contributions of biotechnology for poverty reduction in africa $ a perspective for small to...
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Contributions of Biotechnology for Poverty Reduction in Africa
$A perspective for small to medium-sized plant breeding programs
Agro-biotechnology
Tissue culture and micropropagation
Recombinant DNA and diagnostics
Transgenics and GM-food, -feed, -fiber
Genomics and marker-aided introgression and selection
(Biosafety and IPR management)
Agro-biotechnology levels
Product users: import germplasm ensuing from biotech
process for testing or for crossing blocks with local
material
Tool users: import tools for molecular breeding,
adapting tool to local environments when needed
Methods innovators: research to establish full capacity
(both products and tools) for molecular breeding
7666088Total
79909Barley
7762Papaya77959Tomato
72253Legumes691674Potato
71231Squash761980Soybean
65234Beet712136Wheat
78290Alfalfa625563Cotton
87326Pea6810511Maize
93350Canola6813487Rice
73400Flax8626723Apple
%>1985TotalCrop%>1985TotalCrop
US patents in key crops (< 2000)
Legal forms of property protection: patents, plant breeder’s rights, MTAs, technology use agreements, bag label contracts, trade secrets, commercial contracts and licenses
Freedom-to-operate: licensing germplasm for biotech tools, cross-licensing, joint ventures with private sector holding biotechnology, licensing (gratis), making common cause for sharing biotechnology, alliance with independent developers of biotech tools, use legally proprietary tools in host country and allow recipients to deal with claims on ensuing biotech products in other country
public goodsIntellectual property rights and international
Agro-biotechnology strategy for an international
Conduct applied biotech research to address the food
and income needs
Transfer, in collaboration with partners, biotech
products from labs to markets
Serve as a platform for biotech transfer between
advanced labs and NARS
Enhanced selected NARS capacity to apply and monitor
biotech via comprehensive interactions and training-
through-research programs
center - IITA
Gene gun Agrobacterium
Transformation Methods
Transgenic crops: cotton, cucumber, melon, maize, tomato, papaya, potato, soybean, canola, sugar beet, tobacco, carnation
In pipeline: sweetpotato, cassava, banana/plantain, groundnut, chickpea, pigeonpea, pea, cowpea, sorghum, wheat
Transgenic technology: from test tubes tofarmer fields
Containment Facility and Biosafety
Testing Transgenics
Grown in:Argentina, Australia, Canada, Chile, China, France, Germany, India, Mexico, South Africa, Spain, Uruguay, USA
Not yet grown?:Brazil, Egypt, other EU, Japan, Kenya, Korea, Switzerland
Traits:Herbicide-tolerant Insect resistantViral resistantMale sterile/restorersDelayed ripeningOil contentVitamin A, vaccines
GM-crops: 53 million ha (2001); 62.3% RR-soybean
Transgenic crops
Available transgenic technology for sub-Saharan
Insect resistant crops: cotton, maize, potato, sweetpotato
Viral resistant crops: potato, sweetpotato, papaya, (squash?)
Herbicide tolerant crops?: cotton, maize, soybean, (canola)
Delayed ripening: (melon, tomato?)
