control of newcastle and infectious in poultry: vaccines ... · african union pan african...

Nick Nwankpa, Karim Tounkaraand Charles Bodjo

Control of Newcastle and Infectious Bursal diseases in Poultry: Vaccines,

Vaccination and Bio‐security

AFRICAN UNION PAN AFRICAN VETERINARY VACCINE CENTRE

OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION

1. INTRODUCTION

2. DEFINITIONS

3. PROBLEM OF ND & IBD CONTROL

4. ADMINISTRATION OF ND & IBD VACCINES

5. BIO‐SECURITY

6. THE ROLE OF AU‐PANVAC


INTRODUCTION

Livestock forms an importantcomponent of the livelihoods ofsome 600 million people today,representing 70% of the world’spoor


INTRODUCTION

Diseases have become a major threat to the livestock‐industry and are often considered to be the biggest constraints to improving livelihoods and Resilience


INTRODUCTION

One of the most threatened livestocksectors is the Poultry industry andNewcastle (ND) and Infectious Bursaldiseases (IBD) are the two mostimportant diseases threateningespecially the rural Poultry Industry inAfrica


NEWCASTLE DISEASE (ND) DEFINITION

Newcastle Disease (ND) is a highly

contagious and fatal disease of mostly

chickens, affecting the respiratory and

nervous systems

It is caused by a paramyxovirus, with the

most virulent strains isolated in Africa


ND VIRUSES

Newcastle disease viruses belong to a single and unique serotype, serotype 1 (APMV1).

Slight antigenic variations but do not have any effect in on vaccination or protection


ND VIRUSES

ND strains grouped into five:1. Viscerotropic velogenic: Highly

pathogenic form with haemorrhagicintestinal lesions

2. Neurotropic velogenic: High mortality usually following respiratory and nervous signs


ND VIRUSES

3. Mesogenic: Respiratory signs, occasional nervous signs, but with low mortality

4. Lentogenic or respiratory: Mild or subclinical respiratory infection;

5. Asymptomatic: subclinical enteric infection.


INFECTIOUS BURSAL DISEASE (IBD) DEFINITION

IBD also known as ‘Gumboro’ is a severe acute disease of 3–6‐week‐old birds is associated with high mortality, but a less acute or subclinical disease is common in 0–3‐week‐old birds.

It is caused by a member of the genus Avibirnavirus of the family Birnaviridae.


INFECTIOUS BURSAL DISEASE (IBD) VIRUS

IBDV is made of two serotypes designated serotypes 1 and 2 but clinical disease has been associated with only serotype 1 and all commercial vaccines are prepared against this serotype

Variants of IBD serotype 1 described and may require special vaccines for maximum protection.


ND & IBD

These two diseases combined are considered

as the major cause of mortalities in rural

chickens

They are identified as a major constraint to

the development of the Poultry industry in

Africa, particularly village poultry production


Problems of ND & IBD control

Commercial poultry industry: ND & IBD adequately managed by private veterinary services support

Rural poultry sector: Lacks both government and private veterinary services support


Problems of ND & IBD control

small flock sizes multi‐age birds scattered flocks over a vast area, birds

may not be adequately housed conventional vaccines are not available

either in small‐doses or in small‐lot ampoules


CONTROL OF ND AND IBD

Like all viral diseases, vaccination and appropriate Bio‐security is the only viable control mechanism for ND & IBD Several vaccine seed strains are avaiableand recommended by the OIE for the control of ND and IBDThese represents the different types of ND and IBD vaccines available for control


ND AND IBD VACCINES

Presently, 3 major types of vaccines are

available for the control of both ND & IBD

Live attenuated vaccines

Killed/Inactivated vaccines

New generation vaccines


ND VACCINES

There are two major types of vaccines for the control of ND:1. Live vaccines Lentogenic Mesogenic Recombinant vaccines

2. Inactivated vaccines


1. LIVE ND VACCINES

Replicate in the host & virus can spread on its own from one bird to another

May require cold chain Applied in either drinking water or eyes1. Lentogenic vaccines HB1 – initial vaccination Lasota – moderate vaccinal

reactions


1. LIVE ND VACCINES

2. Heat tolerant vaccinesAsymptomatic enteric viruses greater heat resistance than more conventional lentogenic virusesNDV4‐HR vaccine – MalaysiaND I‐2


