Indonesian Grammar, Proverb, Simple Conversations, and ReadingEvi evi @ writeme.com, November 2004For Thomas’s web

Indonesian Grammar, Proverb, Simple Conversations, and Reading.................................1Introduction......................................................................................................................2Characteristic and Major Difference Compared to Other Languages.............................3Kata Benda (Noun)..........................................................................................................5

Base Form and Derivative Form..................................................................................5Singular Form and Plural Form...................................................................................6Gender..........................................................................................................................6

Kata Kerja (Verb)............................................................................................................7Kata Ganti (Pronoun).......................................................................................................9

Personal Pronoun.........................................................................................................9Kami, Kita..................................................................................................................10Referring an Animal..................................................................................................10Possessive Pronoun(Kata Ganti Kepemilikan)..........................................................10Kata Ganti Penunjuk (Determiner Pronoun).............................................................10Kata Ganti Penanya (Question Word).......................................................................11

Kata bilangan (Number)................................................................................................13Ordinal Number – Bilangan Ordinal.........................................................................13

Kata sifat (Adjective).....................................................................................................14Comparison (Perbandingan)......................................................................................14

Kata Keterangan (Adverb).............................................................................................15Kata Penghubung (Conjugation) – Konjungsi...........................................................18Kata Seru (interjection)..............................................................................................21Artikel (article)..........................................................................................................23

Proverb (Peribahasa)......................................................................................................24Simple Conversation (Percakapan Sederhana)..............................................................26

Greeting (salam)........................................................................................................26Introducing people (perkenalan)................................................................................27Asking for time and date (Menanyakan waktu dan tanggal).....................................28Asking for direction (Menanyakan Arah)..................................................................29Phone conversation (pembicaraan telepon)...............................................................30

Sentence.........................................................................................................................32Pattern........................................................................................................................32Active sentence and passive sentence........................................................................32Kalimat Tunggal and Kalimat Majemuk...................................................................33

Indonesian Affixation....................................................................................................34Reading..........................................................................................................................44

Translating a popular Indonesian song......................................................................44

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Introduction

Where should we start?

At kindergarten, children start with pronunciation of alphabet, and then try to make syllable (suku kata) ba-bi-bu-be-bo, ka-ki-ku-ke-ko, until all 21 consonants have been in paired with 5 vowels (za-zi-zu-ze-zo). And then you are expected to combine syllables to make words.

Twenty to thirty years ago, the first sentence taught at elementary school was: "Ini Budi." (This is Budi) Continued with the whole introduction of Budi's family. Father, mother, sister, brother, uncle, and aunt. At my third grade at elementary school, my father taught me English. It also started with the same pattern of sentence. “This is a table. This is an egg.”

Let’s start with that for the sake of memory!

Demonstrative pronoun ini (this) and itu (that)

Ini Budi. This is Budi.Itu bapak Budi. That is Budi’s father.

Does Indonesian (Bahasa Indonesia) is the same as Malay?

Indonesian is one of Malay dialects. Malay, known as Bahasa, is spoken at Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia, and Brunei. It has many dialects that sometimes speakers from different dialects confuse one another. This is why, Indonesian is declared as the unified language at Indonesia (1928). As for the sake of standard writing, a general Indonesian spelling standard is released from the 30th Congress of Language Board (Majelis Bahasa) Brunei Darussalam – Indonesia – Malaysia (1991).

For more information about Malay, check http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Melayu

Check some difference in the following table.

English Indonesia MalaysiaPublic notice Pengumuman, pemberitahuan Maklumat (maklumat is known in

Indonesian, but rarely used except in old stories)

Have fun Bersenang-senang Berseronok (in Indonesian it has negative meaning: to wear a sexy cloth)

Emergency (notice near the lift: In emergency case, do not use the lift)

Darurat(dalam keadaan darurat jangan gunakan lift)

Kecemasan(dalam masa kecemasan, jangan gunakan lift)In Indonesian, kecemasan means a feeling of uneasiness, but not that

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urgentChild Anak Budak

In Indonesian, it means: slave. At Palembang-Sumatera island, the word for anak is the same, budak. At Sundanese, it is barudak.

Car Mobil KeretaIn Indonesian, kereta means train. At some dialects, it means bike, even motor-cycle

For information check:http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perbedaan_antara_sebutan_Bahasa_Melayu_basahan_dan_Bahasa_Indonesia

But, don’t worry too much about the difference. It is not so bad compared to me as native speaker of Palembangese dialect (that has the same dialect as Kuala Lumpur dialect) when I meet my friends with Javanese dialect. I do not speak Javanese; therefore I am completely blank as they talk in their mother tongue :-) There is another special course for language such as Javanese or Sundanese.

Characteristic and Major Difference Compared to Other Languages.

1. Just like English, Indonesian consists of 26 letters (a-z) and 5 vowels (a,i,u,e,o). However only 3 diphthongs (ai, au, oi) and 4 dual-consonant conjunct (kh, ng, ny, sy) are known. Sentence is read from left to right. Notice that letters are read differently compared to English. The main trouble of Indonesian learning English and vice versa is on mixing pronouncation of two vowels. Letter i is pronounced as e in English, letter e is pronounced as a.

2. Punctuation is known just like English.3. Noun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjugation, interjection, article,

pronoun are known.4. Passive sentence and active sentence are known.5. Subject, predicate (verb), and object are known.6. Proverb and idiom are known.7. Slang language is also known. Spoken among young people.8. Words in Indonesian are very rich with suffix, infix, and prefix.9. There is no gender for words.10. Indonesian does not have tense.11. Pronoun is only known for person. There is no pronoun for animal or other

unanimated object such as ‘it’. 12. There is no determiner like ‘the’.13. The plural form has the same form as the singular one for noun. However,

reduplication may occur in some rules.

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14. The concept of “we” is further defined as “we” without listener, and “we” with listener included.

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Kata Benda (Noun)

Base Form and Derivative Form

There are two types of noun based on how they are formed.1. Base form (bentuk dasar, stem, or kata dasar)2. Derivative form (bentuk turunan, or kata berimbuhan)

Derivative noun is formed by adding affixation (prefix, suffix, infix, konfiks) to a base word. A base word need not be typed as noun, it can be adjective or verb.Example:Paman dan Budi membaca koran di taman. Uncle and Budi are reading the newspaper in the garden.

The words paman, Budi (a person’s name), koran, and taman are all noun in the base form. Now, consider this sentence.Pendukung Arsenal merayakan kemenangan timnya dengan penuh kegembiraan.Arsenal supporters celebrated the victory of their team joyfully.

The words pendukung, kemenangan, kegembiraan are all derivative nouns. In Indonesian dictionary, we search by base form first, and then try to find the specific derivative form. Therefore, we will not find a derivative word as first entry in the dictionary.

Pendukung = pe + (n) + dukungKemenangan = ke + menang + anKegembiraan = ke + gembira + an

In this example, dukung is a verb for support. Adding prefix pe- converts the word as noun. Menang is a verb (to win), and gembira is an adjective (joyful). Adding ke-an converts the words as nouns.

ke-, pe-, and per- are most common used prefix to form a derivative noun. The complete rules for noun are given below:

No affix example English1 Ke-, ke-an Kekasih, kehendak,

kemalasan, kediamanLover, will, laziness, residence

2 pe(n)-, pe(n)-an, -an Penyelia, penerjemah, penerjemahan, terjemahan, penyanyi

Supervisor, translator, translating (process of), translation, singer

3 per-, per-an pertapa, pertanyaan, perbaikan, persaudaraan

?, question, fix, brotherhood

4 -el, -er, -em gelembung, serabut, gemerlap

bubble, ?, sparkling

5 -wan, -wati Bangsawan, wartawati, hartawan

noble family, reporter (female), rich man

6 -at, -in Hadirin, hadirat audience (male),

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audience (female)7 -isme, -isasi, -logi, -tas Nasionalisme,

nasionalisasi, terminologi, komunitas

Nationalism, nationalization, terminology, community

Note: Indonesian also derivates affix from foreign language as seen in number 7.

