continuedcontinued

A day to night method of sleep is called the A day to night method of sleep is called the circadian rhythm.circadian rhythm.

This corresponds with the pattern of the sun This corresponds with the pattern of the sun as in sunrise and sunset.as in sunrise and sunset.

But If you take away all time cues then you But If you take away all time cues then you body will run off a 25 hr clock called free-body will run off a 25 hr clock called free-

running rhythmrunning rhythm

continuedcontinued

• Sleep is divided into stages based on brain waves

• EEGs or electroencephalograms which provide a picture of the electrical activity of the brain

Stages of sleepStages of sleep

• First stage produces small irregular waves called beta waves

• As sleep gets deeper then the transfer to theta waves

• Second stage pattern of waves are called sleep spindles – Broken up into K complexes which are large, slow

waves.– Skeletal muscles are completely relaxed in this stage

Stages continuedStages continued

• Stages 3 & 4 delta waves are common but with a larger proportion of them in stage 4

• all stages beside the last one are considered non-rem or NREM– The eyes are still

REM (rapid eye movement)REM (rapid eye movement)

• In this stage the eyes move vigorously.– This is associated when dreaming however is

not the only stage where you sleep

This is also called paradoxical sleep because the brain waves show as you are awake

InsomniaInsomnia

• This is lack of sleep, which can take the form of an inability to fall asleep or to maintain sleep.

• Stress, can cause temporary insomnia

as can alcohol or a stimulant as caffeine

Narcolepsy Narcolepsy

• Is the inability to stay awake– They have urges to sleep at inappropriate

times– They only sleep for a few minutes– Can be treated but the cause of the disorder

is unknown

Sleep ApneaSleep Apnea

• Is a disorder in which a person repeatedly stop breathing while sleeping

• It happens hundred of times during sleep leaving the sufferer exhausted during the day– Correlated with obesity ad also liked to

alcohol consumption– SIDS maybe be a form of sleep apnea

HypnosisHypnosis

• Is an altered state of consciousness which the hypnotized person is under complete relaxation.– Neodissociative theory: somehow divides or

dissociates the mind into two parts– Posthypnotic suggestion: are instructions

given to people when they are hypnotized that are to be implented after they wake

Psychoactive drug effectsPsychoactive drug effects

• Another way to receive alter state is by using psychoactive drug– Divided into four broad categories

• Central nervous system (CNS)• CNS stimulants• Narcotics• Hallucinogens

CNS depressantsCNS depressants

• Are drugs that slow down the CNS– Include alcohol, barbiturates and tranquilizers elevate your mood and relax inhibitions while

the same time inducing intoxicationIntoxication = state of behavioral and cognitive

impariamentAlcohol = decrease neural dopamine levels,

reduction in attention and motor abilityIncludes dizziness, slurred speech, impaired

judgment. etc

BarbituratesBarbiturates

• Are drugs hat inhibit neural arousal centers– Results in decreased anxiety, increase

relaxation and sleep– Very dangerous when mixed with alcohol– And very addictive

Tranquilizer – reduce anxiety w/o inducing sleep

CNS stimulantsCNS stimulants

• Caffeine is a mild CNS. This accelrates your heart rate and constricts blood vessels

• Reduces levels of Adenosine, a nuerochemical regulator

• Amphetamines powerful CNS, increase body temp & heart rate– Found in most diet products

ContinuedContinued

• Cocaine is an extremely potent, increases heart rate and blood pressure– Users feel as though they have increased

mental and social ability– Highly addictive

Nicotine – found in tobacco smoke, mixed with stimulant & depressent behavioral effects