conventional and emerging technology applications for utilizing landfill gas
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Conventional and EmergingTechnology Applications forUtilizing Landfill Gas
Presented by:
Rachel Goldstein
US EPA LMOPMarch 1, 2005
California Biomass Collaborative Forum
Sacramento, California
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AgendaUses of Landfill Gas
Technologies- advantages anddisadvantages
Direct UseElectricCHPMicrotubinesVehicle Fuel
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EPA’s Landfill Methane
Outreach ProgramEstablished in 1994
Voluntary program that creates alliancesamong states, energy users/providers, thelandfill gas industry, and communities
Mission: To reduce methane emissions by
lowering barriers and promoting thedevelopment of cost-effective and
environmentally beneficial landfill gasenergy (LFGE) projects.
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Why Use Landfill Gas?Local, available fuel sourceEasy to capture and useSource of renewable energy
Constant supply - 24 hours a day, 7 days a weekReliable technologies exist for using landfill gas ->90% up timeUses a source of energy that otherwise wouldhave been wasted
Helps the environment by reducing uncontrolledemissions of landfill gas
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Possible Uses
Direct UseCombined Heat and Power
Electricity Production
Alternate Fuels
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Direct Gas UtilizationBoilersDirect thermal applicationsInnovative applications
GreenhousesInfrared heaters
Pottery kilnsLeachate evaporation
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Direct Gas Utilization
Gas piped to a nearbycustomer for use inboiler or in industrialprocess100 projects in the US
Pipeline length rangefrom half mile to 23miles
Gas used on-site
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Direct Use: BoilersAdvantages
Can be used either in industrial process or forelectricity generation in steam turbineMature technology
DisadvantagesNeed large landfill sizeEnd use facility may require boiler retrofitswhich can be expensive
Need high pressure for steam turbine use
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Direct Use: BoilersSizing
Generally require larger landfill size, 3-5million tons of waste in place
Costs$1.50 to $3.50 per MMBtu, depending onNeed for boiler retrofits
Whether for use in industrial process or in steamturbine
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Direct Use: Thermal
ApplicationsAdvantages
Simple technologyMinimal processing requirements
Most cost effectiveDisadvantages
Need energy user to be sited in close proximityto the landfillRight of way permits
Local terrain may not be conducive to pipelineinstallation
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Direct Use: Thermal
ApplicationsSizing
Applicable to wide variety of landfill sizes
Costs$1.50 to $3.50 per MMBtu, depending on
Pipeline lengthCollection system in-place at landfillTerrain
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Combined Heat and Power
Large Industrial
Microturbine Applications
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Combined Heat and Power:
IndustrialAdvantages
Greater overall energy recovery efficiency fromwaste heat recovery - up to 80%Specialized CHP systems availableFlexible - hot water or steam generation fromrecovered heat
Disadvantages Additional cost associated with electricity
generation component
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Combined Heat and Power:
MicroturbinesAdvantages
Greater overall energy recovery efficiency fromwaste heat recovery - up to 75%Specialized CHP systems availableFlexible - hot water or steam generation fromrecovered heatLow emissions and noise
Disadvantages Additional cost associated with electricity
generation componentCost of gas conditioning to remove Siloxane
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Combined Heat and Power:
MicroturbinesSizing
Generally applicable to small to mid sizelandfills
Costs Available information indicate overall
installed costs in the $1800-$3000 perkWh range.
