controlled or managed drainage systemscontrolled or managed drainage systems. golden rule of...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Controlled or Managed Drainage SystemsControlled or Managed Drainage Systems. Golden Rule of Drainage Drain only what is necessary for good soil conditions and ... •Subirrigation](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041102/5edb9fccad6a402d6665f099/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Gary R. SandsProfessor & Extension Engineer
[email protected]@UoMExtWater
for production and the environment
Controlled or ManagedDrainage Systems
![Page 2: Controlled or Managed Drainage SystemsControlled or Managed Drainage Systems. Golden Rule of Drainage Drain only what is necessary for good soil conditions and ... •Subirrigation](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041102/5edb9fccad6a402d6665f099/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Golden Rule of DrainageDrain only what is necessary for good soil conditions and
crop growth – and not a drop more
Production Environment
![Page 3: Controlled or Managed Drainage SystemsControlled or Managed Drainage Systems. Golden Rule of Drainage Drain only what is necessary for good soil conditions and ... •Subirrigation](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041102/5edb9fccad6a402d6665f099/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
World Hypoxic Coastal AreasIncidents of hypoxia have increased 30-fold since 1960
Selman et al, 2008, World Resources Institute
![Page 4: Controlled or Managed Drainage SystemsControlled or Managed Drainage Systems. Golden Rule of Drainage Drain only what is necessary for good soil conditions and ... •Subirrigation](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041102/5edb9fccad6a402d6665f099/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
![Page 5: Controlled or Managed Drainage SystemsControlled or Managed Drainage Systems. Golden Rule of Drainage Drain only what is necessary for good soil conditions and ... •Subirrigation](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041102/5edb9fccad6a402d6665f099/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
![Page 6: Controlled or Managed Drainage SystemsControlled or Managed Drainage Systems. Golden Rule of Drainage Drain only what is necessary for good soil conditions and ... •Subirrigation](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041102/5edb9fccad6a402d6665f099/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: Controlled or Managed Drainage SystemsControlled or Managed Drainage Systems. Golden Rule of Drainage Drain only what is necessary for good soil conditions and ... •Subirrigation](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041102/5edb9fccad6a402d6665f099/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
MarFeb May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct NovJan DecApr
DrainWatertable
![Page 8: Controlled or Managed Drainage SystemsControlled or Managed Drainage Systems. Golden Rule of Drainage Drain only what is necessary for good soil conditions and ... •Subirrigation](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041102/5edb9fccad6a402d6665f099/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: Controlled or Managed Drainage SystemsControlled or Managed Drainage Systems. Golden Rule of Drainage Drain only what is necessary for good soil conditions and ... •Subirrigation](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041102/5edb9fccad6a402d6665f099/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: Controlled or Managed Drainage SystemsControlled or Managed Drainage Systems. Golden Rule of Drainage Drain only what is necessary for good soil conditions and ... •Subirrigation](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041102/5edb9fccad6a402d6665f099/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
![Page 11: Controlled or Managed Drainage SystemsControlled or Managed Drainage Systems. Golden Rule of Drainage Drain only what is necessary for good soil conditions and ... •Subirrigation](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041102/5edb9fccad6a402d6665f099/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Drainage
Outflow
(% change)
Nitrate Load
(% change)
Crop Yield
(% change)
-35 -34 1
![Page 12: Controlled or Managed Drainage SystemsControlled or Managed Drainage Systems. Golden Rule of Drainage Drain only what is necessary for good soil conditions and ... •Subirrigation](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041102/5edb9fccad6a402d6665f099/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
![Page 13: Controlled or Managed Drainage SystemsControlled or Managed Drainage Systems. Golden Rule of Drainage Drain only what is necessary for good soil conditions and ... •Subirrigation](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041102/5edb9fccad6a402d6665f099/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Simulated conventional drainage and DWM at each site and computed change in nitrate loss.
