COPING BEHAVIOR OF MILO HOFFMAN IN PETER HOWITT’S

‘ANTITRUST’ MOVIE (2001)

AN INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACH

A. Background of the Study

Antitrust is one of the best computing hacking thriller film ever produced in

2001. It is directed by Peter Howitt, an English actor and director. He first found success

playing Joey Boswell in the British TV series Bread. In 1998 he wrote and directed his

first film, Sliding Doors (1998). In this movie, he got several awards, Best British

Director from Empire Awards and European Screenwriter from European Film Awards.

Since then he has directed several films, including AntiTrust (2001), Johnny English

(2003), Laws of Attraction (2004) and Dangerous Parking (2008) which he adapted

from the novel by Stuart Browne, produced and directed as well as playing the lead role.

The screenplay was written by Howard Franklin, an American writer and

director. He wrote and directed the '90's comedy Quick Change, starring Bill Murray,

Geena Davis and Jason Robards and The Public Eye, a thinly-veiled biography of the

tabloid photographer, Weegee (starring Joe Pesci). His other screenplays include:

Someone to Watch Over Me (directed by Ridley Scott); The Name of the Rose (starring

Sean Connery); and The Man Who Knew Too Little with Bill Murray.

Antitrust portrays young idealistic programmers and a large corporation, NURV,

(Never Underestimate Radical Vision), that offers significant money, a low-keyed

working environment, and creative opportunities for those talented programmers willing

to work for them. The charismatic CEO of NURV, Garry Winston who featured by Tim

Robbins, seems to be good natured, but recent employee and protagonist Milo Hoffman,

featured by Ryan Phillippe, begins to unravel the terrible hidden truth of NURV's

operation.

Working with his three friends at their new software development company

Skullbocks, Stanford graduate Milo Hoffman contacted by CEO (Gary Winston) of

NURV for a very attractive programming position: a fat paycheck, an almost-

unrestrained working environment, and extensive creative control over his work.

Accepting Winston's offer, Hoffman and his girlfriend, Alice Poulson (Forlani), move to

NURV headquarters in Portland, Oregon.

The environment of NURV seems as advertised: A friendly, family-oriented

company that places great value on individual creativity. NERF footballs fly around the

office, the atmosphere is relaxed, and Winston personally shows Milo to his workstation

and introduces him to his co-workers. Despite development of the flagship product

(Synapse, a worldwide media distribution network) being well on schedule, Hoffman

soon becomes suspicious of the excellent source code Winston personally provides to

him, seemingly when needed most, while refusing to divulge the code's origin.

After his best friend, Teddy Chin (staring Yee Jee Tso), is murdered, Hoffman

discovers that NURV is stealing the code they need from programmers around the world

— including Chin — and then killing them to cover their tracks. Hoffman learns that not

only does NURV employ an extensive surveillance system to observe and steals code,

the company has infiltrated the Justice Department and most of the mainstream media.

Even his girlfriend is a plant, an ex-con hired by the company to manipulate him.

While searching through a secret NURV database containing surveillance

dossiers on employees, he finds that the company has information of a very personal

nature about a friend and co-worker, Lisa Calighan. When he reveals to her that the

company has this information, she agrees to help him expose NURV's crimes to the

world. Coordinating with one of Hoffman's friends from his old startup, they plan to use

a local cable access station to hijack Synapse and broadcast their charges against NURV

to the world. However, Calighan turns out to be a double agent, foils Hoffman's plan,

and turns him over to Winston.

Hoffman had already confronted Poulson and convinced her to side with him

against Winston and NURV. When it became clear that Hoffman had not succeeded, a

backup plan was put into motion by Poulson, the fourth member of Skullbocks, and the

incorruptible internal security firm hired by NURV. While Hoffman is mocked by

Winston, the second team successfully usurps one of NURV's own work centers

—"Building 21"—and transmits the incriminating evidence as well as the Synapse code.

Winston and his entourage are publicly arrested for their crimes. Parting ways with the

redeemed Poulson, Hoffman rejoins Skullbocks.