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Electricity GenerationMost prevalent type
of project in the USIn US, 1000 MW ofcapacity from over 200operational projects
Electricity sold toutility, cooperative or
nearby customer Average project size:3 MW (500 kW - 50MW) 50 MW Steam Turbine, Puente Hills LF, CA
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Electricity Generation
Internal Combustion EnginesTurbinesMicroturbinesEmerging Technologies
Stirling EngineOrganic Rankine Cycle Engine
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Internal Combustion Engine
AdvantagesLow cost, high efficiency and reliabilityMost common technology
DisadvantagesProblems due to particulate matter buildup
Corrosion of engine parts and catalystsHigh NOx emissions
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Internal Combustion EngineSizing
1-3 MWs
Costs$1,100-1,300 ($/kW)
Major suppliersCat, Jenbacher,Waukesha, Deutz
S ll I l C b i
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Small Internal Combustion
EngineAdvantages
Function on lowinput landfill gas
pressure (<1 psig)Disadvantages
Similar to larger ICengines
Man EO826E, Lean Burn, 55kW
MAN E2842 LE302 Lean Burn, 315 kW
S ll I l C b i
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Small Internal Combustion
EngineSizing
55-800 kW
CostsNot easily available, expected to belower than microturbine capital andO&M costs
Major suppliersMAN, LFG Specialties
T bi G S d
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Turbines: Gas, Steam, and
Combined CycleAdvantagesCorrosion resistantLow O&M costsSmall physical size
Lower NOx emissionsDisadvantages
Inefficient at partial load
High parasitic loads, due tohigh gas compressionrequirements
T bi G St d
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Turbines: Gas, Steam, and
Combined CycleSizing
1-10MWs
Costs$1,200-1,700 ($/kW)
Major suppliers: Cat, Fairbanks-Morse
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MicroturbinesAdvantages
Low emissionsMultiple fuel capabilityLight weight/small size
Fuel pretreatment not requiredLower maintenance costs
Disadvantages
Low efficienciesPrimarily tested for natural gasapplications
Less proven technology
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MicroturbinesSizing
30-250 kWCosts
Equipment Costs:$1,200-$2,000 ($/kW)Installed Costs:$2,200 - $3,500 ($/kW)Maintenance Costs:$0.01-0.015 ($/kW)
Allied Signal Parallon 75
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Emerging TechnologiesStirling External
Combustion Engine Advantages
Lower emissionsReliable, scalable, fewermoving parts
DisadvantagesLimited track record ofperformance
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Emerging TechnologiesStirling External
Combustion Engine(Continued)Sizing
25 - 55 kWCosts
O&M approximately 0.8cents/kWCapital Cost - limitedinformation, demonstrationproject in Michigan shouldprovide more detailed costs
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Emerging TechnologiesOrganic Rankine Cycle
Engine AdvantagesProvides up to 225 kWelectrical power Free fuel - waste heat poweredNo additional emissionsLow life-cycle cost
DisadvantagesNew unproven technology forLFG
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Alternate FuelsHigh-Btu Upgrade
Vehicle Fuels LNG/CNG
l l
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Alternate Fuels –
High-Btu UpgradesTechnology
Gas is purified from 50% to 97% or 99% methaneRemoval of Carbon dioxide is primary step
AdvantagesInject treated product into pipelineReduction in use of fossil fuels
Reduce local ozone pollutionDisadvantages
Must meet strict standards of pipeline
Costly technologyLimited track record of performance
Al F l
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Alternate Fuels –
High-Btu UpgradesSizing
Economical for large scale onlyCosts
Capital Costs for 2000 cubic ft/min. systemrange from $3 million to $4 millionO&M costs range from $0.82 to $1.12 perMMBtu
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Alternate Fuels - Vehicle FuelCompressed
landfill gas(CNG)
Liquefiedlandfill gas(LNG) -CryoEnergy®
Bio-Diesel
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Alternate Fuels- Vehicle FuelAdvantages
LNG/CNG price lower than diesel fuel costReduction in use of fossil fuelsReduce local ozone pollution
DisadvantagesVery small percentage of alternative-fuel vehiclesVehicle conversion costs
Limited track record of performanceCostsRetrofit vehicles = $3,500 to $4,000 per vehicle
Fueling station = $1,000,000Fuel price = $0.48 to $1.26 per gallon
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California OpportunitiesCurrently there are close to 80 landfill gas energyprojects operational, with additional 5 projectsunder construction.
A total of 280 MW of energy being produced.
There are an additional 43 candidate landfillsaround the state with estimated project potentialof 50 MWs of energy.
Microturbines11 operational projects in California, utilizing over 50microturbine units
Generating 2,710 kW of power
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SummaryMany ways to beneficially utilize LFG
Available niche technologies rangefrom research and development
stage units to commercially availablesystemsTechnologies exist for low and highvolumes of LFG productionSelection of technology is project
specific
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Summary, continued….Key Selection considerationsinclude:
Environmental performance
Reliability Accuracy of assumptions
Permitting issues – emissionsCost