cool tech club e-commerce fraud and fraud...

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Cool Tech ClubE-commerce Fraud and Fraud Mitigation

Steve ManningAugust 25, 2004

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OverviewOverview

Fundamentals of online transactions

Trends in online fraud

How fraud happens

Protection Against Fraud

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How it works: Set-up

Fundamentals of Online TransactionsFundamentals of Online Transactions

Issuing Bank

Shopper Merchant

Visa & MasterCard Backbone Processors

Acquiring Bank

Customer Credit Lines

Merchant Account

Visa and MasterCard DO NOT TAKE RISK

Issuers provide credit cards (customer risk assessment)

Acquirers underwrite merchants (merchant risk assessment)

Issuers and Acquirers have antagonistic risk sharing relationship

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How it works: Real-time Authorization


Issuing Bank

Shopper Merchant

Visa & MasterCard Directories

Backbone Processors

Acquiring Bank


All credit card trxns have real-time authentication/authorization event

No money actually moves over credit card networks (only auth/auth requests)

Auth/auth data returned to merchant for sale decision

All risk brokering is determined by auth/auth event

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Acquiring Bank

How it works: Settlement of Funds


Issuing Bank

Shopper Merchant


Backbone Processors


End of Day (ACH)

End of Billing Cycle: (Check/ACH)

Consumer does not pay until end of billing cycle

Fraudulent purchases may not be discovered for 30 days (or more)

Dispute resolution processes are highly defined by Visa/Mastercard

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Authentication and the input problem


Shopper Merchant

“Swipe” (POS Terminal)

“Card Not Present” (Web page)

10010100010

Limited risk

Authenticated credential (card)

Authenticated individual (signature)

Merchant rarely burned <.1% fraud rate

High risk

No credential

No identity authentication

Merchant frequently burned >1% fraud rate

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0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Source: FBI/CSI, US Census Bureau, CERT, Gartner 12/02, VeriSign

Growth Index (1998 = 100)

Trends in Online FraudTrends in Online FraudTrend #1: Web crime growing faster than web commerce

Snapshots From 2002

FBI internet fraud center complaints triple

Online credit card fraud 17 timesoffline fraud

1 in 6 web users had card info stolen

1 in 12 web users had identity stolen

100

Security Incidents = 117% CAGR

Avg. Loss Per Financial Fraud Event = 84% CAGR

E-commerce Growth = 74% CAGR

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Trend #2: Explosion in known vulnerabilities overwhelms IT resources

Trends in Online FraudTrends in Online Fraud

Snapshots From 2002

99% of intrusions result from known vulnerabilities or configuration errors

Microsoft released 72 patches in ‘02

Redhat released 38 patches in ‘02

New vulnerabilities discovered per week: 5 in 1998 to 50 in ‘02

Published vulnerabilities notify hackers as well as businesses

Source: CERT, Symantec, Digex, VeriSign

Vulnerabilities ’95-’02

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

1996 1998 2000 2002

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Growth in vulnerabilities opens infrastructure to myriad of attacks

Source: CERT

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Trend #3: Automation, collaboration, internationalization

Collaboration– Information sharing drives rapid evolution of hacking techniques– Specialists easily recruited to hacker teams– Businesses do not collaborate as effectively as hackers

Automation– Use of software tools to speed up hacking process– Tools lower bar for technical sophistication of hackers


Internationalization– Over 50% of payments fraud originates from overseas (from a short list of

politically instable countries)– Current hotspots: eastern europe, asia– Internationalization complicates police jurisdiction and prosecution

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Card Generator

Software application

Mirrors issuer logic to create cards

Spoofs address to overcome AVS

Port Scanner


Identifies network vulnerabilities

Identifies attack points for hackers

Proxy Hopper


Network anonymizer

Cycles through proxy lists to hide customer origin

Technology has greatly automated criminal activity


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Collaboration arms hackers with the best information to perpetrate fraud

Card Black Markets

Identities openly bought and sold

Ability to spoof many consumer authentication protocols (AVS, CVV2, Soc Sec No.)

Compromised IP lists for anonymizing

Admin access passwords

Hack attack methods

Information Sharing Chat Rooms


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Trend #4: Government and credit card regulation

Credit card regulations– Liability shift regulations

Verified by Visa – new interchange pricing MasterCard SecureCode

– Network and data security regulations (impacts all processors)Visa CISP (cardholder information security program)MasterCard SDP (site data protection)

– Six figure hacking penalties for non-compliance

Government regulation– U.S. Patriot Act– California Anti-Hacker Legislation: SB1386– Graham-Leach-Bliley Act– FTC sues Guess.com for database compromise


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All payments fraud is based on stolen identities and access to payment networks

Stolen Consumer Identities– Physical world access: Receipts, skimmers– Virtual world access: DB hacking, data validation, generators, black market

How Fraud HappensHow Fraud Happens

Stolen Business Identities– Physical world access: Password sticky notes, poor building security– Virtual world access: Misconfigured web servers, log-in spoofing, black

market

Access to Payments Networks– Web based checkout page– Merchant account takeover

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Broadly speaking, payments fraud falls into 3 categories of theft