Antitrust was released as a "Special Edition" DVD on May 15, 2001 and on VHS

on December 26, 2001. The DVD features audio commentary by the director and editor,

an exclusive documentary, deleted scenes and alternative opening and closing sequences

with director's commentary, the music video for "When It All Goes Wrong Again" by

Everclear, and the original theatrical trailer.

Antitrust movie is a major critical issue in computer software bussiness

especially, an area that is very strange for most people. The ideas of open-source

become the interesting parts of the story. Its open source story excited industry leaders

and professionals with the prospects of expanding the public's awareness and knowledge

level of the availability of open-source software. The film heavily features Linux and its

community, using screenshots of the Gnome desktop, consulting Linux professionals, as

well as cameos by Miguel de Icaza and Scott McNealy (the later appearing in the film's

trailers). Jon Hall, executive director of Linux International and consultant on the film

said "[Antitrust] is a way of bringing the concept of open source and the fact that there is

an alternative to the general public, who often don't even know that there is one."

Unfortunately, despite the film's message about open source computing, MGM (Metro

Goldwin Mayer) didn't follow-through with their marketing: the official website for

Antitrust featured some videotaped interviews which were only available in Apple's

proprietary QuickTime format.

Antitrust movie clearly shows the confrontation of two mainstreams in

computing world, open-source ideas in one side and proprierty ideas in another one.

Open source describes practices in production and development that promote access to

the end product's source materials. Some consider open source a philosophy, others

consider it a pragmatic methodology. Before the term open source became widely

adopted, computer software developers and producers used a variety of phrases to

describe the concept. Open source gained hold with the rise of the Internet, and the

attendant need for massive retooling of the computing source code. Opening the source

code enabled a self-enhancing diversity of production models, communication paths,

and interactive communities. Subsequently, a new, three-word phrase "open source

software" was born to describe the environment that the new copyright, licensing,

domain, and consumer issues created.

The open source model includes the concept of concurrent yet different agendas

and differing approaches in production, in contrast with more centralized models of

development such as those typically used in commercial software companies. A main

principle and practice of open source software development is peer production by

bartering and collaboration, with the end-product (and source-material) available at no

cost to the public. Linux variants, such as Ubuntu, Mandriva, and Slackware are the

examples of open source softwares in the level of Operating System, while, the

powerfull internet browser Mozilla Firefox, office suite OpenOffice.org are other

examples in the level of aplication.

In other side, proprierty ideas deliver different concepts. Commonly, it often

used to mean computer software in which is neither free nor open source. A literal

meaning of "proprietary" in relation to software is that it has a copyright owner who can

exercise control over what users can do with the software, in contrast to public domain.

However, the term is commonly used in a narrower sense to describe software with

restrictions on use or private modification, or with restrictions judged to be excessive on

copying or publishing of modified or unmodified versions. These restrictions are placed

on it by one of its proprietors. In this sense it is also known as "non-free software" and is

the opposite of free software, generally speaking. A related term is "closed-source

software" which usually describes software whose source code is not published, in

contrast with "open source". Hence, most proprietary software is closed-source, the

opposite term for open-source.

There are several reasons that make the movie interesting for the author. First,

Solidarity, idealism and striving for truth are the center of the story. Secondly, the main

protagonist character, Millo Hoffman, a computer geek played by Ryan Phillips, seems

to be so alive. Thirdly, the director made the movie is very much close to the real life.

Several scenes of the movie obviously show the using of Linux commands within its

desktop Gnome, it is very common used by the author who loves Linux very much.

Fourthly, open-source software campaign becomes the basis of the story.

According to the reasons above the author decides to observe Antitrust movie by

using individual psychology theory proposed by Alfred Adler. Therefore, the author

proposes the research paper entitled “COPING BEHAVIOR OF MILO

HOFFMAN IN PETER HOWITT’S ‘ANTITRUST’ MOVIE (2001):

AN INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACH”.

B. Literature Review

In this study, the author does not find any other researcher in line with Antitrust

movie, so this is the first research paper that conducts Antitrust movie to be analyzed

through Individual Psychological Approach, at least IN UMS (Muhammadiyah

University of Surakarta).

C. Problem Statement

In this research, the author proposes single problem statement. The problem of

the research is “how Milo Hoffman as the main character of Peter Howitt’s film

Antitrust copes with his life problem”.

