that is an exception

Para. 1 describe the situation

Para. 2 explain why the law can be broken

Conclusion although in some cases, it may be necessary, generally we should obey the law

A.

B.

P

P

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SPEAKING 1

1. I’m not so thrilled with it actually, because of the constant traffic. However, I must admit that there’s a lot to do, such as going to cafes and cinemas, and that makes things very convenient for the youth.

2. By bus, actually. It didn’t take me so long because luckily, there wasn’t much traffic today.

3. I live with my mother and younger brother. My mom’s a teacher and my brother’s a pest, but I love them both, and I’d say that generally speaking, we get along very well.

4. Well, I don’t have enough of it, to be honest. It’s a real problem for people my age; we’re so busy studying that we aren’t able to do other things. But if I have a spare moment, I love going out with my friends and either going to the cinema or just hanging out and chatting.

Look at the following responses and, in pairs, try to determine what question was asked to elicit such a response.

INTRODUCING YOURSELF

STAGE 1: INTRODUCTIONS AND SMALL TALK Examiner begins with introductions and then initiates a conversation on general topics (e.g., hometown, leisure activities) with candidates. Candidates are expected to actively participate in the conversation by providing expanded responses and also by asking each other and the examiner questions. The goal of stage 1 is for the examiner and the candidates to introduce themselves and for candidates to become comfortable interacting with each other.

5. That’s a tough question. I have to say I’m not sure right now, but I do know that it will have something to do with languages. I don’t know, perhaps a translator or something like that.

6. Mostly Greek, I’d say, because I grew up on it, and I think many of our singers are really talented. But there are many foreign bands I like as well. Basically, I listen to just about anything except for heavy metal.

WORDS OF WISDOM “What we learn only through the ears makes less impression upon our minds than what is presented to the trustworthy eye.”

Quintus Horatius Flaccus

Although it is your spoken language which is being evaluated, you should also try to make a good visual impression. You can do this by:

a) maintaining eye contact with the examiner and with your partner when speaking.

b) trying to look confident and at ease (smile!).

c) sitting up straight and not chewing gum.

What things should we do in Part One of the interview?

explain our answers in an interesting way

try to get into a dialogue with our partners

be as brief as possible when responding

be completely honest in our answers

Now, in pairs, take turns asking your partner the following questions. Take notes while he/she is talking in the space provided and present your partner to the rest of the class.

MY PARTNER

1. How many people are there in your family? Who are you closest to? Why?2. What hobbies do you have? Are they important to you?3. Describe your hometown. What do(n’t) you like about it?4. What are your (least) favorite subjects at school?

Tell me about the area you live in.

How did you get here?

Tell me a little bit about your family.

What do you do in your spare time?

What would you like to do when you finish your studies?

What kind of music do you listen to?

Not necessarily – e.g. – if you really have no idea what you

want to do as a job, make something up that’s interesting – or if

you have no real hobbies, you can exaggerate or even lie a little.

P

P

O

O

EXTRA ESSAY

PREPARATION

extr

a es

say

prep

arat

ion

296

- From an economic viewpoint

- From an ethical standpoint

- From an educational point of view

- With regard to the social aspect

- As far as health is concerned

1. ......................................................, computers are useful in the classroom as a teaching tool, since they give students the opportunity to find useful information on the Internet, thus promoting student autonomy.

2. ......................................................, it can be argued that using a car has contributed to the poor fitness levels and sedentary lives of the majority of city-dwellers.

3. ...................................................... of computers, it is an undeniable fact that

they are to a large extent responsible for the alienation and isolation experienced by most people in modern-day society.

4. ......................................................, smoking adds an extra expense to the smokers’ budget, since its cost can be quite significant estimated on a monthly basis.

5. ......................................................, experimenting with a living being - albeit cloned - may equal the capture, torture and even murder of this being.

BRAINSTORMINGFinding arguments is usually one of the most time-consuming steps of writing an essay. As you should only use 5 minutes to come up with ideas on what to write, it is useful to have a set of angles which you can use when thinking about your topic. When you are brainstorming you can examine your topic from one of the following angles: Social Health Economic Political ReligiousScientific Historical Educational Psychological Ethical

Remember: Not all topics can be viewed from all angles, so choose the ones that apply to the topic you are dealing with each time. Note: There are further angles you could add to this list e.g. personal, geographical, environmental, etc.

Exercise 9. Fill in the sentences on the right using the angles in the box:

“Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of watching TV with regard to teenagers.”

1. As far as teenagers’ psychology is concerned, ...................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................................................

2. From an educational standpoint, ..........................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................................................

3. From a social aspect, ............................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................................................

4. From an economic viewpoint, ...............................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................................................

5. From a personal point of view, ..............................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................................................

Exercise 10. Read the topic below and complete the arguments using the prompts provided. Add a clarifying sentence for each argument, as in the example:

too much violence on TVno communication / passive viewerinexpensive form of entertainment

damaging to eyes / locked up at home / no exercise opportunity to learn new things / window to the world

waste of time / neglecting homework

watching TV exposes them to a great amount of violence,

especially in films. This can be damaging to their mental health, leading to aggressive behavior and

violent outbursts.

From an educational point of view

As far as health is concerned

With regard to the social aspect

From an economic viewpoint

From an ethical standpoint

watching TV provides teenagers with an opportunity to learn new things.

It functions as a window to the world, enabling them to find out information about different cultures,

customs and lifestyles.

teenagers have no communication with other people - especially their family and

peers - when they watch TV. They become passive viewers, which contributes to their alienation from their

family.

it can be argued that watching television is an inexpensive form of

entertainment. It costs teenagers next to nothing compared to going out to the cinema to watch a film.

television can be a waste of time for teenagers. It is very easy to become

addicted and spend hours watching it without realizing it. As a result, teenagers often neglect their

homework or other duties because of the hours they spend in front of the TV screen.