It is better to predict first what a suspicious noun word serves as in a sentence. Noun can serve as subject, object, predicate, or complement. Check this example:

Kakek ketagihan masakan menantunya.Grandpa is addicted to his daughter-in-law’s cooking.While all other words are nouns, ketagihan is a verb. It is formed by ke + tagih + an.

Ke-, ke-an, pe-, pe-an, -an, per- can form other types of word beside noun. To avoid confusion, refer to complete rule in the Indonesian Affixation page (last page of this document).

Singular Form and Plural Form

The simple way to make a noun plural is by repeating the word. In Indonesian grammar, it is known as reduplication (kata ulang). Reduplication also happens on adverb, adjective, verb, and number. We’ll cover Kata Ulang in detail next time. A lot of fun! Rumah-rumahan for example, does not mean houses, but doll-house.

Example:

No Singular English Plural EnglishKucing Cat Kucing-kucing CatsSepatu Shoes Sepatu-sepatu ShoesPendidikan Education Pendidikan-

pendidikanEducations

“Di sana ada kucing-kucing.”“There are cats.” Kucing-kucing does not tell the listener how many cats are there, and neither does sepatu-sepatu. If we know there are four cats, we will say: “Di sana ada 4 kucing.” “There are 4 cats.”

Notice that we do not repeat kucing any more as we have a quantity word before the noun. The rule also applies if we know there are a lot of cats (more than 1):“Di sana ada banyak kucing.”“There are a lot of cats.”

GenderIndonesian does not use gender for words. Therefore, there is no gender for noun.

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Kata Kerja (Verb)

Just like noun, with verb we have basic form and derivative form.

Example of base form:Saya mandi, sarapan, kemudian pergi ke kantor saya. Setelah saya pulang dari kantor, saya langsung tidur.I took a bath, ate my breakfast, and then went to my office. After I had come back from the office, I went to bed directly.

In SPOK pattern sentence, verb is mostly found as Predicate.Monyet memanjat pohon kelapa.Subject + Predicate + Object

The monkey climbs the coconut tree.

Me-, di-, ter-, ke- are the prefix used to form a derivate verb.

No Affix Example English1 Me-, me-kan, me-i, memper-kan Meminjam,

meminjamkan, meminjami, mempertanyakan, memperbarui

To borrow, to lend (+noun), to lend (+ personal pronoun), to question, to renew

2 di-, di-kan, di-i, diper-kan Dipinjam, dipinjamkan, dipinjami, dipertanyakan, diperbarui

Passive.To be borrowed, to be lent (+noun), to be lent (+noun), to be questioned about, to be renewed

3 Ter-, ter-kan, ter-I Terjebak, terpuaskan, terlampaui

To be trapped in, to be fulfilled, to be passed over

4 Ke-an Kehujanan, kejatuhan, kehilangan

To catch rain, to be hit suddenly, to lose

Example:Rakyat mempertanyakan kenaikan harga barang.People questioned the raise of goods’ price.

Kemarin adikku kehujanan, di samping itu dia juga terjebak macet.Yesterday, my sister was caught in the rain, beside that she was also trapped in a traffic jam.

Berita tersebut menimbulkan sensasi besar melebihi riuh rendahnya pemilihan umum sendiri.The news created a big sensation bigger than the fanfare of the General Election itself.

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Saya meminjam jaket dari Selvi = Selvi meminjamkan jaket pada saya = Selvi meminjami saya jaket = Jaket dipinjam saya dari Selvi = Jaket dipinjamkan Selvi pada saya = Saya dipinjami Selvi jaket.All means: I borrow a jacket from Selvi.This sentence also means the same, using base form: Jaket saya pinjam dari Selvi.

Dari mana kamu dapat jaket? Where do you get the jacket from?Pinjam dari Selvi. I borrow it from Selvi.

Notice that intransitive verb (verb that does not require any object), will change to transitive verb (requires object) after affixation. This pattern also works:

Object + Subject + verb in base form

More examples:Sensasi besar timbul.A big sensation has arosen.

Koran mereka robek-robek Mereka merobek-robek koran.They tore down the newspaper.

Nomor teleponnya sudah saya catat Saya sudah mencatat nomor teleponnya.I had already written down your number.

Kenang-kenangan pahit bersamamu akan saya lupa Saya akan melupakan kenang-kenangan pahit bersamamu.I will forget the bitter memories with you.

But not always! You can’t say:Bayi saya mandi. It will mean: My baby is taking a bath by itself; instead of: I give my baby a bath. Be careful of reflexive verbs, verbs that are against the subject.

In poetic sentence, personal pronoun can be put after verb. Verb + Personal pronoun Terhanyut aku akan nostalgia. I am drifted away in nostalgia.

Check the page on Indonesian Affixation for detail how prefix will change if added to a word started with certain letter. I think we’d better put detail of each affix means here, but let’s see.

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Kata Ganti (Pronoun)

There are three types of pronoun in Indonesian: personal pronoun (kata ganti orang), determiner (kata ganti penunjuk), and question word (kata ganti penanya). There is no pronoun for animal or unanimated object.

Personal Pronoun

Indonesian knows the concept of first person, second person, and third person.

No Single Plural ExplanationFirst person Saya, aku, ku- Kami, kita If listener is not

included, use kami. If listener is included, use kita.

Second person Kamu, Anda, kau, Saudara Kalian, Anda (sekalian), Saudara-saudara

Third person Dia, ia, beliau Mereka

Saya and aku are used based on how close relationship between speaker and listener is. Saya is more formal compared to aku. In national ceremony, speech will use saya, but between close friends, aku will be used. You will also notice the slang language gua used among young persons extensively, along with lu for second person.

This is the same case with second person. Anda or saudara both are more formal than kamu or kau. A mother will call her child with kamu, but a lecturer to his student, a television reporter to his audience, will use saudara or anda.If a young person address an older person with kamu, kau, or saudara, he will be considered impolite. For this case, use Bapak or Ibu to be polite.

Same case with plural form. Kalian for kamu or kau. Saudara-saudara or Anda sekalian for formal occasion, Bapak-bapak or Ibu-ibu for older persons.

Example:Asking how are you:

To an older person: Apa kabar, Pak?To the radio listener: Apa kabar, Saudara?To a friend: Kamu apa kabar?

Saudara-saudara sebangsa dan setanah air!People of my nation!

Third person, dia and ia are used both formal and informal. Beliau is used to refer to someone respected.

Example:

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Jenderal Sudirman adalah pahlawan nasional. Beliau akan selalu dikenang.General Sudirman was a national hero. He will always be remembered.

Polisi menangkap orang itu. Dia memalsukan uang.The police are catching that person. He forged the money.

Kami, Kita.Check this example:

Kami membeli dua ekor ayam kemarin. Hari ini kita akan memasaknya.We bought two chickens yesterday. Today, we will cook them.

The speaker bought two chicken yesterday not with the listener(s). However, she will cook them with the speaker(s).

Note: This is a bad example for referring two chickens as –nya. The full correct sentence should be: Kami membeli dua ekor ayam kemarin untuk kita masak hari ini.

Referring an Animal

There is no pronoun for animal or unanimated things, like “it” in English. We refer to animal with its name followed by determiner ini/itu.

Example: Saya melihat seekor kupu-kupu di sebelah sana. Kupu-kupu itu berwarna kuning.I saw a butterfly over there. It is yellow.

Changing kupu-kupu itu as dia is incorrect.Incorrect: Saya melihat seekor kupu-kupu. Dia berwarna kuning.

Possessive Pronoun(Kata Ganti Kepemilikan)

Possesive pronoun is formed by adding personal pronoun after noun. There is no change in writing or whatsoever. However, it is more convenience that aku is contracted to -ku, kamu to -mu, and dia to –nya.

Example:Buku saya, rumah Anda, kursinya, komputer mereka, beasiswaku, pekerjaanmu.My book, your house, his chair, their computer, my scholarship, your job.

For animal, same pattern, with no change in animal’s name.Gading gajah sangat mahal.The elephant’s ivory is very expensive.