D. Limitation of the Study

In this study, the author focus on analyzing the movie based on its structural

elements by finding characterization, setting, point of view, plot and teme. The author

give great emphasize toward the main character of Millo Hofmman using the Individual

Psychology Approach.

E. Objectives of the Study

Dealing with the problem statement above, the objectives of the study are as follows:

1. To analyze the movie based on its structural elements by finding characters

and characterizations, setting, point of view, plot and theme.

2. To analyze the movie especially the main character of Milo Hoffman use the

Individual Psychological Approach.

F. The Benefits of the Study

Here, the author point out several benefits can be gain from the research hopefully.

1. Theoritical Benefit

The study is expected to contribute to the development of the larger body of

knowledge, particularly literary studies on Peter Howitt’s Antitrust.

2. Practical Benefit

The study is dedicated to the development of literary study in Muhammadiyah

University of Surakarta, especially in English Departement and to give deeper

understanding in literary field as the reference to the other researchers in analyzing

the film that is analyzed in this research into different perspective.

G. Theoretical Approach

The author uses individual phsychological approach in this study, the theory of

Alfred adler. He likes to present two main points, Notion of Individual Phsychology and

the Basic Assumption of Individual Psychology.

I) Notion of Individual Psychology

According to Adler ( in Ryckman, 1985:95), Individual Psyhology is a

science that attemps to understand the experience and behaviour of each person as an

organized entity. He believes further that the major purpose or personality should be

to serve as fruitful guide for therapist and ultimately for everyone, in affecting

change toward more psychologically healthy behaviour.

Adler (in Feist, 1985:64) statest that Individual Psychology insists on

fundamental unity of personality. All apparent dichotomies and multiplicities of life

are organized in one self-consistent totally. No definite division can be made

between mind and body, between concious and unconciuos or between reason and

emotion. All behavior is seen in relation to the final goal of superiority or succes.

This goal gives direction and unity to the individual.

Adler as in psychology depicts that human beings as single, invisible, self-

consistent, and unified (Adler in Hjelle and Ziegler, 1992:139). Adler makes

conciousness of the center of personality, which makes him pioneer of the ego-

oriented psychology. Man is a conscious being. He is ordinary aware of the reason

for this behavior. He is concious of his inferiorities and concious of the goal for

which he strives. More than that, he is a self conscious individual who is capable of

planning and guiding his action with full awareness of their meaning for his own

self-realizarion (Hall and Lindzey, 1981:121).

Adler and his earliest writings mainatained the final goal of human stuggle

was to be agrgressive and all powerful to dominate others. Human were seen as

selfish and ceoncerned only with self-aggrandizement. Later, Adler revised his

thinking and claimed that the final goal is to be superior (Ryckman, 1985:95)

There are four ideas that serve as a basis for the concept of Adler’s Individual

Psychology. The first, human attitude occurs under concious condition. As thinking

creature, people certainly realize the weakness and the strength of their condition

both on mental and physic as well as they conduct their life goal. That is why people

absolutely will understand about their own attitude toward life problem. They

conciously think and act how to solve life problem and how to get what they want,

as Adler’s points out that “man is a concious being: he is ordinary aware of the

reasons for his behavior” (action with full awareness of their meaning for his own

self realization (Hall and Lindzey, 1981:121).

Secondly, human attitude is the result of creative potency of human itself. As

Hall and Lindzey (1981:120) state that “Adler’s second major contribution to

personality theory is his concept of the creative self, Adler’s self is highly

personalized, subjective system which interprets and makes meaningful the

experiences of the organism”. However since human is conscious for his or her

behavior, creative potency is utilized as long as it is helpful to solve life problem or

to achieve life goal. Certainly creative self of an individual and cannot always

accomplished by the others because each one has different personality from the

other’s one. The personality of an individual, therefore, can be seen from his or her

creative self.

The third idea is human attitude is influenced by social concern. It relates to

the concept of that human is a social creature, not individual one. As a social one,

people interact with others and then form a certain relationship with such as,

friendship, brotherhood, and lover. Consequently, that relationship will control them

not to hurt the other’s feeling in which they care the other’s life too. Therefore social

feeling is a human attitude controller, as Adler assumes that “man is motivated by

social urge” (Hall and Lindzey, 1981:120).

