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COORDINATED CADASTRAL SYSTEM FOR PENINSULAR MALAYSIA:
FROM CONCEPT TO REALITY
by:
Professor Dr. Abd. Majid A. KadirAssociate Professor Ghazali Desa PMP
Dr. Abdullah Hisam Omar
Faculty of Geoinformation Science & EngineeringUNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
International Seminar on Geoinformation 200527-29 September 2005
Park Royal Hotel, PenangKEY-NOTE PAPER
PRESENTATION SUMMARY
• General Background
• Why Rigid (Survey Accurate) Coordinate?
• Why Geocentric Datum?
• Why Least Squares Technique?
• Whole to the Part Concept Revisited
• CCS Definition, Conceptual and Implementation Models
• CCS Study Framework
• Overview of CCS Pilot Project in Melaka
• The Way Forward
ISG 2005, 27-29 September 2005, Park Royal Hotel, Penang2
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Objective of Cadastral Surveys
In Peninsular Malaysia, cadastral surveys are primarily concerned with the determination or definition of property boundaries, through their marking and description, and the preparation of associated plans and maps, for purposes of alienation and conveyancing. The system as practised is one of fixed and defined boundary whereby parcel definition is by the officially emplaced and mathematically coordinated boundary marks.
The main objectives of conducting cadastral surveys that had been promulgated in the early days of its practice have since been continually adhered to and later came to be adopted as amongst the principal functions of DSMM. They were stated in the Survey Regulations (DSMM, 1976) as follows:
“(a) To provide evidence which will completely and permanently identify the land
conveyed by any title issued by government.
(b) To compile and make available records of alienation necessary for intelligent
land administration.”
Ahmad Fauzi Nordin (2001)
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The spirit of Coordinated Cadastral Survey as described in Survey Regulation 1976
Survey Regulations Semenanjung Malaysia 1976…APPENDIX VIII: INSTRUCTIONS FOR COMPUTERS
4. Coordinates
4.1 The general scheme of computation is based ultimately on the coordinates of trigonometrical stations and that the purpose of standard and control traverses is to confine errors and to prevent their accumulation. Coordinates must be computed and adjusted accordingly.
4.2 Cadastral survey coordinates are of two kinds:
4.2.1 Rigid Coordinates required for controls and the external boundaries of new surveys extending the coordinated area.
4.2.2 Plotting Coordinates used for subdivisions and in areas enclosed by rigid coordinates.
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Practical implementation of cadastral survey is to avoid cadastral boundary overlapping
problems rather than to enforce Survey Regulation requirements on coordinates
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PROBLEM STATEMENT 1: LACK OF APPRORIATE TECHNOLOGIES
PRIOR TO 1990’s HINDER THE APPLICATION OF RIGID COORDINATES
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CONSEQUENCES: DIFFERENT TYPES OF CADASTRAL COORDINATES
RIGID COORDINATE Homogenous and Systematically Adjusted
PLOTTING COORDINATE For cadastral map plotting purposes
SYSTEM COORDINATE System/Software generated coordinate based on
features location
Rigid CoordinatePlotting Coordinate
System Coordinate
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CONSEQUENCES: UNCONTROLLED ERROR PROPAGATION
IN COORDINATES
6.25012.500 50.0
2.5005.000 20.0
1.250 2.50010.0
0.625 1.2505.0
0.2500.5002.0
0.125 0.2501.0
0.063 0.1250.5
0.010 0.0250.1
1:8,000
(0.125/km)
1:4,000
(0.25m/km)
DISTANCE
(km)
Simple linear error propagation based on 1st and 2nd class cadastral survey
Technical
Documents
Out Source
Data Capture
Digital Cadastral
Database
Scanning
Services
SPID
Archive CD-ROM
For strata
plans and others not in DCDB
Quality Assurance
Convert to
native-format
SPEK
Scanning
Server for Out Source
Data
Server
for
CDS
CDS update to PDUK
PDUK
Mini-CALS Thick Wire
Ethernet Backbone
Mini-CALS,
CPS & SRS
on-line SPIDhub
Router
Modem
D.S. Office
Send Data toCALS
JARING /
INTERNET
CLRS
D.S. Office
CD-ROMFor bulk order
especially for
the creation
of PDUK
Hard-Copy
Phone-in-
service
Counter
Service
Place order and
Technical Support
Digital Cadastral
Database Access
Facsimile
Fax /
Modem
Magnetic Media
JUPEM
Place order via e-mail
Internet Home Page For Survey
Information Subscribers
CADASTRAL
DATA GATHERING
Convert to
native-format
Quality Assurance
PDUK
Counter Personnel
JUPEMCADASTRAL DATA INCADASTRAL DATA IN
DIGITAL ENVIRONMENTDIGITAL ENVIRONMENT
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Boundary Mark Layer in DCDB
How Accurate?cm? m?
