201

201

22

The sounds are produced by blockingblocking the flow of

air as it leaves the mouth. There are many waysways of blocking

the air the air and various tongue, various tongue, lip and jaw positionslip and jaw positions required in

order to create accurately create accurately the consonants of English.

NO.LETTERS[SOUNDS]

EXAMPLES

1 b[b] bantal, sebut, adab

2 c [c] cakap, beca

3 d [d] dua, adab, abad

4 f [f] fakir, kafan, maaf

5 g [g] ganda, tiga, jajag

6 h [h] hari, lihat, tanah

7 j [j] jalan, manja

8 k [k] kami, paksa, politik

9 l [l] lekas, alas, kesal

10 m [m] maka, kami, diam

11 n [n] nama, anak, daun

12 P [p] pasang, apa, siap

NO.LETTERS[SOUNDS]

EXAMPLES

13 q [k] Aqiqah, qurba

14 r [r] raih, juara, putar

15 s [s] suku, asli, lemas

16 t [t] tali, mata, rapat

17 v [v] varia, lava

18 w [w] wanita, hawa

19 x [?] Xenomania, x-ray

20 y [y] yakin, payung

21 z [z] zeni, lazim

22 kh[k] khas, akhir

23 ny [ɲ] nyata, banyak

24 ng [ŋ] ngilu, angin, pening

25 sy [š] syarat, isyarat

Consonant combinations

PlaceManner

BILABIALLABIO

DENTALINTER

DENTALALVEOLAR PLATAL VELAR GLOTTAL

STOP/ PLOSIVE

VL

VD

/P/pola/b/beli

/t/tiba

/d/dingin

/k/ kilo/q/

qurban/g/

gadis

FRICATIVE

VL

VD

/f/Figur

/v/varian

/s/sama/z/zat/r/

rasa

/š/asyik

/x/eksklusif

/h/hantu

AFFRICATIVE

VL

VD

/c/cerita

/j/janji

NASAL VD/m/mati

/n/nama

/ň/nyiur

/ɳ/bangkit

LIQUIDS VD/l/

lima

GLIDES VD/w/

wajah/y/

yakin

NONOLETTERSLETTERS[SOUNDS[SOUNDS

]]EXAMPLESEXAMPLES

1 B [b] baby, absent, number, tub

2C [s] [k]

center, cinema, agencycucumber, cry, scratch, panic

3 D [d] day, admire, hidden, kind,4 F [f] fast, five, often, cuff

5G [g] [j] [ʤ]

great, giggle, egggeneral, giant, suggest, huge, manage;mirage, garage, rouge

6H [h] [-]

hair, help, behind, inherit;hour, honor, honest, vehicle

7 J [j] jam, jingle, just8 K [k] kind, kill, sky, blanket, break9 L [l] Late, alone, table, file, all

10 M[m]make, men, common, summer, team

11 N[n]napkin, never, funny, student, sun

NONOLETTERSLETTERS[SOUND[SOUND

S]S]EXAMPLESEXAMPLES

12 P [p] paper, repair, apple, keep, top

13Q[kw] [k]

quality, question, equal, require;unique, technique, antique,

14 R [r] rain, rise, brief, hurry, car

15S [s] [z]

send, lost, kiss, release;cause, advise, always, is, was

16 T [t]tell, time, tone, hotel, student, rest

17 V [v] vivid, voice, even, active

18 W[w]wall, wind, would, swim, twenty, twist

19X[ks] [gz] [z]

exercise, expect, axis, fix, relax;exam, exact, exert, exit, exult;Xenon, Xerox

20 Y [y] Yellow, young, buy

21Z[z] [ts]

zoo, puzzle, organize, quizpizza, Mozart, Nazi, waltz

PlaceManner BILABIAL

LABIODENTAL

INTERDENTAL

ALVEOLAR PLATAL VELAR GLOTTAL

STOP / PLOSIVE

VLVD

/P/pop/b/bus

/t/two/d/dog

/k/cake/g/

good

FRICATIVEVLVD

/f/fan/v/very

/θ/three/ð/the

/s/six/z/zoo

/ʃ/shoe/ʒ/

pleasure

/h/happy

AFFRICATIVEVLVD

/ʧ/church

/ʤ/jam

NASAL VD/m/man

/n/nine

/ɳ/ring

LIQUIDS VD/l/like

/r/red

GLIDES VD/w/wind

/j/yes

• Combined Consonants

NO

LETTERSSOUND

SEXAMPLES

1 cc [ks][k]

accent, accept, accessaccommodate, account

2chtch [ch] chain, check, chief

kitchen, catch, match

3ch (Latin, Greek)

ch (French)

[k][sh]

character, chemical, champagne, charlatan,

4 ck [k] black, pack, deck

5 dge [j] bridge, edge, judge

6 gh[g][f][-]

ghost, ghastly, ghettocough, enough, tough,though, through, weight

7 ng [ŋ][ŋ]+[g]

king, sing, singer, finger, angry, single

NOLETTER

SSOUNDS EXAMPLES

8 ph [f] phone, photograph, phrase

9 sc [s][sk]

science, scissors, scenescan, scandal, scare

10 sch [sk][sh]

school, scholar, schemeschnauzer, schedule

11 sh [ʃ] share, she, shine, english

12 th [θ][ð]

thank, thick, think, this, that, then, father, brother

13 wh [w][h]

what, when, where, whichwho, whom, whose, whole

14 xh[ks][ks]+[h][g]+[z]

exhibitionexhumation, exhume,exhaust, exhibit, exhilarate

When a single consonant followed by other consonants or vowels, and make a different sound, it’s called combined consonants. It can followed by 1 to 3 consonants. The types of combined consonant which has

sound letter.

The types of combined consonant which has not

sound letterNO LETTERS SOUNDS EXAMPLES

1 bt, pt [t] doubt, debt, subtle; receipt, pterodactyl

2 kn, gn, pn [n] knee, knife, know; gnome, sign, foreign; pneumonia, pneumatic

3 mb, lm [m] lamb, climb, bomb, comb, tomb; calm, palm, salmon

4 ps [s] psalm, pseudonym, psychologist, psychiatrist

5 rh [r] rhapsody, rhetoric, rheumatism, rhythm, rhyme

6 wr [r] wrap, wreck, wrestle, wrinkle, wrist, write, wrong

• Combined ConsonantsConsonants

• We can find b, d, f, g, h, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, and w in English and Indonesian and they almost have similarity in pronunciation.INA : bunda kaki matapanas permenENG: back kilo mother bus man

• Both of them using roman letter and has same number of consonants (21 Letters)

• Both of them has combined consonantsINA : gayung payung bangkrutENG: thing mango

Differences between Indonesian & english

• Though both Indonesian and English have some similar letters, in several words they have different sounds. They areC → tʃ g → g h → hINA : kaccang INA : generasi INA : hariENG : ccarar/kɑ:(r)/ ENG : general /’ʤenrǝl/ ENG : hhourour /’a/’aǝƱ (r)/

• In several sounds, Indonesian doesn’t have English soundsex : th three /θ/, ththat /ð/, English sh /ʃ/, and pleassure /ʒ/

• In Indonesian, sounds /f/ and /v/ are the same sound, but in English they are different.

• INA : saffitri or vvirgiawan > same sound without any obstructionENG : ffantasy or vvillage > there are obstructionINA VS ENG : novvel and novvel > same letter but difference in sound

Why do Errors Happen?

The Video: The Video: Review of Review of consonantsconsonants

“Contrasting Indonesian & English Consonants”

(this presentation is an excerpt of week # 7 of “Contrastive Linguistics & Error Analysis”, an internal publication of Unindra)