control and prevention hazard

8/11/2019 Control and Prevention Hazard

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SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION

INTRODUCTION

This document is a tool to give assistance in developing a written Safety and HealthManagement System (SHMS). A SHMS is also referred to as an Accident PreventionProgram. A written accident prevention program is a required part of fulfilling therequirement in M!SHA "onstruction Safety Standard# Part $. %eneral &ules# &ule $$'($) to have an Accident Prevention Program.

This document includes some sample language# notes# and additional resources to helpyou prepare your written accident prevention program. ach company should tailortheir own system and formulate safety procedures and rules applicale to their ownwor* operations and wor* environments.

+ailure to develop a written construction safety and health management system specificto your operation may result in a M!SHA violation.

,esite lin*s are provided throughout this document to guide you to M!SHAStandards and other resource documents.

,or*place in-uries are preventale. A SHMS is your est defense against wor*placein-uries.

An effective SHMS has five primary elements

Management "ommitment and Planning# mployee nvolvement# ,or*site Analysis# Ha/ard Prevention and "ontrol# Safety and Health Training.

This systematic approach integrates occupational safety and health o-ectives into thecompany0s organi/ational structure.

The results of a system approach include

An effective system supports the organi/ation0s philosophy. Safety and health policies and goals are clearly communicated. Accountaility for implementing the system is understood and accepted. 1ong2term solutions are implemented rather than one2time fi3es.


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valuation of results over time promotes continual improvement. An effective system positively impacts the company0s ottom line.

Be sure to assess your work operations and include safety and health information thatfits your specific needs, types of hazards, and the size and complexity of your business.

MIOSHA Safety and Health Standards

A good way to egin the development of a SHMS is to determine which standards andrules apply to the wor* eing performed in your organi/ation. The chart elow provideslin*s to M!SHA standards.

All standards can e found at www.michigan.gov4mioshastandards.

Standards Description LinkConstruction

Safety

5sed for construction activities

including new installations#

upgrades and large scope

repairs.

Construction Safety Standards

Or www.michigan.gov/mioshastandards andselect onstruction.!

eneral Industry Typically used for wor* activity in

a manufacturing or other facility.

"onstruction Safety standards

may apply when wor* activities

are related to 6new7 construction

pro-ects.

eneral Industry Standards

Or www.michigan.gov/mioshastandards andselect "eneral #ndustry.!

Ad!inistrati"e Applies to all estalishments. Ad!inistrati"e Rules

Or www.michigan.gov/mioshastandards andselect $dministrative %ules.!

Construction

Health

Health standards apply to all

construction activities. Some of

the more common include

Ha/ard "ommunication# Silica#

1ead# Asestos# and &espirators.

Construction Health

Or www.michigan.gov/mioshastandards andselect onstruction.!
http://www.michigan.gov/mioshastandardshttp://www.michigan.gov/lara/0,4601,7-154-61256_11407_15368-39938--,00.htmlhttp://www.michigan.gov/lara/0,4601,7-154-61256_11407_15368-39941--,00.htmlhttp://www.michigan.gov/lara/0,4601,7-154-61256_11407_15368-39919--,00.htmlhttp://www.michigan.gov/lara/0,4601,7-154-61256_11407_15368-39938--,00.htmlhttp://www.michigan.gov/mioshastandardshttp://www.michigan.gov/lara/0,4601,7-154-61256_11407_15368-39938--,00.htmlhttp://www.michigan.gov/lara/0,4601,7-154-61256_11407_15368-39941--,00.htmlhttp://www.michigan.gov/lara/0,4601,7-154-61256_11407_15368-39919--,00.htmlhttp://www.michigan.gov/lara/0,4601,7-154-61256_11407_15368-39938--,00.html


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CONSTRUCTION SA#$T% & H$ALTHMANA$M$NT S%ST$M

(ACCIDENT PREVENTION PROGRAM)

#OR

("ompany 8ame)

(Address)

(8ame of !wner4"!)


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TA'L$ O# CONT$NTS

Topic ...........................................................................................Page

Mana(e!ent Co!!it!ent and )lannin(.....................................9Sample Safety and Health Policy.............................................9Sample Safety and Health !-ectives......................................:;esignated Safety "oordinator.................................................:Supervisor0s &esponsiility.......................................................'Safety and Health "ommittee...................................................'&esponding to Safety and Health ssues.................................'

