copy of the digestive apparatus upper.ppt

7/26/2019 Copy of The Digestive Apparatus upper.ppt

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The Upper Digestive

Apparatus

By DENDY


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The Digestive Apparatus(Apparatus Digestorius; Organs Of Digestion)

The apparatus for the digestion of the food consists of the digestive tube and of certain

accessory organs.The Digestive Tube (alimentary canal) is a musculomembranous tube, about 9 metres long,

etending from the mouth to the anus, and lined throughout its entire etent by mucousmembrane! "t has received di#erent names in the various parts of its course$ at itscommencement is the mouth, %here provision is made for the mechanical division of the

food (mastication), and for its admiture %ith a &uid secreted by the salivary glands(insalivation); beyond this are the organs of deglutition, the pharyn and the esophagus,%hich convey the food into the stomach, in %hich it is stored for a time and in %hich alsothe 'rst stages of the digestive process tae place; the stomach is follo%ed by the smallintestine, %hich is divided for purposes of description into three parts, the duodenum,the eunum, and ileum! "n the small intestine the process of digestion is completed andthe resulting products are absorbed into the blood and lacteal vessels! *inally the smallintestine ends in the large intestine, %hich is made up of cecum, colon, rectum, and analcanal, the last terminating on the surface of the body at the anus!

The accessory organs are the teeth, for purposes of mastication; the three pairs of salivaryglands+the parotid, submaillary, and sublingual+the secretion from %hich mies %iththe food in the mouth and converts it into a bolus and acts chemically on one of itsconstituents; the liver and pancreas, t%o large glands in the abdomen, the secretions of%hich, in addition to that of numerous minute glands in the %alls of the alimentary canal,assist in the process of digestion!


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SALURAN PENCERNAAN!R"AN UTA#A$

%$ CA&U# !R'S #ULUT $($ )AR'N"

*$ !ES!P+A"US ,ER!N",!N"AN $-$ "ASTER &ENTR'CULUS LA#/UN" $0$ 'NTEST'NU# #'N!R USUS +ALUS $ 1

DU!DENU#

2E2UNU#'LLEU#

3$ 'NTEST'NU# #A2!R USUS /ESAR $ 1C!ECU#

C!L!N ASCENDENSC!L!N TRANS&ERSU#C!L!N DESCENDENSC!L!N S'"#!'DEU#

4$ RE,TU#5$ ANUS

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,ELEN2AR SALURAN PENCERNAAN!R"AN A,SES!R'S$

2) 3elenar ludah $

4) 3elenar getah lambung

5) 6epar

7) 3elenar panreas

8) 3elenar getah usus


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Anato6y of the ora7 cavity

The oral cavity is bounded by the lips andchees anteriorly and it etends posteriorlyto the palatoglossal and palatopharyngealarches (pillars of the fauces)! The hardpalate forms the roof of the oral cavity andthe &oor of the mouth forms the &oor, thisspace being occupied by the tongue! Theoral cavity also contains the upper and

lo%er alveolar ridges %hich house the teeth!The area bet%een the lips and alveolar ridgeand teeth is termed the vestibu7ar su7cus.


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Lips

The lips contain the orbicularis oris muscle! They arecovered by sin eternally and mucous membraneinternally; %here the eternal surface meets theinternal surface a distinct line may be seen, termedthe ver6i77ion border. The eternal red border of

the lips is termed the ver6i77ion 8one. A sha77o9depression e:tending fro6 the midline of thenose to the centre of the upper lip is called thephiltrum! The naso;7abia7 grooves are sha77o9depressions etending from the corner of the noseto the corner of the lips! :et%een the lo%er lip and

the chin can be found a midline linear depression, the7abio;6enta7 groove. The inner surface of the lip istightly bound to connective tissue! At the midline, theupper and lo%er lips are attached to the alveolarridges by a 7abia7 fraenu6.