Kata Ganti Penunjuk (Determiner Pronoun)

Kata ganti penunjuk in Indonesian replaces:

No Determine which determiner English

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1 Thing Ini This, theseItu That, thoseAnu Something that

speaker is not sure whatabouts

2 Place (also known as locative pronoun) Sini HereSitu ThereSana Place far from both

speaker and listener3 How to Begini Like this

begitu Like that

Example:Begini cara melakukannya. This is how to do it. Do it like this.Saya tidak begitu! I am not like that!

You can see ‘begitu’ in the second example can be replace with other noun phrase. This will answer question: Begitu bagaimana? Like what?Saya tidak menerima suap seperti orang itu. I do not accept bribery like that man.

Other examples:

Payung Anda yang ini, jaket Anda yang itu, dan sepatu anda di sana.Your umbrella is this one, your jacket is that one, and your shoes is there.

“Di mana kakakmu?” “Di… anu, saya lupa.” “Where is your sister?” “She is at … err… I forget.”

Si anu memiliki seekor kambing, sedangkan tetangganya si anu memiliki padang rumput. Someone had a goat, on the other hand his neigbour had a meadow. (A name used in a story, Mr. A, Mr. B, etc)

Kata Ganti Penanya (Question Word)

No Affix Base word Question word English

Apa

Apa WhatSi- Siapa WhoMeng- Mengapa Why (kenapa is informal)Ken(a)- Kenapak-n Kapan WhenBer- Berapa How much, how many

Mana Mana When used alone, can be any of below:

Di Di mana Where (one is placed)Ke Ke mana Where (one will go)Dari Dari mana From whereBagai- Bagaimana How

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Yang Yang mana WhichExamples:

Di mana jaket paman kauletakkan? Where did you place Uncle’s jacket?

Mau pergi ke mana, Bibi? Where do you want to go, Aunty?

Kapan sepupu Anda lulus ITB? When did your cousin graduate from ITB?

Apa penyebab semua masalah itu? What was the cause of the whole trouble?

Siapa yang bertanggung jawab di sini? Who is in charge here?

Berapa harga sekilo ikan teri di pasar?How much does 1 kilo of anchovies cost in the market?

Mengapa nasibku begini merana? Why is my fate this miserable?

Bagaimana mungkin menyelesaikan tugas sebanyak ini dalam seminggu?How is it possible to finish task as much as this in a week?

Klab bola mana yang Anda dukung?Which football club that you support? yang mana

Mana saja dirimu selama ini? Where have you been? ke mana (informal conversation)

Mana kursi kesayanganku? Where is my favorit chair? di mana

One of common mistake with which is when translating from English sentence formed with more than 1 sentence, and joined with which (not in a question), like this:

I will sell the house which I bought last year.Incorrect translation: Saya akan menjual rumah yang mana saya beli tahun lalu.Correct translation: Saya akan menjual rumah yang saya beli tahun lalu.

There is no ‘whom’ like in English.

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Kata bilangan (Number)

Indonesian has two types of number: ordinal and cardinal.

Check vocabulary: bilangan.

Ordinal Number – Bilangan OrdinalOrdinal number starts with ke-, followed by its cardinal number.Example:

1st, 2nd kesatu (pertama), keduaOr as combination of ke and digits: ke-1, ke-2

Other note:Se- is a prefix that stands for one. Sejuta is as same as satu juta. Ke- also means collection.

If we do not know how many things are, we will use kata bilangan tak tentu. The following words, except sejumlah, also used for uncounted noun.No English

Beberapa SomeBanyak A lot ofSedikit A little ofsejumlah Some

Sejumlah mahasiswa memprotes kebijakan rektor.Some students protested the dean’s policy.

Di daerah pedesaan masih banyak perumahan tradisional.In rural area, there are a lot of traditional house.

Tambahkan sedikit garam jika suka.Add a little salt as you like.

Sedikit banyak saya memahami masalah itu.More or less I understand that problem.

Sekitar seratus warga negara Indonesia mendatangi ketiga tempat pemungutan suara di Sanaa pada Pemilihan Presiden Kedua bulan Agustus tadi. Jumlah ini jauh lebih banyak dibanding Pemilihan Presiden Pertama.Around a hundred Indonesian citizen came over the three voting sites at Sanaa on the second Precidential Election last August. The number is bigger compared to that on the First Precidential Election.

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Kata sifat (Adjective)

In Indonesian, noun comes before adjective, also known as DM (Diterangkan-Menerangkan) pattern. Example:

Malam Minggu kelabu.Noun adjective

Dark Saturday night.

Malam Minggu is the thing being explained (diterangkan). Kelabu explains (menerangkan) malam Minggu. Notice that the English translation has different pattern, MD.

Example :Saya memakai sepatu baru. I wear new shoes. Gedung-gedung tinggi menghiasi sepanjang Jalan Thamrin. The tall buildings decorates alongside of Thamrin Street.(Note not to repeat plural form like this: Gedung-gedung tinggi-tinggi. No lexical meaning)

Comparison (Perbandingan)

There is no change in adjective form for comparison. We only need to add lebih for ‘more’, and add paling or prefix ter- for ‘the most’ before an adjective.

Pattern:Lebih + adjective + (daripada | dari)Paling + adjective + (di | di antara) or ter- + adjective

Example:If Ali is 180 cm tall, Budi is 160 cm tall, Cici is 158 cm tall, and Bambang is 160 cm, then:

Ali lebih tinggi daripada Budi. Cici lebih pendek dari Budi. Ali paling tinggi di antara mereka.Ali is taller than Budi. Cici is shorter than Budi. Ali is the tallest among the three.

Budi dan Bambang sama tinggi. Or: Budi setinggi Bambang.Budi is as tall as Bambang.

If we know, in fact, Ali is the tallest in the class, we can say:Ali paling tinggi di kelas. Or: Ali tertinggi di kelas.

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Kata Keterangan (Adverb)

Kata Keterangan (Adverb) in Indonesian is a word that explains other words. It differs from Keterangan in S-P-O-K sentence pattern.

Take some examples:Mereka mengerjakan ujian dengan baik. They do their tests well.Saya selekasnya berlari secepat-cepatnya. Soon I run as fast as possible.

In the first example, dengan baik = well is Keterangan not kata keterangan (adverb). In the second example, selekasnya and secepat-cepatnya are both adverbs.

Keterangan in sentence pattern covers a wide range of function. Beside how-to, it can also explain time, place, tool, and cause. It can be formed by noun. Rather than 1 word, it is usually formed by nominal phrase and prepositional phrase.

Dosen saya sudah pergi kemarin. My lecturer has left yesterday.

Kemarin is keterangan in sentence pattern as explanation of time. We can change it to ‘beberapa hari yang lalu’ (several days ago) and it still serves as explanation of time. Confused yet? Don’t worry, (unless you are going to face an Indonesian national test, or your major at university is Indonesian) the confusion between Keterangan in sentence pattern and kata keterangan should be negligible. Just remember it is much like –ly in English.

Se- + reduplication of adjective + -nya = as + adjective + as possible

Example:Sedalam-dalamnya. Adjective is dalam (deep). Translated: “as deep as possible”.

Reduplication of adjective = in + adjective + manner

Example:Pelan-pelan. Adjective is pelan (slow). Translated: “in a slow way.”

But, try to scan the table below:

No Adverb EnglishSangat VeryHanya OnlyLebih MoreSegera SoonDiam-diam In a silent mannerLekas-lekas In a hurry mannerHabis-habisan Till all ways are exhaustedMati-matianGila-gilaan In a crazy manner

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Sebaiknya In a suggested waySecepatnya As soon as possibleSebenarnya As for the truthSesungguhnyaAgaknya Looks like that…KiranyaRasanya Feels like…Biasanya Usually

What is the simplest way to translate an adverb ended with –ly in English? In most case, just put dengan in front of the adjective.

My sister sleeps soundly. Adikku tidur dengan nyenyak.The Lion King started his story sadly. Sang Singa memulai ceritanya dengan sedih.Taufik hit back fast. Taufik memukul balik dengan cepat.

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Kata Tugas:

In Indonesian grammar, kata tugas covers kata depan or preposisi (preposition), kata hubung (conjugation), kata seru (interjection), and artikel (article).