$!ployee In"ol"e!ent...................................................................o Site nspection..................................................................$B

Accident nvestigation.............................................................$$Personal Protective quipment...............................................$$Policies# Procedures# Safety and Health &ules......................$9Safety ;iscipline.....................................................................$'mergency Procedures..........................................................$o Safety

Analysis.

3. Ma*e regular -o site safety inspections and conduct health monitoring.

'. +ollow safety procedures and rules.

5. Provide on2going safety training.

6. nforce safety rules and use appropriate discipline.

SUPERVISORS RESPONSIBILITY!ur supervisors0 play an important part in creating and maintaining safe and healthfulwor* practices# policies# and procedures. t is the supervisor0s responsiility to identifypotential ha/ards# identify methods to control or eliminate the ha/ards# ensureemployees engage in safe and healthful wor* practices# and ensure employees receivesafety and health training to do their wor*. Safety and health performance will e part ofour supervisors0 evaluations.(1ist other company2specific assigned safety and health supervisory responsiilities.)

SAFETY AND HEALTH COMMITTEE

!ur management will ta*e an active role on the safety and health committee. At leastannually the safety and health committee will develop written safety and health goalsand trac* monthly progress. These goals will e communicated to all employees. !urcommittee will e comprised of management and hourly employees. Memers will e(lected4Appointed4Eolunteer) and will serve on the committee for (1ength of Time).

RESPONDING TO SAFETY AND HEALTH ISSUES!ur management will ta*e prompt consistent action when responding to safety andhealth issues. They will demonstrate our management commitment to addressing safetyand health concerns and encourage employee participation. Management will respondto employees0 reports of ha/ards or potential ha/ards and (;escrie your company0ssystem for employees to report ha/ards).

mmediate supervisors will review# investigate# and ta*e any necessary and appropriateaction on all employee reports of ha/ards or potential ha/ards. The employee reportingthe ha/ard or potential ha/ard will e notified of the outcome. &eporting of ha/ards orpotential ha/ards will e without fear of reprimand.

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$M)LO%$$ IN1OL1$M$NT

SAFETY AND HEALTH COMMITTEEThe purpose of our safety and health committee is to participate in the implementationof the safety and health system at ("ompany 8ame).

!ur committee will e comprised of management and employee representatives. !urcommittee will meet (Monthly4Fuarterly).The committee will

Have defined goals and o-ectives. Address safety and health issues. &ecord and post minutes of the meetings. nvolve employees in prolem solving.

;ocument action ta*en and post on the ulletin oards for all employees toread and2or comment. Have a formal agenda.

"ommittee memers are (1ist memers)

SAFETY INSPECTIONS!ur employees will participate in regular safety and health inspections(;aily4,ee*ly4Monthly4Fuarterly) to help identify potentially ha/ardous conditions andunsafe actions and initiate corrections. +indings will e presented to (8ame4Title4Safetyand Health "ommittee) for review. "orrective action will e implemented under the

direction of (8ame4Title) in a timely manner.

SUGGESTION SYSTEM!ur employees are encouraged to ma*e safety and health suggestions to help improvea process# prevent an accident# or to ma*e any improvement in the safety and healthsystem. The suggestion system will e implemented y (8ame4Title) who will eresponsile for determining priority and the proper means of implementation. Safetysuggestions will e shared with the safety and health committee for input. Suggestionforms can e placed in suggestion o3es at (1ocation) or given directly to (8ame4Title).

EMPLOYEE PARTICIPATION

!ur employees will e given an opportunity to provide input regarding recommendationson safety and health products# procedures# and training as it pertains to daily wor*operations. +or e3ample# employees may e given some responsiility to test outproducts or conduct research to sustantiate recommendations. mployee input may eprovided through the suggestion system# report of ha/ard# or through actions the safetyand health committee initiates. mployees may participate in a variety of ways such asGa trainer# inspector# or prolem solver.

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*OR2SIT$ ANAL%SIS

,e will conduct a wor*site analysis# through systematic actions that provide information

as needed to recogni/e and understand the ha/ards and potential ha/ards of ourwor*place. 1isted elow are types of wor*site analysis actions that can assist withma*ing an inventory of potential ha/ards in our wor*place

$. >o safety analysis.

9. "omprehensive ha/ard surveys (insurance inspections# M!SHA !n2site# etc.).

