contract re09sak052 summary and analysis filetable 1. mean cover values and standard deviations of...
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Data summaries and statistical analysis for the St. Mary (EP1365) and Shelterwood (EP1104.01) projects
Submitted by Marc Jones
Contract No. RE09SAK052
This report provides summary tables, statistical analyses, and model diagnostics for data collected in 2008 for the St. Mary and Shelterwood projects. Summary tables provide means and standard deviations of treatments for vegetation layers, common species (species with mean cover values >1%), and species richness. Values are for 2008 data from the St. Mary (Table 1) and Shelterwood (Table 2) projects. Means and standard deviations of treatment units for the St. Mary and Shelterwood projects are provided in Appendix A and B, respectively.
Methods
Two criteria were used to determine whether response variables would be analyzed with analysis of variance or a non‐parametric alternative (Kruskal‐Wallis test for St. Mary data, Friedman rank sum test for Shelterwood data): homogeneity of variance across treatment groups and the normal distribution of model residuals. I initially analyzed all variables with ANOVA, using a one‐way ANOVA based on plot averages (algebraically equivalent to a mixed model where plots are nested within treatment units) for St. Mary data and ANOVA for a randomized block design for the Shelterwood data. I examined diagnostic plots to determine whether model assumptions were met. I then compared ANOVA diagnostic plots after response cover values had been arcsine square root transformed (log transformed in the case of species richness data). For the St. Mary data, transformed cover values improved model assumptions for Amelanchier alnifolia, Juniperus communis, and Larix occidentalis, while transformation improved model assumptions in nearly all cases for the Shelterwood data (Appendices C and D). Finally, I tested the assumption of constant error variance with either Levene’s test (St. Mary data) or with the Breusch‐Pagan test using the Cook‐Weisberg criterion (Shelterwood data). Based on tests and diagnostic plots, all response variables were analyzed with ANOVA, except for Arctostaphylos uva‐ursi, Calamagrostis rubescens, Chimaphila umbellata, Linnaea borealis, Shepherdia canadensis, and Symphoricarpos albus, which were analyzed with Kruskal‐Wallis tests (St. Mary data), and the C vegetation layer, Acer glabrum, Amelanchier alnifolia, Mahonia aquifolium, and Ptilium crista‐castrensis, which were analyzed with Friedman tests (Shelterwood data). I assessed multiple comparisons between treatment levels for ANOVA models with Tukey’s Honest Significant Difference, which uses a Studentized range statistic with a specified family‐wise probability (set at α = 0.05). Multiple comparisons for Kruskal‐Wallis tests were done with two‐sample Wilcoxon rank sum tests with a Bonferroni correction. No post‐hoc testing was done for Friedman tests, as treatment effects were not significant in any of these models. Analysis results are incorporated into the treatment summary for the St. Mary data (Table 1), but are presented in Table 3 with transformed cover values for the Shelterwood data. Response values are based on summed cover values for the B1 and B2 layers.