Thorp et al., 2008
![Page 14: Controlled or Managed Drainage SystemsControlled or Managed Drainage Systems. Golden Rule of Drainage Drain only what is necessary for good soil conditions and ... •Subirrigation](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041102/5edb9fccad6a402d6665f099/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
![Page 15: Controlled or Managed Drainage SystemsControlled or Managed Drainage Systems. Golden Rule of Drainage Drain only what is necessary for good soil conditions and ... •Subirrigation](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041102/5edb9fccad6a402d6665f099/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Computed fraction of cropland that is probably drained and suitable for DWM (slopes < 0.5%) using 1992 National Land Cover Data and STATSGO soils data.
Courtesy of Dan Jaynes, USDA-ARS, Ames, IA
![Page 16: Controlled or Managed Drainage SystemsControlled or Managed Drainage Systems. Golden Rule of Drainage Drain only what is necessary for good soil conditions and ... •Subirrigation](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041102/5edb9fccad6a402d6665f099/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
… Water Management Zones
MgmtZone 1
MgmtZone 2
MgmtZone 3
MgmtZone 4
![Page 17: Controlled or Managed Drainage SystemsControlled or Managed Drainage Systems. Golden Rule of Drainage Drain only what is necessary for good soil conditions and ... •Subirrigation](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041102/5edb9fccad6a402d6665f099/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
![Page 18: Controlled or Managed Drainage SystemsControlled or Managed Drainage Systems. Golden Rule of Drainage Drain only what is necessary for good soil conditions and ... •Subirrigation](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041102/5edb9fccad6a402d6665f099/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
ELEV
INTERVAL
ZONE
![Page 19: Controlled or Managed Drainage SystemsControlled or Managed Drainage Systems. Golden Rule of Drainage Drain only what is necessary for good soil conditions and ... •Subirrigation](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041102/5edb9fccad6a402d6665f099/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Area?Area?
?
?
![Page 20: Controlled or Managed Drainage SystemsControlled or Managed Drainage Systems. Golden Rule of Drainage Drain only what is necessary for good soil conditions and ... •Subirrigation](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041102/5edb9fccad6a402d6665f099/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
DWM Design Goals:
Large ZonesLess Expensive
But perhaps less effective
Small EIMore EffectiveBut smaller &
more zones ($$)
![Page 21: Controlled or Managed Drainage SystemsControlled or Managed Drainage Systems. Golden Rule of Drainage Drain only what is necessary for good soil conditions and ... •Subirrigation](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041102/5edb9fccad6a402d6665f099/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Topography can be our friend … or foe!
![Page 22: Controlled or Managed Drainage SystemsControlled or Managed Drainage Systems. Golden Rule of Drainage Drain only what is necessary for good soil conditions and ... •Subirrigation](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041102/5edb9fccad6a402d6665f099/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Image courtesy of Agri Drain Corp.
![Page 23: Controlled or Managed Drainage SystemsControlled or Managed Drainage Systems. Golden Rule of Drainage Drain only what is necessary for good soil conditions and ... •Subirrigation](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041102/5edb9fccad6a402d6665f099/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Image courtesy of Agri Drain Corp.
![Page 24: Controlled or Managed Drainage SystemsControlled or Managed Drainage Systems. Golden Rule of Drainage Drain only what is necessary for good soil conditions and ... •Subirrigation](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041102/5edb9fccad6a402d6665f099/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Image courtesy of Agri Drain Corp.
![Page 25: Controlled or Managed Drainage SystemsControlled or Managed Drainage Systems. Golden Rule of Drainage Drain only what is necessary for good soil conditions and ... •Subirrigation](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041102/5edb9fccad6a402d6665f099/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Image courtesy of Agri Drain Corp.
![Page 26: Controlled or Managed Drainage SystemsControlled or Managed Drainage Systems. Golden Rule of Drainage Drain only what is necessary for good soil conditions and ... •Subirrigation](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041102/5edb9fccad6a402d6665f099/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: Controlled or Managed Drainage SystemsControlled or Managed Drainage Systems. Golden Rule of Drainage Drain only what is necessary for good soil conditions and ... •Subirrigation](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041102/5edb9fccad6a402d6665f099/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Image courtesy of Agri Drain Corp.