Cash Theft

(Account Takeover)

Identity Theft

(Hacking/Carding)

Product/Service Theft

(Virtual Shoplifting)

Est. $$ Impact Per Event

DescriptionCategory

Begin with stolen consumer identities

Product purchased for resale or personal use

Merchant required to complete crime-- fulfillment

$1 - $1,000

Goal is to steal consumer identities

Database hacking– insecure DBs provide direct access to customer lists

Data validation– automated attacks trick system to give up information

$1,000 - $10,000

Begin with stolen consumer AND business identities

Authorization terminal used to siphon cash from one set of cards to another

Greatest economic damage

> $10,000

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Universe of web payments fraud attacks

Spoof sitesBest Buy Fraud Alert scam

VbV Register Card scam

CardholderCardholder MerchantMerchant Web Gateway

Web Gateway ProcessorProcessor

Issuing Bank

Issuing Bank

Acquiring Bank

Acquiring Bank

CC ValidationCarding

Generating

Stolen ProductsVirtual shoplifting

Fraudulent ApplicationsStolen merchant identity

Fabricated identity

Fraudulent ApplicationsStolen consumer identity

Fabricated identity

Merchant ID TheftDictionary attacks

Simple PW

Crack provisioning logic

Merchant ID TheftStolen MID/TID

Infrastructure HackStraight into processor

Direct connect software

Trxn Files

Fraudulent ApplicationsStolen MID/TID

AuctionsFraudulent sellers

Escrow scams

Infrastructure HackCustomer Lists

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Businesses face both strategic and tactical challenges in effectively combating fraud

Challenge Strategic Level Tactical Level

Lack access to specialized datasources that inform decisions

Budget for fraud operations

Lack broad visibility into ecommerce events

Business focus on retail– not supporting security analysts

Deploying and operating specialized risk systems

Updating systems

Identifying right technologies for specific fraud problems

Gauging efficacy of anti-fraud technologies prior to deployment

Testing new technologies for new attack patterns

Lack resources to manage “positive feedback” fraud operations

Identifying and blocking new patterns before they strike

Understanding Fraud Trends

Choosing & Deploying Technology

Evolving with Fraud

Protection Against FraudProtection Against Fraud

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Effective fraud management requires protection from a broad scope of threats


1

2

3

4 Level 1: Internal SecurityAuthentication & Access controls (internal fraud)

Trxn and account activity monitoring

Perimeter & data security

2: Other Business SecurityHave other business’s secured customer lists?

Have other business’s provided data validation?

3: Infrastructure SecurityCompromised ISPs (email spoofs and fake site scams)

Home zombie computers (attack launch points)

Freight forwarders

Anonymizing services

4: InternationalOrganized crime rings (Eastern Europe)

International card issuers

Asia East Europe

South Am

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True protection requires security solutions at 3 levels

Transaction Level– Authenticate buyers when possible– Screen order content for fraud patterns– Manually review suspicious transactions


Account Level– Lock down administrative access– Monitor account level activity for suspicious patterns

Network Level– Lock down network access– Monitor network level activity for suspicious patterns– Update all patches on servers and operating systems

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There is no software silver bullet– payments security requires an orchestration of technologies and processes…

Network Level

Account Level

Transaction Level

ProcessesTechnologiesCategory

Authentication

Rules Engines

Risk Scoring (neural nets)

Manual review (standardized process)

Risk tolerance policies

Monitoring product sales trends

Strong password rules

User roles/privileges

Account activity logging

Frequent password changes

Maintain up-to-date employee access control

Review transaction logs

IP Address restrictions

Firewalls

Port scanning

Monitoring threat sites

Maintaining current patches

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Verified by Visa and MasterCard SecureCode protect card information at checkout


Technology Requirements– MPI (merchant plug-in) to initiate authentication from checkout– Visa/MasterCard 3DSecure directories to route communication to issuers– ACS (access control server) for issuers to execute authentication– Processors (online & offline) must pass new data fields (ECI, CAVV, XID)

Visa & MasterCard DO NOT advocate authentication as complete fraud protection!

Real-time password authentication of buyers to their card issuers

Limited liability protection– Protects merchants from 3 Visa reason codes (23, 61, 75) and 2 MasterCard

reason codes (37, 63)

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How it works


Issuing Bank

Shopper Merchant

1. Consumer fills out checkout page, submits payment information to merchant2. Merchant MPI checks Visa & MC directories for enrolled cards


MPI

23 Issuing Bank

ACS

3a. For non-enrolled cards, transaction continues to processor as usual3b. For enrolled cards, issuer prompted to authenticate user4b. Consumer gives password, ACS validates password

Merchant Liability for FraudMerchant Liability for Fraud

Shopper Merchant

How it works


MPI

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5. Authentication results passed back to merchant, proceed to authorization

Merchant Liability for FraudMerchant Liability for Fraud

Issuing Bank

Shopper Merchant

Visa: PARes, CAVV, ECI, XID


How it works

Authentication Audit Trail

MasterCard: UCITo Processor

ECI, UCI

Processor Audit Trail

ACS

MPI

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