contract law at the end of this lecture you should have an understanding of: -how contract law...
TRANSCRIPT
CONTRACT LAW
At the end of this lecture you should have an understanding of:- how contract law developed in England- the essential ingredients of a contract- judicial approaches to finding the
existence of a contract
Common law – birth of contract law
• Contract law developed through the courts of common law – the ‘writ’ system
• Pickering v Thoroughgood 1533
• General cause of action – assumpsit
• Slade’s case 1602
Developments from the 16th to 19th centuries
• Consideration
• Industrial revolution
• Principle of ‘laissez-faire’
• Treatises on contract
20th century developments
• Problems with principle of ‘laissez-faire’
• Judicial intervention in contracts
• Statutory intervention in contracts
Definition of a contract
Is it possible?
Tentatively:
‘a legally binding agreement or set of promises between two or more parties’
Simple contracts – how found?
‘An Englishman is liable, not because he has made a promise, but because he has made a bargain’
Chesire, Fifoot and Furmston’s
Law of Contract (14th edition) page 32
Job of the judge
When a case is brought to court the task of the judge is to determine OBJECTIVELY from all the evidence what was:
- Said
- Written
- Done
External evidence
‘In contracts you do not look into the actual intent in a man’s mind. You look at what he said and did … a man cannot get out of contract by saying “I did not intend to contract” if by his words he has done so.’
Per Lord Denning in Storer v Manchester City Council 1974
Balancing interests
The judge has to balance the conflicting interests of ‘certainty’ and ‘fairness’
Contrasting cases:
Centrovincial Estates plc v Merchant Investors Assurance Co Ltd 1983
Hartog v Colin and Shields 1939
OFFER
An offer is:‘an expression of a willingness to be
legally bound as soon as this expression, by words or conduct, has been accepted by the party or parties to whom it was addressed’
Offeror Offeree
Hallmarks of a valid offer
For there to be an offer:
- negotiations must be finished
- the offer must be specific enough
- the offer must be known to the offeree
Two contrasting cases
Sudbrook Trading Estate Ltd v Eggleton 1983
Bushwall Properties Ltd v Vortex Properties Ltd 1976
Cross offers
An offer is effective only when it is
communicated to the offeree
Thus, cross offers do not make a contract
Tinn v Hoffman and Co 1873
Difficult cases
‘English law, having committed itself to a rather technical and schematic doctrine of contract, in application takes a practical approach, often at the cost of forcing the facts to fit uneasily into the marked slots of offer, acceptance and consideration.’
Per Lord Wilberforce in New Zealand Shipping Co Ltd v Satterthwaite 1975
Finding a valid offer
• Preliminary negotiations
• Advertisements
• Goods on display in shops/catalogues
• Auctions
• Tenders
Goods on display in shops
• Fisher v Bell 1961
• Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots Cash Chemists (Southern Ltd) 1953
Auctions
• Payne v Cave 1979
• Harris v Nickerson 1873
• Barry v Heathcote Ball and Co (Commercial auctions) 2001