![Page 28: Controlled or Managed Drainage SystemsControlled or Managed Drainage Systems. Golden Rule of Drainage Drain only what is necessary for good soil conditions and ... •Subirrigation](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041102/5edb9fccad6a402d6665f099/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
1 ft
![Page 29: Controlled or Managed Drainage SystemsControlled or Managed Drainage Systems. Golden Rule of Drainage Drain only what is necessary for good soil conditions and ... •Subirrigation](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041102/5edb9fccad6a402d6665f099/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Design with DWM in mind, so the practice can be implemented at some time
in the future….
Otherwise, the opportunity is lost forever!
![Page 30: Controlled or Managed Drainage SystemsControlled or Managed Drainage Systems. Golden Rule of Drainage Drain only what is necessary for good soil conditions and ... •Subirrigation](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041102/5edb9fccad6a402d6665f099/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
No Opportunity to Manage DWM Capability
![Page 31: Controlled or Managed Drainage SystemsControlled or Managed Drainage Systems. Golden Rule of Drainage Drain only what is necessary for good soil conditions and ... •Subirrigation](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041102/5edb9fccad6a402d6665f099/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
![Page 32: Controlled or Managed Drainage SystemsControlled or Managed Drainage Systems. Golden Rule of Drainage Drain only what is necessary for good soil conditions and ... •Subirrigation](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041102/5edb9fccad6a402d6665f099/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
![Page 33: Controlled or Managed Drainage SystemsControlled or Managed Drainage Systems. Golden Rule of Drainage Drain only what is necessary for good soil conditions and ... •Subirrigation](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041102/5edb9fccad6a402d6665f099/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
![Page 34: Controlled or Managed Drainage SystemsControlled or Managed Drainage Systems. Golden Rule of Drainage Drain only what is necessary for good soil conditions and ... •Subirrigation](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041102/5edb9fccad6a402d6665f099/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
![Page 35: Controlled or Managed Drainage SystemsControlled or Managed Drainage Systems. Golden Rule of Drainage Drain only what is necessary for good soil conditions and ... •Subirrigation](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041102/5edb9fccad6a402d6665f099/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Tiling on the Coutours
![Page 36: Controlled or Managed Drainage SystemsControlled or Managed Drainage Systems. Golden Rule of Drainage Drain only what is necessary for good soil conditions and ... •Subirrigation](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041102/5edb9fccad6a402d6665f099/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
![Page 37: Controlled or Managed Drainage SystemsControlled or Managed Drainage Systems. Golden Rule of Drainage Drain only what is necessary for good soil conditions and ... •Subirrigation](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041102/5edb9fccad6a402d6665f099/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
![Page 38: Controlled or Managed Drainage SystemsControlled or Managed Drainage Systems. Golden Rule of Drainage Drain only what is necessary for good soil conditions and ... •Subirrigation](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041102/5edb9fccad6a402d6665f099/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
ManagementZone 1
ManagementZone 2
• Each “zone” is served by a control structure.
• Think of the structure as the “outlet” for the zone.
