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Nervous

system

Peripheralnervoussystem

Motor nerves

Autonomicnervoussystem

Somaticnervoussystem

Sensorynerves

Centralnervoussystem

Brain Spinal Chord

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Nervous system

The organ system in an animal that serves to coordinateand control the functioning of all other organ systemsin the body is known as nervous system.

Nervous system works with the endocrine system tocommunicate, integrate and coordinate the functionsof various organs and systems in our body and helpsthe body to respond to the external stimuli. In humans,the nervous system has two main divisions:

The central nervous system (CNS)

The peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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Peripheral nervous system

The peripheral nervoussystem includes the

sensory and motor nervesand

connects the centralnervous system with the

sense organs, muscles andglands of

the body. The peripheralnervous system is regardedas actor or performer in

the body.

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Autonomic nervous systemThe autonomic nervous

system (ANS or visceral nervoussystem) is the part of

the peripheral nervoussystem that acts as a control

system functioning largely belowthe level of consciousness, and

controls visceral functions.[1] TheANS affects heart

rate, digestion,respirationrate, salivation, perspiration,

diameter of thepupils, micturition (urination),

and sexual arousal. Whereasmost of its actions are

involuntary, some, such asbreathing, work in tandem with

the conscious mind.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_nervous_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_nervous_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_nervous_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_nervous_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomic_nervous_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomic_nervous_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiration_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiration_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiration_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salivationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salivationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspirationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspirationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiration_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salivationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspirationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micturitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_arousalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_arousalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micturitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspirationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salivationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiration_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiration_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiration_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomic_nervous_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_nervous_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_nervous_system

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Somatic nervous system

The somatic nervous system (SoNS) is the part of

the peripheral nervous system[1] associated with

the voluntary control of body movements via skeletal

muscles. The SoNS consists ofefferent

nerves responsible for stimulating muscle contraction,

including all the non sensory neurons connected with

skeletal muscles and skin.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_nervous_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatic_nervous_systemhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/voluntaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeletal_muscleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeletal_muscleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efferent_nervehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efferent_nervehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_contractionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_contractionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efferent_nervehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efferent_nervehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeletal_muscleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeletal_muscleshttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/voluntaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatic_nervous_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_nervous_system

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Nerve Impulse

Neurons send messageselectrochemically; thismeans that chemicals

(ions) cause an electricalimpulse. Neurons and

muscle cells areelectrically excitable cells,which means that theycan transmit electricalnerve impulses. These

impulses are due toevents in the cellmembrane, so to

understand the nerveimpulse we need to revise

some properties of cell

membranes.

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Synapse

Synapse is the functional junction between two

neurons where information is transferred from

one neuron to the other neuron.

f d f

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How is information transmitted from

one neuron to the other?

When the electrical impulse reaches the nerve ending thesynaptic bulbs release chemicals called neurotransmitters(eg. Acetylcholene) in synpse which stimulates thedendrites of the next neuron to initiate the nerve impulse

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Central Nervous System

The central nervous

system consists of

brain and spinal

cord. It is regarded

as the thinker or

information

processor in the

body.

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Spinal Cord

The spinal cord begins asan ectodermal neuralgroove, which becomes ahollow neural tube.

The spinal cord isprotected by the vertebrae(derived from thenotochord).

White, myelinated sheath

of axons & dendritessurround the gray mattercontaining cell bodies.

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The Hindbrain

The hindbrain consists of the medulla

oblongata, the pons, and the cerebellum.

The medulla oblongata, is really a

continuation of the spinal cord.

The pons carries impulses from one side of

the cerebellum to the other and connects the

medulla and cerebellum to other brain

regions.

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Cerebellum

The cerebellum controls balance posture, and

muscle coordination.

Birds have a highly developed cerebellum because

flying is complicated.

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Brain Stem

The brain stem includes

the midbrain, pons, and

medulla oblongata.

It connects the rest of the

brain to the spinal cord.

Controls breathing,

swallowing, digestive

processes, heartbeat, and

diameter of bloodvessels.

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Midbrain

The midbrain consists of the tectum, including

optic lobes, which contain nuclei that serve as

centers for visual and auditory reflexes.

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Forebrain

Vertebrates other than fishes have a complexforebrain:

Diencephalon contains:

Thalamus relay center between cerebrum & sensorynerves.

Hypothalamus participates in basic drives &emotions. Also controls pituitary gland.

Telencephalon (cerebrum in mammals) is devotedto associative activity.