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Cheeks

The bul of the chee is made up of the buccinator6usc7e 9hich is attached to the a7veo7ar bonead


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Floor of the mouth

The &oor of the mouth is made up of themylohoyoid, genioglossus, geniohyoid andthe digastric (anterior belly) muscles! The&oor of the mouth is covered by

noneratinised mucosa!The lingual fraenum connects the

undersurface of the tongue to the &oor ofthe mouth! On either side of this fraenumcan be found the submandibular salivaryducts (@harton?s ducts$. The ducts ofthe sub7ingua7 g7ands are numerous andcan be found along the sublingual folds orp7ica sub7ingua7is.


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Tongue

The tongue is a muscular organ! "t plays an importantpart in mastication, taste, cleansing, speech,deglutition, sucling and eploring! The inferiorsurface of the tongue is covered by a thin noneratinised mucosa %hich is continuous %ith the &oor

of the mouth! On either side of the lingual fraenum liethe 'mbriated folds (=frilly> folds) of tissue! The deeplingual vein is also visible! The dorsum of the tongueis divided into the anterior t%o thirds that lie %ithinthe oral cavity and the posterior third that faces thepharyn (*ig! 2!27)! A ?shaped groove termed the

su7cus ter6ina7is separates the anterior part fromthe posterior part! At the ape of the =?> is a small pitcalled the fora6en caecu6. A 6edian 'brousseptum runs from the tip of the tongue, dividing thetongue into t%o halves!


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The anterior t%o thirds of the tongue are covered by

specialised eratinised mucosa! *our types of papillae

can be found on the surface$

@ Circu6va77ate papi77ae1 these vary in nu6berfro6

2B27 and can be found immediately in front of the

sulcus terminalis! They are the mostconspicuouspapillae,

being large, mushroom shaped, 2B4 mm in

diameter and surrounded by a trough! 1ithin these

troughs can be found taste buds and a special group of

serous glands no%n as &on Ebner?s g7ands 9hich

%ash out these troughs!

@ )i7ifor6 papi77ae1 these are very nu6erousconica7

elevations %hich create the rough teture of the

tongue!

@ )ungifor6 papi77ae1 these are 6ushroo6shaped 7ess

numerous and can be seen as visible red dots at the tip

and sides of tongue! They contain taste buds!@ )o7iate papi77ae1 found posterior7y a7ong the

7atera7

borders of the tongue, in parallel folds containing

taste buds!

The posterior third of the tongue consists of lymphoid

tissue covered by noneratinised mucosa %hich has

a nodular appearance!


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Muscles of the tongue

The tongue consists of intrinsic musclesthat alter the shape of the tongue andetrinsic muscles %hich move it to

facilitate eating, s%allo%ing andcommunication and originate fromremote structures and insert into thetongue! A median 'brous septum divides

the tongue into t%o halves, thus all themuscles are paired! The intrinsic musclesare$


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%. Longitudina7 Bbres1 the 7ongitudina7 Bbresare grouped into superior 'bres and inferior'bres! The superior Bbres are found be7o9the 6ucosa of the dorsu6 of the tongue and

run in an anteriorBposterior direction from the tipof the tongue! The inferior Bbres are found atthe base of the tongue; they also run in ananteriorBposterior direction! Action: when theinferior and superior 'bres contract the tongueshortens in length! Contraction of the superior'bres causes the tip of the tongue to curl up%ardsand bac%ards! Contraction of the inferior 'brespulls the tip of the tongue do%n%ards!

(. Transverse Bbres1 these Bbres runhori8onta77y fro6 the 'brous septum to the

borders of the tongue!Action: contraction narro%sand increases the height of the tongue!*. &ertica7 Bbres1 these Bbres run fro6 the

dorsu6 of the tongue to the undersurface of thetongue! Action: contraction &attens and broadensthe tongue!


