contributing community development and conserving biodiversity, piloted in satkosia r. raghu prasad...
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Contributing community development and conserving biodiversity, piloted in Satkosia
R. Raghu Prasad and Vinod Kumar
Odisha has rich natural forests. 37% of the State is classified as forest Coastal mangroves, dry and moist
tropical deciduous forests in the Eastern Ghats.
A well-planned network of protected areas
2 national parks and 18 sanctuaries. Forests under huge pressure
◦ forest fires, livestock grazing, shifting cultivation
◦ wildlife poaching, collection of fuel wood, timber and other forest products.
Government has been focusing on reducing dependence of local communities on forest resources.
Participatory approaches to forest management and promoting alternative livelihoods.
Community based Ecotourism as a strategic component in PA management. Piloted for in few sanctuaries in Odisha.
Aims to enhance livelihoods of forest dependent communities.
Participatory processes piloted in Satkosia Tiger Reserve for the first time.
This experience have demonstrated
the relevance of Community based Ecotourism
as an effective tool in PA management.
Community based Ecotourism.…Community based Ecotourism.…
An assessment of key threats to biodiversity undertaken in four sanctuaries of Orissa.
Study shows that the PAs are impacted by◦ forest fires, ◦ unregulated collection of timber, fuel wood, and non-
timber forest products, ◦ livestock grazing, ◦ shifting cultivation ◦ poaching.
Main Inferences :◦ threats to biodiversity from a plethora of largely
interrelated pressures.
◦ pressures likely to continue and increase.
◦ current levels of resource use and disturbance are unsustainable.
◦ threats are not appropriately addressed in current PA management plans.
KEY THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY
Kotagarh Kuldiha Lakhari Valley
Satkosia Gorge
Forest fire *** * *** ***
Podu (Slash-and-burn agriculture)
*** ***
Livestock grazing ** ** * ***
Unregulated collection natural resources
*** * *** ***
Unregulated collection fuel wood
*** *** *** ***
Illegal timber collection * *** * **
Wildlife poaching * ** ** *
Water-stress for wildlife in dry season
* * * *
Human-wildlife conflicts * ** **
KEY TO SCALE OF IMPACT
***Extensive
major impact
**Some areas,
moderate impact
*Few areas,
major impact
Absent,no impact
(Panwar et al. 2009), OFSDP
Urgent need to engage local communities in eco-development and ecotourism.
Need for participatory, consensus building approaches with communities
enable communities to improve their livelihoods in ways that reduce their dependencies on forests.
Integration of biodiversity conservation requirements with the livelihood needs of village communities within PAs.
Pave the way for sustainable coexistence of people and wildlife in and around protected areas.
Way forward….Way forward….
Ecotourism is "responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the welfare of local people."
Benefits local communities and destinations; environmentally, culturally and economically.
Ecotourism represents a set of principles successfully implemented in various global communities.
Supported by extensive industry and academic research. Ecotourism principles:
◦ Minimize impact. ◦ Build environmental and cultural
awareness and respect. ◦ Provide positive experiences for both
visitors and hosts. ◦ Provide direct financial benefits for
conservation. ◦ Provide financial benefits and
empowerment for local people.
Ecotourism, among the fastest growing sectors of the tourism industry worldwide.
Ecotourism opportunities & present scenario in Odisha…….
Odisha has rich natural and cultural heritage.
State is well known for its temples and beaches.
Deserves greater exposure of its hills, forests, wildlife and tribal culture.
Tourism developed primarily in coastal regions and a handful of inland locations.
Ecotourism, not properly understood and developed in a meaningful way that benefits nature conservation and local communities.
Many destinations marketed as ecotourism in PAs, often do not:◦ promote low impact visitor behavior;◦ provide support for local conservation
efforts; ◦ provide benefits to local communities.
Ecotourism and role of Forestry Sector……
Develop and adopt an ecotourism policy based on international definitions, principles and standards.
Demonstrating good practices and standards.
Fostering community based ecotourism within and adjacent to protected areas, as part of eco-development.
Hosting an website to promote understanding of ecotourism and market destinations for the benefit of the visitor.
CRITERIA Satkosia Gorge
Kuldiha Debrigarh
Tikarapada Nature Camp
Kuldiha Ecotourism
Complex
Ecotourism Cottages
BarakhandiaSurrounding natural and cultural environment conserved.
--- © ---
Minimal impact on natural surroundings during construction.
© * *
Local architecture and building material used Canvas tents * *Sustainable means of water acquisition; use is minimized.
© --- ---
Sustainable means of energy acquisition; use is minimized.