![Page 39: Controlled or Managed Drainage SystemsControlled or Managed Drainage Systems. Golden Rule of Drainage Drain only what is necessary for good soil conditions and ... •Subirrigation](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041102/5edb9fccad6a402d6665f099/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
CONTROL
ZONE 1
CONTROL
ZONE 2
![Page 40: Controlled or Managed Drainage SystemsControlled or Managed Drainage Systems. Golden Rule of Drainage Drain only what is necessary for good soil conditions and ... •Subirrigation](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041102/5edb9fccad6a402d6665f099/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
CONTROL ZONE 1
CONTROL ZONE 2
![Page 41: Controlled or Managed Drainage SystemsControlled or Managed Drainage Systems. Golden Rule of Drainage Drain only what is necessary for good soil conditions and ... •Subirrigation](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041102/5edb9fccad6a402d6665f099/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
CONTROL ZONE 1
CONTROL ZONE 2
![Page 42: Controlled or Managed Drainage SystemsControlled or Managed Drainage Systems. Golden Rule of Drainage Drain only what is necessary for good soil conditions and ... •Subirrigation](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041102/5edb9fccad6a402d6665f099/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Mgmt
Zone 1
Mgmt
Zone 2
Mgmt
Zone 3
Mgmt
Zone 4
![Page 43: Controlled or Managed Drainage SystemsControlled or Managed Drainage Systems. Golden Rule of Drainage Drain only what is necessary for good soil conditions and ... •Subirrigation](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041102/5edb9fccad6a402d6665f099/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Mgmt
Zone 1
Mgmt
Zone 2
Mgmt
Zone 3
![Page 44: Controlled or Managed Drainage SystemsControlled or Managed Drainage Systems. Golden Rule of Drainage Drain only what is necessary for good soil conditions and ... •Subirrigation](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041102/5edb9fccad6a402d6665f099/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Mgmt
Zone 1
Mgmt
Zone 2
2 Zones?
Mgmt
Zone 1
Mgmt
Zone 2
Mgmt
Zone 3
3 Zones?
Mgmt
Zone 1
Mgmt
Zone 2
Mgmt
Zone 3
Mgmt
Zone 4
4 Zones?
![Page 45: Controlled or Managed Drainage SystemsControlled or Managed Drainage Systems. Golden Rule of Drainage Drain only what is necessary for good soil conditions and ... •Subirrigation](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041102/5edb9fccad6a402d6665f099/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
0 f
t.2
00
ft.
40
0 f
t.6
00
ft.
80
0 f
t.
To
po
gra
ph
y o
f D
rain
ag
e A
rea
0 ft. 500 ft. 1000 ft. 1500 ft. 2000 ft.
Iowa Drainage Example
53.0
54.0
55.0
90.0
![Page 46: Controlled or Managed Drainage SystemsControlled or Managed Drainage Systems. Golden Rule of Drainage Drain only what is necessary for good soil conditions and ... •Subirrigation](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041102/5edb9fccad6a402d6665f099/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
OUTLET
0.5-ft contours
WM Zone = ____ ft
Number of Structures = ____Retrofit Design A
10
00
ft
1300 ft
![Page 47: Controlled or Managed Drainage SystemsControlled or Managed Drainage Systems. Golden Rule of Drainage Drain only what is necessary for good soil conditions and ... •Subirrigation](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041102/5edb9fccad6a402d6665f099/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
52
![Page 48: Controlled or Managed Drainage SystemsControlled or Managed Drainage Systems. Golden Rule of Drainage Drain only what is necessary for good soil conditions and ... •Subirrigation](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041102/5edb9fccad6a402d6665f099/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
53
![Page 49: Controlled or Managed Drainage SystemsControlled or Managed Drainage Systems. Golden Rule of Drainage Drain only what is necessary for good soil conditions and ... •Subirrigation](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041102/5edb9fccad6a402d6665f099/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
OUTLET
0.5-ft contours
WM Zone = ____ ft
Number of Structures = ____Retrofit Design B
10
00
ft
1300 ft
![Page 50: Controlled or Managed Drainage SystemsControlled or Managed Drainage Systems. Golden Rule of Drainage Drain only what is necessary for good soil conditions and ... •Subirrigation](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041102/5edb9fccad6a402d6665f099/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
56
![Page 51: Controlled or Managed Drainage SystemsControlled or Managed Drainage Systems. Golden Rule of Drainage Drain only what is necessary for good soil conditions and ... •Subirrigation](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041102/5edb9fccad6a402d6665f099/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
57
