controlling the internal environment marie Černá
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Controlling Controlling the Internal Environmentthe Internal Environment
Marie ČernáMarie Černá
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Three main controls:Three main controls:
• Regulation of body temperature
• Water and Mineral balance
• Nitrogenous wastes
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Regulation of body Regulation of body temperaturetemperature
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ThermoregulationThermoregulation
The maintenance of
body temperature within
a range that enables
cells to function efficiently.
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Four physical processes Four physical processes account for heat gain or lossaccount for heat gain or loss
• Radiation
• Conduction
• Convection
• Evaporation
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Aspect of human evolutionAspect of human evolution
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Relationship betweenRelationship between radiation and evaporation radiation and evaporation
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The relationship between body and The relationship between body and ambient temperaturesambient temperatures
• Endotherms derive body heat mainly from metabolism
• Ectotherms derive body heat mainly from their surroundings
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Torpor conserves energy during Torpor conserves energy during environmental extremesenvironmental extremes
is an alternative
physiological state in which metabolism (including body temperature) decreases and the heart and respiratory system slow down
Hibernation –
long-term, winter torpor
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Brown fat produces heatBrown fat produces heat
• Thermogenin channel• ATP synthesis block
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Vascular toneVascular tone
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SweatingSweating
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Heat balanceHeat balance
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The thermal image of a sea-bear The thermal image of a sea-bear on a rock surrounded by wateron a rock surrounded by water
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Water and Mineral balanceWater and Mineral balance
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Water balanceWater balance
• Diffusion – the spontaneous tendency of a substance to move down its concentration gradient from a more concentrated to a less concentrated area
• Osmosis - the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
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OsmolarityOsmolarity
solute concentration expressed as molarity
Osmotic pressure – a measure of the tendency of a solution to take up water when separated from pure water by a selectively permeable membrane
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Mineral balanceMineral balance
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Homeostasis:Homeostasis:Blood osmolarityBlood osmolarity (ADH) (ADH)
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Homeostasis:Homeostasis:Blood pressureBlood pressure
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Nitrogenous wastesNitrogenous wastes
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LiteratureLiteratureBiology, eighth edition,
Campbell, Reece
Unit seven: Animal Form and Function
Chapter 40: Basic Principles …
Concept 40.3
Chapter 44: Osmoregulation and Excretion
Concept 44.1 and 44.2
Pages 862 – 868, 954 – 960