© © *
Water minimized and recycled * * *Environmentally acceptable disposal of solid waste and sewage
? ? ?
Local products used. --- --- ---Use of toxic chemicals in daily operations avoided.
--- --- ---
Ecolodge run by members of local community.
© * ©
Interpretation of local natural and cultural heritage
* * *
(Panwar et al. 2009), OFSDP
Key: © Criterion met through conscious effort ? Not known
--- Criterion may be met but not as a result of any deliberate effort * Criterion not met
• Satkosia spreads along the magnificent gorge over river
Mahanadi.
• Established in 1976 as a wildlife sanctuary.
• Declared as Satkosia Tiger Reserve in 2007.
• Spread over 4 districts; Angul, Cuttack, Nayagarh, Boudh
• Satkosia is vulnerable to heavy biotic pressures.
Community Based Ecotourism in Satkosia… the Pilot
Biotic pressures….
116 villages population around 1.2 lakh
Communities depend on fuel wood,
fodder, timber, NTFP, bamboo, fishing etc.
Wage employment was generated
through timber and bamboo working.
After declaration of the wildlife sanctuary,
many restrictions imposed.
This creates unrest and dissatisfaction among
local communities.
The sanctuary has been facing
severe biotic pressures over the years.◦Timber smuggling◦Poaching◦Forest fire◦Illegal fishing.
Community Based Ecotourism was initiated in Satkosia during 2006.
A temporary Nature Camp set up at Tikarpada and managed by local communities.
Local households in Tikarpada village were mobilized to form an Ecotourism group (ETG).
24 poor households who were dependent on forest resources and fishing included in the ETG.
Group provided training on hospitality management, catering, reception services, pitching of tents etc.
The group registered as a society called Tikarpada Paribesh Paryatan Samiti, Tikarpada (TIPPS).
• The initial infrastructure support was
provided.
• Tents, solar street lights, solar home
lighting, crockery, furniture etc.
• The assets remain with the forest
department.
• The nature camp provides a tour package
• Accommodation, boating, trekking and catering facilities.
• The group manages and maintains the entire infrastructure
• Online Reservations through www.satkosia.org or ‘Ecotourism Cell’ at Angul.
• The camp has become hugely popular among visitors.
• The community derives substantial profits from this ecotourism venture.
• This initiative has helped park management to win support of local communities towards wildlife conservation.
Day One
11.00- 12.00 noon Check in
12.30 pm -2.00 pm Lunch in the dining space
3.30 pm Tea, followed by briefing
4.00 pm – 5.30 pm Boat ride
7.00 pm Camp fire
8.30 pm – 10.00 pm Dinner
Day Two
6.30 am Wake up call, Tea/Coffee
7.00 am-8.30 am Nature trails
8.30 am Breakfast
11.00 am Check out
Incomes…….Incomes…….Year No. of
guestsGross
incomeExpenditur
eNet income 35% of net income
for corpus fund to be used next year
65% of net income shared among of the group for 5
months
Share per household per
month
2006-07 256 66,950 Nil 66,950 23,433 43,517 791/- ( 11 households)
2007-08 1047 3,54,50 63,914 2,90,586 103,607 1,86,979 1890/- (20 households)
2008-09 1386 8,40,850 4,43,903 4,25,317 1,48,577 2,75,928 2299/- (24 Households)
2009-10 2013 11,56,761 5,02,426 6,54,335 2,29,017 4,25,317 3544/- (24 Households)
2010-11 1694 13,81,971
5,55,910 8,26,061 3,30,425 4,95,636 4130/- (24 Households)
Stakeholder Benefits
Local Community (Tikarpada Village)
Benefits from increased income
Protected Area Management Gains goodwill and support from local communities for Biodiversity conservation
Tourists Better visitor experience, enhanced environment awareness and conservation education
A Memorandum of Understanding between PA management and the local EDC.
Defines the relationship between parties◦ respective responsibilities◦ distribution of financial benefits accruing from the
venture◦ Benefit sharing between those running the eco-
lodge, the local EDC and the protected area management.
Variety of benefit sharing models developed in PAs, (Periyar Tiger Reserve)
Benefit sharing model will be specific for each ecotourism venture
Depend on various factors◦ type of venture◦ period of operation◦ institutional arrangements.
Comprehensive ecotourism plan for Satkosia
A comprehensive ecotourism plan for Satkosia was developed.
Needs of various stakeholders analyzed◦ protected area and its biodiversity◦ local community◦ park management◦ visitors.