Kata tugas only has grammatical meaning, but no lexical meaning. Therefore, it can’t stand by itself.

Kata Depan (preposition)

No Preposition EnglishBagi, untuk, buat, guna ForDari FromDengan With, usingDi At, on(oleh) karena, (oleh) sebab Because, caused by, asKe, menuju To, into, ontoPada, pada saat At, by the timeTentang, mengenai AboutSejak Since, forBersama, beserta Together with, along withMenjelang A moment beforeMenurut According toSekeliling AroundSekitar Around (time or place)Selama For, during, alongSepanjang Along (time or place)Terhadap To (an object)Bagaikan As, likeDaripada Rather thanKepada To (a person)Sampai dengan UntilSelain dari Other than, beside, but

Example:Perjalanan dari Jakarta ke Bandung memakan waktu 3 jam dengan kereta api. Selama perjalanan ia selalu tidur sejak kereta meninggalkan stasiun Jatinegara, dan baru bangun menjelang kereta memasuki stasiun Bandung. Oleh sebab itu waktu tiga jam bagaikan tidak ada artinya baginya. Menurutnya tidur lebih baik daripada melamun sepanjang jalan. Pada saat ia meninggalkan kereta menuju rumahnya, tubuhnya akan terasa segar.

Travel time from Jakarta to Bandung takes about 3 hours using the train. During the journey, he always sleeps since the train has left Jatinegara Station, and wakes up a moment before the train has entered Bandung Station. That’s why, 3 hours is like nothing for him. According to him, sleeping is better rather than daydreaming along the journey. By the time he has left the train going to his abode, he will feel well.

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Kata Penghubung (Conjugation) – Konjungsi

Also known as kata penggabung.

By grammar, there are three types of conjugations: 1. Konjugasi Subordinatif (Subordinative conjugation)

used in kalimat majemuk bertingkat (kalimat majemuk where one pattern is higher than the other(s)

2. Konjugasi Koordinatif (Coordinative conjugation) used in kalimat majemuk setara (kalimat majemuk where all pattern at the same level)

3. Konjugasi Korelatif (Correlative conjugation) used in any of sentence types above

However, stop worrying about the grammar’s jargon. Let’s go straight to the mapping.

No Conjugation English mappingDan AndAtau OrTetapi, tapi, akan tetapi But, howeverTime related :

- sesudah, setelah, sehabis, selesai

- sebelum- sejak- ketika, tatkala- sementara, sambil, seraya,

selagi- selama- sampai

- after- before- since- when- while- during, as long as- until

Condition related :Jika, kalau, jikalau, asal(kan), bila, manakala

If, provided that

Assumption, wish, or example related :Andaikan, seandainya, umpamanya, sekiranya

Example, wish sentence

Aim related :Agar, biar, supaya

In order to, so that

Concessive related :Biarpun, meskipun, sekalipun, walau(pun), sungguhpun, kendati(pun)

Eventhough, though, despite

Similarity related :Seakan-akan, seolah-olah, sebagaimana, seperti, sebagai, laksana

Like, as, seem

Cause related :Sebab, (oleh) karena

Because

Result related :(se)hingga, sampai(-sampai), maka(nya)

So that, until, that’s why, resulted in

Explanation related :Bahwa

That

How to related : By, with, using

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DenganTidak hanya…, tetapi juga … Not only…, but also…Tidak hanya…, bahkanbukannya…, melainkanbukannya…, malah

Instead of…

Makin… makin.. Comparison like in example : The sooner is the better.

Jangankan…, pun Even… ?Baik… maupun…apa(kah)… atau…entah… entah…

Either pattern

Demikian (rupa)… sehingga… So that

Example :

Dia mengetuk-ngetuk pintu dan memanggil-manggil, tetapi tidak ada yang menjawab karena sedang tidak ada orang di rumah. He has been knocking and yelling at the door but nobody answers him as nobody is at home.

The sentences are created from 4 sentences: - Dia mengetuk-ngetuk pintu. He has been knocking at the door.- Dia memanggil-manggil. He has been yelling at the door.- Tidak ada orang yang menjawab. Nobody answers him.- Tidak ada orang di rumah. Nobody is at home.

Jangankan seribu, sesen pun aku tak punya.As a cent I have not, a thousand rupiahs is out of question.

Entah akhir minggu entah hari kerja, dia tidak pernah menjawab teleponnya. Entah penting entah tidak, dia seakan-akan sudah tidak peduli lagi.Either weekend or weekdays, she never answers her phone. Either it is important or not, she seems care no longer.

Bukannya sadar, kelakuannya malah makin mengesalkan.Instead of being aware, his attitude is getting annoying.

Makin bertambah hari, makin jelas mana teman sejati mana kepentingan sejati.The more days have passed, the more clear which are the true friends and which are the true benefit-takers.

Saya katakan ini supaya kamu mengerti manakala waktumu tiba kelak.I tell you this so that you will understand when your time has come someday.

Setelah mengemasi buku-bukunya, ia berlari tergesa-gesa sehingga hampir menabrak pintu kelas. After taking his books, he hurriedly run till he almost hit the class door.

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Andaikan aku punya permadani terbang seperti Aladin dalam dongeng Seribu Satu Malam, aku akan mempelajari modelnya sampai aku bisa membuat tiruannya dalam jumlah banyak. Setelah itu, saya tidak akan khawatir jika sampai ada musuh Aladin merebut permadani yang asli.If I had a flying carpet like Alladin in One Thousand and One Nights story, I would learn its model until I could produce its reproduction in a large amount. After that, I would not worry if any enemy of Alladin got the genuine carpet by force.

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Kata Seru (interjection)

No Interjection EnglishAyo Let’sNah ThereHai, heh, he Hi, heyAh Polite disagreementHalo HelloEh ErrOh OWahai Greeting in respected conversationYah, ya Sigh (dissapointment)Wah Wow, wellHem HmmmNgomong-ngomong By the wayAduh Argh (pain expression)Asyik Great (considered informal)Senangnya Great (formal)Duh, aduhai Awesome expressionIdih Negative expression (why listener does such

thing?)Ih Negative expression (strong dislike)Sialan, brengsek Negative expression (cursing)Lo, lho Wondering expression

Example:Duh, bagusnya rumah beratap hijau itu! Wow, that house with green roof is very pretty!Wah, ada apa ini ramai-ramai? Well, what all noise is about?Wah, cantiknya angsa hitam itu! Wow, that black swan is sure pretty!

Nah, itu ibu datang! There, there, mom is here!

Aduh, kakiku sakit! Argh, my foot is hurt!

Ayo makan! Let’s eat!

Halo, bisa bicara dengan Pak Bambang? Hello, may I speak with Mr. Bambang?

Ah, masa iya sih? Is it so?Ah, mana mungkin. How could it possible?

Ngomong-ngomong, tadi saya bertemu Santi. By the way, I just run across Santi.

Asyik, gaji naik lagi. Great, another new salary raise.

Idih, kamu sudah kaya masih hitungan! Argh, despite a rich man you still count on small things!

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Ih, memangnya dia tidak malu berpakaian begitu?Why isn’t she ashamed of herself by dressing like that?

Sialan, berani-beraninya dia mempermainkan aku! Damn her, how could she make fool of me?

Lo, Ji, bukannya tahun lalu kamu bilang mau melamar kerja lagi?Last year you said you would apply for new job, didn’t you, Ji?

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Artikel (article)

Article in Indonesian grammar limits the meaning how many a noun are there. There are three types of article :

1. Singular meaning : sang, sri, hang, dang2. Plural/group meaning : para3. Neutral meaning: si

Sri, hang,and dang are used before a royal family member. They are not extensively used. While sang is used for a respected thing. When sang is found before an animal’s name, the speaker is doing a fable.

Si is neutral, can be used for animal or person. Usually used in conversation.

Example :Hai, sang kodok, mengapa kamu memanggil-manggil sang hujan?Hey, Mr. Toad, why are you calling Mr. rain?

