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ABOUT THE PROJECT

Introduction

This project report is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for MCA.The course

include a topic “Airline tickets” .This project work is a golden opportunity for us to apply the

theoretically learnt concepts for system Analysis and Designing of a system practically. Soigne

Technologies helped me a lot to work on project and how we can apply theoretical concept practically

to work on project.

The Project Title “Airline tickets” is a web based applications which involve to manage

tickets information, how many tickets on our site. .By using this, No one has to waste time to stand in

a queue to book Ticket. This Airline tickets will have all the necessary parts in order to handle the

ticket system. Customer are able to search for tickets that he/she looking in our database on the basis

of tickets date, origin . If they like to book tickets then he/she have to register for an account. Upon

registering a user can book tickets and get a confirmed Ticket to watch in theater. This system also

provide facility to customer to book tickets or International . Any user can visit this system whether

they are registered user or guest. But to book ticket first they have to login our account. To become a

member of Airline tickets it provide signup facility. To book Ticket first they have to login our

account, after that he/she can book ticket. This system also provides fare rules and terms and condition

of this system. Customer can easily use this system and book ticket. To get ticket customer have to

take printout of the ticket page.

Functions that is available for customers:

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Registration for an account

Login/Logout

Select city

Search for tickets(Domestic or International )

Book Ticket

Take Ticket

Functions that is available to Admin:

Add New tickets Information

Delete/Update tickets Information

Search particular tickets Information

Search Customer Information

Main Modules of the Project

1. Login Module

2. Search tickets Module

3. Book tickets Module

4. tickets List Report

5. Customer List Report

Login Module :-

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This is the first module of the software. This is very important from the security point of view.

Only an authorize user is allowed to enter in the system. This is assured by this module. In this module

there is login form, which has t o be filled by two information. One is User name and another is

password and one is persistent cookie which maintain user information in system. When a user enters

his name and password, the system send a request in the database to check that this user is entry is

existing there or not. If the user name and password matches the given user name and password in the

database the logging is successful and if it is not than logging is failed and an error message is

generated by the system which tells that you are not a registered user.

The user of the system is created by the system administrator. System administrator creates the

logging id and password for the user. This can be changed also by altering the entry in the database.

All the users information is stored in the database which is also very secured. So this insure the complete security for the system and prevent from the information lost.

2 .Search tickets Module:-

This is the Module in which customer can search tickets that he/she want.

This module has an input form which is being field by the user of the system. In this module

there is origin place, destination place, Depart date, Return Date. In this module there is two option

button for user one is one way and another is round way. User has to select whether he/she book one

way or Round way trip.

3. Book tickets Module:-

This is the Module in which booking information is stored.This module has an input form

which is being field by the user of the system.This module contain information related to booking of

tickets.It contain me,Address,Passenger Name, Passenger strength Chidren age.

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4. Ticket List Report :-

This module is for the report generation. The Reporting module is one of the most important

module of any system. The Correct reports provide the guarantee that the particular system in use is

functioning correct and it can be trusted for the future point of view also.

This module generates the report which helps the coordinator to view various tickets that serve

various customer. The user can not edit the information displayed the form. And a

so user.

5. Customer List Report :-

This module is for the report generation.The Reporting module is one of the most important

module of any system. The Correct reports provide the guarantee that the particular system in use is

functioning correct and it can be trusted for the future point of view also.

This module generates the report which helps the coordinator to view various customer

information that are registered in this system.The user can edit his information displayed the form.not

others he can only view other information.

FEATURES OF THE PROJECT

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“Airline tickets” will provide a lot of help to the customer. It helps customer to book ticket

online. Customer is able to search for tickets that he/she looking in our database on the basis of

tickets date, origin and destination. By using this system no one has to waste time by standing in queue

to book ticket. Customer can book ticket from anyplace whether he/she is in home or office.

There are following features of “Airline tickets”:

It provide Login/Logout facility.

Password protected user functions.

Password protected administrative functions.

It provide signup facility, to become a member.

Real client/server environment reachable all over the world.

Administrator can add infinite number of tickets information.

Administrator can able to delete, update tickets information.

Customer can able to search tickets that he/she looking.

Customer can able to book tickets & get ticket easily.

This system is easy to use no more training require.

Security measures so those only users with privileges can access the admin Module.

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ADVANTAGES OF THE PROJECT

“Airline tickets” will provide a lot of advantageous to the customer.It helps customer to book

ticket online.customer are able to search for tickets that he/she looking in our database on the basis of

tickets date,origin and destination. By using this system no one has to waste time by standing in queue

to book ticket.Customer can book ticket from anyplace whether he/she is in home or office.It provide

lot of benefits to customers.

There are following advantageous of “Airline tickets”:

It help customer to search tickets from origin to destination.

It provide login/logout facility.

It help administrator to delete,update tickets information.

It provide signup facility to become a member.

It help administrator to add infinite number of tickets information.

It help customer to book ticket online.

.It provide excellent & fast service to customer.

It save customer time,now he/she has no need to stand in a queue to book ticket.

It provide lot of benefit to company,now there is no need of large staff to manage reservation system.

It has real client/server environment reachable all around the world.

Security measures so those only users with privileges can access the admin Module.

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Microsoft .Net Framework:

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.NET Framework is made up of the Common Language Runtime (CLR), the Base Class

Library (System Classes). This allows us to build our own services (Web Services or Windows

Services) and Web Applications (Web forms Or Asp .Net), and Windows applications (Windows

forms).

Above Picture shows overall picture, demonstrating how the .NET languages follows rules provided

by the Common Language Specifications (CLS). These languages can all be used? Independently to

build application and can all be used with built-in data describers (XML) and data assessors

(ADO .NET and SQL). Every component of the .NET Framework can take advantage of the large pre-

built library of classes called the Framework Class Library (FCL). Once everything is put together, the

code

that is created is executed in the Common Language Runtime. Common Language Runtime is

designed to allow any .NET-compliant language to execute its code. At the time of writing, these

languages included VB .Net, C# and C++ .NET, but any language can become .NET- compliant, if

they follow CLS rules.

MICROSOFT .NET FEATURES:

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Powerful Windows-based Applications :

.NET comes with features such as a powerful new forms designer, an in-place menu editor, and

automatic control anchoring and docking. Visual Basic .NET delivers new productivity features for

building more robust applications easily and quickly. With an improved integrated development

environment (IDE) and a significantly reduced startup time,

Building Web-based Applications:

With Visual Basic .NET we can create Web applications using the shared Web Forms Designer

and the familiar "drag and drop" feature. You can double-click and write code to respond to events.

Visual Basic .NET 2003 comes with an enhanced HTML Editor for working with complex Web

pages.

Simplified Deployment:

With Visual Basic .NET we can build applications more rapidly and deploy and maintain them

with efficiency. Visual Basic .NET 2003 and .NET Framework 1.1 makes "DLL Hell" a thing of the

past. Side-by-side versioning enables multiple versions of the same component to live safely on the

same machine so that applications can use a specific version of a component.

Powerful, Flexible, Simplified Data Access:

You can tackle any data access scenario easily with ADO.NET and ADO data access. The

flexibility of ADO.NET enables data binding to any database, as well as classes, collections, and

arrays, and provides true XML representation of data.

Full Object-Oriented Constructs:

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You can create reusable, enterprise-class code using full object-oriented constructs. Language

features include full implementation inheritance, encapsulation, and polymorphism. Structured

exception handling provides a global error handler.

XML Web Services:

XML Web services enable you to call components running on any platform using open Internet

protocols. Working with XML Web services is easier where enhancements simplify the discovery and

consumption of XML Web services that are located within any firewall. XML Web services can be

built as easily as you would build any class in Visual Basic 6.0. The XML Web service project

template builds all underlying Web service infrastructure.

Mobile Applications:

Visual Basic .NET 2003 and the .NET Framework 1.1 offer integrated support for developing

mobile Web applications for more than 200 Internet-enabled mobile devices. These new features give

developers a single, mobile Web interface and programming model to support a broad range of Web

devices, including WML 1.1 for WAP—enabled cellular phones, compact HTML (HTML) for i-Mode

phones, and HTML for Pocket PC, handheld devices, and pagers.

Upgrade Wizard:

You upgrade your code to receive all of the benefits of Visual Basic .NET 2003. The Visual

Basic .NET Upgrade Wizard, available in Visual Basic .NET 2003 Standard Edition, and higher,

upgrades up to 95 percent of existing Visual Basic code and forms to Visual Basic .NET with new

support for Web classes and User Controls.

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Features of the Common Language Runtime:-

The common language runtime manages memory, thread execution, code execution, code

safety verification, compilation, and other system services. These features are intrinsic to the managed

code that runs on the common language runtime.