Table 1. Mean cover values and standard deviations of vegetation layers, common species, and species richness by RBA treatments for 2008 St. Mary data. Differences in treatment means were evaluated using ANOVA (F‐ratio statistic based on 3 and 12 degrees of freedom), except for Arctostaphylos uva‐ursi, Calamagrostis rubescens, Chimaphila umbellata, Linnaea borealis, Shepherdia canadensis, and Symphoricarpos albus, which were evaluated with Kruskal‐Wallis tests (χ2‐statistic). F‐ratios for Amerlanchier alnifolia, Juniperus communis, and Larix occidentalis are based on arcsine square root transformed data. Means with different superscript letters are significantly different according to Tukey’s Honest Significant Different method (ANOVA models). Treatments (μ ± sd)
Layer uncut high med low F / χ2 p B1 8.6 ± 4.7 10.3 ± 5.2 9.7 ± 7.1 8.9 ± 4.9 0.08 0.97 B2 17.2 ± 9.3 24.8 ± 6.7 23.3 ± 6.0 21.2 ± 4.1 0.95 0.45 C 6.3 ± 2.2a 14.8 ± 3.8b 20.4 ± 6.5b 14.4 ± 1.8ab 8.33 0.003 D 3.3 ± 1.3 5.6 ± 5.2 7.6 ± 5.6 3.1 ± 2.3 1.11 0.38 Species AMELALN 1.4 ± 1.6 1.4 ± 1.4 1.9 ± 2.2 0.5 ± 0.4 0.64 0.60 ARCTUVA 0.0 ± 0.1 1.6 ± 1.3 2.5 ± 3.8 1.1 ± 1.2 8.15 0.04 CALARUB 3.5 ± 0.7 6.3 ± 2.0 9.3 ± 4.5 6.3 ± 3.0 6.83 0.08 CHIMUMB 0.9 ± 1.0 1.0 ± 0.6 1.0 ± 0.7 1.1 ± 0.2 0.37 0.95 JUNICOM 4.8 ± 9.3 1.0 ± 1.5 0.6 ± 1.0 1.6 ± 2.5 0.23 0.87 LARIOCC 0.3 ± 0.4 1.5 ± 0.9 1.4 ± 1.9 1.8 ± 1.5 2.24 0.14 LINNBOR 0.6 ± 0.4 2.1 ± 1.2 3.8 ± 0.9 3.7 ± 2.6 10.13 0.02 MAHOAQU 1.8 ± 0.8 3.0 ± 1.0 2.3 ± 1.4 3.9 ± 1.9 1.77 0.21 PSEUMEN 9.0 ± 4.8 12.2 ± 5.7 9.8 ± 6.4 11.0 ± 4.1 0.28 0.84 SHEPCAN 0.6 ± 0.6 3.9 ± 2.9 4.5 ± 6.3 2.0 ± 2.2 4.53 0.21 SPIRBET 6.3 ± 1.7 9.7 ± 1.5 7.4 ± 2.4 7.3 ± 2.6 1.84 0.19 SYMPALB 1.2 ± 1.1 1.0 ± 1.1 4.8 ± 5.6 0.8 ± 0.8 1.81 0.61 richness 13.0 ± 2.1 16.5 ± 2.9 18.2 ± 2.3 17.8 ± 2.8 3.42 0.05
Table 2. Mean cover values and standard deviations of vegetation layers, common species, and species richness by RBA treatments within blocks for 2008 Shelterwood data. Treatments
15 m2 20 m2 30 m2 40 m2 60 m2
Layer μ sd μ sd μ sd μ sd μ sd Total 85.6 12.2 81.1 6.4 85.7 11.8 91.2 5.8 93.6 0.3 B1 28.5 22.0 21.2 19.2 8.0 8.8 4.3 4.8 6.9 0.4 B2 40.4 6.1 39.1 8.0 37.2 10.0 39.2 4.4 34.5 10.0 C 45.2 19.1 44.1 10.0 54.2 10.2 43.5 16.8 35.7 8.2 D 16.1 15.1 11.5 6.7 17.0 5.7 33.0 17.6 44.6 8.8 Species ACERGLA 0.6 1.0 1.1 1.9 0.7 1.2 0.2 0.3 2.8 4.8 ALNUVIR 3.5 3.8 1.6 2.4 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.6 1.2 2.1 AMELALN 1.0 0.5 1.3 0.2 2.0 0.9 1.3 0.1 0.7 0.2 ARALNUD 3.0 2.2 3.4 3.8 4.6 4.4 4.3 4.8 4.5 3.6 ASTECIL 0.5 0.5 1.1 1.3 1.5 