Para undangan dipersilakan duduk kembali.The invitees may sit back. Siapa bilang si Budi sakit? Si pembawa berita mengada-ada saja.Says who Budi is sick? The news spreader just made it up.

Sang Saka Merah Putih = the way Indonesian call Indonesian flag.

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Proverb (Peribahasa)

Indonesian is rich with proverbs. There are about more than 500 well known proverbs.

The following are some examples:No Proverb Meaning

Cabik-cabik bulu ayam Blood is thicker than waterTak ada rotan, akar pun jadi By hook or by crookMenepuk air di dulang, terpecik ke muka sendiri

Despise your family, despise your self.

Ada gula ada semut People come to wherever the source of wealth is.

Besar pasak daripada tiang Spending more than one can afford.Kalah bisa karena biasa Practice makes perfect.Berakit-rakit ke hulu, berenang-renang ke tepian. Bersakit-sakit dahulu, bersenang-senang kemudian.

Great things have small beginning. Work hard before harvests the result.

Anjing menggonggong, kafilah berlalu. Ignore others’ objection, just carry on.Tong kosong nyaring bunyinya. Empty vessels make most sound. Or:

great talkers are poor doers.Air tenang menghanyutkan. Be careful to deal with a man of few

words. He is wise who speaks a little.Kacang lupa kulit. A success person forgets how he was

before.Seperti buah simalakama, dimakan ibu mati, tak dimakan bapak mati.

As between the devil and the deep sea.

Air cucuran atap jatuhnya ke pelimbahan juga. Like father like son.Buruk muka, cermin dibelah. A mock to person who does against this

English proverb: “Don’t break the mirror if you see your face is bad.”

Sedikit demi sedikit, lama-lama jadi bukit. A penny saved is a penny earned.Sedia paying sebelum hujan. Make hay while the sun shines.Menari di atas bangkai. Both means: Someone who blames

others for his fault.Orang makan nangka, awak kena getahnya.Musuh dalam selimut. A wolf in sheep’s clothing.Sekali merengkuh dayung, dua tiga pulau terlampaui.

Doing several things at once.

Sambil menyelam minum air.Ada udang di balik batu. To have an axe to grind.Bergantung pada akar lapuk. To depend on something undependable.Seperti telur di ujung tanduk. In a very serious situation to fall into

trouble.Seperti menegakkan benang basah. Doing useless thing.Sesal dahulu pendapatan, sesal kemudian tak Everything must be calculated for not

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berguna. being sorry afterward.Ada api ada asap. Rumor must have a source. There is no

smoke without fire.Makan hati berulam jantung. In a very miserable condition caused by

person one’s loves.Kalah jadi abu, menang jadi arang. People who fight both will lose

something.Ada uang Abang sayang, tak ada uang Abang ditendang.

Friends are many while the pocket is full.

Tuntutlah ilmu hingga ke negeri Cina. Search for knowledge to the highest level!

Mendengar guntur di langit, air di tempayan dicurahkan.

One who lets certain luck away for hoping bigger uncertain luck.

Seperti orang buta kehilangan tongkat. Completely confused.Seperti anak ayam kehilangan induk. Be at one’s wit end.Membeli kucing di dalam karung. To do something doubtful.Datang tampak muka, pergi tampak punggung. Be courteous! Greet when you come,

greet when you leave.Kasih ibu sepanjang jaman, kasih anak sepanjang jalan.

Mother’s love is forever.

Lain ladang lain belalang. Different country, different custom.Ada ubi ada talas. Ada budi ada balas. Gratitude is the memory of the heart. It

will be returned with gratitude someday.Seperti pinang dibelah dua. Two persons very much alike.Sudah jatuh ditimpa tangga. To be in continues bad luck.Seperti kucing dibawakan sapu. To be very scared of something bad.Menerka ayam di dalam telur. Counting chicken before hatching.Ayam dapat, musang pun dapat. Catching thief with his stolen goods.Tangan mencencang, bahu memikul. Who does, he takes responsibility.Mencabik baju di dada. Despise one’s self to others.Berjalan sampai batas, berlayar sampai pulau. Everything must be done until finish.Menjual bedil kepada lawan. To trouble one’s self.Jauh panggang dari api. Far from expected.

Oh, all right, that’s too many of them. I’ll stop. I just enjoy writing it back from my memory

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Simple Conversation (Percakapan Sederhana)

Greeting (salam)

Halo HelloSalam kenal. Used in personal email or letter to introduce

one’s selfApa kabar? How are you?Salam buat orang rumah. Say hello to your family.Baik-baik, ya? Take care.Selamat pagi. Pagi. Good morning.Selamat siang. Good day.Selamat sore. Good afternoon.Selamat malam. Good night.Ke mana saja? Where have you been?Kamu baik-baik saja? Are you just fine?Baik-baik saja. Sehat-sehat saja. Just fine.Sudah dulu, ya? Buru-buru ini. To end a conversation. I’ll be making my track.Selamat tinggal. Good bye (if you leave someone)Selamat jalan. Good bye (if someone leaves you)Semoga sukses. Sukses, ya? Good luck.Selamat, ya? Congratulation!Salam hormat. Regards. (in formal email or letter)Sampai jumpa lagi. Sampai bertemu lagi. See you soon.Dah! Dah! Bye, byeSalam. To end an email or a letter where relationship is

not close.Salam sayang Love (to end an email or a letter between close

relationship)Salam jitak. Salam kompak. Slang words to end an email or a letter between

young persons.Tulis surat, ya? Write me.Halo, masih ingat saya? Hello, do you still remember me?Jangan lupakan kami. Don’t forget us.Hai! Hi!Selamat makan. Bon appetite.Bersenang-senanglah! Have fun!

Where is good evening, you asked? I am not sure. At 10:30 AM, a non-native Indonesian speaker once asked me, was it selamat pagi or selamat siang? My answer was simple, if he was already hungry for lunch (makan siang), it would be selamat siang. OK, not a good answer.

On the time when I was crazy with night live football watch at 2 PM, the commentators were confused as well if they should greet the television audience with selamat malam or selamat pagi. Someone put that confusion as a theme in Bahasa Indonesia column at a national newspaper. Unfortunately, I forgot what the column said! Another volunteer should help me here.

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Introducing people (perkenalan)

Brian: Hai, perkenalkan nama saya Brian. Nama Indonesia saya, Yayan.Hi, let me introduce my self. I’m Brian. My Indonesian name is Yayan.

Eko: Hahaha. Saya Eko. Bahasa Indonesianya bagus sekali. Belajar dari mana?Hahaha. I’m Eko. Your Indonesian is so good. Where did you learn?

Brian: Dari Gungun, bagian informasi. Itu Gungun.Gungun, ini tamu hotel kita dari Indonesia: Bapak Eko.Gungun from information desk taught me. Here comes Gungun.Gungun, this is our hotel guest from Indonesia: Mr Eko.

Eko: Halo. Panggil saja Eko.Hello. Just call me Eko.

Gungun: Halo. Sudah lama di sini, Mas?Hello. How long have you been here, Mas?

Eko: Wah, saya bukan orang Jawa. Tidak usah disapa Mas. Saya dari Medan.Well, I’m not a Javanese. Please don’t call me Mas. I’m from Medan.

Gungun: Oh, saya orang Sunda.O, I’m a Sundanese.

Eko: Baru datang tadi malam. O, ya, kenalkan, teman saya yang baru datang ini namanya Iwan. Wan, ini Gungun, ini Brian.I just came last night. By the way, let me introduce my friend, who just came, his name is Iwan.Wan, this is Gungun, this is Brian.

Iwan: Halo.Hello.

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Asking for time and date (Menanyakan waktu dan tanggal)

Joko: Kapan ada rapat perkenalan manajer baru kita?When will the meeting to introduce our new manager be held?

Anton: Besok, jam sepuluh tepat di ruang Anyer.Tomorrow at 10 o’clock sharp at Anyer room.

Joko: Bukankah pada jam itu ada jadwal presentasi selama setengah jam?Isn’t it a presentation is scheduled for a half hour at that time?

Anton: Oh, presentasi itu diundur minggu depan.Oh, it was postponed to next week.

