contrast effect
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• Contrast Effect
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Green
1 Green is complementary to a purplish red or reddish purple color,
in both additive and subtractive mixtures, and in simultaneous
contrast effects and afterimages.
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Phase contrast microscope - Working principle
1 However, the background light is affected to a much greater extent, which creates the phase contrast
effect.
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Perception - Contrast effects
1 A common finding across many different kinds of perception is that the perceived
qualities of an object can be affected by the qualities of context. If one object is extreme
on some dimension, then neighboring objects are perceived as further away from that extreme. Simultaneous contrast effect is the term used when stimuli are presented
at the same time, whereas successive contrast applies when stimuli are presented
one after another.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-contrast-effect-toolkit.html
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Perception - Contrast effects
1 The contrast effect was noted by the 17th Century philosopher John Locke, who observed that lukewarm water can feel hot or cold, depending on whether the hand touching it was
previously in hot or cold water
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Self-knowledge (psychology) - The Contrast Effect
1 * Whether the assimilation or contrast effect prevails depends on the psychological
closeness, with people feeling psychologically disconnected with their social surroundings being more likely to show contrast effects. Assimilation effects occur when the subject
feels psychologically connected to their social surroundings.Brewer, M. B., Weber, J. G.
(1994). Self-evaluation effects of interpersonal versus intergroup social comparison. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66,268-275
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Interview - Interviewer's judgements
1 ;The Contrast Effect: How the interviewers evaluate a particular
applicant may depend on their standards of comparison, that is, the characteristics of the applicants they
interviewed previously.
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Dislocations - Observation of dislocations
1 The less regular atomic structures of the grain boundaries and in the
strain fields around dislocation lines have different diffractive properties than the regular lattice within the
grains, and therefore present different contrast effects in the
electron micrographs
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Ambivalence - Effects of attitudinal ambivalence
1 Haddock, G. (2003). Making a party leader less of a party member: The
impact of ambivalence on assimilation and contrast effects in
political party attitudes. Political Psychology, 24, 769-780. doi:
10.1046/j.1467-9221.2003.00353.x
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Empirical theories of perception - Color
1 One way to test this idea is to see whether the frequency of co-
occurrence of light spectra predicts simultaneous color contrast effects
(see side image, Fig
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Phase contrast microscopy - Working principle
1 However, the background light is affected to a much greater extent, which creates the phase contrast
effect.
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Diederik Stapel - Various research
1 In 'Interpretation versus Reference Framing: Assimilation and Contrast
Effects in the Organizational Domain', a paper published in
November 1998, Stapel is studying whether the type of information
activated will get different judgments on the subject
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Contrast effect
1 A 'contrast effect' is the enhancement or diminishment, relative to normal, of
perception, cognition or related performance as a result of successive (immediately
previous) or simultaneous exposure to a stimulus (physiology)|stimulus of lesser or
greater value in the same dimension. (Here, normal perception, cognition or performance
is that which would be obtained in the absence of the comparison stimulus—i.e., one based on all previous experience.)
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Contrast effect - Domains
1 Contrast effects can shape not only visual qualities like color and brightness, but other kinds of
perception, including the perception of weight
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Lightness - Relationship between lightness, value, and luminance
1 ;1944 : Saunderson and Milner introduce a subtractive constant in
the previous expression, for a better fit to the Munsell value. Later,
Dorothea Jameson|Jameson and Hurvich claim that this corrects for
simultaneous contrast effects.
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Effort justification - Competing views
1 Preference for the outcome that follows a relatively aversive event:
Contrast or delay reduction? Learning and Motivation, 42, 255–271
Alessandri, Darcheville Zentall (2008) argue that the cause for these
findings, both in humans and animals, is the Negative (positive)
contrast effect|contrast effect
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Discrimination testing - Disadvantages
1 Contrast effect and convergence error: The juxtaposition of two noticeably diverse
samples commonly causes the panellists to exaggerate the contrasts, hence the contrast
effect. But this can also incur the opposite effect, whereby the significant difference can camouflage the more minute unlikeness's—The convergence error. In order to correct and prevent these errors, there must be
randomized arrangements of samples for each panellist, so as to balance both effects. ·
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Kikuchi line - Electron channeling patterns
1 The above techniques all involve detection of electrons which have passed through a thin specimen, usually in a transmission electron
microscope. Scanning electron microscopes, on the other hand, typically look at electrons kicked up when one rasters a focussed electron beam across a thick specimen. Electron channeling patterns are contrast effects associated with
edge-on lattice planes that show up in scanning electron microscope secondary and/or
backscattered electron images.