2.2 3.7 4.9 2.2 3.5 CALARUB 4.0 6.4 2.3 2.8 1.3 2.1 1.8 1.5 1.5 2.4 CLINUNI 1.7 1.2 1.5 1.7 1.5 1.1 0.9 0.9 1.3 1.1 CORNCAN 6.0 1.8 4.9 2.4 4.5 1.1 7.2 4.2 5.0 3.2 FRAGVES 1.7 1.9 2.1 2.4 3.2 5.1 2.8 3.9 1.4 1.8 LATHNEV 1.3 1.2 0.5 0.7 1.9 2.5 1.0 1.8 0.4 0.6 LINNBOR 16.4 5.3 18.0 2.5 19.5 7.5 11.5 3.9 6.5 2.9 MAHOAQU 0.8 0.3 0.7 0.5 0.8 0.7 1.8 2.0 1.2 1.2 ORYZASP 1.3 1.1 2.0 1.6 4.7 2.8 4.1 3.1 2.9 1.9 PICEENE 1.1 1.9 4.7 3.4 1.4 0.6 1.8 3.1 0.4 0.3 PLEUSCH 13.0 13.2 9.0 5.8 14.4 5.7 28.8 17.4 32.8 3.2 PSEUMEN 19.2 20.3 17.8 24.8 7.7 10.7 4.9 7.3 3.8 3.1 PTILCRI 2.3 3.7 0.5 0.6 0.2 0.1 0.6 0.4 4.0 3.2 RHYTTRI 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.8 0.6 1.3 1.5 2.8 3.1 ROSAACI 6.1 3.0 7.6 6.8 5.2 1.4 6.9 3.5 5.2 1.7 RUBUPAR 3.6 1.8 5.5 5.9 5.5 0.3 5.7 3.7 6.5 3.7 SHEPCAN 3.6 3.6 2.8 3.7 3.9 4.8 1.8 0.8 2.2 2.7 SPIRBET 2.9 1.0 4.7 3.3 3.1 1.9 4.1 1.5 3.5 2.9 SYMPALB 0.6 1.0 0.3 0.6 1.9 2.1 1.0 1.7 2.5 2.0 VACCMEM 4.9 3.7 3.2 2.0 3.5 4.3 7.2 7.5 1.6 1.3 richness 37.0 7.5 40.4 9.5 40.3 7.0 37.5 7.2 37.1 7.4
Table 3. Arcsine square root transformed mean cover values of vegetation layers, common species, and species richness for 2008 Shelterwood data. Differences in treatment means were evaluated with ANOVA for randomized block design (F‐ratio statistic based on 4 and 8 degrees of freedom), except for the C vegetation layer, Acer glabrum, Amerlanchier alnifolia, Mahonia aquifolium, and Ptilium crista‐castrensis, which were evaluated with Friedman rank sum tests (χ2‐statistic). Means with different superscript letters are significantly different according to Tukey’s Honest Significant Different method. Treatments Layer 15 m2 20 m2 30 m2 40 m2 60 m2 F / χ2 p Total 68.8 64.4 68.8 73.3 75.3 1.79 0.22 B1 31.3a 26.0ac 14.9bc 10.8bc 15.2bc 7.43 0.008 B2 39.4 38.7 37.5 38.7 35.8 1.29 0.35 C 42.1 41.6 47.5 41.0 36.6 7.20 0.13 D 22.2a 19.2ab 24.1a 34.4a 41.9ac 5.13 0.02 Species ACERGLA 2.5 3.5 2.7 2.0 5.6 0.44 0.98 ALNUVIR 9.8 5.2 0.0 2.0 3.7 1.93 0.20 AMELALN 5.5 6.6 8.0 6.6 4.7 6.40 0.17 ARALNUD 9.3 9.1 10.8 10.9 11.3 0.24 0.91 ASTECIL 3.5 4.9 5.1 8.9 5.9 1.80 0.22 CALARUB 8.7 7.4 4.9 7.2 5.0 0.47 0.76 CLINUNI 7.1 5.9 6.7 5.0 6.2 0.67 0.63 CORNCAN 14.1 12.5 12.1 15.0 12.5 0.34 0.85 FRAGVES 6.0 6.9 7.2 7.3 5.4 0.49 0.74 LATHNEV 5.2 3.2 6.4 3.6 2.8 0.78 0.57 LINNBOR 23.7a 25.1a 26.0a 19.6ab 14.4b 11.72 0.002 MAHOAQU 5.1 4.4 4.7 7.1 5.6 1.30 0.86 ORYZASP 5.9a 7.3ac 12.1bc 10.9ac 9.5ac 6.09 0.01 PICEENE 3.5 11.9 6.7 4.5 2.8 1.82 0.22 PLEUSCH 19.5 16.8 22.0 31.4 34.9 4.36 0.04 PSEUMEN 21.3 21.4 13.6 9.4 10.5 1.83 0.22 PTILCRI 6.6 3.4 2.3 4.5 10.7 4.50 0.34 RHYTTRI 1.7 2.0 4.7 5.6 8.7 3.79 0.05 ROSAACI 14.0 15.0 13.0 14.9 13.1 0.32 0.86 RUBUPAR 10.7 12.3 13.6 13.2 14.4 0.37 0.83 SHEPCAN 9.7 8.1 10.0 7.6 6.6 0.44 0.78 SPIRBET 9.7 12.0 9.8 11.6 10.2 1.87 0.21 SYMPALB 3.2 2.1 7.1 4.1 8.7 1.23 0.37 VACCMEM 12.3 9.9 9.4 12.6 6.6 1.00 0.46 richness 37.0 40.4 40.3 37.5 37.1 2.50 0.13
Appendix A.