![Page 52: Controlled or Managed Drainage SystemsControlled or Managed Drainage Systems. Golden Rule of Drainage Drain only what is necessary for good soil conditions and ... •Subirrigation](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041102/5edb9fccad6a402d6665f099/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
58
![Page 53: Controlled or Managed Drainage SystemsControlled or Managed Drainage Systems. Golden Rule of Drainage Drain only what is necessary for good soil conditions and ... •Subirrigation](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041102/5edb9fccad6a402d6665f099/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
OUTLET0.5-ft contours
WM Zone = ____ ft
Number of Structures = ____
10
00
ft
1300 ft
DWM Design
![Page 54: Controlled or Managed Drainage SystemsControlled or Managed Drainage Systems. Golden Rule of Drainage Drain only what is necessary for good soil conditions and ... •Subirrigation](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041102/5edb9fccad6a402d6665f099/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
60
![Page 55: Controlled or Managed Drainage SystemsControlled or Managed Drainage Systems. Golden Rule of Drainage Drain only what is necessary for good soil conditions and ... •Subirrigation](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041102/5edb9fccad6a402d6665f099/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
61
![Page 56: Controlled or Managed Drainage SystemsControlled or Managed Drainage Systems. Golden Rule of Drainage Drain only what is necessary for good soil conditions and ... •Subirrigation](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041102/5edb9fccad6a402d6665f099/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
62
![Page 57: Controlled or Managed Drainage SystemsControlled or Managed Drainage Systems. Golden Rule of Drainage Drain only what is necessary for good soil conditions and ... •Subirrigation](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041102/5edb9fccad6a402d6665f099/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
63
![Page 58: Controlled or Managed Drainage SystemsControlled or Managed Drainage Systems. Golden Rule of Drainage Drain only what is necessary for good soil conditions and ... •Subirrigation](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041102/5edb9fccad6a402d6665f099/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
64
![Page 59: Controlled or Managed Drainage SystemsControlled or Managed Drainage Systems. Golden Rule of Drainage Drain only what is necessary for good soil conditions and ... •Subirrigation](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041102/5edb9fccad6a402d6665f099/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
65
![Page 60: Controlled or Managed Drainage SystemsControlled or Managed Drainage Systems. Golden Rule of Drainage Drain only what is necessary for good soil conditions and ... •Subirrigation](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041102/5edb9fccad6a402d6665f099/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
66
![Page 61: Controlled or Managed Drainage SystemsControlled or Managed Drainage Systems. Golden Rule of Drainage Drain only what is necessary for good soil conditions and ... •Subirrigation](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041102/5edb9fccad6a402d6665f099/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
67
![Page 62: Controlled or Managed Drainage SystemsControlled or Managed Drainage Systems. Golden Rule of Drainage Drain only what is necessary for good soil conditions and ... •Subirrigation](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041102/5edb9fccad6a402d6665f099/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
68
![Page 63: Controlled or Managed Drainage SystemsControlled or Managed Drainage Systems. Golden Rule of Drainage Drain only what is necessary for good soil conditions and ... •Subirrigation](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041102/5edb9fccad6a402d6665f099/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
DWM in Summary…• DWM increases # of design considerations
– Yield, WQ, hydrology, management
• Field zoning is the major difference from conventional design
• Management becomes a consideration
• Design with DWM in mind so practice can be retrofit later!!
• Subirrigation is the next step, when irrigation may be needed & water supply is available
![Page 64: Controlled or Managed Drainage SystemsControlled or Managed Drainage Systems. Golden Rule of Drainage Drain only what is necessary for good soil conditions and ... •Subirrigation](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041102/5edb9fccad6a402d6665f099/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Drainage PublicationsUniversity of Minnesota Extension
www.DrainageOutlet.umn.edu
![Page 65: Controlled or Managed Drainage SystemsControlled or Managed Drainage Systems. Golden Rule of Drainage Drain only what is necessary for good soil conditions and ... •Subirrigation](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041102/5edb9fccad6a402d6665f099/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Questions?
Gary R. SandsProfessor, Bioproducts & Biosystems Engr.
[email protected]: [email protected]
@UoMExtWater(612) 625-4756