Africa
KenyaBt-sweetpotato
KenyaVR-sweetpotato
Ex-ante:
ChinaBt-cotton
MexicoVR-potato
USABt-potato
USA/NCRR-soybean
CanadaRR-canola
US Corn beltBt-maize
LocationCrop
Benefits from transgenic crops
GM-crops and pesticide use
RR-soybean, RR-canola, Bt-maize, Bt-cotton reduced
pesticide use by 22.3 million kg of formulated product in
year 2000
In EU (ex-ante analysis) IF 50% GM-maize, -canola, -
sugar beet and –cotton; THEN pesticide use down by
14.5 million kg of product (4.6 M kg active ingredient),
7.5 M ha sprayed less (i.e., savings of 20.5 million liters
diesel, thereby avoiding 73,000 t CO2 into atmosphere)
From: R.P. Phipps & J.R. Park (2002)
Year
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Trait discovery/optimization
Elite event selection process
Regulatory process--------------
Introgression
Parent seed production
Commercial production
-----------Product launch----------- Branding/pricing Premarketing
Timeframe for a transgenic cultivar
Crops
startingstartingstartingCocoa
availableavailableSoybean
gplmap/QTLin dev.Cowpea
gplmap/QTLavailableMaize
pest, gpl genome
map/QTLin-house
GUS +
routineBanana/plantain
pest, gplmap/QTLn/aroutineYams
pest, gplmap/QTLIn-houseroutineCassava
Finger-printingDNA MarkerGM-techTissue Culture
Available = from lab or biotech company in North America
IITA AgroBiotech R4D in SSA
Tissue culture at IITA
In vitro gene bank for cassava, yam and plantain/
banana (incl. cryo-preservation)
Emergency relief unit for vegeatively propagated crops
and delivery of new propagules to farming systems
Pathogen-tested propagules for export after virus-
indexing and diagnostics for pests
Genetic transformation at IITA
Efficient in-house genotype-independent regeneration
protocol from apical meristems of plantain and banana; Gus
(uidA) expression after Agrobacterium transformation
Regeneration and Agrobacterium transformation systems for
cassava; transient Gus expression shown in partnership
project
Researching electroporation for yams and Agrobacterium-
transformation for cowpeas in partnerships with ARIs in EU
and North America
IITA markers for aided-breeding
Plantain & Banana
RAPD and AFLP to determine genetic variation and phylogeny in Musa germplasm
Researching on fruit parthenocarpy, dwarfism, apical dominance and banana weevil resistance with SSR and AFLP markers
RAPD markers for A and B genomes
FISH technique for distinct genomes
SSR to predict heterosis; but pedigree-based analysis still useful for selecting parents
IITA markers for aided-breeding
Cassava Interval mapping with RFLP and SSR of cassava mosaic disease
dominant gene with CIAT and cloning with DDPSC-ILTAB
Two genes coding for enzyme in biosynthesis of cyanogenic glucosides with KVL
EST and DNA chips with NDSU
SSR to determine duplicates in gene bank
Yams
Genetic diversity and phylogeny with AFLP
AFLP maps for water and white yams
QTL for yam mosaic virus with JIC
Cowpea Genetic map (RAPD, AFLP, SSR) with JIC, Univ. Saskatchewan
and US Univs.
QTL for 100 seed-weight, CPMoV, bruchids
Strain-specific R genes for Striga with VU
Genetic diversity and phylogeny gene bank
Maize AFLP fingerprinting of landraces and lines
Map Striga R genes from teosinte for BC with CIMMYT
Soon to research DNA markers for biofortification and nutritional genomics
IITA markers for aided-breeding
Diagnostic tools Routine to detect virus and for pathogen strain-fingerprinting
(ELISA and PCR)
Environmental risk assessment GM-crops Gene flow between cowpea and wild Vigna
Capacity building Assessing status and suggesting new steps
Updating skills of NARS partners
Biosafety with national governments and other stakeholders
Public awareness of benefits (and risks?) of agrobiotechnology
AgroBiotech R4D at IITA
CGIAR’s Emerging Niche “Developing new paradigms in breeding”
Catalyzing lateral linkages
Genomics – Germplasm – Breeding – Bioinformatics
Releasing the power of HTP genotyping
Public domain molecular breeding packages
Enhanced food production
Support increases in population plus fuel economic development
Advances in crop productivity
Augmentation of traditional plant breeding
Critical role of applied agro-biotechnology
More rapid and efficient plant breeding plus achieving new goals
The Role of Molecular Breeding in PovertyAlleviation
New Paradigms in Plant Breeding
Molecular breeding of complex traits GxE, epistasis, population size
Plus-minus assays
Rapid, cost effective, complex development
Knowledge-led plant breeding
Functional and comparative genomics
Mega-throughput marker screening
Microarrays and DNA chips
Outlook for the Future