Contextual TeachingContextual Teaching

Some QuestionsSome Questions

What is the purpose of the educational What is the purpose of the educational system today and in the future?system today and in the future?Will lecture-and-test teaching increase Will lecture-and-test teaching increase student achievement?student achievement?Will classical content-centered teaching Will classical content-centered teaching lower the high school dropout rate?lower the high school dropout rate?Will theoretical teaching help students Will theoretical teaching help students become better connected with real-life become better connected with real-life problem-solving issues?problem-solving issues?

Contextual TeachingContextual Teaching

Way individuals learn bestWay individuals learn bestStudents connect life with knowledgeStudents connect life with knowledgeBrain connects knowledge and applicationBrain connects knowledge and applicationBrain connects knowing and doingBrain connects knowing and doingBrain connects content and contextBrain connects content and contextBrain is limited in dealing with material that Brain is limited in dealing with material that does not connectdoes not connect

Try ThisTry This

Memorize the following:Memorize the following:– CreCre– BliBli– RetRet

Now memorize these:Now memorize these:– ChairChair– WaterWater– LightLight

And these . . .And these . . .– MoneyMoney– ShoppingShopping– BargainsBargains

And finally . . .And finally . . .– Beverly went shopping for bargains.Beverly went shopping for bargains.

Development vs TeachingDevelopment vs Teaching

Child developmentChild development– Handle thingsHandle things– ExploreExplore– Knock down, set up, put togetherKnock down, set up, put together– Crawl, walk, talk, imitateCrawl, walk, talk, imitate

Teaching processTeaching process– Passive learningPassive learning– Look, sit, listen, memorizeLook, sit, listen, memorize

Contextual Teaching FrameworkContextual Teaching Framework

Learning for acquisition of knowledgeLearning for acquisition of knowledgeLearning for applicationLearning for applicationLearning for assimilationLearning for assimilationLearning for associationLearning for association

TimeTime

Contextual teaching takes more timeContextual teaching takes more timeTeachers are asked to teach more not lessTeachers are asked to teach more not lessEffectiveness determined by students’ Effectiveness determined by students’ performance on standardized testsperformance on standardized tests– Do not connect with real lifeDo not connect with real life– Do not evaluate problem solvingDo not evaluate problem solving– Reveal socioeconomic makeupReveal socioeconomic makeup

Education’s OptionsEducation’s Options

College prep curriculum for everyoneCollege prep curriculum for everyoneDumb down teachingDumb down teachingExamine barriers and change approachesExamine barriers and change approaches

Study ResultsStudy Results

Students tried harder and more interestedStudents tried harder and more interestedStudents behaved betterStudents behaved betterStudents accepted more responsibilityStudents accepted more responsibilityGreater learning progress Greater learning progress

Work-Based LearningWork-Based Learning

Learning experiences and activities that Learning experiences and activities that are based on and in some type of work are based on and in some type of work setting or simulated work setting setting or simulated work setting (apprenticeship, internship, co-op, on-the-(apprenticeship, internship, co-op, on-the-job training, career academies, school-job training, career academies, school-based enterprises, job simulation)based enterprises, job simulation)

On-the-Job InstructionOn-the-Job Instruction

Coaching as trainee works and produces Coaching as trainee works and produces useful product or provides serviceuseful product or provides serviceUsually occurs at time neededUsually occurs at time neededCan occur in some classroomsCan occur in some classroomsProjects and exercises designed to Projects and exercises designed to provide application of on-the-job skillsprovide application of on-the-job skills

OJT Supervisors Should . . .OJT Supervisors Should . . .

Provide opportunities for realistic learningProvide opportunities for realistic learningUse slack periods for instructionUse slack periods for instructionProvide trainees with new technical Provide trainees with new technical informationinformationBe open to trainee suggestionsBe open to trainee suggestions

Planning InstructionPlanning Instruction

Analyze task – skills and knowledgeAnalyze task – skills and knowledgeDetermine needed instructionDetermine needed instructionPlan and schedule instruction Plan and schedule instruction – (See Figure 14-4, page 259)(See Figure 14-4, page 259)

Provide instructionProvide instructionEvaluate final resultsEvaluate final resultsProvide for further practiceProvide for further practice

Execution of OJT InstructionExecution of OJT Instruction

Relaxed atmosphereRelaxed atmosphereUnhurried instructionUnhurried instructionProvide relevance and advantagesProvide relevance and advantagesDemonstrate one step at a timeDemonstrate one step at a timeExplain, demonstrate, test, and make Explain, demonstrate, test, and make provisionsprovisions

Execution of OJT InstructionExecution of OJT Instruction

Trainee should be able to devote attentionTrainee should be able to devote attentionAllow minor problems at firstAllow minor problems at firstDirect correction at performanceDirect correction at performanceMaintain emotional controlMaintain emotional controlFollow instruction with questionsFollow instruction with questionsFollow up frequently and provide Follow up frequently and provide encouragementencouragement

OJT Progress Chart (Figure 14-5)OJT Progress Chart (Figure 14-5)

Compares present abilities against present Compares present abilities against present and future requirementsand future requirementsSpotlights training needs and records Spotlights training needs and records progressprogressCan be used to decide who does whatCan be used to decide who does what

Effective Supervision and OJTEffective Supervision and OJT

Two-way communicationTwo-way communicationAppropriate performance standardsAppropriate performance standardsParticipation in planningParticipation in planningTeam spiritTeam spiritAchievement recognitionAchievement recognitionAnalysis of underlying causes of errorsAnalysis of underlying causes of errorsGood working conditionsGood working conditions

Effective Supervision and OJTEffective Supervision and OJT

Constructive criticismConstructive criticismAtmosphere of approvalAtmosphere of approvalCoaching to correct defectsCoaching to correct defectsEffective delegationEffective delegationClear instructions and assignmentsClear instructions and assignmentsEffective trainingEffective training

Your TurnYour Turn

Prepare an OJT Lesson Plan OutlinePrepare an OJT Lesson Plan Outline– Flossing and brushing teethFlossing and brushing teeth– Preparing PB & J sandwichPreparing PB & J sandwich– Wash carWash car– Bathe dogBathe dog

Industry-Based InstructionIndustry-Based Instruction

Benefit – direct application to performanceBenefit – direct application to performanceWorkers need to update and upgrade Workers need to update and upgrade skillsskillsSponsored, planned, designed, Sponsored, planned, designed, conducted, and evaluated at job siteconducted, and evaluated at job site

Functional SkillsFunctional Skills

Reading – technical informationReading – technical informationWritingWritingSpeakingSpeakingListeningListeningReasoningReasoningComputationComputationComputer literacy – WP & SS softwareComputer literacy – WP & SS software

Soft SkillsSoft Skills

Interpersonal skillsInterpersonal skillsAttitudesAttitudesProject managementProject managementNegotiationNegotiationDecision makingDecision makingTeam skillsTeam skills

Technical SkillsTechnical Skills

Task-specific skillsTask-specific skillsCollect, graph, analyze and program dataCollect, graph, analyze and program dataRecognize alternative solutionsRecognize alternative solutionsComputer-related technologyComputer-related technologyMath and science skillsMath and science skillsProgramming, database management, Programming, database management, and Internet usageand Internet usage