:. Ha/ard analysis of changes in the wor*place (new equipment# new processes).

'. &egular site safety and health inspections (employee and management).


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JOB SAFETY ANALYSIS("ompany 8ame) will utili/e -o safety analysis to determine potential ha/ards andidentify methods to reduce e3posure to the ha/ards.

>o Safety Analysis (>SA) is a method of planning for safety and health. There arethree parts to the >SA.

$. The first component of a >SA is rea*ing down a -o or tas* into the specificsteps it ta*es to complete the -o. Although this can e done in small detail#typically only the ma-or steps are listed. This often results in five to ten steps.The steps are listed in chronological order# listing the first thing that must edone# then what comes ne3t# and so on.

9. The second component of a >SA is to list ha/ards that are involved in each step.There may e many ha/ards that get listed ne3t to some steps and may not eany associated with some steps.

:. The third step is to write down how each ha/ard will e eliminated or controlled.n other words# descrie what needs to e done in order to perform that tas*safely.

Sa!ple 3SA #or!

>o Title Page DD of >SA 8o. ;ateDD8ewDD&evised

quipment Supervisor Analysis y

;epartment Approved y

&equired Personal Protective quipment (PP)

>o Steps Potential Ha/ards &ecommended Safe >o Procedures

Trainee(s) 8ame Training ;ate

Trainer(s) 8ame Trainer(s) Signature

+our2Step nstruction "ompleted Prepare the ,or*erIIII Trainer(s) nitialsPresent the !perationIII Trainer(s) nitialsTry !ut PerformanceIII.. Trainer(s) nitials+ollow 5pIIIIIIII..Trainer(s) nitials

"omments

8ote to employer >o safety analysis is often called different things. !ther names for itinclude -o ha/ard analysis# -o tas* analysis# tas* ha/ard analysis# and safety tas*analysis. >o ha/ard analysis ta*es place prior to starting new wor* activities.

A sample form and more detailed instruction is included in the M!SHA >o SafetyAnalysis oo*let (SP J:9).

Or go to) www.michigan.gov/mioshapublications, select &ample (lans and &pecial (rograms! and &( -.!

EMPLOYEE REPORT OF HAZARDS5
http://www.michigan.gov/documents/cis_wsh_cetsp32_137664_7.dochttp://www.michigan.gov/documents/cis_wsh_cetsp32_137664_7.dochttp://www.michigan.gov/documents/cis_wsh_cetsp32_137664_7.dochttp://www.michigan.gov/documents/cis_wsh_cetsp32_137664_7.doc


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!ur employees play a *ey role in identifying# controlling# and reporting ha/ards that mayoccur or already e3ist in the wor*place. mployee reports of potential ha/ards can ean effective tool to trigger a closer loo* at a piece of equipment# operation# or how wor*is eing performed. &eports of potential ha/ards can also provide suggestions toeliminate a ha/ard.

ACCIDENT/INCIDENT INVESTIGATION,e will conduct an investigation for all accidents4incidents and near misses. !urprimary goal of conducting an investigation is to determine the 6root cause7 to preventthe ris* of a future occurrence. nvestigation reports can help determine in-ury andillness trends over time# so that patterns with common causes can e identified andprevented. nvestigations are not intended to place lame.

Accidents and 6near2miss7 incidents will e investigated y (8ame4Title). The reports wille reviewed y (8ame4Safety "ommittee) within (;ays4Hours) of an accident4incident.

CONTROL AND )R$1$NTION HA4ARD

6


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!ur management will develop systems to prevent and control ha/ards. These includethe estalishment of controls through engineering# wor* practice# personal protective

equipment# and4or administrative actionsG systems to trac* ha/ard correctionG preventivemaintenance systemsG emergency preparationG and medical program.

!ur written system will e implemented to assure guards# house*eeping# and personalprotective equipment are provided and eing used.

A written plan of action for the correction of ha/ards found in the wor*place will eimplemented y (8ame4Title). Actions will e communicated to all employees.

A maintenance schedule for all vehicles and equipment will e estalished y(8ame4Title). Maintenance logs will e *ept to document wor* performed and repairsscheduled or ordered.

&equired written programs such as loc*out4tagout# respiratory protection# right to *now#confined space# asestos# en/ene# lead# and for* lift permits will e developed.