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MahanadiRF
Tulka RF
Purunakote RF
Katrang RFPadmatola RF
Raigoda RF
Tainsi RF
Majhipada(part) RF
Baghamunda RF
Tikarpada RF
Jocub RF
Kuru (Part) RFTakarsinga RF
Chhotamunda RF
Arukhapada (Part) RF
Judum (Block-II) RF
Balanga(Part) RF
Kumuri RF
Judum (Block-I) RF
To Balikiari
To Gania
To Nuagarh
To Nuakheta
To Angul
To Antulia
To Bipradihi
To Athamalik
M A H A N A D I [WL] D I V I S I O N (PART)
S A T A K O S I A [WL] D I V I S I O N
Suan
Nala
Khalakhala Nalla
ANGUL [T] DIVISION
ATHAGARH [T] DIVISION
NAYAGARH [T] DIVISION
BOUDH [T] DIVISION
ATHMALIK [T] DIVISION
Krus hna c hak ra R F
Daruha
Marada
Kuturi
Bahali
Najhara
Raigoda
Musugoda
Sitalpani
Padmatola
SunakhandaSunakhandia
Salapaganda
Satakosia No-2
Katranga(sana)
Satakosia No-1
Majhipada(F.Beat)
Tarava(forestbeat)
Baghamunda(F.Beat)
Raigodaforest BeatBeherasahi
Bruti
Salor
Jokub
Jodum
Tainsi
DalakiKumuri
Daruha
KumariGaindi
Tuluka
RegedaMarudi
Hinjal
Sakini
Ganjada
Raigoda
KulasarOlaberi Nuapada
Thukuli
TarandaTarabha
Kulangi
BalangaAradiha
Labangi
Mahulia
NuapadaSankari
NuagaonSripaju
Baliput
Badamul
JasipurRajingi
Hinsaloi
Sankrida
Laimunda
Bidising
HinsridaHidising
PampasarNuabhuin
Talisara
NuakhetaGopalpur
Nilamara
Jamudoli MalisahiHatibari Karabira
Atalsara
Bhabapur
HatigadaBodhamba
ShyampurSemigora
JanisahiKaintara
PanchamaTalasahi
Mahigarh
Kutibari MandaniaSanagaonMalisahiGeragedi
Haripura
Ranikhol RaigadiaDhuapaju
Kanapaju
BaragothaBadataila
HinjagolaKantabeda
Hinjadoli
DalasingaDimiripal
Asanbahal
Bipradihi
Badakheta
Panabhuin
Purunakot
KudasingaKusasingaLimbadihi
Ramimunda
MajhipadaJharapada
Dhanadhip
RanibhuinDhipasahi
Bada gaon
IswarapurBentapadaBarapall i
Jamujhola
Bhalumunda
Kothabhuin
BaghamundaTakarsinga
KaradapadaBeherasahi
Dolamundei
TikarapadaBhurukundi
Sisupathar
ChakamundaGeredisahi
BasantapurSatakhanda
Kamaladiha Mardamekha
Kendudhipa
ChhamundiaBethiasahi
Purunapani
Gochhabari
Mahanapada
DhobabareiTolakpatia
Bhagabatpur
Tentulipada
Jaganathpur
Karadasinga
GhungurpadaSatyajaypur
KainpokhariPaikaregeda
Muduligadia
KanipokhariMalasapadarSanasilinga
Badasilinga
Kadalibereni
Krusnachakra
Badakantakul
Tentulipadar
Kunjabanapur
Badamulpatna
Sikaragochha
Dhanurjayapur
Badanandagadu
Kandhazilinda
Kimbhirakhani
Katranga(Bada)
Mahanadikhesara
Katarang(F.Beat)
Karadaberenijungle
Jaganathpur(F.Beat)
Chhotkei(Chhotakoi)Luhasinga
Laxmanapur
Dandasinga
Bhagamunda
Maskajholi
Kutulusingh
JaganathpurHinjalakhal
ChikankhandiBadhiaregeda
Sagadabhanga
Jayamangalpur
Dudhianali(Bada)
Jayamangalpur(Ka)
Nandania RF
Balikiari RF
Krushnachakra RF
Balanga RF
Nuakhia RF
Nuagarh RF
Hatidhara RF
20°
25' 2
0°25'
20°
30' 2
0°30'
20°
35' 2
0°35'
20°
40' 2
0°40'
20°
45' 2
0°45'
84°35'
84°35'
84°40'
84°40'
84°45'
84°45'
84°50'
84°50'
84°55'
84°55'
85°00'
85°00'
85°5'
85°5'
85°10'
85°10'
Zone Map ofSatkosia-Gorge WL Sanctuary
Scale : 1: 2,50,000
Reference
Eco-Restoration ZoneWilderness ZoneEco-Development Zone
Forest Boundary
% Habitation
Eco-Toursim ZoneRiver
Pack TrackFoot Path
Unmetal RoadForest RoadCart Track
Metal Road
Sanctuary Boundary
Range HQ.Section HQ.Beat HQ.