II) Basic Assumption of Individual Psychology

1. Inferiority Feelings and Compensation

It originates from one’s imperfection like physical defeat, lack of social

life: or inability to overcome the life problems. Adler (in Ryckman, 1985:96-97)

notes that an individual with defective organ typically tries to compensate their

weaknesses by intensive training. The feeling of inferiority or a sense of

incompleteness is the great driving force of mankind. In other words, man is

pushed by the need to overcome his inferiority and pulled by the desire to be

superior (Hall and Lindzey, 1981:124).

Adler (in Hjelle and Ziegler, 1992:142) suggest that the process of

compensate alsso occurs in the psychologycal sphere; that people often strive to

compensate not only for organ inferiorities but also for subjective feeling of

onferiority, those arise from uniquely felt psychological or social disabilities.

The feeling of inferiority is not the defective organ motivation, inferiority by

itself, however, can never produce greatness. It must be combined with talent,

and social interest (Feist, 1985:67). Adler (in Hall and Lindzey, 1981:163) states

as follows:

“Adler equated inferiority with unmanliness or feminist, the compensation for which

called “the masculine protest” later, however, he sub-ordinate this view to the more

general one that feeling of inferiority arise from a sense of incompetion or inperfection

in any sphere of life. Adler contented that inferiority feeling is not a design of

abnormality, they are the case of all improvement in the human lot”.

Adler (in Hjelle and Ziegler, 1992:142) observes that people with

severe organic weakness or defect wil often try to compensate for them by

training and excercise, which often result in development of the individual’s

greatness or strength.

2. Striving for Superiority

Striving for superiority refers to the desire to be better than others. Each

individual is forced by driving to be superior, powerful and regarded. This is the

response of the feeling of inferiority. By inferioruty feeling, person will make

some efforts to cover it. Person will strive to cover their weakness to be perfect,

superior and regarded. The one dynamic force behind the person’s activity is the

striving for success or superiority (Feist, 1985:68). Adler (in Ryckman

1985:219) states as follow:

“I should like to emphasize first of all that striving for perfection is innate. This is not

menats in a concrete way, as if were a drive, which would later in life be capable of

bringing everything to completion and which only needed to develop it. The striving for

perfection is innate in the sense that it is a part of life, as striving, an urge, a something

without which life would be unlikeable...”

Adler (in Hall and Lindzey, 1981:123) acknowledge that the striving for

superiority may manifest itself in a thousand different ways and that each person

has his own concrete made of achieving or trying to achieve perfection. Adler (in

Hjelle and Ziegler, 1992:143) believes that the great dynamic force governing

human behavior is a striving to be aggressive. There are distinct stages in his

theorizing on the ultimate goal of human life; to be aggreassive, to be powerful

and superior.

3. Fictional Finalism

It deals with individual goal of life, which is unreal in nature or as a

fiction. According to Adler as quoted by Hjelle and Ziegler (1992:154) each

person guests for superiority guided by the fictional goal that he or she adopted.

He also believes that the person’s fictional goal of superiority is self-determined.

It is formed by the person’s own creative power, therefore making it individually

unique.

Adler (in Ryckman 1985: 98) urgues that people create ideas that guide

their behavior and he concluded that no one various striving can occur without

the perception of goals. Adler (in Hall and Lindzey, 1981:122) states as follows:

“Individual psychology insists absolutely on the indispensabilty or finalism for the

understanding of all psychological phenomena causes; power, instinct, impluses, and the

like cannot serve as explanatory principles. The final goal alone can man’s behavior.

Experiences, trauma, sexual development menachanism cannot yield and explanation,

but the perspective in ehich there are regarded the individual way of seeing them, which

subordinate all life to the final goal, can do so’.

Adler’s concept of fictional finalism in the idea the human behavior

directed toward futute goal of its own making. Adler (in Hjelle and Ziegler,

1992:153) theorizes that our ultimate goals (these goals which give our life

direction and purpose) are fictional goals can neither be tasted nor confirmed

against reality.