Joko: Presentasi itu sudah dijadwalkan sejak sebulan yang lalu.It has been scheduled since one month ago.

Anton: Manajer yang baru sudah mengubah jadwalnya. Ngomong-ngomong, jam berapa sekarang?The new manager has rescheduled it. By the way, what time is it?

Joko: Jam dua belas lewat seperempat. A quarter past twelve.

Anton: Jammu kecepatan sepuluh menit, tapi memang sudah jam makan.Your watch is 10 minutes ahead, whatsoever, it is lunchtime already.

Joko: Ya, kita sudah terlambat makan. Ayo, pergi!Yes, we’re already late for lunch. Let’s go!

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Asking for direction (Menanyakan Arah)

Bajuri: Permisi, numpang nanya.Excuse me, could you show me some directions?

Yusuf: Ya, silakan.By no means.

Bajuri: Kedubes Singapura di mana, ya?Where is the Embassy of Singapore?

Yusuf: Oh, jalan saja terus sepanjang Rasuna Said. Kalau naik taksi dari sini, letaknya di sebelah kanan jalan.Just keep walking along Rasuna Said. If by taxi from here, it is on the right of the street.

Bajuri: Kalau Menara XL di mana?What about XL Tower?

Yusuf: Kalau mau ke Menara XL, Bapak tinggal menyebrang jalan di zebra cross sana. Jalan terus, lalu belok kiri sedikit. Itu gedungnya kelihatan.If you want to go to XL Tower, you simply cross the street using zebra cross over there. Keep walking, and then turn left a little. You can see the building from here.

Bajuri: Terima kasih.Thanks.

Yusuf: Sama-sama.Don’t mention it.

Other common used asking for direction:Saya mencari bagian bumbu dapur. I look for spice section. (at a supermarket)Ibu mau ke mana? Where do you want to go?Putar balik. Turn round.Salah jalan. Wrong way.Saya tersesat. I am lost.Di mana pintu keluar? Where is the exit?Antarkan saya ke Kuningan. Take me to Kuningan, please. (to a taxi driver)Saya baru dari sana. I just came from there.

Numpang nanya is a conversation form. The formal form is: “Bolehkah saya menumpang bertanya?” May I ask? Unless you want the person you ask leave impatiently, do not use the formal form. Do not use that form to ask your teacher a question if you seriously want an answer. Numpang is simply expecting a person will be kind to help you.

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Phone conversation (pembicaraan telepon)

Formal Phone Conversation

Resepsionis: PT Penterjemahan, selamat pagi.Receptionist: Penterjemahan Co., good morning.

Khaidir: Pagi, Mbak. Saya Khaidir dari PT Percetakan. Bisa disambungkan dengan Pak Saleh?Khaidir: Good morning. I’m Khaidir from Percetakan Co. Can you connect me to Mr. Saleh?

Resepsionis: Tunggu sebentar.Receptionist: A moment please.

Khaidir: Baik.Khaidir: I’ll wait.

Resepsionis: Pak Saleh sedang rapat. Ada pesan?Receptionist: Mr. Saleh is on meeting. Would you like to leave any message?

Khaidir: Ya, tolong minta Pak Saleh menghubungi saya segera. Penting.Khaidir: Yes, please inform Mr. Saleh to call me back soon. Urgent.

Resepsionis: Akan saya sampaikan.Receptionist: I’ll tell him.

Khaidir: Terima kasih. Selamat pagi.Khaidir: Thank you. Good morning.

Resepsionis: Selamat pagi.Receptionist: Good morning.

Bahasa Indonesia does not have phrase “Have a nice day”.

Other common used phone conversation:Untuk layanan dalam bahasa Indonesia, tekan satu.

For service in Indonesian, please press one.

Siapa ini? Who is this? (very rude, if spoken without the caller mentioning his name)

Salah sambung. Wrong number.Saya panggil dulu orangnya. I’ll call the person whom you want to speak to. Bu Ade sedang keluar. Bu Ade sedang tidak di tempat.

Bu Ade is not here.

Halo? Halo? Putus, ya? Testing if a phone connection is broken in the middle of a conversation.

Nomor yang Anda panggil sedang di luar jangkauan.

The number you’re calling is outside the coverage area.

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Cobalah menelepon beberapa saat lagi. Try again.

Informal Phone Conversation

blablabla

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Sentence

Pattern

A complete sentence (kalimat mayor) in Indonesian is formed by at least two parts: Subject + Predicate (known as S-P pattern). A wider pattern is by adding Object (S-P-O pattern), and explanation or Keterangan (S-P-O-K pattern and S-P-K pattern).At Indonesian, predicate can be from verb, noun, and adjective.

Also notice some verbs do not require object, such as: makan (eat), hilang (lost), bernyanyi (sing), bermimpi (to dream).

Saya menyurati Budi pagi tadi.S P O KI wrote Budi this morning.

Dia bermimpi. S PShe dreams.

Sepedanya baru.S PHis bike is new.

Kamu penjaganya.S PYou are the security guard.

Surat garansi televisi kami sudah hilang beberapa tahun yang lalu.S P K

Our television’s guarantee letter has been lost several years ago.S P K

Active sentence and passive sentence

Active sentence and passive sentence is easily recognized from the form of its verb. Use this rule:

Active: Subject + me- + (per-) + verb + (an|kan|i) + Object.Passive: Object + di- + (per-) + verb + (an|kan|i) + Subject.

Example:Active: Mahasiswa mengumpulkan pekerjaan rumah.

Subject + me + kumpul + kan + Object

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The students are collecting home works.

Passive: Pekerjaan rumah dikumpulkan mahasiswa. Subject + di + kumpul + kan + Object

Home works are being collected by the students.

More examples:Hal kecil jangan dipermasalahkan.Do not make a small deal as a big matter.

Mengapa cinta dipertanyakan?Why should love be questioned about?

Undang-undang pernikahan sudah diperbarui pada tahun 2004.The marriage law has been renewed in 2004 year.

Sehari menjelang harga BBM dinaikkan, antrian panjang terlihat di pom bensin.A day before the oil price had been raisen; a long queue was seen at the oil station.

Segala tenaga dan waktunya sudah tercurah dalam pekerjaan itu, tetapi upah yang diperolehnya tidak layak untuk hidup.All of his power and his time have been devoted to that work, however the pay received is not adequate for living.

Prefix ber- is also used to create active sentence, while prefix ter- to create passive one. However both are less used.

Kalimat Tunggal and Kalimat Majemuk

Note: I am not sure about the English grammar term for kalimat tunggal. Is it single sentence? Kalimat majemuk, is it double sentence?

Based on number of sentence pattern, in Indonesian grammar we know two kind of sentences:- kalimat tunggal: sentence with only one pattern- kalimat majemuk: sentence with more than one pattern

Example:Kalimat tunggal:

Pendapat Anda kurang tepat.Subject + PredicateYour opinion is incorrect.

Kalimat majemuk:Pendapat Anda kurang tepat dan Anda juga jelek. Subject + Predicate + conjugation + Subject + PredicateYour opinion is incorrect and you are ugly too.

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Indonesian Affixation

Note: I am not an expert in linguistics; therefore I try not to go into detail on grammar theory such as morpheme, stem word, lexical meaning or grammatical meaning. However, here is some basic for Indonesian grammar:

- Vowel is known as huruf hidup (a, i, u, e, o)- Consonant is known as konsonan (b, c, d, f,g,h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, w, x, y, z)- Diphtong is known as diftong, when 2 vowels is read as one syllable. There are only 3

diphtongs in Indonesian (ai, au, oi)- Dual-consonant conjunct is known as gugus konsonan. There are only 4 of them (kh,

ng, ny, sy)- Affixation is known as pengimbuhan (afiksasi). This is a process of attaching

grammatical morpheme (morfem terikat) to a stem word (kata dasar or morfem bebas) to create a new word.