#Y
$Z
$
Buffer zone Boundary
1
2
3
4
h
E
E
E
h
h
h
h
h
CORE
BUFFER
Tikarapada
Baliput
Ranibhuin
Tulka
BhurkundiKatrang
Majhipada
Purnakote
Visitor Centre
Eco-lodge
home-stay
VC
Eh
Chhotkei
VC
Walk
Cycle
Traditional fishing boat
Micro planning for Ecotourism
Village level micro planning is essential to capture needs of the community.
Consensus among all sections of the village in running an ecotourism enterprise.
Some communities cautious of allowing visitors entering their village.
Others find it as an opportunity to tap the ecotourism incomes.
Ecotourism master plan of the PA needs to be discussed and agreed upon with the community at large.
In Satkosia the ecotourism activates,were practiced within the larger gamut of Eco-development.
Micro planning is essential to identify target households
• Poor Households who are dependent on forest resources are targeted.
• Simple PRA tools help in identifying the target households.
• Ensures equity and transparency.
• PRA tools• social mapping,• forest dependency • wellness ranking and household interviews.
Wellness and forest dependency ranking charts
Useful to identify target households for ecotourism & Income generating activities
Reciprocal commitments… Reciprocal commitments from community to wildlife conservation and
protection should be agreed upon.
Done during the micro planning process
EDC must reciprocate various commitments to ensure that biodiversity is protected and conserved.
◦ No fire, poaching, illegal felling of timber
◦ Rotational grazing
◦ Provision of intelligence, information and assistance in prevention and investigation of offences and offenders.
◦ Registration of all fire arms in the village.
• Second ecotourism initiative in Satkosia
• Master plan for an Eco friendly nature camp at Chotkei
• Compressed earth bricks, treated bamboo, bamboo corrugated sheets.
• Low carbon footprint.
• Funds provided to the EDC for construction.
Ecotourism groups (ETG) selected during micro planning.
ETGs to be identified and ratified by the EDCs.
ETGs will be allowed to manage the Eco-lodges, boating etc
Treatment of Bamboo done by EDC
Construction using compressed earth bricks
Bamboo corrugated sheets for roofing
Capacity building & training is integral.
Ecotourism group trained in catering, house keeping, reception services, hospitality management.
Trained at Institute of Hotel Management and Catering, Bhubaneswar.
Nature camp, Chotkei was launched in Dec 2011
• Thousands of picnickers visit Satkosia every year.
• Unmanaged picnicking polluted the area.
Alternative picnic area developed through EDC.
Picnicking banned in rest if Tiger reserve.
River View Picnic, Goindi
• Located on the Mahanadi river bank
• Managed by an Ecotourism Group
Community run Picnic areas
Seating spaces, toilets and water supply
Fire wood and cooking utensils supplied.
Boating facility introduced.
Plans to introduce catering by the group.
• The profits shared ETG members
• Over Rs 1.0 lakh profit during 2010
Community based ecotourism initiatives have bridged the gap between the forest dwellers and the PA management.
Increased incomes from ecotourism initiatives have convinced villages about the benefits from ecotourism.
There is perceptible change in the attitude of the community towards wildlife conservation.
Over the years the villagers have supported the PA management in fire prevention, providing intelligence input into wildlife poaching and timber smuggling.
Illegal movement of forest produce through the Mahanadi River stopped due to the active involvement of TIPPS, at Tikarpada.
Year No of wildlife offence cases
2005-06 16
2006-07 13
2007-08 12
2008-09 5
2009-10 4
2010-11 3
Year No. of Timber smuggling
offence cases
No. of vehicles seized
Motorized Non motorized
2005-06 639 3 50
2006-07 559 6 56
2007-08 268 4 -
2008-09 141 - -
2009-10 28 2 4
2010-11 10 0 0
Conclusions and lesions learnt..
Community based ecotourism model in Satkosia, has shown substantial insights.
Ecotourism provides alternative livelihoods to the deprived community, bringing increased incomes.
This changes the attitude of the community to the PA.
Benefits to stakeholders◦ Community has gained through increased
incomes◦ PA managers gained enhanced support◦ Tourists have benefited from better visitor
experiences and conservation education values
◦ PA is benefited through enhanced biodiversity conservation.
Thank You