4. Style of life

For Adler, the individual style of life is one’s personality, the unity of

the personality, the individual form of creative opinion about oneself, the

problem of life and his whole attitude to life and others. The life style of the

individualis considered the key of his behavior. His major goal is superiority and

compensation for his feeling of inferiority, but he may achieve his goal in a great

veriety of ways.

Style of life refers to the flavor of a person’s life. It includes not only the

person’s goal but also self concept, feelings toward others, and attitude toward

the world. It is the product of interaction of heredity, environment, goal of

success, social interest and creative power (Feist, 1985:74).

Adler (in Feist, 1985:75) proposes four general life style attitudes. “His

proposal made to classify individual according to their attitude and behavior to

watch the outside world”.

a. Ruling Type

People of this type have little social interest, but a high degree of

activity. The proposes a dominating attitude toward the outside world, and

approaching three major problem of life (friendship, sex, and occupation).

They are aggressive in individually, but stagnant in socially. “People of the

ruling type with an extreme high degrees of activity or potentially dangerous;

they are the murderers, rapits, tyrants, and suicides.” (Adler in Feist,

1985:75).

b. Getting Type

Individuals with this attitude relate to the outside world in a

parasitic manner, depending on the other to satisfy most of their need. Their

mind concern is getting as musch as possible from others, “they possess a

low degree of activity and little social interest, however they are not likely

hurt others.” (Adler in Feist, 1985:75).

c. Avoidig Type

The avoiding type person like to become neurotic or psychotic.

They are characterized by an attitude of avoidance. Fearing failure more than

desiring success, their life are marked by the socially useless behavior of

running away from the task of life. They lack of the courage to struggle with

the problem, instead to ignore them or to pause them aside. In other words,

their goal is to avoid, all problems in life because avoiding any possibility of

failure (Feist, 1985:76).

d. Socially Useful Type

The person with sociallyuseful attitude, according to Adler (in Feist,

1985:75), “struggles to solve life’s problem in a manner beneficial to society.

This person rightly identifies three major social problems; neighborly love,

sexual love, and occupation.” The solution to social problem demands to the

welfare of another (Adler in Feist, 1985:76).

5. Social Interest

The concept of social interest reflect Adler strong belief that we as

human are social creature that must consider our relationship to others and to the

larger sociocultural context in which we life if we are fully understand ourselves

(Hjelle and Ziegler 1992:147). Social interest is a part of human nature and some

amount of it;s existence is everyone — the criminal, the psychotic and the

mentally healthy: like striving for success, social interest is rooted as potentially

in everyone. However it must be developed (Adler in Feist, 1985:71).

According to Adler as quoted by Hall and Lindzey (1981:164), social

interest is true and inevitable compensation for all the natural weakness of

individual human being. Social interest means a striving for a form of

community which must be thought of as overlasting, as it could be thought of if

mankind had reached the goal of others, we help ourselves toward the same goal

(Adler in Ryckman 1985:96).

6. Creative Self

Creative self is the yeast that acts upon the facts of the world that

transform this facts into personality that is subjective, dynamic, unified, personal

and uniquely stylized. The creative self gives meaning to life. It creates the as

well as the means of the goal. The creative self is the anctive principle of human

life (Hall and Lindzey, 1981:166).

The concept of creative self inplies that we each create our own

personality that we actively construct it out of our experinces and heredities

(Ryckman, 1985:98). Adler concepts of the creative self is under covered his

belief that human being are the matters of their own fate. (Adler in Hjelle and

Ziegler, 1992:150).

III) Structural Elements of the Movie

a. Narrative Elements

1) Character and Characterization

Characterization is the description of the quality of character, which in

includes physical, mentally, social and moral element of character. Character

in the story can be divided into two parts, namely major and minor characters.

Major character has crucial role to the movement of the story. It has roles in

the story and usually has conflicts. Menawhile, minor character is the

character that supports and completes the existence of the major character

(Bordwell and Thompson, 1990:207).

2) Setting

In film, setting describes the scene of every shot. In film script, there

are EXT and INT designations to indicate exterior and interior settings, the

setting also indicates time and place, it can be seen from the building, a

familiar place in one location, scenery, etc. the written information about

place and time often spears in the scene (Bordwell and Thompson, 1990:207).