- We learn that there are 4 types of pengimbuhan:- Awalan or prefiks (prefix): adding a grammatical morpheme in the front of a stem

word- Akhiran or sufiks (suffix): adding a grammatical morpheme at the end of a stem word- Sisipan or infiks (infix): adding a grammatical morpheme inside a stem word- Konfiks: combination of awalan and akhiran. (I do not know what the English word

for this. We’ll keep calling it konfiks)

Affixation is an important key in mastering Indonesian grammar. Many new words are formed from foreign language by means of affixation. Beginner of Indonesian should focus on main affixation first, i.e:

- prefix: me-, ber-, di-, ter-, pe-, per-, se-, ke-- suffix: -kan, -an, -i- konfiks: combination of prefix and suffix above

This is the basic mapNo Prefix Infix suffix konfiks

Me- Rarely used -kan Me-kanBer- -an di-kandi- -I Memper-iTer- -nya Diper-iPe- Ke-anPer- Pe-anSe- Per-anKe- Ber-an

Ber-kanSe-nyaTer-kan

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Next, we will notice the existence of other less important affixations which can be easily studied as not many words are formed from them. Example: a-, adi-, dwi-, eks-, maha-, pasca-, pra-, -el-, -er-, -em-, antar-, ekstra-, non-, kontra-, pro-, semi-, sub-, swa-, tuna-, supra-, -isme, -isasi, -logi, -wan, -or, -wan, -wati, -man, -at, -in, -anda, -nda, -da.

Suffix me-, pe-, per- as well as their konfiks forms (me-kan, pe-an, per-an) vary in form when added to a base word started with certain letter.

Variation Word started with this letter

Example

Me-, pe-(no variation)

l, m, n, ng, r, w Melawak, pemalu, menganga, peragu, pewarta

To act like a clown, shy-person, to open wide, doubtful-person, reporter

Mem-, pem- b, pp will disappear

Membalas, pemukul

To pay off, beater

Men-, pen- c, d, j, tt will disappear

Mencari, pendatang, penjual, penantang

To search, comer, vendor, challenger

Meng-, peng- Vowels, g, k, khk will disappear

Mengintip, mengarang, mengkhawatirkan, penggila

To peek, to compose a story, to worry about, fanatic fan

Meny, peny- Ss will disappear

Menyulap, penyelamat

To put magic, savior

Menge-, penge- Word with 1 syllable Mengelas, pengebom

To weld, bomb-doer

But be careful, there are some exceptions. Pesulap (magician) is not written as penyulap (any person who does something great of fast like done with magic, but not a magician). Penatar (person who is being taught) and petatar (tutor). Pejantan (usually for cock), pejalan (pedestrian), pejabat (government officer), pegulat (wrestler), pesepakbola (footballer), pesenam (gym athlete), pebulutangkis (badminton player).

The moral is, for certain professions, these rules can be broken.

Suffix ber- and ter- as well as their konfiks forms (ber-an, ber-kan, ter-kan) also vary for certain first letter of base words.

Be-, te- r-, or first syllable contains ‘er’

Terasa, bekerja, teperdaya, beterbangan, terasuki

To feel, to work, to be cheated by, to fly, to be possessed by evil spirit

Bel-, tel- Only for limited words

Belajar, telanjur, telantar To study, already being done, to be abandoned

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The next important affix is di-. This is the passive form of me-. The meaning is straightforward. Check active sentence passive sentence part.

Tabel. Imbuhan Bahasa Indonesia (taken from Pedoman Umum Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia yang Disempurnakan & Pedoman Umum Pembentukan Istilah)

No English(they’re too many, sob... Volunteer please. I lost my motivation on this part ;))

1 -an noun Hasiltulisan; catatan; manisan; asinanTulisan = hasil menulis

Result/product of.writing; note; sweet; sour

Yang biasa dikenai tindakMakanan; minuman; utusan; (buku) bacaanMakanan = yang dimakan

Object ofFood; beverage; courier; reading

TempatTepian; lapangan

PlaceEdge; field

Yang ditempatkan diAwalan; akhiranAwalan: ditempatkan di awal

Placed at

Alat untuk mengukur atau menghitung, ukuran:Meteran; lima lembar puluhan ribu

Measurement

Noun (conv.)

Hasil mengukur atau menghitung”Membeli lusinan lebih murah daripada membeli satuan.

Result of measurement.Buying by dozen is cheaper than buying by piece.

noun Kumpulan; gugusan: daratan; lautan; puluhan; ribuan

Collection/composition of

Yang mempunyai atau mengandung:Durian; rambutanDurian = yang mempunyai duri (buah)

Possession of

Noun (conv.)

Yang menyerupaiGunungan = menyerupai gunung

Similar to

Adj. (conv.)

LebihGedean = lebih gede (jawa) = lebih besar

More, muchBigger

Verb (conv.)

Melakukan sesuatu yang pelaku atau tindakannya

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banyak (beralasan, saling):Jualan; pacaran

noun Kegiatan yang berkenaan dengan pelaku yang banyak atau tindakan yang banyak:Syukuran; natalan; lebaran

-anda, -nda, -da

Anakanda, ayahanda, ibunda, pamanda

Used in old generation, language among noble family:Children, father, mother, uncle

Antar- Di lingkungan atau berhubungan yang satu dengan yang lain:Antarbangsa; antarbenua; antarpulau; antarnegara

Among (geography and politic terms)

Ber- (be-, bel-)

verb Memiliki:Beristri; bersegi; bergaram; beruntung; bergambar

To posses:

Mengatakan; mengakui sebagai:Berkakak; beradik; bertuan; berguru

To admit as:

Menghasilkan; mengeluarkan:Bertelur; berbunyi; berapi

To produce:

Biasa melakukan; bertindak atau bekerja sebagai:Bertinju; berjudi; bertani; bertukangMelakukan pekerjaan yang mengenai diri:Bercukur; berhias; berjemur; berangkat

Reflexive work

Mendapat; dikenai (pasif):Bersambut; berterima; belajarMenggunakan; memakai; mengendarai:Berpayung; berbaju; bermobilBerada di keadaan:Bergembira; bersenang hatiMenjadi (kelompok):Bersatu; berdua

Ber-…-an verb Melakukan sesuatu yang pelakunya banyak atau

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tindakan yang dilakukan banyak (berbalasan, saling):berlarian; berguguran; berpergian; berpukulan

-el- noun Yang melakukan:Burung pelatuk

Doer:

Alat:Telapak; telunjuk

Tool:

Benda yang:Kelopak; gelembungKumpulan (banyak, aneka):Geligi

Collection (various of)

verb Terjadi, berlaku, atau melakukan yang pelaku atau tindakannya banyak:Geleser; kelupas; kelojak

-em- Noun Kumpulan (banyak, aneka):Gemunung; temali

Collection (various)

Verb Frekuentif (berulang-ulang) atau terus-menerus:Gemerlap; gemerincing; gemetar

Frequentative

-er- noun Alat: seruling Good:Yang memiliki; mengandung, atau bersifat: gerigi

verb Berulang (terus-menerus): geresek; seruak; seruduk

Repetitive action:

Mengandung (bersifat): kerontang

-i (-iah, -wi, -wiah, -ni)

Adj. Berkenaan dengan; berdasarkan pada:Alami; alamiah; badani; badaniah; duniawi; diniawiah; surgawi; gerejani; rohani

verb Di, pada; memberi di, pada:Datangi; hidungi; masuki; pagari; parasi; selimuti; turuniBerulang-ulang:Lempari; potongi; pukuli

-kan verb Menjadikan:Bukukan; ceritakan; datangkan; hitamkan; masukkan; satukanSungguh-sungguh:

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Dengarkan; kenangkanUntuk; kepada orang lain:Belikan; jualkan; pinjamkan; sewakan; ikatkan (tali ini); pukulkan (kayu ini)

Ke- noun Yang mempunyai sifat atau ciri: ketuaYang dituju dengan sifat itu: kekasih; kehendak

Verb (conv.)