Mean cover values and standard deviations of vegetation layers, common species, and species richness by treatment units for 2008 St. Mary data. Treatment Unit 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Layer μ sd μ sd μ sd μ sd μ sd μ sd μ sd μ sd
B1 17.0 12.3 10.4 7.6 15.0 10.1 13.0 8.7 1.8 2.1 3.1 3.4 9.3 4.3 9.3 10.0 B2 16.9 5.7 18.0 10.4 9.1 3.1 25.5 8.3 31.4 11.9 29.0 8.7 22.4 9.2 13.0 5.9 C 27.8 14.2 10.6 6.0 4.6 1.2 16.3 6.3 22.8 10.2 18.3 8.7 13.3 5.5 7.9 6.0 D 14.3 11.2 11.8 12.0 3.3 3.0 6.0 7.9 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.9 0.4 0.5 4.0 10.5 Species AMELALN 0.5 1.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.7 0.2 0.3 0.7 0.7 1.1 0.6 0.7 0.7 1.4 1.8 ARCTUVA 8.1 9.9 0.3 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.7 1.5 1.7 3.0 1.1 0.3 0.5 0.1 0.4 CALARUB 12.5 7.6 7.9 5.2 3.5 1.5 10.8 7.2 12.8 6.8 5.9 2.9 4.8 2.6 3.1 2.1 CHIMUMB 1.0 1.6 0.3 0.4 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.8 0.6 0.5 1.0 1.4 1.2 1.3 2.1 5.2 JUNICOM 2.1 5.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.1 8.8 5.3 10.6 0.0 0.0 LARIOCC 4.3 5.3 1.5 2.3 0.8 1.2 4.0 2.6 0.9 1.1 0.4 1.1 1.3 2.1 0.3 0.7 LINNBOR 4.7 5.3 1.1 1.7 0.4 0.7 1.6 1.5 2.5 1.5 1.1 1.4 5.3 3.5 0.7 1.2 MAHOAQU 0.8 0.7 2.0 3.3 1.4 0.9 2.0 1.2 3.4 1.8 3.6 3.1 5.9 4.3 2.8 3.2 PSEUMEN 16.6 14.5 10.8 7.1 15.4 9.6 14.6 12.5 2.6 2.4 4.9 3.9 9.9 4.0 9.7 9.2 SHEPCAN 1.4 1.7 1.5 2.8 0.4 1.1 5.3 8.9 13.9 11.7 7.3 3.8 1.3 1.7 0.3 0.7 SPIRBET 10.1 5.0 11.4 7.2 5.3 2.3 10.9 2.7 5.9 2.9 9.1 4.5 4.8 1.7 5.5 4.4 SYMPALB 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.0 9.0 2.0 1.3 1.8 2.4 2.0 2.3 richness 16.3 2.6 12.4 4.3 10.8 3.8 14.1 1.8 17.1 6.2 18.8 3.8 19.3 3.3 14.8 6.8
Mean cover values and standard deviations of vegetation layers, common species, and species richness by treatment units for 2008 St. Mary data. Treatment Unit 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Layer μ sd μ sd μ sd μ sd μ sd μ sd μ sd μ sd
B1 15.1 10.6 11.4 4.2 6.0 4.8 4.3 5.1 1.9 2.6 6.0 3.3 14.1 10.7 12.5 4.1 B2 20.3 10.6 15.8 5.1 22.6 17.0 16.1 8.6 21.1 9.6 30.5 12.6 22.5 5.2 31.9 9.4 C 12.6 6.0 12.5 4.8 12.4 7.0 8.5 5.0 15.8 8.1 4.3 2.9 18.8 6.8 17.8 7.6 D 2.0 3.4 3.1 2.6 6.6 7.4 1.4 1.7 3.0 3.9 4.4 7.1 8.8 8.6 8.0 8.1 Species AMELALN 1.1 1.1 0.2 0.3 1.3 1.4 3.8 6.4 1.0 1.2 0.2 0.3 5.3 9.0 3.4 3.7 ARCTUVA 0.6 1.1 2.8 3.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.9 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.3 2.5 3.5 CALARUB 3.6 1.2 5.3 2.3 3.1 2.4 4.5 4.7 4.5 2.4 3.0 2.5 8.8 4.7 7.9 5.7 CHIMUMB 1.8 1.9 1.3 2.3 0.3 0.4 1.4 2.4 0.9 1.1 0.3 0.7 2.0 1.9 0.9 1.0 JUNICOM 1.0 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.7 1.0 1.9 18.8 15.8 0.1 0.4 0.0 0.0 LARIOCC 2.5 6.3 1.0 1.8 0.1 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.4 1.1 1.6 2.3 LINNBOR 3.5 3.1 1.4 1.6 