copd: a nutritional challenge
TRANSCRIPT
An Introduction…An Introduction…
A client comes for nutritional counseling. She is 64, thin and short of breath with audible wheezing. As she sits, she pulls out and uses her rescue inhaler.
Then she begins to cough, a deep, productive cough that she must expectorate into a tissue. This client has COPD….
COPD:COPD:PathophysiologyPathophysiology
• Chronic lung inflammation in response to noxious particles, gases
• 3 separate processes, alone or combined Emphysema Chronic bronchitis Asthmatic bronchitis
• Progressive and irreversible
COPD: COPD: Signs and Signs and SymptomsSymptoms
• chronic cough, sputum production
• Taking in less O2
retaining CO2 • shortness of breath
and wheezing• recurrent infections• chest tightness
Emphysema:Emphysema:
““Pink PuffersPink Puffers””
• Retains CO2 (pink)• Shortness of breath• Ineffective cough • Barrel chest yet thin limbs• Significant weight loss• Labored, “pursed lip” breathing• Anxious, short sentences
• Color dusky to cyanotic (lack of O2)• Persistent
productive cough• Retains CO2 leading to acidosis• Shortness of breath
with exertion• Normal-overweight
Chronic Bronchitis: “Chronic Bronchitis: “Blue Blue BloatersBloaters””
COPD: COPD: Historical AspectHistorical Aspect
1661, from Greek. emphysema "swelling," from emphysan "inflate."
EMPHYSEMA
René-Théophile-Hyacinthe Laennec
• 1846: Hutchinson invents the spirometer, which measures
vital capacity of lungs.
Lung function Lung function getsgets measuredmeasured
• 1947: Tiffeneau adds “timed” VC.
• 1965: “COPD” term first used and defined.
SpirometrySpirometry::
Vastly underutilized byVastly underutilized byPrimary Care DoctorsPrimary Care Doctors
COPD theories & discoveriesCOPD theories & discoveries
• 1966: scientists induce emphysema in lab animals with pancreatic enzymes.
• 1968: a rare genetic marker, deficiency of alpha-one-antitrypsin discovered.
• 2006: hypothesis that COPD is an autoimmune disease.
• 2008: systemic inflammation shown to raise plasma leptin levels.
COPD: COPD: AA catabolic catabolic
“wasting”“wasting” diseasedisease
1875-80, from Greek. catabole “a casting down," CATABOLISM
Reasons for Reasons for poorpoor nutrition nutrition
• Dyspnea and coughing interfere with adequate dietary intake
• Fatigue interferes with buying and preparing foods
• Chronic mouth breathing alters the taste of food
• Headaches, mental status changes
occur because of hypercapnia (excess blood level of CO2)
COPD: COPD: CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
• CHO produce themost CO2 during metabolism
• CHO should be 40% of intake
• Complex CHO best
COPD:COPD:Fats and ProteinsFats and Proteins
• Need at least 30% of calories from fat, whole dairy encouraged
• Need 30% from protein
Micronutrients:Micronutrients:Fruits and VegetablesFruits and Vegetables
• Antioxidants
• Vitamin C
• Calcium, Vitamin D
• Phosphorus
COPD:COPD:Help Eating SucceedHelp Eating Succeed
Prepare meals early Rest and medicate before eating Oral care before meal Stimulate the appetite Liquefy foods to reduce chewing Eat small, frequent meals Adequate water intake daily
Pulmonary RehabilitationPulmonary RehabilitationNever too late!Never too late!
• Even mild to moderate helps
• Improves strength and endurance
• Reduces dyspnea and fatigue
• Improves cardiovascular function
• Contributes to stronger, improved breathing
Knowing about COPDKnowing about COPD Is Important Is Important
• Fastest growing chronic disease, half not even diagnosed
• Disease not apparent until damage is done and irreversible
• Costs $39 billion yearly in health care and hospitalizations in the U.S.;
$150 billion worldwide
• There is no cure
• Long-term exposure to tobacco smoke
• Occupational exposure to dusts and chemicals, air pollution
• Age over 40 years
• Very rarely caused by alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency, genetic disorder
COPD: COPD: Risk FactorsRisk Factors
http://www.medscape.com
http://www. nlhep.org/
(National Lung Health Education Program)
http://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/default.aspx
http://www.upmc.com/HealthAtoZ/
http://www.who.int/respiratory/asthma/en/
http://www.thoracic.org/
ReferencesReferences