Through a team effort all employees at ("ompany 8ame) will ma*e 6safety chec*s7 apart of routine wor* practices.

JOB SITE INSPECTIONS("ompany 8ame) will conduct daily -o site inspections. Ha/ards will e documented#

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reviewed# and corrections will e made in a timely manner. More detailed# writteninspections will e conducted y (8ame4Title) on a (,ee*ly4Monthly) asis. The Safety"oordinator or other designated safety person will tour each -o site and oservepotential safety4health ha/ards# and develop a plan for safeguarding this companyKswor*ers which may include the following

$. &emoving the ha/ard.

9. %uarding against the ha/ard as required y M!SHA.

:. Providing personal protective equipment and enforcing its use.

'. Training wor*ers in safe wor* practices.


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ACCIDENT INVESTIGATIONAll accidents resulting in in-ury or property damage will e investigated. The purpose ofthe investigation is 8!T to find fault# ut to find the cause of the accident so similarincidents can e prevented in the future.

$. All accidents# no matter how minor must e reported to the +oremanimmediately.

9. +oremen must report all accidents to the Safety "oordinator as soon as possile.

:. +oremen must complete an initial written accident investigation the day of theaccident# if possile.

'. All wor*ers involved in the accident or who witnessed the accident mustcomplete a written statement descriing the incident.


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POLICIES, PROCEDURES, SAFETY AND HEALTH RULES!ur management is responsile for implementing ma-or decisions# policies and safetyand health procedures. Specific safety and health procedures that are required yM!SHA will e put in writing such as loc*out# right to *now# fall protection# confinedspace# respiratory program# etc. A copy of our written safety program will e availale

on every -osite# either in the -osite trailer# the gang o3# or with the foremen. Therequired M!SHA posters will e posted (1ocation).

("ompany 8ame) will inform and enforce the following safety rules

All of our safety rules !ust .e o.eyed0 #ailure to do so /ill result in strictdisciplinary action0

$. ,ear appropriate clothing and use sun loc* to prevent sunurn.

9. ,atch where you are wal*ing. ;o not run. Leep your mind on your wor* at alltimes.

:. The use of illegal drugs or alcohol or eing under the influence during wor*inghours shall e cause for termination. nform your supervisor if ta*ing strongprescription drugs that warn against driving or using machinery.

'. ;o not distract the attention of fellow wor*ers or engage in horseplay. ;o notengage in any act which would endanger another employee.


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$


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9=. 8ever enter a manhole# well# shaft# tunnel or other confined space which couldpossily have a ha/ardous atmosphere ecause of lac* of o3ygen# or presenceof to3ic or flammale gas# or has a possiility of engulfment y solids or liquids. !nly a qualified person will test the confined area with an appropriate detector

efore entry. ,ear the necessary personal protective equipment. Provide ventilation y lowing fresh air into the confined space. An attendant (hole2watch) may e required to e stationed at the entrance.

SAFETY DISCIPLINE("ompany 8ame) has implemented the following four step disciplinary system whensafety rules are not followed or other unsafe actions endanger wor*ers.

+irst violation !ral warningG notation for personnel file.

Second violation ,ritten warningG copy for file or Personnel !ffice.

Third violation ,ritten warningG one day suspension without pay.

+ourth violation ,ritten warning and one2wee* suspension# or termination ifwarranted.

Oero2tolerance Eiolations Some safety violations are of such serious nature that therewill e no warnings and termination may result. 3amples include

ntering ha/ardous confined spaces without following proper procedures# +ailing to use fall protection equipment#

ntering unsafe e3cavations.

Coth the employee and the supervisor allowing these unsafe acts may e terminated.

A record will e maintained of all disciplinary actions.

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EMERGENCY PROCEDURESn case of an emergency on site the following procedures will e instituted at each site.

$. Method of communication will e determined at each site telephone# radio# etc.

9. Post the following emergency telephone numers

Police# +ire# Medical &esponse Team.

:. Post the -o site address near the communication station.

'. Post names of first aid responders on site. +irst responders should otain allrequired +irst Aid4"P& and Cloodorne 3posure training.


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LOCKOUT / TAGOUTLockout 5 Ta(outassures that employees are protected from unintended machinemotion or unintended release of energy which could cause in-ury. This includeselectricity# water# steam# hydraulic# gravity# and many other sources of stored energy.