4.0 3.5 1.1 1.7 6.6 9.3 0.1 0.4 3.9 3.7 2.5 3.2 MAHOAQU 4.0 3.4 2.5 1.2 3.6 6.7 2.1 1.6 5.1 2.5 1.0 1.3 1.3 1.0 2.4 2.9 PSEUMEN 15.7 9.8 13.8 3.3 6.4 5.1 4.4 5.9 5.6 3.2 6.7 2.7 13.5 11.2 17.6 7.5 SHEPCAN 1.5 2.1 0.8 1.2 0.1 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.9 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.1 5.5 7.0 SPIRBET 8.0 2.3 7.4 4.0 4.9 2.5 5.5 3.3 6.0 4.7 8.9 4.5 8.8 3.3 10.3 7.0 SYMPALB 1.9 3.4 0.2 0.3 11.8 16.7 2.3 2.0 1.1 1.5 0.5 0.8 0.3 0.5 0.1 0.4 richness 18.3 5.3 17.3 2.5 21.5 5.3 14.8 4.0 20.6 7.2 11.8 4.2 17.8 4.9 16.8 2.7
Appendix B Mean cover values and standard deviations of vegetation layers, common species, and species richness by treatment units for 2008 Shelterwood data. Treatment Unit
BEE‐15 BEE‐20 BEE‐30 BEE‐40 BEE‐60 GLR‐15 GLR‐20 GLR‐30
Layer μ sd μ sd μ sd μ sd μ sd μ sd μ sd μ sd
Total 71.6 44.3 83.4 33.8 72.3 44.6 84.6 12.0 93.5 4.4 94.3 6.5 86.1 13.2 94.1 3.6
B1 53.8 23.0 43.1 27.3 18.1 18.5 9.8 7.8 7.4 6.7 18.1 11.6 13.1 14.5 3.5 2.6
B2 39.1 10.2 43.5 17.3 44.4 10.2 40.0 12.7 40.9 14.6 47.0 18.6 44.0 14.7 41.5 10.7
C 25.6 14.0 37.3 20.6 44.8 18.6 24.4 16.6 37.1 21.9 46.3 12.7 39.4 14.1 52.9 10.6
D 33.3 24.6 17.6 10.0 22.3 15.2 42.6 20.3 36.3 13.0 10.1 9.2 4.4 3.3 10.9 9.6
Species
ACERGLA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 5.7 0.5 1.4 0.0 0.0 1.7 2.2 3.3 6.1 0.0 0.0
ALNUVIR 7.8 11.9 0.4 1.1 0.0 0.0 1.1 3.2 0.0 0.0 0.8 2.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
AMELALN 0.5 1.1 1.1 1.6 3.0 2.0 1.3 1.2 0.6 0.7 0.9 0.9 1.3 1.6 1.8 2.6
ARALNUD 3.1 2.2 7.6 4.7 4.5 3.4 2.1 2.6 5.5 4.6 5.1 3.5 2.2 1.2 9.0 4.3
ASTECIL 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.7 0.9 1.8 0.4 1.1
CALARUB 0.6 1.4 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.4 3.4 4.7 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.4 1.3 3.5 0.1 0.2
CLINUNI 2.9 2.9 3.4 2.4 2.6 1.4 0.7 0.9 2.5 3.0 1.8 1.1 1.0 0.9 1.5 1.1
CORNCAN 4.6 4.5 7.6 4.9 4.0 1.2 2.5 2.5 8.5 11.9 8.0 5.4 3.8 2.6 5.8 4.1
FRAGVES 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.4 1.4 1.6 2.7 0.5 0.7
LATHNEV 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 2.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.3 2.2 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.0
LINNBOR 12.0 10.0 17.6 17.3 15.0 11.6 11.8 12.5 8.5 7.3 22.3 8.3 20.7 12.6 28.3 10.4
MAHOAQU 0.6 0.6 1.1 1.0 1.5 1.4 0.6 0.4 2.6 1.7 1.1 0.8 0.7 1.0 0.2 0.2
ORYZASP 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 1.9 2.4 0.8 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.2 3.3 3.3 2.8 4.5 3.8
PICEENE 0.0 0.0 8.2 21.8 1.9 3.6 5.4 6.5 0.6 1.6 3.3 7.3 4.8 9.8 0.8 2.2
PLEUSCH 27.9 19.5 14.9 8.9 20.6 14.8 39.3 20.4 31.0 12.6 8.1 8.6 3.3 3.2 9.4 9.3
PSEUMEN 40.5 30.2 46.4 20.3 20.1 20.4 13.3 16.6 7.2 11.1 17.1 18.5 4.6 6.9 1.3 3.6