1. LIVE ND VACCINES

3. Mesogenic vaccines

These produce severe vaccinal

reactions in an immunologically

naïve population

Komarov – secondary vaccines


1. LIVE ND VACCINES

4.Recombinant vaccines Insertion of two surface glycoproteins, fusion [F] and haemagglutinin/neuraminidase [HN] into other viruses‐ Host may have better stability than NDV ‐ Insertion of multiple pathogens into the same host virus for different diseases‐monitoring of vaccine response independent of wild virus


2. INACTIVATED VACCINES

Generally used for both ND and IBD:1. Produce longer immunity – high, long

lasting & uniform levels of antibodies2. Require priming of animal with live vaccine

before administration3. Require individual administration through

injection4. Usually require adjuvants and are more

expensive than live vaccines to produce


VACCINE ADMINISTRATION

1. Spray

2. Eye drop

3. Drinking water

4. Injection

5. Feed


ADMINISTRATION IN DRINKING WATER

Provokes lower immunity than eye‐drop, less uniform uptake and requires more frequent application. Ensure: Remove water at least -2 hours prior

Provide water that the chickens will be able to finish inone hour (c 5-7 mLper bird).

Use clean, chlorine free water, add milk if necesssary


ADMINISTRATION OF ND VACCINES

AGE TYPE OF VACCINE METHOD OF ADMIN

1 Day old ND H‐B1 SPRAY/i‐o

18 – 21 days ND H‐B1 /Lasota Spray or Drinking water

35‐42 days Lasota (Revacc.) Drinking water

10 Weeks Inactivated/Mesogenic

Injection

16 – 20 weeks ND Inactivated Injection


POST ND VACCINATION MONITORING

Essential to monitor immune response at flock level after vaccination:

Haemagglutination Inhibition (HI) –o Single vacc. (Lentogenic ) 4–6 log2

o Oil emulsion vaccines‐ up to 11 log2

ELISA


LIVE IBD VACCINES

All Live IBD vaccines produced from serotype 1 IBDV and are fully or partially attenuatedThere are 3 main types of live attenuated vaccines against infectious bursal disease :

• ‘mild’,• ‘intermediate’, or• ‘intermediate plus’ (‘hot’)


IBD VACCINES

Vaccines should be selected based on types of viruses present in area live vaccines produce slight to moderate

reactions, depending on strain and immune status

The inactivated, recombinant and heat tolerant clones of vaccines do not induce vaccinal reactions.


IBD VACCINES

A live recombinant vaccine expressing theVP2 antigen of IBDV has also been licensed recently.

It is important that live vaccines be stable, with no tendency to revert to virulence on passage.

To be effective, the inactivated vaccines need to have a high antigen content


ADMINISTRATION OF IBD VACCINE

AGE TYPE OF VACCINE METHOD OF ADMIN

1 Day old IBD Mild SPRAY

10 – 14 days IBD Mild/Intermediate Spray or Drinking water

17 ‐24 days IBD (Revacc.) Mild/Intermediate

Spray or Drinkingwater

8 Weeks IBD Mild/intermediate Spray , Drinkingwater or injection

18 weeks IBD Inactivated Injection

18 daysincubation

IBD Ag/Ab complex Inoculation into embryonated eggs


BIOSECURITY

Biosecurity involves all procedures and practices used to prevent the introduction and spread of disease‐causing organisms in poultry flocks.Biosecurity has three major components:

Isolation

Traffic Control

Sanitation


CONTAMINATION

Introduction of disease is usually done through contamination of existing flock Introduction of new Animals Equipment and Personnel Rodents, pests and wild birds Bad animal husbandry practices


ISOLATION

Introduction of disease is usually done through contamination of existing flock Quarantine new flock before

introduction Segregate apparently sick or infected

animals in the flock Inspect flock daily


TRAFFIC CONTROL

Regulate the movement of visitors into the farm area (Persons & Vehicles)

Limit visitation to other farms Keep other animals out of the poultry

farm area Sound rodent and pest control Avoid contact with wild birds and

other poultry


SANITATION

Ensure good husbandry practices Farm equipment Appropriate use and disinfection of