ERROR PROPAGATION
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Effect of error propagation on coordinates in digital cadastral database
2nd Class 1:4,000 Cadastral Survey
2 km
HOW ACCURATE (N,E) AT THIS BOUNDARY POINT IN THEPRESENT DCDB?
N ± 50 cmE ± 50 cm
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Consequences: Graphical Coordinate Error
• Results in non-uniqueness of coordinates of the same boundary
point
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CADASTRAL MODEL: The role of cadastre in a
state’s spatial data infrastructure (Source: Ian Williamson)
Digital CadastralData Base (DCDB)
Computerized LandRegistration System
Other core spatialdata sets
National GeodeticReference Framework
Lawyers/
Surveyors
Vendors/
PurchasersFiscal
Local
GovernmentUtilities
Planning/
Land Use
Linkage and Searching Mechanism
Legal Land Parcels Property and Street Addresses
Coordinationmechanism forstate widegeographicinformation
CADASTRAL
COMPONENT
SPATIAL COMPONENT
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Problem Statement 2: Geodetic Datum Inconsistencies
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ASAPERAK MRT REPSOLD
Different Geodetic Datum Used In Cadastral System In
Peninsular Malaysia
NON SPATIAL COMPONENT
SPATIAL COMPONENT
14ISG 2005, 27-29 September 2005, Park Royal Hotel, Penang
Consequences: Hinder Integration of
Spatial Data At National Level
Kombinasi lapisan-lapisanH - Tindihan Keseluruhan
Jabatan Ukur dan PemetaanG - Rujukan Geodetik
Pejabat Tanah dan GalianF - Tanah
Majlis Daerah, Syarikat UtilitiE - Utiliti
Jabatan Parit dan Saliran ,
Perhutanan
D - Kawasan Paya
Jabatan Parit dan SaliranC - Saliran
Majlis DaerahB - Zon
Jurukur, Pejabat Tanah & Jabatan
Ukur dan Pemetaan
A - Parcel B - Zon
AGENCYLAYER
Multipurpose cadastre underpin a good
Land Information System (LIS)
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Solution: GEOCENTRIC DATUM OF MALAYSIA
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Homogenous and accurate geodetic datum based on GPS
technology
GEOCENTRIC DATUM OF MALAYSIA
SPATIAL COMPONENT NON SPATIAL
COMPONENT
OLD AND NEW GEODETIC INFRASTRUCTURE:
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G001
G003
G004
G005
G007
G008
G009
G010
G011
G012
G013
G015
G016
G017
G018
G019
G020
G021
G022
G023
G024
G025
G026
G027
G028
G029
G030G031
G032G033
G034
G035
G036
G037
G038 G039
G040
G041
G042
G043
G044
G045
G046
G047
G048
G049
G050
G051
G052
G053
G054
G055
G056
G057
G058
G059
G060
G061
G062
G063
G064
G065
G066
G067
G068
G069
G070
G071
G072
G073
G074G075
G076
G077
99.00 99.50 100.00 100.50 101.00 101.50 102.00 102.50 103.00 103.50 104.00
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50
5.00
5.50
6.00
6.50
GEODETIC TRIANGULATIONPENINSULAR MALAYSIA
G002
G014
G084
P4
P075
GPS BASED REFERENCE SYSTEM
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Least Squares adjustment
technique determine a unique set
of coordinates for each boundary
mark from a set of observed
values (bearings & distances).
.
Bowditch adjustment distributes
closing errors linearly but not able
to provide a unique coordinates
solution.
