context and policy options in countries with very low ...regional trends: population 1990 -2015 ......
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© Copyright 2015 United Nations Economic Commission for Europe.
Context and policy options in countries with very low fertility: UNECE region Vitalija Gaucaite Wittich/ 2-3 November 2015
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© Copyright 2015 United Nations Economic Commission for Europe.
UNECE member States
56 states, 18 % of world population, ~1/3 of world’s 65+
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Regional trends: population 1990 -2015
People in the UNECE region: live longer are healthier are better educated have fewer children, and later in
life live in more diverse family settings have higher incomes are more mobile
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UNECE countries with lowest TFR
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Source: UNECE database
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TFR changes in other UNECE countries
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Source: UNECE database
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Employment rate, 2010 (%)
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Source: UNECE database
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Childcare enrolment of <3 year old children in low fertility countries (%)
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Source: UNECE database
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Domestic activities (% of total activities)
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Source: UNECE database
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Regional trends: population
Population growth slowing or negative Ageing societies Increasing diversity
Societies can prosper with slow/negative population growth & with population ageing
if they:
anticipate change and prepare for it adapt institutions & systems invest in people’s education, health, employment and
social participation opportunities throughout the lifeICPD Beyond 2014: UNECE Regional report
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Case 1: GermanyLow fertility and high childlessness since 1970
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• Comprehensive cash benefits: maternity allowance, parental allowance, child allowance
• Flexible leave options: Maternity leave, paid parental leave for 12/14 – 24/28 (since 07/2015) months after childbirth, unpaid parental leave for up to three years
• Efforts to increase availability of childcare facilities• Incentives to share care tasks more equally and increase workforce
participation of mothers: Parental allowance is paid longer if both parents take leave or both parents work part-time
Cash benefits are found to have unfavourable cost-benefit ratioEnrolment of under 3 year olds in childcare has positive effect
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Case 2: Russian FederationLowest low fertility levels appeared first in the beginning of the 1990s
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Mainly monetary incentives• Maternal allowance (100% of previous salary) payable for 2 months
before the birth and 3 months after, up to 18 months of parental leave (partly remunerated) and up to 3 years of unpaid leave
• Care allowance (40% of salary) per child, payable until the child is 1.5 years old
• After age 1.5, families with 3+ children and low income families are entitled to monthly allowances
• Maternal Capital subsidy for the birth/adoption of a subsequent child and can only be used for specified purposes
Cash / material benefits are found to have limited effects and in the longer term may not be sustainable
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Case 3: Republic of MoldovaHigh share of children (about 30%) not living with parents
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Extensive parental leaves
• Parental leave of 34 months which can be used any time until the child reaches age 3 by either parent or a grandparent or other relative, with fixed remuneration
• Unpaid leave option for child minder of children aged 3-6 with a right to flexible work arrangements
• Means-tested assistance paid for children aged 3-6 under guardianship
• One-time birth grant
Long leaves are criticised for keeping women out of labour force
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We work on:
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Policy Briefsto actively manage knowledge on and exchange around effective policies and good practice examples for implementing the Madrid International Plan
Road Maps for Mainstreaming Ageingto provide concrete hands-on technical and policy support to countries according to their circumstances
Monitoring tools and evidence building to translate evidence into policy-advice by facilitating development of targeted indicators and strategic data
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Thank you
UNECE Population Unithttp://www.unece.org/pau/welcome.html