With regards to security, managed components are awarded varying degrees of trust,

depending on a number of factors that include their origin (such as the Internet, enterprise network, or

local computer). This means that a managed component might or might not be able to perform file-

access operations, registry-access operations, or other sensitive functions, even if it is being used in the

same active application.

The runtime enforces code access security. For example, users can trust that an executable

embedded in a Web page can play an animation on screen or sing a song, but cannot access their

personal data, file system, or network. The security features of the runtime thus enable legitimate

Internet-deployed software to be exceptionally feature rich.

The runtime also enforces code robustness by implementing a strict type- and code-verification

infrastructure called the common type system (CTS). The CTS ensures that all managed code is self-

describing. The various Microsoft and third-party language compilers generate managed code that

conforms to the CTS. This means that managed code can consume other managed types and instances,

while strictly enforcing type fidelity and type safety.

In addition, the managed environment of the runtime eliminates many common software

issues. For example, the runtime automatically handles object layout and manages references to

objects, releasing them when they are no longer being used. This automatic memory management

resolves the two most common application errors, memory leaks and invalid memory references.

The runtime also accelerates developer productivity. For example, programmers can write

applications in their development language of choice, yet take full advantage of the runtime, the class

library, and components written in other languages by other developers. Any compiler vendor who

chooses to target the runtime can do so. Language compilers that target the .NET Framework make the

features of the .NET Framework available to existing code written in that language, greatly easing the

migration process for existing applications.

While the runtime is designed for the software of the future, it also supports software of today

and yesterday. Interoperability between managed and unmanaged code enables developers to continue

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to use necessary COM components and DLLs.

The runtime is designed to enhance performance. Although the common language runtime

provides many standard runtime services, managed code is never interpreted. A feature called just-in-

time (JIT) compiling enables all managed code to run in the native machine language of the system on

which it is executing. Meanwhile, the memory manager removes the possibilities of fragmented

memory and increases memory locality-of-reference to further increase performance.

Finally, the runtime can be hosted by high-performance, server-side applications, such as

Microsoft® SQL Server™ and Internet Information Services (IIS). This infrastructure enables you to

use managed code to write your business logic, while still enjoying the superior performance of the

industry's best enterprise servers that support runtime hosting.

.NET FRAMEWORK CLASS LIBRARY:-

The .NET Framework class library is a collection of reusable types that tightly integrate with

the common language runtime. The class library is object oriented, providing types from which your

own managed code can derive functionality. This not only makes the .NET Framework types easy to

use, but also reduces the time associated with learning new features of the .NET Framework. In

addition, third-party components can integrate seamlessly with classes in the .NET Framework.

For example, the .NET Framework collection classes implement a set of interfaces that you can

use to develop your own collection classes. Your collection classes will blend seamlessly with the

classes in the .NET Framework.

As you would expect from an object-oriented class library, the .NET Framework types enable

you to accomplish a range of common programming tasks, including tasks such as string management,

data collection, database connectivity, and file access. In addition to these common tasks, the class

library includes types that support a variety of specialized development scenarios. For example, you

can use the .NET Framework to develop the following types of applications and services:

Console applications.

Scripted or hosted applications.

Windows GUI applications (Windows Forms).

ASP.NET applications.

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XML Web services.

Windows services.

For example, the Windows Forms classes are a comprehensive set of reusable types that vastly

simplify Windows GUI development. If you write an ASP.NET Web Form application, you can use

the Web Forms classes.

Client Application Development:

Client applications are the closest to a traditional style of application in Windows-based

programming. These are the types of applications that display windows or forms on the desktop,

enabling a user to perform a task. Client applications include applications such as word processors and

spreadsheets, as well as custom business applications such as data-entry tools, reporting tools, and so

on. Client applications usually employ windows, menus, buttons, and other GUI elements, and they

likely access local resources such as the file system and peripherals such as printers.

Another kind of client application is the traditional ActiveX control (now replaced by the

managed Windows Forms control) deployed over the Internet as a Web page. This application is much

like other client applications: it is executed natively, has access to local resources, and includes

graphical elements.

Server Application Development:-

Server-side applications in the managed world are implemented through runtime hosts.

Unmanaged applications host the common language runtime, which allows your custom managed

code to control the behavior of the server. This model provides you with all the features of the

common language runtime and class library while gaining the performance and scalability of the host

server.The following illustration shows a basic network schema with managed code running in

different server environments. Servers such as IIS and SQL Server can perform standard operations

while your application logic executes through the managed code.

Server-Side Managed code

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ASP.NET is the hosting environment that enables developers to use the .NET Framework to

target Web-based applications. However, ASP.NET is more than just a runtime host; it is a complete

architecture for developing Web sites and Internet-distributed objects using managed code. Both Web

Forms and XML Web services use IIS and ASP.NET as the publishing mechanism for applications,

and both have a collection of supporting classes in the .NET Framework.

XML Web services, an important evolution in Web-based technology, are distributed, server-

side application components similar to common Web sites. However, unlike Web-based applications,

XML Web services components have no UI and are not targeted for browsers such as Internet

Explorer and Netscape Navigator. Instead, XML Web services consist of reusable software

components designed to be consumed by other applications, such as traditional client applications,

Web-based applications, or even other XML Web services. As a result, XML Web services technology

is rapidly moving application development and deployment into the highly distributed environment of

the Internet.

The .NET Framework also provides a collection of classes and tools to aid in development and

consumption of XML Web services applications. XML Web services are built on standards such as

SOAP (a remote procedure-call protocol), XML (an extensible data format), and WSDL (the Web

Services Description Language). The .NET Framework is built on these standards to promote

interoperability with non-Microsoft solutions.

Microsoft ASP. NET:

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Introduction:-

ASP.NET is the latest version of Active server pages(ASP),Microsoft’s server-side web

technology for building dynamic,interactive and database-driven web sites.ASP.NET is the next era of

web development.ASP.Net is a new and powerful server side technology for creating dynamic web

pages.It is one of a set of technologies that comprise the Microsoft.Net Framework.It allows us to use

a full featured programming language such as C# or VB.Net to build web application easily.It gives us

full server side object oriented functionality.It is a robust,easy to use solution for developing complex

web sites,Rather then building simple pages that are only for display,you will create web pages that

visitors can interact with in wonderful ways.

ASP.Net Application are based on Common Language Runtime(CLR),.Net class

libraries & other tools integrated with Microsoft .Net framework.Asp.Net is a server technology that

brings together the different pieces of web to give web site developers more power then ever.Asp.Net

solve the problem in request/response modal.In this modal server has no idea what is happening on

client,unless it make another request.To solve this problem ther is another modal for communicating

between server & clients known as “Event Driven Modal”.In this server waits around for something to

happen on the client.Once it does,the server takes action & perform some piece of

functionality.Asp.Net relies on clever client side processing to simulate an event driven modal.Using

client side script,Asp.Net supplies information about what the client is doing during requests.whenever

something is happens on the client,a client side script executes & send information to the server just as

submitting a form send information to a server.Asp.Net ties together the server & the client,which

allows developers to do things in web pages.ASP.NET is a programming framework built on the

common language runtime that can be used on a server to build powerful Web applications.

ADVANTAGES OF ASP.NET

ASP.NET hopes to “do for the web that visual basic has done for windows.”visual basic

provides a graphical IDE,in which developers can simply drag & drop components from the toolbar

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and create traditional client/server applications.The actual coding required is minimal and contains just

application –specific logic.Asp.Net expects to reduce and replace coding with components.It heralds

the next generation of web applications,which are based on component-oriented programming.The

chief advantages of Asp.Net are listed below :-

Support For Programming Languages :-

ASP.NET pages are developed using .Net-compatible programming languages such as

VB.Net and C#.This improves performance in two ways.The source code is compiled,not

interpreted .secondly,the strong typing supported by these languages enables early binding.

Language-Independence :-

ASP.NET applications can be developed using any one of the .Net-compatible

programming languages.A single application can contain pages and components developed using

different languages.This enables you to leverage the existing programming skills of different team

members.

Simplified Development :-

ASP.NET minimizes the amount of coding required to develop an application by using

server-side controls and event-driven programming.The server-side controls are declarative in

nature.You can even convert HTML elements into server-side controls and manipulate them on the

server using an intuitive object model.

Client Platform Independence :-

ASP.NET supports multiple client platforms,including mobile devices.It supports XML

and can exchange data with other resources on the internet using this language.

Web Services :-

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ASP.NET supports the new technology of web services,which is used for accessing

application-logic and transferring data across the internet.

Support For .Net Framework :-

ASP.NET is part of the .Net Framework.The .Net Framework provides almost 4000

classes that can be used in ASP.NET pages.

Support For Caching :-

ASP.NET supports page and data caching that enables you to improve the performance of

your applications.