3) Point of View

Point of view is one of the most interesting aspects in the narrative

elements. For some story tellers, deciding whose point of view to tell the story

is Adler fundamental consideration in making Adler story (Bordwell and

Thompson, 1990:207).

4) Theme

A filmmaker should determine first the theme in story before stepping

ahead into the next path. In discovering the theme, the filmmaker will

examine their attitude toward the subject, study the material and also analyze

their knowledge of the audience (Bordwell and Thompson, 1990:207).

5) Intent/Message

In movie, sometimes the moviemakers intend to show a message

through their movie to the audience. Sometimes the message in the movie is

obvious but sometimes the moviemakers are not sure of their message, it

depends on the interpretation of the audience to catch the message of the.

movie So, the moviemakers should involve the message clearly.

6) Symbol

Symbol is a conventional sign which refers to the object that is

interpreted as refferring to the object. According to Piere (Chandler,2005).

7) Cast

In the process of making movies, cast is very important, through the

process of casting, the actors and actress play their role as their characters.

b. Technical Elements

Technical elements here deal with the film production medium (Bordwell

and Thompson, 1979:126). Often technical elements support and enhance

narrative element, it can function to advance the cause-effect chain, manipulate

story-plot relations, or sustain the narration’s flow of information (Bordwell and

Thompson, 1979:126). The elements cover mise-en-scene, cinematography,

sound, and editing (Bordwell and Thompson, 1979:126).

1) Mise-en-scene

In the original French, mise-en-scene (Pronounced meez-ahn-sen)

means staging action, and it was first applied to the practice of directing plays

(Bordwell and Thompson, 1990:127). The element of mise-enscene has some

aspects: setting, costume and make up, lighting, and figure expression and

movement.

a) Setting

Setting in Cinema plays more active role than in most the atrical styles

(Bordwell and Thompson, 1979:130). In, movie setting describes the

scene of every shot. In movie script, there are EXT and INT designations

to indicate exterior and interior settings. Setting itself will be

distinguished into two: Setting of Place and Setting of Time

b) Costume and Make Up

Costumes for movie usually must be believable in close up. It is selected

or designed for authenticity (Douglas, 1996:134). N Authenticity is

important, leads in the atrical pieces will have clothes that set them apart

from other characters (Douglas, 1996:134). Make-up was originally

necessary because actor’s faces would be analyze in terms of how it

contributes to an unified characterization (Bordwell and Thompson,

1990:133).

c) Lighting

Lighting in Cinema production is also the important element. It helps the

viewers to see the action as the function of lighting shaping the objects

by creating highlights and shadows and shaping audience understanding

of the shot’s composition. (Bordwell and Thompson, 1979:134). There

some lighting used in movie: Frontal lighting can be recognized by its

tendency to eliminate shadows, Side lighting is used to sculpt the

characters, Back lighting defines depth by sharply distinguishing and

object from its background Under lighting suggests that the light comes

from below the subject, Top lighting usually appears along with light

coming from other directions, The key light is the primary lighting source

of the image, and a Fill light is used to fill the darkness (Bordwell and

Thompson, 1990:134-135).

d) Figure Expression and Movement (Acting)

According to Bordwell and Thompson (1990:137), the director may also

control the behavior of various figure expression and movement as

acting. An actor’s performance in a movie consists of visual elements

(appearances, gestures, facial expressions) and sound (voice, effects).

2) Cinematography

Cinematography (Literarily,” writing in movement”) depends to a large

extent on photography. (Bordwell and Thompson, 1990:156). Within the same

formal context in mise-en-scene, the moviemaker controls the cinematographic

qualities of the shot, how the image is photographed and framed, how long the

image lasts on the screen. (Bordwell and Thompson, 1990:199).

a) The range of tonalities

The moviemaker may control all the visual qualities by manipulating

movie stock and exposure. Movie stocks or different types of photographic

movie, vary in their light sensitivity. Color film stock may produce a wider

range of the spectrum, not only blacks, whites, and shades of gray.

(Bordwell and Thompson, 1990:156-157).

b) Speed of motion

Besides the range of tonalities of movie, there is the variation speed

of motion that gives effect on movie. It can be slow, ordinary, and fast

motion or maybe freeze on frame (Bordwell and Thompson, 1979:160).