All sources of energy must e shut off# de2energi/ed at the source# and loc*ed2out priorto any employee eginning wor* around or on the potential ha/ard.

14

8ote to employer &eview the M!SHA 1oc*out 4 Tagout "ompliance %uideforassistance in writing your program. The document was written for general industry#however some of the information may e helpful. Appendi3 A of that guide is asample 1oc*out 4 Tagout program that you may copy and modify for your program.

Or go to) www.michigan.gov/mioshapublications, select &ample (lans and &pecial (rograms! and &(- 9.!
http://www.michigan.gov/documents/cis_wsh_cetsp27_114797_7.dochttp://www.michigan.gov/documents/cis_wsh_cetsp27_114797_7.doc


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CONFINED SPACE ENTRY8o employee shall enter confined spaces without authori/ation. A confined spaceis defined as the following

$. A space that is 8!T ;S%8; +!& "!8T85!5S employee!""5PA8"# and

9. s large enough and so configured that a person can odily enter into andperform assigned wor*# and

:. Has 1MT; or &ST&"T; means for 8T& or QT.

"onfined spaces that may have a HAOA&;!5S ATM!SPH& require specialprecautions. Ha/ardous atmospheres are those that may e3pose employees tothe ris* of death# incapacitation# impairment of aility to self rescue caused y

+lammale gas#Airorne comustile dust#

Atmospheric o3ygen concentration elow $.< or aove 9:.


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WRITTEN HAZARD COMMUNICATION PROGRAMHa/ard communication means ensuring that all wor*ers *now aout thechemicals that they wor* with and wor* around. !ften called 6&ight to Lnow#7 theha/ard communication program involves the following elements.

$. ,ritten ha/ard communication program.

9. Training on the chemicals this company uses.

:. 1aeling using properly laeled containers.

'. Safety ;ata Sheets (S;S) S;S (formerly *nown as Material Safety ;ataSheets or MS;S) must e readily availale onsite. ,or*ers must *nowwhere to find S;S and e ale to read and properly utili/e an S;S.


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FALL PROTECTION PROGRAM

$. +all protection is required whenever wor*ing at si3 feet or aove.

9. +all protection will e provided y one or more of the following

%uardrails# Hole covers# Safety nets# Personal fall arrest system (harness and lanyard).

8ote to employer To assist you in completing your fall protection program#there are lin*s provided elow to several fall protection documents availalefrom M!SHA

Highlights of the +all Protection Standard

"onstruction ndustry Threshold Heights &equiring +all Prevention4Protectionquipment

+alls 2 5nprotected Sides# ,all !penings# and +loor Holes

+all Protection R %eneral nterpretations ("!M B'29)

Or go to) www.michigan.gov/miosha, select $*+ opic #ndex! and 4all (rotection.!

17
http://www.michigan.gov/documents/dleg/wsh_cet0180_299375_7.dochttp://www.michigan.gov/documents/dleg/wsh_const_threshold_220001_7.dochttp://www.michigan.gov/documents/dleg/wsh_const_threshold_220001_7.dochttp://www.michigan.gov/documents/dleg/wsh_constfact_falls_unprotected_sides_wall_openings_and_floor_holes_286555_7.dochttp://www.dleg.state.mi.us/wsh/docs/inst/cshd_com_04_2.pdfhttp://www.michigan.gov/documents/dleg/wsh_cet0180_299375_7.dochttp://www.michigan.gov/documents/dleg/wsh_const_threshold_220001_7.dochttp://www.michigan.gov/documents/dleg/wsh_const_threshold_220001_7.dochttp://www.michigan.gov/documents/dleg/wsh_constfact_falls_unprotected_sides_wall_openings_and_floor_holes_286555_7.dochttp://www.dleg.state.mi.us/wsh/docs/inst/cshd_com_04_2.pdf


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ELECTRICAL SAFETYlectrical safety involves two primary issues

Powerlines#Temporary and permanent electrical wiring and equipment.

To avoid electrical incidents# several asic safety rules must e followed$. Stay at least $B feet ac* from powerlines# in A11 directions. Stay further

ac* if voltages are greater than


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ECAVATION SAFETYPre2-o planning is vital to accident2free e3cavations and trenchingG safety cannote improvised as wor* progresses.

The following concerns must e addressed y a qualified person.