Support For Separation Of Code and Content :-

Usually, Web applications involved web developers, people who write the application logic,

and web designers, people who design the layout of the application. Separating code and content

enables these two groups to work independently of each other. It also simplifies maintenance.

Backward Compatibility :-

ASP.NET maintains backward compatibility with earlier versions of ASP,COM and

COM+,and even the windows operating System.The file extension of ASP.NET application

is .aspx,different from the file extension of ASP application,.asp.This implies that ASP application

can be run along with ASP.NET applications and developers can migrate to the new platform as their

requirement increase.By default,files with extension,.asp are mapped by IIS to asp.dll,and files with

the extension,.aspx are mapped to aspnet_isapi.dll.

ASP.NET AND .NET FRAMEWORK

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ASP.NET is a unified web platform that provides all the services necessary for you to build

enterprise-class applications.It,in turn,is built on the .Net Framework,so the entire framework is

available to any ASP.NET application.The .Net Framework acts as an interface between ASP.NET

applications and the operating System.

ASP.NET and .NET Framework

The .Net Framework is an application framework that provides you with thousands of

programming classes to meet almost every programming requirement.The .Net Framework also

provides the runtime environment for ASP.NET applications.

SECURITY MANAGEMENT

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Web Clients

ASP.NET Applications IIS

.NETFramework

Windows NT/2000Operating System

ASP.NET works in concert with the .NET Framework and IIS to provide web application

security.To secure an ASP.NET application,you must perform the three fundamental

functions,authentication,authorization and impersonation.

Authentication :- It assures that the user is,in fact,who the user claims to be.User

credentials(such as name and password)are validated against some authority.ASP.NET

implements additional authentication methods that apply

After IIS authentication mechanisms.ASP.NET authentication methods include windows

Authentication,passport and Forms.ASP.NET controls access to site information by compairing

authenticated credentials,or representations of them,to NTFS file system permissions or to an XML

file that lists authorized users,authorized roles Or authorized HTTP verbs.

Authorization :- It limits access rights by granting or denying specific permissions to an

authenticated identity.

Impersonation:-It enables the ASP.NET application to execute in the context of an

authenticated or anonymous user.When the request is passed to the application from IIS.Access is

then granted or denied based on the impersonated identity.IIS can also grant or deny access based on

a user’s host name or IP address.ASP.NET application developer also has access to all of the built in

security features of the .NET framework,such as code access security and role based user access

security.

OVERVIEW OF THE .NET FRAMEWORK:-

WEB SERVICES:-

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Web services provide a web-enabled user interface with tools that include various hypertext

markup language (HTML) controls and web controls. Web services also handle various web protocols,

security, when code is targeted for .NET, it is called managed code, which means that the code

automatically runs under a “contract of cooperation” with the CLR. Managed code supplies the

information necessary for the runtime to provide services such as memory management, cross-

language integration, code access security, and the automatic lifetime control of all of our objects.

The .NET Framework is a new computing platform that simplifies application development in

the highly distributed environment of the Internet. The .NET Framework is designed to fulfill the

following objectives:

To provide a consistent object-oriented programming environment whether object code is

stored and executed locally, executed locally but Internet-distributed, or executed remotely.

To provide a code-execution environment that minimizes software deployment and versioning

conflicts.

To provide a code-execution environment that guarantees safe execution of code, including

code created by an unknown or semi-trusted third party.

To provide a code-execution environment that eliminates the performance problems of scripted

or interpreted environments.

To make the developer experience consistent across widely varying types of applications, such

as Windows-based applications and Web-based applications.

To build all communication on industry standards to ensure that code based on the .NET Framework

can integrate with any other code.

The .NET Framework has two main components: the common language runtime and the .NET

Framework class library. The common language runtime is the foundation of the .NET Framework.

You can think of the runtime as an agent that manages code at execution time, providing core services

such as memory management, thread management, and remoting, while also enforcing strict type

safety and other forms of code accuracy that ensure security and robustness. In fact, the concept of

code management is a fundamental principle of the runtime. Code that targets the runtime is known as

managed code, while code that does not target the runtime is known as unmanaged code. The class

library, the other main component of the .NET Framework, is a comprehensive, object-oriented

collection of reusable types that you can use to develop applications ranging from traditional

command-line or graphical user interface (GUI) applications to applications based on the latest

innovations provided by ASP.NET, such as Web Forms and XML Web services.The .NET Framework

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can be hosted by unmanaged components that load the common language runtime into their processes

and initiate the execution of managed code, thereby creating a software environment that can exploit

both managed and unmanaged features. The .NET Framework not only provides several runtime hosts,

but also supports the development of third-party runtime hosts.For example, ASP.NET hosts the

runtime to provide a scalable, server-side environment for managed code. ASP.NET works directly

with the runtime to enable Web Forms applications and XML Web services, both of which are

discussed later in this topic.The following illustration shows the relationship of the common language

runtime and the class library to your applications and to the overall system.

The illustration also shows how managed code operates within a larger architecture.

The ADO.NET Data Architecture

Data Access in ADO.NET relies on two components: DataSet and Data Provider.

Dataset:

The dataset is a disconnected, in-memory representation of data. It can be considered as a local

copy of the relevant portions of the database. The DataSet is persisted in memory and the data in it can

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be manipulated and updated independent of the database. When the use of this DataSet is finished,

changes can be made back to the central database for updating.

Data Provider:

The Data Provider is responsible for providing and maintaining the connection to the database.

A DataProvider is a set of related components that work together to provide data in an efficient and

performance driven manner. The .NET Framework currently comes with two DataProviders: the

SQL Data Provider which is designed only to work with Microsoft's SQL Server 7.0 or later and the

OleDb DataProvider which allows us to connect to other types of databases like Access and Oracle.

Each DataProvider consists of the following component classes:

The Connection object which provides a connection to the database.

The Command object which is used to execute a command

The DataReader object which provides a forward-only, read only, connected recordset. The

DataAdapter object which populates a disconnected DataSet with data and performs update.

Data access with ADO.NET can be summarized as follows:

A connection object establishes the connection for the application with the database. The

command object provides direct execution of the command to the database. If the command returns

more than a single value, the command object returns a DataReader to provide the data. Alternatively,

the DataAdapter can be used to fill the Dataset object. The database can be updated using the

command object or the DataAdapter.

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DESIGN GOALS FOR ADO.NET:-

As application development has evolved, new applications have become loosely coupled based

on the Web application model. More and more of today's applications use XML to encode data to be

passed over network connections. Web applications use HTTP as the fabric for communication

between tiers, and therefore must explicitly handle maintaining state between requests. This new

model is very different from the connected, tightly coupled style of programming that characterized

the client/server era, where a connection was held open for the duration of the program's lifetime and

no special handling of state was required.

ADO.NET was designed to meet the needs of this new programming model: disconnected data

architecture, tight integration with XML, common data representation with the ability to combine data

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from multiple and varied data sources, and optimized facilities for interacting with a database, all

native to the .NET Framework.

In creating ADO.NET, Microsoft embraced the following design goals.

Leverage Current ADO Knowledge:-

The design for ADO.NET addresses many of the requirements of today's application

development model. At the same time, the programming model stays as similar as possible to ADO, so

current ADO developers do not have to start from the beginning in learning a brand new data access

technology. ADO.NET is an intrinsic part of the .NET Framework without seeming completely

foreign to the ADO programmer. ADO.NET coexists with ADO. While most new .NET-based

applications will be written using ADO.NET, ADO remains available to the .NET programmer

through .NET COM interoperability services.

Support The N-Tier Programming Model:-

ADO.NET provides first-class support for the disconnected, n-tier programming environment

for which many new applications are written. The concept of working with a disconnected set of data

has become a focal point in the programming model.

Integrate Xml Support

XML and data access are intimately tied — XML is all about encoding data, and data access is

increasingly becoming all about XML. The .NET Framework does not just support Web standards —

it is built entirely on top of them.

XML support is built into ADO.NET at a very fundamental level. The XML classes in

the .NET Framework and ADO.NET are part of the same architecture — they integrate at many

different levels. You no longer have to choose between the data access set of services and their XML

counterparts; the ability to cross over from one to the other is inherent in the design of both.

INTRODUCTION TO SQL SERVER

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What is SQL server?

SQL server is a client/server relational database management system

(RDBMS) that uses the transact-SQL to send request between the client and SQL server.

Why use SQL server as back end?

SQL server is designed to be a client/server system. Client/server systems are constructed so that

the database can reside on central computer known as Server and be shared among several users.