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The etrinsic muscles of the tongue all have namesending in glossus . Most of the muscles areinnervated by the hypoglossal nerve ("" cranial

nerve)$@ "eniog7ossus1 this is a at triangu7ar 6usc7e

originating

from the superior genial tubercle on the inneraspect of the mandible! "t fans out and the superior'bres insert into the undersurface of the tongue, andthe inferior 'bres insert on to the hyoid bone!Action:the inferior 'bres protrude the tongue %hen theycontract! The superior 'bres retract the tongue! Thetongue is depressed %hen the superior and inferior'bres contract together!

@ +yog7ossus1 this is a thin sheet of 6usc7eoriginatingfrom the hyoid bone and inserting into the side of thetongue!Action: it depresses the dorsum of the

tongue.@ Sty7og7ossus1 this originates fro6 the sty7oid

processand passes do%n%ard and for%ard to insert into theside of the tongue!Action: it draws the tongue

upwardsand bac%ards!@ Pa7atog7ossus1 this originates fro6 the soft

pa7ate andruns do%n the palatoglossal folds to insert into theside of the tongue!Action: it elevates the tongue to

thepalate and depresses the soft palate to%ards the

tongue!


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The salivary glands

Ealivary glands are compound e:ocrineg7ands g7ands that dischargesecretions, usually through a tube or aduct, on to a surface)! They have special

epithelial secretory cells that producesaliva! Ealiva is produced by both maorand minor salivary glands! The maor

glands are the parotid, submandibularand sublingual glands; the minor salivaryglands are found throughout the oralcavity!


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The maor salivary glands are as follo%s$

@ Parotid g7and1 this is the 7argest of the 6a


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The Teeth

The Teeth (dentes) Gan is provided %ith t%o sets ofteeth, %hich mae their appearance at di#erentperiods of life! Those of the 'rst set appear inchildhood, and are called the deciduous or mil teeth!Those of the second set, %hich also appear at an early

period, may continue until old age, and are namedpermanent!The deciduous teeth are t%enty in number$ four incisors,

t%o canines, and four molars, in each a%!The permanent teeth are thirtyt%o in number$ four

incisors, t%o canines, four premolars, and si molars,in each a%!


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bagbag dentis$

corona dentis cervi (collum) radi pulpa dng for!apicis

dentis strutur dentis$

enamil (email)

dentin (dentine) cementum pulpa (dentis)


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The Pharyn:The pharyn is that part of the digestive tube %hich is placed behind the nasal cavities,

mouth, and laryn! "t is a musculomembranous tube, some%hat conical in form, %ith thebase up%ard, and the ape do%n%ard, etending from the under surface of the sull tothe level of the cricoid cartilage in front, and that of the sith cervical vertebra behind!

The cavity of the pharyn is about 24!8 cm! long, and broader in the transverse than in theanteroposterior diameter! "ts greatest breadth is immediately belo% the base of thesull, %here it proects on either side, behind the pharyngeal ostium of the auditory

tube, as the pharyngeal recess (fossa of /osenmHller); its narro%est point is at itstermination in the esophagus! "t is limited, above, by the body of the sphenoid andbasilar part of the occipital bone; belo%, it is continuous %ith the esophagus; posteriorly,it is connected by loose areolar tissue %ith the cervical portion of the vertebral column,and the prevertebral fascia covering the 0ongus colli and 0ongus capitis muscles;anteriorly, it is incomplete, and is attached in succession to the medial pterygoid plate,pterygomandibular raphI, mandible, tongue, hyoid bone, and thyroid and cricoidcartilages; laterally, it is connected to the styloid processes and their muscles, and is in

contact %ith the common and internal carotid arteries, the internal ugular veins, theglossopharyngeal, vagus, and hypoglossal nerves, and the sympathetic truns, andabove %ith small parts of the -terygoidei interni! Eeven cavities communicate %ith it,vi


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Esophagus

The esophagus1 The esophagus isabout % 7ong and is a7so 7ined 9ithnoneratini


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copy of the digestive apparatus upper.ppt

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