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Reflex action

It is the spontaneous, involuntary, automatic,mechanical response to the stimulus in which the willpower is not involved

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Reflex arc

It is the shortest route followed by the impulsefrom sense organssensory nerveCentralnervous systemmotor nerveEffector organs

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Control and coordination in

plants

Plant shows two types of movements- one dependent ongrowth and the other independent of growth.

Movements Due to growth or Tropic Movements

A growth movement of a plant part in response to an externalstimulus in which the direction of a stimulus determines the

direction of response s called tropism. Thus tropism is adirectional movement of the part of a plant caused due to its

growth. The tropic movements can be either towards thestimulus or away from it e.g. the shoot of a growing plant bendstowards the light, while roots of a plant move away from light.

Types of tropism:

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Types of tropism:

1. The movement of a plant part in response to light is called phototropism.The stem of a growing plant bends towards the light (positive phototropism),

while roots of a plant move away from light (negative phototropism).2. The movement of a plant part in response to gravity is called geotropism.

The roots of a plant move downwards in the direction of gravity. On the otherhand the stem of a plant grow upwards and away from the earth.3. The movement of a plant part in response to chemicals is called

chemotropism. The growth of pollen tubes towards ovules during the processof fertilization.

4. The movement of a plant part in response to water is called hydrotropism.The roots of a plant always grow towards water.

5. The directional growth movement of a plant part in response to the touch ofan object is called Thigmotropism.

There are some plants called climbing plants which have weak stems, cannotstand erect on their own. They have climbing organs called tendrils. Tendrilsare thin, thread like structures on the stem or leaves of climbing plants.

Tendrils are sensitive to touch. When they come in contact with an object,wind around the object and cling to it. This is due to the growth of a tendril

towards the object.

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Nastic Movements:

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Nastic Movements:In nastic movements the movement of plant part is

neither towards the stimulus nor away from the stimulus.This movement is not a directional movement of the

plant part with respect to the stimulus. In nasticmovements growth may or may not take place.

The folding up of the leaves of a sensitive plant or touchme not plant (Mimosa pudica) on touching is an example

of nastic movement. Here stimulus is touch. Thisinformation is traveled from cell to cell by electricalchemical means.

This plant has pad like swellings called pulvini at the baseof each leaf. The folding up of the leaves of a sensitive

plant on touching is due to the sudden loss of water fromthe pulvini.

Plant cells change shape by changing the amount ofwater in them, resulting in swelling or shrinking, and in

changing shapes.

Hormones in Plants

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Hormones in Plants

Different plant hormones help to coordinate growth,development and responses to the environment. They are

produced at places away from where they act simplydiffuses to the area of action.

Types of Hormones:1. Auxin: It is produced at the shoot tip. It helps plant to

grow. It promotes cell enlargement and celldifferentiation in plants2. Gibberellins: It also helps in the growth of the stem

along with Auxin.3. Cytokinins: It promotes cell division. They are present

in large amount in areas of rapid cell division, such asfruits and seeds. It promotes the opening of stomata.4. Abscisic acid: It inhibits growth. It effects wilting of

leaves. It also promotes the closing of stomata.

5. Ethylene: Helps in ripening of fruit.

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Hormones in animals

1. The endocrine system consists of anumber of endocrine glands whichsecrete chemicals known as

hormones.

2. Endocrine system helps incoordinating the activities of our

body in addition to nervous system.

3. The hormones produced byendocrine glands act as messengers

between the nervous system and theorgans of our body.

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Hormone Endocrine

gland

Function

Growth hormone Pituitary Regulates growth and development

of body

Throxin Thyroid gland Controls carbohydrate, protein andfat metabolism

Adrenaline Adrenal gland Prepares the body to deal with

emergency situations

Insulin Pancreas Regulates blood sugar levels

Testosterone Testis Causes development of sexual

organs and secondary sexual

characteristics in males

Oestrogen Ovary Causes development of sexual

organs and secondary sexual

characteristics in females

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More about Adrenal glands

In case of flight or fight reactionto an emergency situation,

Adrenal glands releaseadrenaline into blood whichacts on heart and other tissues causes faster heart beat more oxygen to muscles reduced blood supply to

digestive system and skindiversion of blood to skeletalmuscles increase in breathingrate.

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About some diseases

Deficiency of iodine causes goiter whereas deficiencyof growth hormone and insulin causes dwarfism and

diabetes respectively.

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Feedback Mechanisms

Feedback mechanisms are present to regulate thehormone action.

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Videos

Some videos on the following topics:

1. The Nervous System

2. The Autonomic Nervous System

3. Neurotransmitters Synapse

4. Reflex Action

5. Tropismare there in the other folder.

I request you to please see them once. I tried adding

them in the presentation but I was not able to.

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