When users want to access the data in SQL server, they run an application on their local computer

known as client that connects over a network to the server running SQL server. SQL server can work

with thousands of client applications simultaneously. The server has features to prevent the logical

problems that occur if a user tries to read or modify data currently being used by others. While SQL

server is designed to work as a client/server network, it is also capable of working as a stand-alone

database directly on the client. The scalability and ease of use features of SQL server allow it to work

efficiently on a client without consuming too many resources. SQL server effectively allocates the

available resources such as memory, network bandwidth and disk I/O among the multiple users.

Advantages of SQL client are:

1. Supports multiple hardware platforms

2. Supports multiple software applications

Advantages of the SQL server are:

1. Reliable

2. Fault tolerant

3. Centralized control

4. Concurrent

5. Sophisticated locking

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The SQL Server 2003 relational database engine is an RDBMS that manages and stores data in

relational tables. Each table represents some object of interest, such as customers, employees, or

products.

The relational database engine is designed to store detailed records of transactions generated by

online transaction processing (OLTP) systems, as well as handle the online analytical processing

(OLAP) requirements of data warehouses. The relational database engine is responsible for

maintaining data security, providing fault tolerance, dynamically optimizing performance, using

locking to provide concurrency, and ensuring data reliability.

Figure: The SQL Server 2003 environment.

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Key Features:

Rich XML support.

Web enabled analysis.

Web access to data.

Application hosting.

Click stream analysis.

Full text search.

Security.

High availability.

Scalability.

Distributed portioned views.

Indexed views.

Virtual system area LAN.

Replication.

Simplified database administration.

Extend application.

English query.

Data mining.

Analysis services.

Closed loop analysis.

OLAP flexibility.

SQL Server 2003 is a comprehensive database software platform providing enterprise-class

data management and integrated business intelligence (BI) tools. The SQL Server 2003 database

engine provides more secure, reliable storage for a relational database format or XML. By supporting

both a relational database format and XML, the SQL Server 2005 database engine provides the

flexibility necessary to support the way you work. It also enables you to build and manage highly

available, well-performing database software applications that you and your people can use to take

your business to the next level.

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SQL Server Enterprise Manager :

SQLServerEnterprise Manager allows for easy enterprise-wide configuration

andmanagementof SQL and SQL Server objects. SQL Server Enterprise Manager powerful scheduling

engine, administrator alert capability,and a built-in replication management interface.You can

alsoSQLEnterprise to:

Manage logins, permissions, and users.

Create scripts.

Manage backup devices and databases.

Back up databases and transaction logs.

Manage tables, views, stored procedures, triggers, indexes.

Createfull-text indexes, database diagrams, and database .

Import and export data.

By default, SQL ServerEnterprise Manager is installed by SQL Server Setup as part of the

serversoftware on computers running Microsoft Windows and as part of the client sof on

computers running Windows NT and MicrosoftWindows95/98. BecauseSQLServer Enterprise

Manager is a 32-bit application, it cannot be installed on computers running 16-bit operating

systems.

SQL SERVER ARCHITECTURE:-

Microsoft® SQL Server™ is a Structured Query Language (SQL) based, client/server

relational database. Each of these terms describes a fundamental part of the architecture of SQL

Server.

Database: A database is similar to a data file in that it is a storage place for data. Like a data file, a

database does not present information directly to a user; the user runs an application that accesses data

from the database and presents it to the user in an understandable format. A database typically has two

components: the files holding the physical database and the database management system (DBMS)

software that applications use to access data. The DBMS is responsible for enforcing the database

structure, including:

Maintaining the relationships between data in the database.

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Ensuring that data is stored correctly, and that the rules defining data relationships are not

violated.

Recovering all data to a point of known consistency in case of system failures.

Relational Database :

There are different ways to organize data in a database but relational databases are one of the

most effective. Relational database systems are an application of mathematical set theory to the

problem of effectively organizing data. In a relational database, data is collected into tables (called

relations in relational theory). When organizing data into tables, you can usually find many different

ways to define tables. Relational database theory defines a process, normalization, which ensures that

the set of tables you define will organize your data effectively.

STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE (SQL) :-

To work with data in a database, you must use a set of commands and statements (language)

defined by the DBMS software. There are several different languages that can be used with relational

databases; the most common is SQL.Standards for SQL have been defined by both the American

Nationa lStandards Institute(ANSI) and the International Standards Organization (ISO). Most modern

DBMS products support the Entry Level of SQL-92, the latest SQL standard (published in 1992).

SQL Server Enterprise Manager :

SQL Server Enterprise Manager allows for easy enterprise-wide configuration and

management of SQL and SQL Server objects. SQL Server Enterprise Manager powerful scheduling

engine, administrator alert capability, and a built-in replication management interface.You can also

SQL Enterprise to:

Manage logins, permissions, and users.

Create scripts.

Manage backup devices and databases.

Back up databases and transaction logs.

Manage tables, views, stored procedures, triggers, indexes.

By default, SQL ServerEnterprise Manager is installed by SQL Server Setup as part of the

serversoftware on computers running Microsoft Windows and as part of the client sof on

computers running Windows NT and MicrosoftWindows95/98. BecauseSQLServer Enterprise

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Manager is a 32-bit application, it cannot be installed on computers running 16-bit operating

systems.

INTRODUCTION OF C#:

C#(C Sharp) is a new computer programming language developed by Microsoft

Corporation,USA.C# is fully object oriented language like java and is the first component-oriented

language.It has been designed to support the key features of .Net Framework,the new development

platform of Microsoft for building component based software solution.It is simple,efficient,productive

and type-safe language derived from the popular c and C++ languages.

Although it belongs to the family of C/C++,it is purely object oriented,modern language

suitable for developing web-based applications.C# is designed for building robust,reliable and durable

components to handle real-world applications.The main objectives of C# is:-

It is a brand new language derived from the C/C++ family.

It simplifies and modernizes C++.

It is the only component–oriented language available today.

It is the only language designed for the .Net framework.

It is concise,lean and modern language.

It has a lean and consistent syntax.

It is intrinsically object oriented and web enabled.

Major parts of .Net Framework are actually coded in C#.

It combines the best features of many commonly used languages:the productivity of visual

Basic ,the power of C++ and the elegance of java.

It embodies today’s concern of simplicity.

It is component oriented language available today.

The .Net platform and its technologies developed by microsoft will enable such co-operation

among web sites.C# is expected to play a major role in developing applications on co-operating

networks of websites.C# is suitable language for .Net Framework. .Net is simply the Microsoft’s

vision of “Software as a service”.Like Java,C# is a descendent of C++ which in turn is a descendent of

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C.C# borrows java features such as grouping of classes,interfaces and implementation together in one

file so that programmer can edit the code more easily.C# also handles objects using references,the

same way as java.

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PROBLEM FORMULATION

Formulation of web based system and applications represents a sequence of web engineering

action that begins with the identification of business needs,moves into description of webapp

objectives,defines major features and functions and perform requirement gathering that leads to the

development of an analysis model.Formulation focuses on the “big picture” on business needs and

objectives and related information.

PROBLEM DEFINITION

Before doing any step of software development as Analysis,Design,testing,and

implementation,there is a need of first defining a problem.One must know what the problem is before

it can be solved.The basis for a candidate system is recognition of need for improving an information

system or procedure.This is the first step in an initial investigation to define the problem that led user

request.The problem must be clearly understood and agreed upon by the user and the analyst.It must

state the objectives the user is trying to achieve and the result the user wants to see.Emphasis should

be on logical requirements of the problem rather then the physical requirements.

Among the most fundamental principles of software engineering is:Understand the problem

before you begin to solve it,and be sure that the solution you conceive is one that people really

want.Another fundamental software engineering principle is:plan the work before you begin

performing it. This problem definition is helpful in Requirement Analysis.The goal of this activity is to

understand the requirement of new system to be developed.Understanding the properties of new

system that does not exist is more difficult and requires creatives thinking.The problem is more

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complex because an automated system offers possibilities that do not exist otherwise.Consequently,

even the client may not really know the needs of the system.The analyst has to make the client aware

of the new possibilities, thus helping both client and analyst determines the requirements for the new

system. Solving a problem without a clear knowledge of its components may turn out to be a futile

exercise. So a problem statement has to be prepared which explains every minute detail of the problem

beyond doubt.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION

The General Description describe all the information related to this project.It describe the main

motivation for the webapp,the objective that webapp must fulfill and who will use the webapp.

USER PROBLEM STATEMENT:-

This statement describe the problem definition of the proposed system.The problem definition

of the Airline tickets is to book Ticket online(means to book ticket at anyplace)never stand in long

queue. It is a Web Based Application to develop website in which end user interact with the webapp

easily.In this analyst communicate with customer and get more information to make project more

manageable. sometimes customer do not know the exact requirement they want,in this case analyst

suggest requirement that to be include in proposed system.In problem statement customer define the

following things:

The Overall objective of the webapp.

The user’s background and sophistication relative to the content and functionality of the

webapp.

