contraception - overview
TRANSCRIPT
The term contraception refers to the process of avoiding
pregnancy while engaging in sexual intercourse.
The main aim of contraception is family planning.
Mostly used to prevent overpopulation and STD’s.
Also recommended in women suffering from heart diseases
Contraceptives methods in females:- Spacing methods
◦ Rhythm method◦ Barrier method◦ Chemical methods◦ IUCDS
Terminal methods◦ Surgical methods
Tubectomy Laparoscopic occlusion
◦ Medical termination of pregnancy Dilatation and Curettage Vaccum aspiration Administration of prostaglandins
Vaginal Ring (NuvaRing)
NuvaRing is a flexible plastic (ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer) ring that releases a low dose of a progestin and an estrogen over 3 weeks.
DIAPHRAGM The diaphragm is a flexible rubber cup that is filled with spermicide and self-inserted over the cervix prior to intercourse. The device is left in place several hours after intercourse. The diaphragm is a prescribed device fitted by a health care professional and is more expensive than other barrier methods, such as condoms
Cervical Cap
The cervical cap is a flexible rubber cup-like device that is filled with spermicide and self-inserted over the cervix prior to intercourse. The device is left in place several hours after intercourse. The cap is a prescribed device fitted by a health care professional and can be more expensive than other barrier methods, such as condoms.
Chemical barriers
Creams, Gels,Foams
Film,Sponge
◦Chemical methods◦ Oral contraceptives are the drugs
taken by mouth (pills) to prevent pregnancy.
◦ These pills prevent pregnancy by inhibiting maturation of follicles and ovulation.
◦ The menstrual cycle becomes the anovulatory cycle.
◦ These pills contain synthetic estrogen and progesterone.
◦ Contraceptive pills are of three types:
◦ 1. Classical or combined pills◦ 2. Sequential pills◦ 3. Minipills or micropills.◦ 4. Post – coital pills
Oral pills
Combined pill
Most commonly used contraceptive method throughout the
world. It contain 21 tablets of estrogens & progestrones.
Marketed in India as Mala N and Mala D.
Beginning on the 5th day of first cycle it is taken for 21 days at
the same time of day. Then 7 days gap is given. During this
time there will be estrogen withdrawl bleeding which is scanty.
Then another fresh packet is started.
To avoid confusion of one week gap government supplied
packets contain 28 tablets. 21 are steroid 7 are placebos (may
contain ferrons fumarate).
Risks Risk of excess mortality due to cardiovascular causes
(CAD, strokes, thrombo embolism). Increase in the incidence of endometrial and breast
cancers. Liver disorders, lactational problems. Breast tenderness, weight gain, headache and
bleeding disorders.
Benefcial effects: Include protection from benign breast diseases, ovarian
cysts, iron deficiency anemias, pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy, ovarian cancers.
Progesterone only pill- Mini pill
Prescribed in older women in whom combined pills are
contra indicated due to cardiovascular disorders.
Postcoital contraception (Morning after
pill)
With in 72 hours After a unprotected intercourse women
takes 2 tablets of combined oral pills immediately,
followed by another 2 tablets after 12 hours.
Prevents pregnancyEases menstrual crampsShortens periodRegulates period
Positive Benefits of Birth Control Pills Decreases
incidence of ovarian cysts
Prevents ovarian and uterine cancer
Decreases acne
• Breast tenderness• Nausea• Increase in
headaches
• Moodiness• Weight change• Spotting
Side-effects
Depot preparationsDepo-Provera
Birth control shot given once every three months to prevent pregnancy
99.7% effective preventing pregnancy No daily pills to remember
Tubal Ligation- Tubectomy Surgical procedure performed on a woman Fallopian tubes are cut, tied, cauterized, prevents eggs
from reaching sperm Failure rates vary by procedure, from 0.8%-3.7%
Contraceptives methods in males:-
Spacing methods
◦ Natural methods or coitus interruptus
◦ Barrier method
◦ Chemical methods
Terminal methods
◦ Surgical methods
Vasectomy
No scalpel vas occlusion
◦ Miscellaneous methods
Hot bath
Tight fitted dresses
Barrier methods - MALE CONDOM• Most common and effective barrier method when used
properly• Latex and Polyurethane should only be used in the
prevention of pregnancy and spread of STD’s (including HIV)
Condom It is the most widely known and used barrier device by
males around the world. In Indai it is better known by its trade name ‘NIRODH’ a
sanskrit word. It is applied over the erect male gential organ just before
intercourse. Application of spermicidal jelly to vagina is more effective. The sperms do not meet the ovum. For each sex act a new condom is to be used.
It is reliable, cheap, easy to use, reversible with no complications.
It also protects from sexually transmitted diseases (STD).