This movie uses slow motion every time when something romantic or tragic

happens.

c) Perspective relations

The optical systems of people’s eye, registering light rays reflected

from the scene, supplies as a host of information about scale, depth, and

spatial relations among parts of the scene. (Bordwell and Thompson,

1990:161).

d) Framing

Framing in the movie production is the important term. It can be

powerfully to the image by means of the size and shape of the frame. The

way the frames define on screen and of screen space, the way framing

controls the distance angel, and height of a vantage point into the image, and

the way framing can be mobile in relation to the mise en scene. (Bordwell

and Thompson, 1979:168).

3) Editing

According to Bordwell and Thompson (1997:206) good editing is

joining and just apposing shots creates rhythms and pacing that contribute to

mood. Editing maybe thought of as the coordination of the one shot with the

next. It is needed to distinguish how editing is done in production from how

the moviemaker appears on the screen to viewers. (Bordwell and

Thompson, 1997:207). Editing has close relationship with creating filmic

time, so it is very important process in movie production because shooting

of the movie does not do in a series as written in screenplay (Sumarno,

1996:59).

4) Sound

In the process of movie production the soundtrack is recorded

separately from the images and can be manipulated independently.

(Bordwell and Thompson, 1990:224). Sound is as simply as accompaniment

to the real basis of cinema, the moving images. It gives the audiences the

unuttered description about the thing happens in the movie.

H. Theoretical Application

This research is developed by applying the Individual Psychological theory by

Alfred Adler. The author focussses on analyzing the one character in Peter Howitt’s

movie Ántitrust. By knowing the individual psychology of the character, the author tries

to explore the character of Milo Hoffman as the main character of the movie. The author

thinks that it is important to apply some steps in analyzing the story that is going to

researched. The author also studies the structural elements to find some events,

conflicts, and things that deal with Individual Psychology theory based on

characterization of the major character.

I. Research Method

1. Type of the Study

This research belongs to qualitative method because it does not neet a

statistic analysis to explore the fact. The author also applies individual psychological

approach to analyze the main characters as a means of further research.

2. There are two kinds of data, primary and secondary data

The primary data are taken from the texts of the film Antitrust, is consists of

dialogue, plot, themes, conflicts, and the whole narration, etc, which are relevant to

the object of the study. While the secondary data sources are from some books,

websites, and othe matters that supports this analysis. The source of data in this

study is the script of Antitrust movie.

3. Technique of the Data Collection

The author uses library research in collecting data, which involves the

following steps:

a. Searching script of the film from internet

b. Reading the script repeatedly

c. Mark the point in the script to make easy in analyzing it.

d. Taking notes of important in both primary and secondary data.

e. Classify the data into groups according categories of elements of

literary study.

f. Select them by rejecting the irrelevant source, this doesn’t have

important information to support the topict of the data.

4. Technique of the Data Analysis

The technique used in analyzing the data is descriptive analyisis. It concerns

with the structural element s of the movie and individual psychological approach.

J. Research Paper Organization

This research si divided into five chapters. Chapter I is Introduction, which

consists of background of the study, literary review, problem statement, objective of the

study, research method and research organization. Chapter II in underlying theory

involving the theory of Individual Psychology that will be used to analyze the data.

Chapter III is structural analysis. In this chapter, the author explains the structural

elements and technical elements of the movie. Chapter IV is Psychological Analysis.

Chapter V is conclusion and suggestion.

Bibliography

Bordwell, James and Thompson, Richard. 1990. Film and Screenplays: An

Introduction. New York: McGraw Hill.

Feist, Jess. 1985. Theory of Personality. New York: Holt Renchart and Winston..

Hall, Calvin S and Gardner, Lindzey.1981. Introduction to Theories of Personality.

New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc

------------ .1981. Theory of Personality: Third Edition. New York: John Wiley and

Sons, Inc.

Hjelle, Larry A. and Ziegler. 1992. Personality Theories; Basic Assumption.

Research and Application. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc.

Ryckman, Richard M. 1985. Theories of Personality. Califaornia: Wadsworth,

Belmont California