It define how will the user arrive at the webapp.

It define the user category who will use the application.

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That will be user friendly.

That will restrict the user from accessing other user’s data.

USER OBJECTIVES AND GOALS :-

The objectives of the proposed system is a description of webapp objectives, defines major

features and functions.Formulation allows stakeholders and the web engineering team to establish a

common set of goals and objectives for the construction of the webapp.It also identifies the scope of

the development effort and provides a means for determining a successful outcome.The objective of

Airline tickets is to Book Ticket online.To Develop a web Based System,advancement over a

computer Based System.The main objective of Airline tickets to provide more facility to

customer,easily accessible over the web.The following statement describe the main motivation for the

webapp :

“Airline tickets will allow customer to Book Suitable Air Ticket at anyplace never stand in long

queue.”

In General,WebApplication identified the two categories of Goals:

Informational Goals-Indicate an intention to provide specific content and information for the

end user.

Applicative Goals-Indicate the ability to perform some task within the webapp.

In the context of this,one Informational Goal of Airline tickets:

“The site will provide users with a suitable tickets information, Fair information,seat information to

Book AirTicket”.

The one Applicative Goal of Airline tickets:

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“This site will query the user about the tickets that customer want to take and give suitable

tickets information.”

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EXISTING SYSTEM:-

Existing System helps developer in collecting information, he/she can examine what is needed in

proposed system, what are the Demerit in existing system and why we need a new system.

Formulation begins with customer communication that addresses the reasons for the webapp-what is

business need ,which end user are targeted, what features and functions are desired,what existing

system and Databases are to be accessed. The present system is totally manual. Retrieving the

information of a particular trainee increases the possibilities of errors. Moreover processes like

searching and tracking the records takes too much time.

Also, generating reports needs lots of formatting and labor each time for individual trainee.

LIMITATION OF EXISTING SYSTEM:-

The Existing System is a computer based system, in which database is place at one location which is

not accessible outside. And the customer have to go to booking Office

And book Ticket, and there is so much wastage of time for customer. To provide more

facilty and to overcome time problem there is a need of new system arise.

The limitation of Existing System, the customer who want to Book tickets have to go

to Booking office and waits a long time and stand in a queue so there is need of new

System arise.

In Existing System, there is so much wastage of time for customer.

It is very costly.

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Searching the information of particular tickets is tedious task.

The new proposed system establish to overcome these problems in which customer don’t have to wait

and he/she can Book Ticket immediately.

PROPOSED SYSTEM :-

Proposed system is a system which is computerized in every manner. These systems are not just

fulfilling requirements but they are capable of doing such complex, tedious and cumbersome tasks.

Accessing of data by hand is satisfactory only when the amount of data to processed is small and also

the manual data processing is how, monotonous & often subject to error. The need of proposed

system arises to overcome the limitation of existing system.

FEATURES OF PROPOSED SYSTEM

The feature of Airline tickets to overcome the limitation of computer based system. It has to fulfill all

customer requirements. In this proposed system customer do not have to wait long time and he/she can

book Ticket immediately. There are following features in a proposed system:-

It solves the time problem and customer doesn’t have to wait long time.

This System Book Ticket immediately.

It provide login/logout facility.

It provide signup facility, to become a member.

It is Real client/server environment reachable all over the world.

Administrator can add infinite number of tickets information.

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Administrator can able to delete, update tickets information.

Customer can able to search tickets that he/she looking.

Customer can able to book tickets & get ticket easily.

This system is easy to use no more training require.

BENEFITS OF PROPOSED SYSTEM:-

There is a lot of benefits of new proposed system which overcome the problem of existing system. Our

system is “Airline tickets” which is improvement over computer based system. The Benefits of our

System:

In this customer don’t have to wait long time to Book Ticket.

There is no need of large staff to manage this; the whole data is manage in tables.

The customer who wants to book Movie ticket, search for tickets from origin to

destination and to book suitable tickets he/she want.

It provide signup facility, to become a member.

Real client/server environment reachable all over the world.

Administrator can add infinite number of tickets information.

Administrator can able to delete, update tickets information.

Customer can able to search tickets that he/she looking.

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Customer can able to book tickets & get ticket easily.

This system is easy to use no more training require.

Security measures so those only users with privileges can access the admin Module.

FEASIBILITY STUDY

An initial investigation culminates in a proposal that determines whether a alternative system is

feasible.when approved,the proposal initiates a feasibility study that describes and evaluates candidate

system and provide for the selection of the best system that meets performance requirements.To do

feasibility study,we need to consider the economic ,technical and behavioral factors in system

development.Many feasibility studies are disillusioning for both users and analysts.First,the study

often presupposes that when the feasibility document is being prepared,the analyst is in a position to

evaluate solutions.second,most studies tend to overlook the confusion inherent in system

development.The feasibility study is to serve as decision document,it must answer three key questions:

Is there a new and better way to do the job that will benefit the user?

What are the cost and savings of the alternatives?

What is recommended?

A feasibility study is defined as an evaluation or analysis of the potential impact of a proposed

project. A feasibility study is conducted to assist decision makers in or determining whether or not to

implement a particular project program. It is performed to describe and evaluate candidate system

and to provide for the selection of best system that meets system performance requirement.

During the course of completion of this project work the complete analysis of the proposed

system was done. In the analyzing task a complete care about the feasibility of the proposed system

was taken. The following feasibility analysis was carried during the course of this project work on

“Airline tickets”:

Economic Feasibility

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Technical feasibility

Operational feasibility

ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY

The cost involved in designing and implementation of the proposed system is as follows:

Analysis and Design Cost : The cost of analysis & designing can be worked out by calculating

the number of human days spend on the analysis and designing of the project and then

multiplying the number of days with the cost of human day.

Programming Cost : The cost is also calculated by calculating the number of human days

spends on the coding of the project and then multiplying the number of the days with the cost

of human day.

Stationary and Miscellaneous Expenses : The cost of computer stationary is less than the cost of

other not computer based stationary.

TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY

The existing hardware and software facilities support the proposed system. Computers and

storage media are available and the software can be developed. Basic technical requirement of the

system and all aspects that the existing system facilities.

Hardware: There’s need of Pentium machines with windows 2000 Server and printer for

reports.

Manpower: The technical and non-technical staff required to implementing this system.

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OPERATIONAL FEASIBILITY

The present system is operationally feasible, as it has become easy to have details regarding

which user has logged on the system and time of login, time of logon, and what information is

transferred.

The above details regarding the feasibility study show that the design of proposed system is

very effective.

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SYSTEM ANALYSIS

INTRODUCTION

“Analysis” is the process of understanding the existing system by gathering and interpreting

the facts, diagnosing the problems. It is not just to determining the how best to solve the manual

system problems, it should also work for the system observes the feasibility of system then design,

coding phases will be executed. Analysis phase delivers requirements specification .The system

specification serves as an interface between the designer and developer as well as between developers

and users. This describes the external behavior of the software without bothering about the internal

implementation. Specification must be carefully checked for suitability, omission, inconsistencies and

ambiguities.

The basic aim of problem analysis is to obtain a clear understanding of the needs of the clients

and the users. Analysis involves interviewing the clients and end users. These people and the existing

document about the current mode of operation are the basic source of information for the analyst. The

process of obtaining answers to the questions that might arise in an analyst’s mind continues until the

analyst feels that all the information has been obtained.

Analysts not just collect and organize the information but they also act as consultants who play

an active role of helping the clients and users to identify their need. Due to this, analysts thoroughly

understand the problem domain and purpose of automation. During analysis following issues must be

kept in mind: -

1. Obtain the necessary information for solving the problem.

2. Gathered information must be properly organized.

3. Resolving contradiction that may exist in the information gathered.

In the analysis phase, we apply the “divide and conquer” technique. That is, decompose the problem

into sub problems and its relationship to another sub problem in an effort to understand the whole

problem. Generally, during analysis, partitioning is done with respect to objects/functions. Here we

apply it according to function. A function is a task, service, process, mathematical function or activity

that is now being performed by the system that will be built to solve the real problem.

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There are three basic approaches to problem analysis:

1. Informal approach

2. Modeling based approach

3. Prototyping

The informal approach doesn’t use any methodology for problem analysis. The analyst relies on his

experience and uses questionnaires, forms, interviews etc. to elicit the information about the problem.

In modeling-based approach, a formal model is built for problem solving. This approach uses the

principle of partitioning for building the model.

In prototyping, the problem is analyzed and requirements are understood through the feedback from

the users working on a prototype system.

In the project “ Airline ticketst”, we use the modeling-based approach for the analysis of problem.