GPS
GPS
Bowditch Least Squares
Problem Statement 3: Non Rigorous Adjustment Technique for
Coordinates Computation
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Zero Order Geodetic GPS Network
(MASS Stations)
First Order Geodetic GPS Network
(30km Network)
Cadastral Control Infrastructure (CCI)
(10km,2.5km,0.5km)
Computation of Geocentric Cassini
& RSO
Coordinates
DCDBCCI Layer in
DCDB
Problem Statement 4: Whole To The Part Concept With The Aid
of Current Positioning Technology Is A Reality
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Solution: CADASTRAL CONTROL INFRASTRUCTURE (CCI) EMPLOYING
WHOLE TO THE PART CONCEPT & GPS TECHNOLOGY
Primary Grid
Secondary Grid
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Coordinated Cadastral Survey System:Rigid Coordinate Revisited
Wolfgang Effenberg (Phd Thesis, Uni. Of Melbourne, 2001)
“In the survey accurate cadastral map the coordinates determined by
survey are used to define the digital parcel boundaries. This requires a
state coordinate system and sufficient density of control, along with the
necessity of additional control as large areas are opened for
subdivision. This is termed a fully coordinated cadastral survey system
and is the most common understanding of coordinated cadastre.
The digital cadastral map update is tied closely to the land subdivision
process and the cadastral system ensuring the continued integrity of
land registration. The derivation from survey data means that the
boundary coordinate accuracy, in urban areas, should be ± 0.03
meters or better, with respect to the nearest survey control; generally
the level of accuracy decreases in rural areas.”
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21ISG 2005, 27-29 September 2005, Park Royal Hotel, Penang
CCS CONCEPTUAL MODEL FOR PENINSULAR MALAYSIA
CCS
DigitalCadastralDatabase(DCDB)
CommonNationalCoordinateSystem
CadastralControlInfrastructure
CadastralSurveyPractice
Coordinates
Least Square
Adjustment
“Whole-to-Part”
Survey Concept
Adequate
Density
Based on
Highest Geodetic
Order
Geocentric
Cassini/RSO
Projection
System
GDM2000Complete
Cadastral
Maps
Layered
Appropriate
Data
Modeling
Unique
Parcel
Identifier
Legal
(Contributory)
Evidence of
Boundaries Unique
Single Set of
Survey Accurate
Coordinates
The Characteristic(Entity)
The Aspect(Attribute)
ISG 2005, 27-29 September 2005, Park Royal Hotel, Penang
Finalized GeocentricBased Cassini &RSO Coordinates
In DCDB
Establishing State CadastralControl Infrastructure (CCI)
Tie-Up of Selected ParcelCorners to CCI
Development of StateCadastral Control Database
(CCDB)
Populating DCDBWith Survey
AccurateCoordinates
AutomatedRe-Coordination
System
New Cadastral
SurveyResurvey
GDM2000
LegalOrganizational
RelatedActions
Socio-Economic
RelatedActions
CCS IMPLEMENTATION MODEL
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MASS
PGGN
CCICADASTRAL CONTROLINFRASTRUCTURE
PRIMARY GEODETICGPS NETWORK
MALAYSIAN ACTIVE GPS STATIONS
Tertiary : 5, 2.5, 0.5 Spacing
First Order: 238 stations
Zero Order: 8 Stations
AREA PRIMARY GRID SECONDARY GRID
URBAN
SEMI-URBAN
RURAL
2.5 km x 2.5 km
10 km X 10 km
0.5 km X 0.5 km
2.5 km X 2.5 km
2.5 km X 2.5 km
Connected toPGGN
Connected toPrimary Grid
ObservationTechnique: staticObservation Period1 – 1.5 hr
Observation Technique:Rapid Static.Observation Period:15 – 30 min
Baseline RelativeAccuracy less then3ppmCoordinates Diff.From 2 Bases Stn.Less than 2 cm
Baseline RelativeAccuracy: Less than3ppmCoordinate DifferencesFrom 2 Bases stn.: LessThan 3cm
10 km X 10 km
Control Network Hierarchy
Specifications for Cadastral Control Network Densification
SPECIFICATIONS FOR CCI
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ACCURACY STATEMENT FOR CCS
The two major tasks in CCS implementation:
• REPOPULATING DCDB WITH SURVEY ACCURATE (RIGID) COORDINATES, and
• NEW COORDINATED CADASTRAL SURVEY
MUST satisfy the following boundary coordinates accuracy:
< ± 10 cm< ± 10 cmSemi Urban/Rural
< ± 5 cm< ± 5 cmUrban/ New Development
Std DevStd DevStd DevStd DevEastingEastingEastingEasting
Std DevStd DevStd DevStd DevNorthingNorthingNorthingNorthingCATEGORY
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IMPLEMENTATION OF CCS
TECHNICALISSUES
INSTITUTIONALISSUES
� Development of Geocentric Based
Cadastral Control Infrastructure (CCI)
� Development of Survey Accurate
National Digital Cadastral Data Base (NDCDB)
� Development of Guidelines for Coordinated
Cadastral Survey Practice
� Organizational
� Legal
� Economic
� Social� Cost-Benefit Analysis
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CCS STUDY FRAMEWORK
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CCS RESEARCH HISTORIAL BACKGROUND
1996INITIAL PILOT STUDY IN STATE OF MELAKA – test on the use of an adjustment technique and GPS for Cadastral Controls.1.