$. valuate soil conditions and select and construct appropriate protectivesystems in accordance with M!SHA Part # 3cavation# Trenching andShoring.

9. f the trench is


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$9.Leep e3cavations open the minimum amount of time needed to completeoperations.

8ote to employer M!SHA documents to assist you with compliance

M!SHA +act Sheet Trenching and 3cavation R Protective Systems

Or go to www.michigan.gov/mioshapublications and select 0#O&1$ 4act &heets.!

3cavation y the 8umers

Or go to www.michigan.gov/mioshapublications and select 0#O&1$ 4act &heets.!

Part

Or go to www.michigan.gov/mioshastandards and select onstruction.!

20
http://www.michigan.gov/documents/dleg/wsh_constfact_trenching_and_excavation_protective_systems_286574_7.dochttp://www.michigan.gov/documents/dleg/wsh_cet0183_304209_7.pdfhttp://www.michigan.gov/documents/CIS_WSH_part_9_47126_7.pdfhttp://www.michigan.gov/documents/dleg/wsh_constfact_trenching_and_excavation_protective_systems_286574_7.dochttp://www.michigan.gov/documents/dleg/wsh_cet0183_304209_7.pdfhttp://www.michigan.gov/documents/CIS_WSH_part_9_47126_7.pdf


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SA#$T% AND H$ALTH TRAININ

("ompany 8ame) will provide training to assure the requirements of M!SHAstandards are met and continuously evaluate employee training needs to *eepwor*ers safe and healthy on the -o.

$. 8ew mployee !rientation 8ew employees will receive training on thecompany safety and health management system# safe wor* practices ande3pectations# and specific safety and health training for the tas*s that theywill perform.

9. After inspecting a -o site# (8ame4Title) will identify and evaluate allpotential ha/ards for potential of serious in-uries and proaility of anaccident. Actions will e ta*en to minimi/e the ha/ards and protect thewor*ers.

:. The Safety "oordinator or other designated site person will appraise thes*ill and *nowledge level of e3posed wor*ers# and provide any neededtraining.

'. ,here safety and health training is needed# appropriate training will eprovided.

Ha/ards will e identified. 8ecessary precautions will e e3plained. Training length and level of detail will e determined y the severity

of the ha/ards and the requirements of M!SHA.


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SAFETY AND HEALTH WORK OBSERVATIONSSafety and health wor* oservations will e performed periodically ysupervisors or designated oservers.

Safety and health wor* oservations ensure $) an employee has the *nowledgeto perform the wor* as trained# and 9) is actually performing their wor* tas*

safely. Specific oservations or audits are especially critical for loc*out4tagout#confined space# or where the ris* of e3posure is high. &esults will edocumented and follow2up training will e provided as needed. This processhelps assure safety and health training is effective.

8ote to mployer A listing of M!SHA required training related to constructionsafety standards can e found at this lin*

"onstruction Safety Standards

Or go to www.michigan.gov/miosha, select &tandards and :egislation! and onstruction.!

22
http://www.michigan.gov/lara/0,4601,7-154-61256_11407_15368-39938--,00.htmlhttp://www.michigan.gov/lara/0,4601,7-154-61256_11407_15368-39938--,00.html


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ADDITIONAL R$SOURC$S TO 'UILD A SA#$T%AND H$ALTH MANA$M$NT S%ST$M

The following is a list of other related documents. Cecause all usinesses differ inmany aspects# each company should tailor their own system and formulatesafety and health procedures and rules applicale to their own conditions and4orwor* environments.

The following items can e used separately or comined to help you develop andimplement a SHMS.

DDDDDD "T J


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Michigan Occupational Safety & Health Administration

Consultation Education & Training Division

7!" Harris Drive# $%O% o' (")*(+ansing# Michigan *,-"-.,*(

/or further information or to re0uest consultation# education and training servicescall 1!72 (33.,"-

or

visit our 4e5site at

444%michigan%gov6miosha

1A&A is an equal opportunity employer4program

Safety )ays>

+or every $ invested inwor*place safety and healthIemployers see a ' to = return.

Cottom 1ine Cenefits

7 &educed asenteeism

: 1ower turnover rates

9 Higher productivity

? %reater efficiency

6 ncreased quality@ ;ecreased scrap4waste

8 ncreased employee morale

; Positive rand image

= ;ecreased health care costs

7

control and prevention hazard

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