According to this approach, we break the whole working in different modules, such as, generating

Registering a member, Search for tickets, Book tickets, Display tickets list. Modeling approach

generates the structure representing some aspect of problem. The structured analysis method helps the

analyst to decide at which time and what type of information is needed for the analysis. It is a top-

down approach, which was originally called structured analysis.

Problem analysis is performed to get a clear understanding of the needs of the clients and the users and

what exactly is desired from the software. Analysis leads to the actual specification. During the

process of analysis, a massive amount of information is collected in the form of interviews,

questionnaires, and information from documentation, and so forth. The major problem during analysis

is resolving how to organize the information from documentation. So the information can be

effectively evaluated for completeness and consistency.

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USER REQUIREMENTS

The user requirements should define the fundamental actions that must take place in the software in

accepting and processing the inputs and in processing and generating the outputs.

In our webapp “Airline tickets” the requirement is to satisfy customer to book Ticket.customer can

search tickets and can book suitable tickets that he/she want.The client of this system want this

system should be very attractive and it interact more easily with customer.It stated following features

that are available in this system:

Functions that is available to customer:

Registered for an account

Login/Logout

Check password if forgot

Search tickets

Update tickets Information

Submit tickets Information

Book particular tickets

Take ticket

Functions that is available to Admin:

Add new tickets information

Update tickets Information

Delete tickets Information

Check customer information who registered

Add new employee information

Update/Delete tickets Information

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Entities that is available in this system:

Customer

Administrator

tickets

Book tickets

Ticket

THE USER HIERARCHY:-

The categories of end user who will interact with the webapp are identified as part of the formulation

and requirement gathering tasks.In most cases,user categories are relatively limited and a UML

representation of them is unnecessary.However,When the number of user category grows,it is

sometimes advisable to develop a user hierarchy.In Airline tickets there are three types of users who

can interact with this webapp.The follwing figure shows the user who can interact with the webapp:

Airline tickets Users

Guest Customer service Registered staff User

New Existing Customer Customer

User Hierachy For Airline tickets Guest:-A guest is a user who visit the site but does not register. such user often searching for

general information.

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Registered User :-A registred user takes time to provide contact information.There are two

categories of user:

New Customer:-A registered who wants to customize and then book tickets.

Existing Customer:-A user who already registered in Airline tickets.

Customer Service Staff:-These are special users who can also interact with Airline tickets.

After the user hierarchy developing use case diagram .Use cases are developed for each user category

described in user hierarchy .In the context of web engineering, the use cases itself is relatively

informal-a narrative paragraph that describes a specific interaction between a user and the webapp. A

use case diagrams are created for created for each user category, a top level view of externally

observable webapp requirements is developed. Use cases are organized in to functional packages.

Each package is assessed to ensure that:

Comprehensible: The entire stakeholder understands the purpose of the package.

Cohesive:-The package addresses functions that are closely related to one another.

Loosely coupled:-Functions or classes within the package collaborate with one another,but

collaboration outside the package is kept to a minimum.

ANALYSIS MODEL

A webapp analysis model is driven by information contained within the use-cases that have

been developed for the application. Use cases descriptions are parsed to identify potential analysis

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classes and the operations and attributes associated with each class. content to be presented by the

webapp are identified and functions to be performed are extracted from the use case

descripition.Finally,implementation specific requirement should be developed so that the environment

and infrastructure that support the webapp can be built.Four Analysis activity each contributing to the

creation of a complete analysis model are:

Content Analysis :-

This Analysis activity identifies the full spectrum of content to be provided by the

webapp.content includes text,graphics and images and video and audio data.The content Model

contains structural elements that provide an important view of content requirements for a webapp.

Interaction Analysis :-

It describes the manner in which the user interacts with the webapp.The interaction model

is composed of four elements :Use cases,Sequence Diagrams,State Diagrams and a user interface

prototype.

Functional Analysis :-

It defines the operation that will be applied to webapp content and describes other

processing functions that are independent of content but necessary to the end user.The functional

model addresses two processing elements of the webapp,each representing a different level of

procedural abstraction :User observable functionality that is delivered by the webapp to end users

and the operations contained within analysis classes that implement behaviour associated with

classes.

Configuration Analysis :-

It describe the environment and infrastructure in which the webapp resides.

SYSTEM REQUIREMENT

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HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

This system is developed on the following hardware configuration.

Pentium III processor

504 MB RAM

Hard disk 69.2 GB

Microsoft Compatible 101 or more Key Board

Scroll Mouse

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

This system is developed using the following software.

Operating System:Windows XP Professional Service Pack 2 With Internet Information Server

Technology: ASP.NET

Data Access Component : ADO.NET

Back End: MS SQL Server 2000

Front End: Microsoft ASP.NET 3.5 with C#

PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS

1. Every query should generate results in maximum 30 seconds.

2. When user press the save button TC number should be automatically generate.

3. Every report should be generated in maximum 30 seconds.

4. User interaction with keyboard should be minimum.

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5. To avoid the wrong entries a message should be display.

DFD AND E-R DIAGRAM

E-R Diagram :-

In this model objects of similar structures are collected into an entity set.The relationship between

entity sets is represented by a named E-R relationship and is 1:1(one to one),1:N(one to many) or

M:N(many to many) mapping from one entity set to another.The database structures,employing the E-

R model is usually shown pictorially using entity relationship(E-R)diagrams.The E-R diagram are

useful in representing the relationship among entitites.The following terms used in E-R Diagram :-

Entity:-An entity is a person,place ,thing,event or concept about which information is recorded.

Attribute:-Attribute gives the characterstic of the entity.In other words,every entity has some basic

attribute that characterize it.

Entity Type:-An entity type is defined as a collection of entities that have the same attributes.

Relationships:

One to One(1:1)

One to many(1:N)

Many to Many(N:N)

Many to One(N:1)

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E-R DIAGRAM

DATA FLOW DIAGRAM(DFD)

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Airline tickets

tickets info.

Customer info

Reports

tickets & customer info

Confirmed Ticket

The DFD represent a System requirement in a graphical form,this led to a modular design.A DFD is also known as bubble chart has the purpose of clarifying system requirements and identifying major transformations that will become programs in system design.so it is the starting point of the design phase that functionally decomposes the requirements specifications down to the lowest level of detail.A DFD consist of a series of bubbled joined by lines.The bubbles represent data transformations and the lines represent data flow in the system.

Context Diagram

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Request For Web Page Login

Sign up Check

Search

Ticket

Payment Book ticketsInformation File Information File

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Customer

Get a list of ticket

MakePayment

For ticketss

Get a list of password

Enter the username&Password

Verify username & password

Enter Booking Information

EnterCustomer Information

tickets information

File

Customer Table

Customer Table

DFD 1)

For Customer Login

Admin Password

Request For Login Web Page

Check

For valid user

tickets Information File

DFD 2) For Admin

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Admin

Enter the username&Password

Get a list of password

Verify username & password

Delete,UpdateAdd,tickets

Information

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SYSTEM DESIGN

OVERVIEW:-

After the Analysis phase is completed, the System Design phase is started.The Design for

webapp encompasses technical and non-technical activities.The look and feel of content is developed

as part of graphic design,the aesthetic layout of the user interface is created as part of interface design

and the technical structure of the webapp is modeled as part of architectural and navigational design.In

every instance, a design model should be created before construction begins.when design is applied

within the context of web engineering,both generic and specific issues must be considered.From

generic viewpoint,design results in a model that guides the construction of the webapp.

DESIGN GOALS

The following design goals that are applicable to virtually every webapp regardless of

application domain,size,or complexity :

Simplicity :_ Although it may seem old-fashioned,the aphorism “all things in moderation” applies to

webapps.There is tendency among some designers to provide the end-user with “too much”-exhaustive

content,extreme visuals,intrusive animation,enormous web pages.

Consistency : This design goal applies to virtually every element of the design model.content should

be constructed consistently.Graphic design should present a consistent look across all parts of the

webapp.Architectural Design should establish templates that led to consistent hypermedia structures.

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Identity : The aesthetic ,interface,and navigational design of a webapp must be consistent with the

application domain for which it is to be built.The webapp architecture will be entirely different

interfaces will be constructed to accommodate different categories of users,navigation will be

organized to accomplish different objectives.

Robustness :Based on the identity that has been established,a webapp often makes an implicit

“promise” to a user.The user expects robust content and functions that are relevant to the user’s need.

Navigability : In webapp navigation should be simple and consistent.It should also be designed in a

manner that is intuitive and predictable.That is,the user should understand how to move about the

webapp without having to search for navigation links .

Visual Appeal : webapp are unquestionably the most visual,the most dynamic,and the most

unapologetically aesthetic.Beauty is undoubtedly in the eye of the beholder,but many design

characterstics do contribute to visual appeal.

Compatibility : A webapp will be used in a variety of environment(e.g different hardware,Internet

connection types,operating System,browsers)and must be designed to be compatible with each.