FEASIBILITY STUDY ON COORDINATED CADASTRAL SYSTEM FOR PENINSULARMALAYSIA.
MODULE A The Adjustment of Large Cadastral Network with reference to RSO Coordinate System
MODULE B On The Use of A Global Geocentric Datum
1997to
2000
MODULE C Legal Traceability Issues, Standards and Specifications for GPS Cadastral Surveys.
2.
STUDIES TOWARD THE DEVELOPMENT OF IMPLEMENTATION PLAN OFCOORDINATED CADASTRAL SYSTEM FOR PENINSULAR MALAYSIA
MODULE A Definition & Realization of A Geocentric Datum for Malaysia
MODULE B Methodology for the Development of Digital Coordinated Cadastral Database
2000to
2002MODULE C
Techniques for Integrating the Digital Coordinated Cadastral Data with Mapping(CAMS) Data.
3.
MODULE D Institutional Issues: Legal & Organizational Issues.
4. 2004-2005A PILOT RESEARCH PROJECT ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OFCOORDINATED CADASTRAL SYSTEM (CCS) FOR THE STATE OF MELAKA
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To enhance the methods and techniques of developingCadastral Control Infrastructure (CCI) and to develop CCI layer In DCDB,
To refine the techniques, methods and prototype for there-population and re-coordination of Digital CadastralDatabase,
To strengthen the practice of cadastral survey in orderto cope with the CCS environment,
To perform an assessment of the economic implicationsof CCS by conducting a Cost-Benefit-Analysis (CBA) study.
PROJECT OBJECTIVES
1.
2.
3.
4.
OVERVIEW OF MELAKA CCS PILOT PROJECT
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MELAKA CCS PILOT PROJECT AREA
AREA DESCRIPTION
Area: 40km X 70km
No. of Districts: 3
Total No. of Mukim: 109
Total No. of Lots: 225,112
MELAKA CCS PILOT PROJECT
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Establishing State Cadastral Control Infrastructure (CCI)
Tie-Up of Selected ParcelCorners to CCI
Development of CCI Layer in DCDB
Repopulating DCDB with Survey Accurate Coordinates
Automated Re-CoordinationSystem
Finalized GeocentricBased Cassini & RSOCoordinates in DCDB
WG 1Establishmentof CCI andCCI Layer
WG 2Repopulation &Re-coordinationof DCDB withSurvey AccurateCoordinates
WG 3Study on CadastralSurvey ProceduresUnder CCS
WG 4Cost-Benefit Analysis of CCS Implementation
PROJECT METHODOLOGY
MELAKA CCS PILOT PROJECT
ISG 2005, 27-29 September 2005, Park Royal Hotel, Penang
WG Working Group
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GDM2000
Designing of CCI Network
Monumentation
GPS Survey
Processing
Geocentric Cassini/RSOCoordinates of Control Points
and Site Identification
CCI Layer In DCDB
DCDB
PROJECT ACTIVITIES OF WG 1
MELAKA CCS PILOT PROJECT
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CCI
DCDB
DataCleaning
ConnectionLineFile
DataSelection
Adjustment
TransformationQualityControl
TempNDCDB
NDCDB
Editing
DATA CLEANING& DATA INTEGRITYCHECKING RE-COORDINATION
USING ANAUTOMATEDDATA CONVERSIONSYSTEM (ADCS)
REPOPULATEDCDB WITH SURVEYACCURATE (RIGID)CASSINI AND RSO COORDINATES
PROJECT ACTIVITIES OF WG 2
MELAKA CCS PILOT PROJECT
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PROJECT ACTIVITIES OF WG 3
DATA COLLECTION
REVIEW ON THE CURRENTCADASTRAL SURVEY PRACTICE AND PROCEDURES
ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT
CADASTRAL SURVEY PRACTICE
AND PROCEDURE BASED ON
CCS REQUIREMENTS
DOCUMENTING CADASTRAL SURVEYPRACTICE AND PROCEDURES
UNDER CCS
MELAKA CCS PILOT PROJECT
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PROJECT ACTIVITIES OF WG 4ACTIVITY TASKS
1.DETERMINE/DEFINE PROJECTOBJECTIVES
DOCUMENTING CURRENT PROCESSCustomer Services, System Capabilities,System Architecture, System Costs.