PPE by personnel Maintaining good hygienic practices

and keeping farm environment clean Appropriate housing and Nutrition


ND and IBD VACCINES IN AFRICA

1. AU‐PANVAC is the only Organization in Africa responsible for the Independent Quality Control of all Veterinary vaccines including ND & IBD vaccines in Africa

2. Supplies seed strains to all AUMS vaccine production laboratories in Africa free of charge.


ND and IBD VACCINES IN AFRICA

3. Presently AU‐PANVAC has in its repository the ND Hitchner HB1, Lasota and ND I‐2 strains only

4. AU‐PANVAC is making efforts to acquire IBD vaccine seeds for distribution to AUMS laboratories


Establishment of AU-PANVAC

BRIEF OVERVIEW OF AU-PANVAC

1983 – 1986: Concept of Independent Center to ensure QC of all RP Vaccines batches to support the Pan African Rinderpest Campaign (PARC)

1986 – 1993: FAO TCP (TCP/RAF/6766 & TCP/RAF/6767), 2 Regional Vaccine QC and Training Center to ensure Vaccine QC.

Dakar (Senegal) for Central and Western Africa

Debre Zeit (Ethiopia) for Eastern and Southern Africa


Establishment of AU-PANVAC

BRIEF OVERVIEW OF AU-PANVAC

1993: The two centers were combined into one site at Debre Zeit (Ethiopia) to be known as the Pan African Veterinary Vaccine Centre (PANVAC)

2004: Institutionalized under the African Union as a specialized Centre of AU and became known as AU-PANVAC


EVALUATION REPORT: PARC, PACE

“ The success of PARC and PACE clearly demonstrated

that no amount of vehicles, syringes, trained personnel

and communication materials would have eliminated

Rinderpest if the vaccine batches used were of poor

quality. …..It was the secondary and independent level of

quality control assessment assured by PANVAC which

played a major role in this success ……”.


AU‐PANVAC Mandate

1. Provide International Independent Quality Control of Veterinary Vaccines

2. Facilitate the standardization of veterinary vaccines production and harmonization of their quality control techniques in Africa

3. Promote the transfer of appropriate vaccine production technologies to Africa


AU‐PANVAC Mandate contd…

4. Provide training and technical support services to veterinary vaccines and quality control laboratories

5. Produce and distribute essential biological reagents for animal disease diagnosis and surveillance


AU‐PANVAC : MISSION

To Promote the availability of safe, effective and affordable veterinary vaccines; facilitate the development and the introduction of improved or new vaccines and strengthen Africa’s capacity building in veterinary vaccine and reagent development, production and quality assurance.


AU‐PANVAC : MISSION

“To promote the use of good quality vaccines and reagents for the

control and eradication of animal diseases in Africa.”


Laboratory Analysis of IBD & ND vaccines

All tests based on the OIE Manual 2008‐200121. IDENTITY TEST : PCR

REAL TIME PCR MACHINECONVENTIONAL PCR PLATFORMS


2. STERILITY TEST

• Bacterial

• Viral

• Fungal


VACCINE QUALITY CONTROL TESTS FOR IBD & ND

3. SAFETY TEST : in 2 weeks old chicks


VACCINE QUALITY CONTROL TESTS FOR ND

4. POTENCY TESTi. Titrations in

embryonatedchicken eggs

5. STABILITY TESTa. Vacuum testb. Residual Moisture

Estimationc. Accelerated Stability

Studies


AU‐PANVAC ACTIVITIES ON ND

1. AusAID, KYEEMA Foundation and AU‐PANVAC project on “Control Newcastle disease in village chickens using the I‐2 vaccine”

2. GALVmed and AU/PANVAC working on the transfer of a Tablet thermostable vaccine technology to Africa

3. Annual training of laboratory technicians on Vaccine Production and Quality Control

4. Technical assistance to laboratories in need


CONCLUSION

The use of good Quality Vaccines, goodvaccination protocols and implementationof appropriate Bio‐security measures willcontribute significantly to the control ofNewcastle and Infectious bursal diseaseson the African continent

Assuring Good Quality Vaccines for better Animal Protection !!!

THANK YOU

AFRICAN UNION PAN AFRICAN VETERINARY VACCINE CENTRE(AU-PANVAC)

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