DESIGN ACTIVITY :-

In webapp there are following Design activity:

Interface Design:-It describe the structure and organization of the user interface.Includes a

representation of system layout,a definition of the modes of interaction and a description of navigation

mechanisms.

Aesthetic Design :- This is also called Graphic Design.It describe the “look and feel” of the

webapp.Includes color schemes,geometric layout,size,font and placement,the use of graphics and

related aesthetic decisions.

Content Design:-It defines the layout,structure and outline for all content that is presented as part of

the webapp.Establishes the relationships between content object.

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Navigation Design:-It represents the navigational flow between content objects and for all webapp

functions.

Architecture Design :-It identifies the overall hypermedia structure for the webapp.

Database Structure

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:

60

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PHYSICAL DATABASE DESIGN

The following SQL DDL scripts were used to create the tables on the Sql Server 2000

We first started with the entities that weren’t dependent on any other tables; namely

Customer_Information, tickets_Information. From there we go in order of dependencies.

USE [master]GO/****** Object: Database [tcb_db] Script Date: 12/30/2010 18:53:23 ******/CREATE DATABASE [tcb_db] ON PRIMARY ( NAME = N'tcb_db', FILENAME = N'C:\Program Files\Microsoft SQL Server\MSSQL.1\MSSQL\Data\tcb_db.mdf' , SIZE = 2240KB , MAXSIZE = UNLIMITED, FILEGROWTH = 1024KB ) LOG ON ( NAME = N'tcb_db_log', FILENAME = N'C:\Program Files\Microsoft SQL Server\MSSQL.1\MSSQL\Data\tcb_db_log.LDF' , SIZE = 768KB , MAXSIZE = 2048GB , FILEGROWTH = 10%) COLLATE SQL_Latin1_General_CP1_CI_ASGOEXEC dbo.sp_dbcmptlevel @dbname=N'tcb_db', @new_cmptlevel=90GOIF (1 = FULLTEXTSERVICEPROPERTY('IsFullTextInstalled'))beginEXEC [tcb_db].[dbo].[sp_fulltext_database] @action = 'enable'endGOALTER DATABASE [tcb_db] SET ANSI_NULL_DEFAULT OFF GOALTER DATABASE [tcb_db] SET ANSI_NULLS OFF GOALTER DATABASE [tcb_db] SET ANSI_PADDING OFF GOALTER DATABASE [tcb_db] SET ANSI_WARNINGS OFF GOALTER DATABASE [tcb_db] SET ARITHABORT OFF GOALTER DATABASE [tcb_db] SET AUTO_CLOSE OFF GOALTER DATABASE [tcb_db] SET AUTO_CREATE_STATISTICS ON GOALTER DATABASE [tcb_db] SET AUTO_SHRINK OFF

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GOALTER DATABASE [tcb_db] SET AUTO_UPDATE_STATISTICS ON GOALTER DATABASE [tcb_db] SET CURSOR_CLOSE_ON_COMMIT OFF GOALTER DATABASE [tcb_db] SET CURSOR_DEFAULT GLOBAL GOALTER DATABASE [tcb_db] SET CONCAT_NULL_YIELDS_NULL OFF GOALTER DATABASE [tcb_db] SET NUMERIC_ROUNDABORT OFF GOALTER DATABASE [tcb_db] SET QUOTED_IDENTIFIER OFF GOALTER DATABASE [tcb_db] SET RECURSIVE_TRIGGERS OFF GOALTER DATABASE [tcb_db] SET DISABLE_BROKER GOALTER DATABASE [tcb_db] SET AUTO_UPDATE_STATISTICS_ASYNC OFF GOALTER DATABASE [tcb_db] SET DATE_CORRELATION_OPTIMIZATION OFF GOALTER DATABASE [tcb_db] SET TRUSTWORTHY OFF GOALTER DATABASE [tcb_db] SET ALLOW_SNAPSHOT_ISOLATION OFF GOALTER DATABASE [tcb_db] SET PARAMETERIZATION SIMPLE GOALTER DATABASE [tcb_db] SET READ_WRITE GOALTER DATABASE [tcb_db] SET RECOVERY SIMPLE GOALTER DATABASE [tcb_db] SET MULTI_USER GOALTER DATABASE [tcb_db] SET PAGE_VERIFY CHECKSUM GOALTER DATABASE [tcb_db] SET DB_CHAINING OFF

The following SQL scripts were used to populate all of the tables with sample data. Once we have all

of the entities created from the scripts above, we can start to populate data in the tables.

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OVERVIEW OF TESTING PROCESS:

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Testing is a process of executing a program with the intent of finding an error. A good test case

is the one that has a probability of finding an as yet undiscovered error. If testing is conducted

successfully (according to the objective stated) it will uncover errors in the software. As secondary

benefit, testing demonstrates that software function appears to be working according to the

specification that performance requirements appear to have been met. In addition data collected as

testing is conducted provides a good indication of software reliability and some indication of software

quality as a hole

Testing is the set of activities that can be planned in advance and conducted systematically. It

is an integral part of program development. It is in this stage, which we check that the program, that

has been coded, performs according to the user’s requirements. The purpose of doing test is not to

demonstrate that there are no errors in the program but to detect any bugs that may still exist.

In the testing stage, the main aim is to look for errors that unknowingly have been occurred. It

is common misconception that the purpose of testing is to prove that a program is working correctly.

This is dangerous myth because it can lead insufficient testing, and program with hidden fault.

Because the actual result and expected result may differ in the field of reality and it can be hazardous

for a program.

The importance of software testing and its implications with respect to software quality cannot

be over emphasized. Software testing is a crucial element of software quality and represents the

ultimate review of specification design and coding.

The increasing visibility of software as a system element and the attendant ‘costs’ associated

with a software failure are motivating forces for well planned, thorough testing. It is not unusual for

software development organization to expend 40% of total project effort on testing.

Testing is the process of exercising software with the intent of finding errors.This fundamental

philosophy does not change for webapps.In fact,because web based systems and applications reside on

the network and interoperate with many different operating systems,browser,hardwre platforms and

backroom applications,the search for errors represents a significant challenge for web engineers.The

webapp testing process begins by focusing on user-visible aspects of the webapp and proceeds to tests

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that exercise technology and infrastructure.Seven testing steps are performed:

content,interface,Navigation,component,configuration,Performance,and security testing.

The testing process for webapp engineering begins with test that exercise content and interface

functionality that is immediately visible to end users.As testing proceeds,aspects of the design

architecture and navigation are exercised.The user may or may not be cognizant of these webapp

elements.Finally,the focus shifts to tests that exercise technological capabilities that are not always

apparent to end user-webapp infrastructure and installation issuses.

OBJECTIVE OF TESTING

Testing is a technique that uncover error in the webapp. There are following objectives of Testing:

The content model for the webapp is reviewed to uncover errors.

The interface model is reviewed to ensure that all the use-cases can be accommodated.

The design model for the webapp is reviewed to uncover navigation errors.

The user interface is tested to uncover errors in presentation and navigation mechanics.

Selected functional components are unit tested.

Performance tests are conducted.

The webapp is tested by a controlled and monitored population of end-users;the results of their

interaction with the system are evaluated for content and navigation errors.

There are seven testing steps that are performed during this webapp:

Content Testing :-It attempts to uncover errors in content.This testing activity is similar in many

respects to copy-editing for a written document.In fact,a large web site might enlist the services of a

professional copy editor to uncover typographical errors,grammatical mistakes,errors in content

consistency,errors in graphical representations and cross referencing errors.

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Interface Testing:-It exercises interaction mechanisms and validates aesthetic aspects of the user

interface.The intent is to uncover errors that result from poorly implemented interaction mechanisms

or omissions,inconsistency or ambiguities that have been introduced into the interface inadvertently.

Navigation Testing :- Navigation Testing applies use-cases,derived as part of the analysis activity,in

the design of test cases that exercise each usage scenario against the navigation design.Navigation

mechanisms implemented with in the interface layout are tested against use-cases to ensure that any

errors that impede completion of a use-cases are identified and corrected.

Component Testing:-It exercise content and functional units within the webapp.When webapp are

considered,the concept of the unit changes.The “unit” of choice within the content architecture is the

web page.Each web page encapsulates content,navigation links,and processing elements.A “unit”

within the webapp architecture may be defined functional component that provides service directly to

an end user or an infrastructure component that enables the webapp to perform all of its capabilities.It

also called “Function Testing”.

Security Testing :-It incorporates a series of tests designed to exploit vulnerabilities in the webapp

and its environment.The intent is to demonstrate that a security breach is possible.