PTILCRI 6.6 8.5 1.1 1.4 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.7 0.7 1.7 0.4 1.0 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2
RHYTTRI 0.4 0.7 0.4 0.7 0.8 0.8 1.0 0.9 1.3 1.7 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2
ROSAACI 2.9 2.0 2.7 3.5 4.1 4.6 3.8 2.5 3.9 3.3 6.6 5.4 4.7 4.9 4.6 2.8
RUBUPAR 5.6 6.5 2.7 3.6 5.8 5.0 1.7 3.5 4.4 12.4 3.0 3.9 12.3 12.4 5.3 8.1
SHEPCAN 0.3 0.7 0.9 2.1 1.3 2.4 2.7 3.2 1.3 2.4 7.4 7.7 7.0 12.1 9.4 9.2
SPIRBET 4.0 4.0 8.4 5.0 5.3 2.5 5.6 3.6 6.9 7.5 2.6 3.6 2.9 2.6 2.4 2.0
SYMPALB 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.3 4.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.9 1.8 4.2 1.0 2.4 0.8 1.7
VACCMEM 3.2 2.8 4.9 6.5 1.3 1.5 6.6 4.9 2.5 2.6 9.1 6.2 3.9 2.6 8.4 4.9
richness 28.4 4.7 29.4 3.1 33.4 5.7 29.3 4.7 28.6 6.7 40.6 7.1 45.5 5.7 40.0 3.9
Mean cover values and standard deviations of vegetation layers, common species, and species richness by treatment units for 2008 Shelterwood data. Treatment Unit
GLR‐40 GLR‐60 UBC‐15 UBC‐20 UBC‐30 UBC‐40 UBC‐60
Layer μ sd μ sd μ sd μ sd μ sd μ sd μ sd
Total 93.3 2.9 93.4 2.5 91.0 6.2 73.9 33.4 90.6 4.1 95.8 3.1 93.9 6.6 B1 2.1 3.5 6.8 5.2 13.6 17.7 7.5 4.7 2.3 2.3 1.0 1.9 6.6 6.5 B2 43.1 18.5 39.8 10.9 35.0 10.7 29.9 14.5 25.8 9.3 34.4 9.4 23.0 8.5 C 49.8 12.9 26.9 11.9 63.8 16.0 55.6 18.6 65.0 12.2 56.3 14.1 43.1 15.6 D 12.8 15.4 43.9 15.2 5.0 2.7 12.4 8.6 17.9 10.3 43.8 19.4 53.8 15.3 Species
ACERGLA 0.1 0.4 8.3 9.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ALNUVIR 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.1 5.8 4.4 6.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.6 5.6 AMELALN 1.2 0.9 0.5 0.4 1.5 1.2 1.6 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.4 0.8 0.8 1.1 ARALNUD 9.9 4.2 7.5 2.9 0.7 0.8 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 1.1 1.0 0.6 0.6 ASTECIL 1.7 3.1 0.2 0.4 1.0 1.3 2.5 2.1 4.0 2.1 9.3 5.8 6.3 2.9 CALARUB 0.5 0.9 0.3 0.7 11.4 10.7 5.4 6.6 3.8 2.5 1.4 2.8 4.3 4.2 CLINUNI 1.9 1.1 1.2 0.9 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.4 CORNCAN 10.5 3.7 4.6 4.7 5.4 3.8 3.2 2.4 3.6 1.6 8.5 5.2 2.0 0.8 FRAGVES 1.2 1.7 0.7 0.6 3.8 5.0 4.8 5.6 9.1 12.8 7.3 4.4 3.5 0.9 LATHNEV 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 1.5 2.4 1.3 1.5 4.8 4.0 3.1 1.6 1.1 1.1 LINNBOR 15.3 8.3 7.8 8.2 15.0 7.9 15.8 7.4 15.4 9.8 7.4 5.9 3.1 2.5 MAHOAQU 0.8 1.7 0.2 0.2 0.8 1.4 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.6 4.1 5.6 0.9 1.3 ORYZASP 4.6 3.5 2.1 1.6 1.8 2.2 2.4 2.6 7.5 5.0 7.0 3.5 5.1 2.4 PICEENE 0.0 0.0 0.5 1.4 0.0 0.0 1.3 2.0 1.5 2.