Controlling Emissions from Locomotive and Marine Diesels

Don Kopinski, U.S. EPAMSTRS Meeting

June 9, 2004

Overview

Brief update on the nonroad diesel final rule

Locomotive and marine diesel initiative

Nonroad Diesels:An Effective Collaboration

Program success keyed to extensive outreach done by EPA with all stakeholder groups

State and local governmentsEnvironmental and public health organizationsEngine and equipment manufacturersOil industryEmissions control manufacturers

Final rule has received widespread support

Nonroad Diesel Program Overview

2007: Nonroad, locomotive and marine diesel fuel sulfurlimited to 500 ppm Large immediate reductions in sulfate PM & SOxfrom existing fleet

2008: Initial Tier 4 PM standards for engines <75 hp Achieves early Tier 4 PM reductions

2010: Sulfur limit drops to 15 ppmEnables advanced-technology nonroad engine standardsApplies to locomotive & marine fuel starting in 2012

2011-15: Phase-in of advanced-technology Tier 4 standardsReductions of >95% PM, ~90% NOxAlso new test requirements to ensure control in use

nonroadequipment

12%

marine 2.6%

locomotive 3.2%

highway diesel fuel 67%

regulated since 1993

home heating,etc 15%

not covered

DistillateFuels

covered bythe new program

Phase-In of Nonroad Diesel Engine Programs

1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010

Tier 3

Similar tohighway

2004

Similar tohighway

1998

Tier 1Tier 2

2012 2014

Similar tohighway 2007

(advanced aftertreatment)

Tier 4

1996

88

77

66

55

44

33

22

11

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

NOxNOx(g/hp-hr)

PM(g/hp-hr)

<25 hp 25-75 hp 75-175 hp 175-750 hp >750 hp

PM

NOxNOx

0.30

0.02

3.5*

5.6*

0.01 0.01 0.030.30 0.30

Tier 4 Tier 4 Final StandardsFinal Standards

0.5

2.6

0.02

generator sets

Today’s standards

will be reassessed in 2007technology review

will be reassessed in future action

* This is a combined NOx + hydrocarbon standard

0 10,000 20,000

lost work days

hospital admissions

ER visits bykids w/ asthma

nonfatalheart attacks

premature deaths

# prevented annually (in 2030)

12,000

15,0006,000

8,9001 million

Nonroad Diesel Health Benefits

$80B annual benefits vs $2B cost (in 2030)

Controlling Emissions From Locomotives

and Marine Diesel Engines

Mobile Source Inventories in 2030

Locomotive& marine

27%

locomotive& marine

45%

nonroaddiesel

highway

nonroaddiesel

highway

Diesel PM2.5

NOx

Potential reductions on the order of:~25,000 tons/yr of PM~900,000 tons/yr of NOx

Compares to nonroad rule reductions of:~129,000 tons/yr of PM738,000 tons/yr of NOx

Locomotive Types

SwitchLine-Haul

Passenger

Key Elements of Current Locomotive Program(only applies to U.S. railroads)

2002 2004 2006 2008 2010

Tier 2(60/50% NOx/PM ↓ )

Tier 0(35% NOx ↓)

Tier 1(50% NOx ↓)

2000

new-built in 2001

rebuilds of locomotives built in 1973-2001

new-built in 2002-2004

new-built in 2005+

20142012

15 ppm500 ppm S fuelLocomotive diesel fuel

Diesel Marine Applications

Category 1 Commercial

<50 hp

Recreational

Category 2

auxiliary power for ocean-going

vessels

workboats fishing vesselspolice boats

gen sets sailboats

cruisers

yachts

ferriestugboats

Great Lakes freighters

Covered in separate initiative

Category 3

ocean-going ships

Key Elements of Current Marine Diesel Program(only applies to U.S. vessels)

2002 2004 2006 2008 2010

Recreational(30%/25% NOx/PM ↓ )

<50 hp(40%NOx/PM ↓)

Commercial(30%/25% NOx/PM ↓)

2000

Tier 1

20142012

15 ppm500 ppm S fuelMarine diesel fuel

1998

Tier 2

Tier 1 Tier 2

only for >2.5 liter/cylinder (voluntary in 2000-2003)

Tier 2

19881990

1991

199419982004

unregulated

EPA emissions standards for diesel trucks

locomotive Tier 2 2005

marine Tier 2 2004-2009

2007-2010

1.0

0.9

0.8

0.7

PM(g

/hp-

hr) 0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6NOx (g/hp-hr)

7 8 9 10

Comparison to Nonroad Diesel Rule

What’s Similar?Large potential benefitsNew technology solutions (NOx and PM traps)Range of engine sizes (<10 hp to 3000+ hp)Systems approach(need low-sulfur fuel) Need to coordinate with existing standards

What’s Different?High-concentration areas (harbors, railyards, …)Packaging and operating environment issues (e.g.-- RR tunnels, water-jacketed exhaust, idling)Fuel already settledUser community very different (RR’s, ports, ...)No Tier 3 standards in placeMajor opportunity for engine rebuild/retrofit

Locomotive & Marine DieselsAdvance Notice

Signed by Administrator Leavitt May 11

Targets high-efficiency (sulfur-sensitive) aftertreatment Patterned after highway and nonroad programsL&M fuel will be at 500 ppm in 2007, 15 ppm in 2012Large pool of 15 ppm fuel (highway/nonroad) earlier

Considering new standards as early as 2011 With phase-in consistent with the nonroad diesel ruleOpportunity for comprehensive strategy (retrofits, …)

Locomotive & Marine Diesels Next Steps

Comment period open for 60 days after ANPRM publication (likely next week)

Starting to engage stakeholders in discussions

NPRM planned for mid-2005

FRM mid-2006

EPA Contacts

Team Leaders--Jean Marie Revelt

(734) 214-4822 revelt.jean-marie@epa.gov

Don Kopinski(734) 214-4229 kopinski.donald@epa.gov