GUI Testing Input/Output Testing:GUI testing is done to ensure the uniform look on feel of the user

interface components across the application. All major elements of the graphical interface such as

windows, mouse operations etc were validated during GUI testing, various selections were made

through mouse and keyboard to ensure that it works both ways. It was tested that appropriate message

appear to guide the user through the course of action.It was checked whether all the required outputs

are generated and are in the desired and proper format. Also it should serve the purpose for which the

application was designed.

Integration Testing:-Navigation and component testing are used as integration testing.The strategy

for integration testing depends on the content and webapp architecture that has been choosen.If the

content architecture has been designed with a linear,grid,or simple hierarchical structure,it is possible

to integrate web pages in much the same way as we integrate modules for conventional

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software.Thread based testing can be used to integrate the set of web pages required to respond to a

user event.Regression Testing is applied to ensure that no side effects occur.Cluster testing integrates a

set of collaborating pages.Test cases are derived to uncover errors in the collaborations.

Configuration Testing :-It attempts to uncover errors that are specific to a particular client or server

environment.A cross reference matrix that defines all probable operating systems,browsers,hardware

platforms and communication protocols is created.Tests are then conducted to uncover errors

associated with each possible configuration.The job of configuration testing is not to exercise only

client side,rather it is to test a set of probable client side and server side configuration

Performance Testing:-It encompasses a series of tests that are designed to assess 1.how webapp

response time and reliability are affected by increased user traffic,2.which webapp components are

responsible for performance degradation and what usage characterstics cause degradation to occur and

how performance degradation impacts overall webapp objectives and requirements.

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OVERVIEW OF IMPLEMENTATION

Implementation is the process of having systems personnel check out and put new equipment

into use, train users, install the new application and construct any files of data needed to use it. This

phase is less creative than system design. Depending on the size of the organization that will be

involved in using the application and the risk involved in its use, systems developers may choose to

test the operation in only one area of the firm with only one or two persons. Sometimes, they will run

both old and new system in parallel way to compare the results. In still other situations, system

developers stop using the old system one day and start using the new one the next. The

implementation phase is less creative than system design.It is primarily with user training,site

preparation and file conversion.when the candidate system is linked to terminals or remote sites,the

telecommunication network and test of the network along with system are included under the

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implementation.During final testing,user acceptance is tested,followed by user training.Depending on

the nature of the system,extensive user training may be required.conversion usually takes place at

about the same time the user is being trained.

Evaluation of the system is performed to identify its strengths and weaknesses. The actual evaluation

can occur along any of the following dimensions:

i. Operational Evaluation : Assessment of the manner in which the system functions, including

case of use, response time, overall reliability and level of utilization.

ii. Organizational Impact : Identification and measurement of benefits to the organization in such

areas as financial concerns, operational efficiency and competitive impact.

iii. User Manager Assessment : Evaluation of the attitudes of senior and user manager within the

organization, as well as end-users.

IMPLEMENTATION TOOLS:

Training of personnel

Conversion procedures

Post-implementation review or evaluation

Training of personnel:

The high quality training is an essential step in systems implementation. Hence to provide the

training to personnel they have been provided user manuals. They are asked to read it carefully and

same thing try practically on computer. If they don’t understand any thing, can ask without any

hesitation. They are asked to enter the data, which is more frequently entered, and print the reports are

frequently printed. Users are told about those situations, which he must understand and he should able

to handle it.

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Conversion Method:

The direct conversion method is applied. This method converts from old to the new system

abruptly. The old system is used till a planned conversion day. The organization relies fully on the new

system.

Evaluation Or Post Implantation Review:

After the system is implemented and conversion is complete, a review is conducted to

determine whether system is meeting expectations and where improvements are needed. A post

implementation review measures the systems performance against pre-determined requirements. It

determines how well the system continues to meet performance specifications. It also provides

information to determine whether major re-design or modification is required. In evaluation system is

checked against the pre-determined requirements. All the requirements have been fully attained.

Where there was any mistake that had handled through system life cycle. Problem is solved and

checked against the original facts.

REVIEW PLAN:

For review a team is planned. The Team shall prepare a formal plan around the objectives of

the review. An overall plan covers the following areas:

Administrator Plan: Review area objectives, operating costs, actual operating performance

and benefits.

Personnel Requirements Plan: Review performance objectives and training performance to

data.

Hardware Plan: Review performance specifications

Documentation Review Plan: Review the system development efforts.

i. Administrative Plan

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User Objective: This is an extremely crucial area since it may be possible that over a period of

time the system does not meet the initial objectives of the user or objectives get changed as a

result of changes in the overall objectives of the organization. The results of the evaluation are

documented for future reference.

Operating costs and benefits: Under the administration plan, current budget designed

manipulate costs and savings of the system will closely reviewed.

ii. Personnel Requirement Plan

Personnel old performance objectives will be compared with current performance levels.

Training performance through testing, conducting interviews and other data gathering

techniques.

iii. Hardware Plan

The hardware of the new system will also review. But as we are using existing hardware which

full fill the requirement of project. Hence the cost of hardware is not increased.

iv. Documentation Review Plan:

The reason for review plan is to evaluate the accuracy and completeness of the documentation

compiled to date and to its conformity with documentation standards established earlier.

SYSTEM MAINTENANCE:

The last part of system development life cycle is system maintenance, which is actually the

implementation of the post-implementation plan. Hence Programmers/ Analyst spends sufficient time

for maintaining programs.

Hence maintenance will cover a wide range of activities including correcting coding and

design errors, updating documentation and test data and upgrading user support. Many activities

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classified as maintenance actually fall under enhancements. Hence in maintenance of system

enhancement also takes place. Therefore in maintenance addition, modification, re-developing of code

will take place to support changes in specification.

Maintenance is the enigma of system development. It holds the software industry captive,

typing up programming resources. Analysts and programmers spend far more time maintaining

programs than they do writing them.

It basically includes the following activity:

Correcting design errors

Correcting coding errors

Updating, documentation and test data

Adding, modifying or redeveloping the code

Regular acceptance and validation testing

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SITE MAP

Airline tickets

To learn this system manually following steps are necessary to learn.There are follwing steps

to learn system manually:

To use this system manually,first user has to make account in our database.Because only

existing customer can book tickets in this system.so first they have to become member of this

site.

When they become member of this site,then they login our account to process information or

use the page sin our site.

After that to search for tickets on the basis of origin,Destination and tickets date.If tickets

available on selected date then he/she goes further otherwise it display message sorry.No

tickets available on selected date.

If tickets list available then he/she book tickets on this site in which he/she have to give

payment detail.

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After that take printout of ticket page.

For admin if admin login on this he has the authority to add new tickets information,

delete/update exiting tickets information. Admin has the authority to view customer

information who sign up in this system.

tickets DETAILS

INSERT New tickets Information

MODIFY Existing tickets Information

DELETE Existing tickets Information

tickets Report

Customer Report

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LIMITATION OF PROJECT

As we have recognized the problems in old computerized system and we make a proposed

system means,we have made changes in the old system so as to make improvements.

I have completed this project to much extent and has included all the thigs but still I have not made all

the queries and all the possibilities of data that user can enter.That’s why I can not say that my project

is versatile.

Some of the limitation in my project:

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I have just taken two or three queries and there result while there can be much more.

There are few reports in my project but there can be much more.

As in internet,there may be hacking problem.

To run this project on another system,there must be .Net platform and Sql server and internet

browser.

From Admin point of view,much knowledge required for handling it.

To run this project ASP.NET difficult to install and to configure it with IIS.

So.these are some limitations in my project but these can be removed if my project is studied again

and any person want to enhance it.

FUTURE SCOPE OF IMPROVEMENT

The design of our Airline tickets has been a success. We took the initial requirements of the

system, wrote function system requirements, developed an ER diagram, and created the physical

database design.Our system known as “Airline tickets” that has been proposed means some

improvements were required in that system and if we make these improvements then there will be

many advantages of that proposed system :

Provision for effort estimation :

In the next phase we provide the provision for effort estimation of a programmer.

Reporting is also generate in graphical view :

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In the next phase reporting part should be generated in the graphical form because client is also

see the status of the project.

Monitoring the performance of programmer :

It is very easy to monitoring the performance of the programmer by the help of this

application. So we will create the new module

which generate the performance.

More reports can be generated :

In the next phase reporting part should be generated in the graphical form because client is also

see the status of the project.

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REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHYREFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY

Books:

Microsoft Visual C#. NET - Microsoft Press

Beginning ASP.NET 2.0 with C# - Wrox Publications

Professional C# 2005 - Wrox Publications

System Analysis & Design - Awad Publications

Building Web Database Step by Step - Universal Books

Software Engineering - N. S Gill

Web Sites:

www.w3schools.com www.dotnetspider.com www.javascipt.com www.tech-soigne.com www.joblagao.com (Received Mentorship from experts)

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