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 PLEUSCH 8.8 10.5 30.9 15.1 3.1 2.6 8.8 9.1 13.1 5.4 38.4 16.3 36.4 18.6 PSEUMEN 1.5 3.2 3.0 8.5 0.0 0.0 2.4 4.6 1.8 5.0 0.0 0.0 1.1 3.2 PTILCRI 0.4 0.7 7.2 8.7 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.3 0.4 1.1 1.6 4.1 6.5 RHYTTRI 0.0 0.1 0.8 1.4 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.4 1.3 2.7 2.9 3.9 6.4 6.3 ROSAACI 6.3 5.8 7.1 2.0 8.9 4.9 15.4 10.6 6.8 3.8 10.8 7.2 4.6 2.3 RUBUPAR 9.0 7.0 10.7 11.1 2.2 3.1 1.5 1.6 5.5 4.5 6.5 5.3 4.3 3.2 SHEPCAN 1.7 2.4 5.3 6.5 3.3 4.9 0.4 1.1 1.0 1.8 1.1 1.4 0.0 0.0 SPIRBET 4.1 5.1 1.8 1.1 2.1 2.1 2.7 3.4 1.6 1.1 2.7 1.8 1.8 1.0 SYMPALB 0.2 0.4 1.8 3.4 0.1 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.7 3.0 2.9 4.8 4.5 VACCMEM 15.0 13.3 2.3 3.2 2.4 2.4 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.4 richness 41.1 4.7 40.3 4.4 41.9 7.1 46.3 8.2 47.4 3.9 42.1 4.8 42.4 1.9
Appendix C Diagnostic plots of ANOVA model assumptions for 2008 St. Mary data. The leftmost plot shows model residuals against the fitted values: a trend in the mean implies a violation of the assumption of independence, while a trend in the variability of residuals implies a violation of the assumption of constant variance. The middle plot is a normal quantile‐quantile plot of standardized model residuals against quantiles from a standard normal distribution: a linear relationship between the two implies that the assumption of normally distributed residuals has been met. The rightmost graph plots the square root of the standardized residuals against fitted values: a trend in the relationship implies a violation of the constant variance assumption. Arcsine square root transformed response values were used in models where transformation improved model assumptions.
asin sqrt transformed AMELALN
asin sqrt transformed ARCTUVA
B1 layer
B2 layer
C layer
CALARUB
CHIMUMB
D layer
asin sqrt transformed JUNICOM
asin sqrt transformed LARIOCC
asin sqrt transformed LINNBOR
MAHOAQU
PSEUMEN
asin sqrt transformed SHEPCAN
SPIRBET
SYMPALB
Species Richness
Appendix D
Diagnostic plots of ANOVA model assumptions for 2008 Shelterwood data. The leftmost plot shows model residuals against the fitted values: a trend in the mean implies a violation of the assumption of independence, while a trend in the variability of residuals implies a violation of the assumption of constant variance. The middle plot is a normal quantile‐quantile plot of standardized model residuals against quantiles from a standard normal distribution: a linear relationship between the two implies that the assumption of normally distributed residuals has been met. The rightmost graph plots the square root of the standardized residuals against fitted values: a trend in the relationship implies a violation of the constant variance assumption. Response values were arcsine square root transformed for all variables.
ACERGLA
ALNUVIR
AMELALN
ARALNUD
ASTECIL
B1 Layer
B2 Layer
C Layer
CALARUB
CLINUNI
CORNCAN
D Layer
FRAGVIR
LATHNEV
LINNBOR
MAHOAQU
ORYZASP
PICEENE
PLEUSCH
PSEUMEN
PTILCRI
RHYTTRI
ROSAACI
RUBUPAR
SHEPCAN
SPIRBET
SYMPALB
TOTAL
VACCMEM
Species Richness