Contexts of developmentContexts of developmentexampleexample

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Contexts of development: Childbirth

What information does this scene provide about the contexts (cultural, socioeconomic, historical etc.) in which this birth is occurring?

What does this birth environment suggest about the future care and well-being of this child?

What does the “breast crawl” suggest about the child’s role in their development? Active/passive?

RoadmapRoadmap

RoadmapRoadmap

RoadmapRoadmap

Introduction to Development

What is development?

Development-continuity and change in the body or behavior across time

Developmental psychology-the study of continuity and change in the body and/or behavior over time

Introduction to Development

What is development?

Development-continuity and change in the body or behavior across time

Developmental psychology-the study of continuity and change in the body and/or behavior over time

Developmental questions

What causes some children to be bullies? Why do some children learn to read with little

effort, but others require extensive help? How and when do children learn to

distinguish fantasy from reality? In what ways is brain development affected

by experience? Can infants add and subtract? Others? Your questions.

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EriksonErikson

Neo-FreudianNeo-Freudian PsychoPsychosocial social theorytheory More emphasis on More emphasis on culturalcultural influences influences Children as Children as activeactive explorers explorers

Erikson’s stagesErikson’s stages

Trust vs. mistrust (birth-1 yr.)Trust vs. mistrust (birth-1 yr.) Autonomy vs. shame (1-3)Autonomy vs. shame (1-3) Initiative vs. guilt (3-6)Initiative vs. guilt (3-6) Industry vs. inferiority (6-11)Industry vs. inferiority (6-11) Identity vs. role confusion (Adolescence)Identity vs. role confusion (Adolescence) Intimacy vs. isolation (Early adulthood)Intimacy vs. isolation (Early adulthood) Generativity vs. stagnation (Middle adulthood)Generativity vs. stagnation (Middle adulthood) Ego integrity vs. despair (Late adulthood)Ego integrity vs. despair (Late adulthood)

Find or better yet, come up with Find or better yet, come up with your own example to illustrate your own example to illustrate

each of Erikson’s stages!each of Erikson’s stages! Trust vs. mistrust (birth-1 yr.)Trust vs. mistrust (birth-1 yr.) Autonomy vs. shame (1-3)Autonomy vs. shame (1-3) Initiative vs. guilt (3-6)Initiative vs. guilt (3-6) Industry vs. inferiority (6-11)Industry vs. inferiority (6-11) Identity vs. role confusion (Adolescence)Identity vs. role confusion (Adolescence) Intimacy vs. isolation (Early adulthood)Intimacy vs. isolation (Early adulthood) Generativity vs. stagnation (Middle adulthood)Generativity vs. stagnation (Middle adulthood) Ego integrity vs. despair (Late adulthood)Ego integrity vs. despair (Late adulthood)

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PiagetPiaget

Greatest influence on modern study of Greatest influence on modern study of developmentdevelopment

Children are explorers who Children are explorers who activelyactively construct knowledge of worldconstruct knowledge of world

Study using open-ended clinical interviewsStudy using open-ended clinical interviews Four broad stages of developmentFour broad stages of development

(assumed NO changes past adolescence!) (assumed NO changes past adolescence!)

Important Piagetian conceptsImportant Piagetian concepts Scheme/aScheme/a: organized pattern of though/action to explain : organized pattern of though/action to explain

experience (e.g., your idea of what going to a movie is like: experience (e.g., your idea of what going to a movie is like: arrive, buy tickets, sit down, etc.)arrive, buy tickets, sit down, etc.)

AssimilationAssimilation: interpretation using existing cognitive structures : interpretation using existing cognitive structures (e.g., You like Sara and think she’s nice. She hits your car, you (e.g., You like Sara and think she’s nice. She hits your car, you assume it was an accident.)assume it was an accident.)

AccommodationAccommodation: changing existing schemas to explain new : changing existing schemas to explain new experience (e.g., You hear a nasty rumor about Sara. You experience (e.g., You hear a nasty rumor about Sara. You believe it and so you decide that she’s not a nice person and believe it and so you decide that she’s not a nice person and stop talking to her.)stop talking to her.)

Four stages of developmentFour stages of development

SensorimotorSensorimotor: infant sensation and : infant sensation and movement to explore (birth-2 yrs.)movement to explore (birth-2 yrs.)

PreoperationalPreoperational: symbolic, but illogical : symbolic, but illogical thinking based on early action patterns thinking based on early action patterns

(2-7)(2-7) Concrete-operational:Concrete-operational: more organized more organized

cognition and reasoning (7-11)cognition and reasoning (7-11) Formal-operational: Formal-operational: complex, abstract complex, abstract

reasoning system (11 yrs.+)reasoning system (11 yrs.+)

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0-2 years0-2 years

Object PermanenceObject Permanence The understanding that objects and The understanding that objects and

persons continue to exist even when persons continue to exist even when they cannot be seen (8-12 mos.)they cannot be seen (8-12 mos.)

A-not-B error, perseveranceA-not-B error, perseverance

Piaget's Sensorimotor stagePiaget's Sensorimotor stage

ExamplesExamples

Other Piagetian tasksOther Piagetian tasks

Object permanenceObject permanence

TeratogensTeratogens

Environmental agent (drug, chemical, Environmental agent (drug, chemical, virus, other) virus, other) contributes to a birth defect/damage during contributes to a birth defect/damage during

prenatal developmentprenatal development

70-80% of cases the exact 70-80% of cases the exact causecause of birth of birth defect or damage remains unknown defect or damage remains unknown

FAS/FAEFAS/FAE

Teratogens: FAS/FAETeratogens: FAS/FAE

Case of IyalCase of Iyal

FAS is a FAS is a permanentpermanent condition. It affects condition. It affects every aspect of an individual’s life and the every aspect of an individual’s life and the lives of his or her family. lives of his or her family.

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The Miracle of LifeThe Miracle of LifeView at least 2 sections of the View at least 2 sections of the NOVA Miracle of Life VideoNOVA Miracle of Life Video

The newbornThe newborn

Reflexes: Reflexes: Unlearned, organized, involuntary Unlearned, organized, involuntary

responsesresponses Automatic in response to certain Automatic in response to certain

stimulistimuli In newborns, shortly thereafterIn newborns, shortly thereafter May even be well-practiced before May even be well-practiced before

birth!birth!

Infant imitation:Infant imitation:

Imitate basic visual and auditory sensory Imitate basic visual and auditory sensory input within a few hoursinput within a few hours

E.g., facial expressions and movementsE.g., facial expressions and movements

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Time magazine coverTime magazine cover

What are your reactions?What are your reactions?

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Formula costsFormula costs

Do a brief Google or other search to Do a brief Google or other search to determine to cost of infant formula for one determine to cost of infant formula for one year.year.

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Benefits of breastfeedingBenefits of breastfeeding

BabyBaby MomMom EconomicEconomic Example of GhanaExample of Ghana

Right or wrong?Right or wrong? Heinz’s dilemma exampleHeinz’s dilemma example

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Three stagesThree stages

Pre-conventional (social norms)Pre-conventional (social norms)

Conventional (consequences)Conventional (consequences)

Post-conventional (individual principles)Post-conventional (individual principles)

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Marshmallow taskMarshmallow task

2 years2 years FunnyFunny Instant gratificationInstant gratification Oliver and BreanneOliver and Breanne

Normal Age-Related Changes Normal Age-Related Changes in Cognitionin Cognition

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Normal Age-Related Changes Normal Age-Related Changes in Cognitionin Cognition