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Kikuchi line - Electron channeling patterns
1 The contrast effects are to first order similar to those of bend contours, i.e. electrons which enter a crystalline surface under diffracting conditions tend to channel (penetrate deeper into the specimen
without losing energy) and thus kick up fewer electrons near the entry surface for
detection. Hence bands form, depending on beam/lattice orientation, with the now-
familiar Kikuchi line geometry.
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Golem effect - Golem in group settings
1 It would be of significant value to the Golem research literature to see whether Golem effects are also
unaffected by interpersonal contrast effects through similar group study
designs.
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Orphism (art) - Eugène Chevreul
1 Most famous for discovering margarine, Chevreul delved in dye
chemistry as well as the aesthetics of contrast effect|simultaneous contrast
of colors
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Emerge! The Rise of Functional Democracy and the Future of the Middle East - Framing Middle Eastern political history through Memetics and values systems
1 Social judgment: Assimilation and contrast effects in communication and attitude change
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Don Edward Beck - Influences
1 * Muzafer Sherif, his wife Carolyn Sherif, and Carl Hovland's
Assimilation Contrast Effect model[http://www.integratedsociopsy
chology.net/assimilation-contrast_effect.html Assimilation-
Contrast Effect], webpage is grounded in social judgment theory. This model diagrams the level of ego
involvement in information processing., video
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Assimilation effect
1 Assimilation effects are different from contrast effects, where a negative
correlation between judgments and contextual information is observed.
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Assimilation effect - Factors determining assimilation effects
1 The more specific or extreme the context stimuli are in comparison to the target stimulus, the more likely
contrast effects are to occur.
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Assimilation effect - Factors determining assimilation effects
1 Assimilation and contrast effects in attitude measurement: An inclusion/exclusion model
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Assimilation effect - The inclusion/exclusion model
1 When using the accessible information for constructing the representation of the target, an
assimilation effect results, whereas accessible information that is
constructed in the mental representation of the standard of
comparison leads to contrast effects.
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Assimilation effect - The inclusion/exclusion model
1 Scandals and the public’s trust in politicians: Assimilation and contrast effects
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Assimilation effect - The inclusion/exclusion model
1 This demonstrates a contrast effect, because the accessible information
was excluded from the representation of the target stimulus
(e.g
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Assimilation effect - The inclusion/exclusion model
1 Consequently, the same accessible information can result in assimilation
or contrast effects, depending on how it is categorized.
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Assimilation effect - Simultaneous assimilation
1 These studies also supported the Inclusion/Exclusion Model, showing
that contrast effects appeared if attractive faces were presented
successively before presenting an unattractive face; in this case the
unattractive face was rated as even more unattractive.Wedell, D
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Assimilation effect - Examples of assimilation effects
1 Whenever researchers conduct attitude surveys and Questionnaire construction|design questionnaires,
they have to take judgment processes and the resulting
assimilation effects into account. Assimilation effects (as well as
contrast effects) may arise through the sequence of questions.
Previously asked specific questions may influence subsequent more
general ones:
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Assimilation effect - Examples of assimilation effects
1 Assimilation and contrast effects in part-whole question sequences: A conversational
logic analysis
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Assimilation effect - Examples of assimilation effects
1 The term Self-knowledge (psychology)#The Contrast Effect|assimilation effect appears in the
field of social comparison research as well. Complementary to the
previously stated definition, the term describes the effect of a felt
psychological closeness of social surroundings that influence the
current self-representation and Self-knowledge (psychology)|self-
knowledge.
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Red states and blue states - Map interpretation
1 Finally, there are problems associated with human perception. Large areas of color
appear more saturated than small areas of the same color. A juxtaposition of differing
colors and shades can result in contrast misperceptions. For example, due to the
contrast effect|simultaneous contrast effect, the Bezold effect, and other factors, an area shaded light red surrounded by areas shaded
dark red will appear even lighter. Differing shades of red and blue compound this effect.
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Norbert Schwarz - Gricean Maxims and Survey Response
1 (1991) Assimilation and contrast effects in part-whole question
sequences: A conversational logic analysis
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Norbert Schwarz - Categorization and Judgment
1 Contrast effects occur when exposure to valenced information
influences judgments in a way that is incongruent with the valenced
information
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Norbert Schwarz - Categorization and Judgment
1 Scandals and the public's trust in politicians: Assimilation and contrast effects
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Diode gun Plumbicon - Dark halo
1 This effect was actually cultivated by tube manufacturers to a certain
extent, as a Unsharp masking|small, carefully controlled amount of the
dark halo has the effect of crispening the visual image due to the contrast
effect
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Antares - Companion star
1 The companion is often described as green, but this is probably either a contrast effect or the result of the mixing of light from the two stars
when they are seen together through a telescope and are too close to be
completely resolved
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Quilt - Block designs
1 Dramatic contrast effects with light and dark fabrics are created by
various layouts of the blocks when forming a quilt top
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