Telah mengalami atau menderita keadaan, atau kejadian (dengan tidak sengaja atau dengan tiba-tiba):Ketabrak; kepergok; ketemu; ketawaDapat atau sanggup (dilakukan):Tidak kebaca; tidak keangkat

Be able to do

Ke-...-an Adj. Terlalu; terlampau:Kebesaran; kekecilan; kesempitan

Too much, or too many

noun Yang mempunyai ciri atau sifat:keadilan; kemakmuranTempat: kediaman; kedudukan; keindraan

verb Menderita, mengalami kejadian, keadaan:kecanduan; kelaparan; kemalaman; ketagihan

Ku-, -ku (bentuk klitik aku) pelaku, pemilik, tujuan:kuambil; rumahku; memukulku

-man noun Yang berprofesi dalam: seniman

Profession of. Same rule as in English. Sportman = person who does sport for living. Notice, sportman is translated as olahragawan in Indonesian.

Me- (meng-, men-, meny-, menge-)

verb Melakukan:membaca; menjual; mengukurMenjadi:Menyatu; mendua; menguning; memburukHidup sebagai:membiara; menjanda

To live as:

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Menggunakan:memakai; menggunting; menyabit; menggergaji

To use as a tool:

Menikmati:Mengganja; merokok; menyusu

To enjoy:

Membuat, menghasilkan:Menyambal; menggulai; menggambar; menyayurMemberi, melengkapi dengan:mengecat; mengapur; menyampul; memagarMenuju:menepi; menyebrang; mendaratMengeluarkan (suara):mengeong; mengaduh; mengerang; mencicitMenyatakan:Mengaku

To declare as:confess

Mencari:merotan; mendamar

To search for:

Pe- (peng-, pem-, pen-, peny-, penge-)

Noun (bertaliandengan prefiks verbal me-)Yang melakukan atau alat untuk melakukan:pelemparan; pemukulan; penyapuYang menjadi atau menjadikan:pendua; pemerah (bibir)Yang menggunakan; memakai:pengguntingan; penyabit; penggergajianYang membuat; yang menghasilkan:penyayur; penyambal; penggambarYang mengeluarkan (suara):perintih; pengembik; pengerang; pengaduhYang memberi; melengkapi dengan:pengecap; pengapur; penyampul; pemagarYang menuju: penyebrangYang mencari: pendamar; perotanYang berprofesi atau yang biasa melakukan:penari; penjahat; penyihir

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Pe-...-an (peng-...-an, pem-...-an, pen-...-an, peny-...-an, pene-...-an)

Noun (bertalian dengan prefiks verbal me-)proses:pengaturan; penghijauan; pemasyarakatan; pembatuan; penyatuan

Per- Verb Menjadikan:perindah; perjelasMembagi dua:perdua; pertiga

per- (pe-, pel-)

Noun (bertalian dengan prefiks verbal ber-)yang memiliki:persegi; pertanda; pemaluYang menghasilkan:petelur; pedagingYang biasa melakukan (sebagai profesi, kebiasaan, kegemaran):pertapa; petinju; pelajar; petani; pemabukYang melakukan pekerjaan mengenai diri:peubahYang dikenai laku, tindak perbuatan:pesuruh; petatar; petaruh

Per-...-an (pe-...-an, pel-...-an)

noun (bertalian dengan prefiks verbal ber-)perihal, yang berhubungan dengan:perolehan; pelajaran; pekerjaanTempat:peristirahatan; perkotaan; pedesaan; pegunungan

Pra- Sebelum, di muka:zaman prasejarah

Se- (Bentuk klitik dari esa)satu:sekamar; serumah; sekampung; seduniaSama:Setinggi; sepandai; sepanjang; seberat;

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semahalDengan; seturut; setelah:seizinku; setahu ayah; sepergimu; sepeninggalmu

Si- (dalam gambungan bersi-)membuat dirinya menjadi; melakukan dirinya menjadi:bersibisu; bersitegangSaling menjadi; saling melakukan:bersikuat; bersipandang; bersirobok

Swa- Sendiri:swasembada; swakarya; swadaya

Ter- Adj. Paling:tercantik; terpandai; tertinggi; termalas

Ter- (te-, tel-)

verb Telah dilakukan atau di keadaan:terbuka; terduduk; termenung; terpojok; tertulangTelah mengalami; menderita keadaan atau kejadian (dengan tidak sengaja atau dengan tiba-tiba):terpesona; terkancing; tercirit; terkentut; terbangunSanggup atau dapat dilakukan (biasanya didahului kata tidak atau bersufiks –kan):tidak terkira; tidak terangkat; terserapkan; tersalurkan

-wan noun (bentuk pria)Yang memilki: sukarelawanYang bergerak dalam; yang berprofesi dalam:dramawan

-wati noun (bentuk wanita)yang memiliki:sukarelawatiYang bergerak dalam; yang berprofesi dalam:dramawati; wartawati

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To do: (not directly in the spelling book, but taught at school)Me-kan and di-kanMemper-I, diper-I

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Reading

Translating a popular Indonesian song

Kangen (Longing) by Dewa

Kuterima suratmu, tlah kubaca dan aku mengertiI have accepted your letter, I have read it, and I have understoodbetapa merindunya dirimu akan hadirnya dirikuhow much you miss my presence backdi dalam hari-harimu bersama lagiin your days together again

Kau bertanya padaku kapan aku akan kembali lagiYou asked me when I would come back againKatamu tak kuasa menahan gejolak di dalam dadaYou said you couldn’t bear the wave in your heartyang membara menahan rasa pertemuan kita nantiwhich flamed for bearing the feeling of our later seeingsaat kau ada di sisikuwhen you are at my side

Semua kata rindumu semakin membuatku tak berdayaAll of your longing words make me helplessmenahan rasa ingin jumpato bear the feeling of seeingPercayalah padaku aku pun rindu kamuBelieve me, I miss you tooKu akan pulang... melepas semua kerinduan yang terpendamI will go home… to let all deep longing go

Kau tuliskan padaku kata cinta yang manis dalam suratmuYou wrote me sweet love words in your letterkau katakan padaku, saat ini kuingin ada pelukmuYou told me: “at this moment I want to be in your hug”Dan belai lembut kasihmuAnd the tender touch of your loveTakkan kulupa selamanya, saat bersama dirimuI won’t forget for good, when I was with you

Semua kata rindumu semakin membuatku tak berdayaAll of your longing words make me helplessmenahan rasa ingin jumpato bear the feeling of seeingPercayalah padaku aku pun rindu kamuBelieve me, I miss you tooKu akan pulang... melepas semua kerinduan yang terpendamI will go home… to let all deep longing go

Jangan katakan cinta menambah beban rasaDon’t say that love adds a burden in feelingSudah simpan saja sedihmu itu, ku akan datangJust keep your sadness away, I will come

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Yogyakarta is one of cities in Indonesia that still keeps its old building and tradition over the time. Yogyakarta song indirectly describes the atmosphere of Yogya, especially in Malioboro Street where buskers and food street vendors are many at night.

Yogyakarta by KLA Project

Pulang ke kotamu, ada setangkup haru dalam rinduComing back home to your town, there is a bunch of melancholy in longingMasih seperti dulu, tiap sudut menyapaku bersahabat, penuh selaksa maknaJust like in the old time, every corner friendly greets me, in a deep meaning Terhanyut aku akan nostalgiaI am drifted away in nostalgiaSaat kita sering luangkan waktuWhen we used to spare timeNikmati bersama suasana JogjaTo enjoy the atmosphere of Yogya

Di persimpangan langkahku terhentiAt the street junction, my feet stopRamai kaki lima menjajakan sajian khas berseleraCrowded street vendors are selling delicious authentic cuisineOrang duduk bersilaPeople are sitting feet foldedMusisi jalanan mulai beraksi seiring laraku kehilanganmuThe street musician starts playing by the time I start feeling blue of losing youMerintih sendiri ditelan deru kotamu ...To sigh by myself, ignored by the crowd of your town

Walau kini kau t'lah tiada tak kembaliEventhough now you have gone and never come backNamun kotamu hadirkan senyummu abadiYour town presents your eternal smileIjinkanlah aku untuk s'lalu pulang lagiAllow me to always come back again, pleaseBila hati mulai sepi tanpa terobatiWhen heart starts to be lonely uncured

Other source of reading can be from online newspaper: kompas and republika.

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