ESTIMATING FUTURE REQUIREMENTSDetermining Life Cycle Time, Estimating Life-CycleDemands, Other Considerations.
COLLECTING COST DATAHistorical Organization Data, Current System Costs,
Market Research, Publications, Analyst Judgment.
DOCUMENTING CBA ASSUMPTIONS
ESTIMATING COSTSActivities and Resources, Cost Categories, Personnel
Costs, Indirect Costs, Depreciation, Annual Costs.
EVALUATING ALTERNATIVESEvaluating with all Ringgit Values, Evaluating with
Intangible Benefit, Combination, Flexibility.
PERFORMING SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
ESTIMATING BENEFITS
Define Benefits, Identify Benefits, Establishing
Measurement Criteria, Classify Benefits, Estimating
Tangible benefits, Quantify Intangible Benefits.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
ISG 2005, 27-29 September 2005, Park Royal Hotel, Penang
MELAKA CCS PILOT PROJECT
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34ISG 2005, 27-29 September 2005, Park Royal Hotel, Penang
CADASTRAL SURVEY PRACTICEBoundary Coordinate Accuracy Requirements
< ± 10 cm< ± 10 cmSemi Urban/Rural
< ± 5 cm< ± 5 cmUrban/ New Development
Std Std Std Std DevDevDevDevEastiEastiEastiEastingngngng
Std Std Std Std DevDevDevDevNorthiNorthiNorthiNorthingngngng
CATEGORY
Note: The above accuracies compatible with the refixations
requirement in the current practice
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35ISG 2005, 27-29 September 2005, Park Royal Hotel, Penang
Cadastral Network Adjustment:
Station Coordinates Accuracy
Error propagation based on adjustment results from Block M27 & M31 in Melaka
~ 3km
~2.5 km
CCI 2
CCI 1
CCI 3
0.0130.016
0.0260.025
0.0310.033
0.0310.033
0.0300.033
0.0300.034
0.0360.043
0.0290.027
0.0300.030
0.0340.026
0.0220.021
0.0230.022
Std_Deviation
N ( m)
Std_ Deviation
E ( m)
36ISG 2005, 27-29 September 2005, Park Royal Hotel, Penang
Error propagation based on adjustment results from Block M39 in Melaka
~ 3km
~2.5 km
CCI 2
CCI 1
CCI 3
0.0060.014
0.0150.024
0.0150.027
0.0310.025
0.0310.027
0.0300.029
0.0310.033
0.0290.024
0.0290.022
0.0290.022
0.0270.021
0.0220.017
0.0050.003
Std_Deviation
N ( m)
Std_ Deviation
E ( m)
Cadastral Network Adjustment:
Station Coordinates Accuracy
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ISG 2005, 27-29 September 2005, Park Royal Hotel, Penang 9
Boundary Mark Layer in DCDB
How Accurate?
±5cm ..± 10cm
The Way Forward
In view of the successful implementation of the CCS Pilot Project in Melaka, we anticipate that JUPEM will address on the following issues in order for the CCS to be implemented for the whole of Peninsular Malaysia:
� Securing the budget for the implementation
� Preparation of technical and organizational implementation plan for Peninsular Malaysia
� Formation of Implementation Team
� Execution of CCS project for Peninsular Malaysia
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Acknowledgements
We gratefully acknowledged the opportunity, trust, and support given by the Y. Bhg. Dato’ Ketua Pengarah Ukur dan PemetaanMalaysia throughout the duration of the study on the implementation of Coordinated Cadastral System for Peninsular Malaysia.
Special thanks go to Tuan Dr. Abdul Kadir Bin Taib, Tuan Muhamed Kamil Bin Mat Daud, Tuan Ahmad Fauzi Bin Nordin and not forgotten the late Mr Chia Wee Tong for all the guidance, encouragement and support given.
The financial support for the study by Board of Licensed Land Surveyors Peninsular Malaysia is gratefully acknowledged.
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