copyright 2000-2008 1 innovation – and journals in the digital era roger clarke xamax consultancy...
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Innovation – and Journals in the Digital Era
Roger ClarkeXamax Consultancy Pty Ltd, Canberra
Visiting Professor in Cyberspace Law & Policy, UNSWin eCommerce at Uni Hong Kong, in Computer Science at ANU
http://www.anu.edu.au/people/Roger.Clarke/........II/OAR08.html, OAR08.ppt
Open Access & Research Conf. – Brisbane26 September 2008
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Invention
The conception of a new idea
The expression of a new idea in an apparatus or method
Innovation
The application of knowledge, in orderto manufacture and deploy a new kind of artefact
The articulation of an invention
The adoption of a new product or process
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Codified Knowledgeexpressed and recorded, in a more or less formal language (text,
formulae, blueprints, procedure descriptions)
disembodied from individuals
communicable information
Tacit Knowledgeinformal and intangible
exists only in the mind of a particular person
‘knowing that’ cf. ‘knowing how to’
not readily communicated to others
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Codified KnowledgeAn omelette recipe
A combination of structured and unstructured text
Tacit KnowledgeThe expertise to interpret the recipe
to apply known techniques and tools to the activity,to recognise omissions and exceptions,to deliver a superb omelette every time,
to sense which variants will work and which won't,and to deliver with style
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Info Flows Within the Innovative Organisation
ArticulationTacitKnowledge
CodifiedKnowledgere Artefact
and Process
ArtefactCodifiedKnowledgere Artefact and Its Use
Manufacturingand
DocumentationProcesses
The Innovative OrganisationArtefactsCodifiedKnowledgere Artefacts
and Their Use
‘PriorArt’
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The Roles of Journal Articles in Innovation
ArticulationTacitKnowledge
CodifiedKnowledgere Artefact
and Process
ArtefactCodifiedKnowledgere Artefact and Its Use
Manufacturingand
DocumentationProcesses
The Innovative OrganisationArtefactsCodifiedKnowledgere Artefacts
and Their Use
‘PriorArt’
TheoreticalPapers
Empirical Papersand Underlying Data
PrototypesExperimentalApplications
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The Future of Journals in the Digital Era
Agenda
• The Functions of Refereed Journals• Articles in the Digital Era• Journals in the Digital Era• Publisher-Categories• Publisher-Categories' Cost-Profiles• Business Models in the Digital Era
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Refereed JournalsThe Core Functions
• Quality Assurance / Accreditation
• Publication Channel
• Discovery Mechanism
• Archival MechanismClarke R. & Kingsley D. (2008)'e-Publishing's Impacts on Journals and Journal Articles'Journal of Internet Commerce 7,1 (March 2008) 120-151http://www.haworthpress.com/store/product.asp?sku=J179
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Refereed JournalsThe Core Functions
Function Emphasis
• Publication Channel Original
• Discovery Mechanism Interim
• Archival Mechanism Interim
• Quality Assurance / AccreditationContemporary
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The Journal inMid-to-Late 20th
CenturyAcademic Life
The Journalas Accreditor
Editor
Reviewers
SCHOLARLY COMMUNITY
ResearcherAuthor
INSTITUTION INSTITUTION
The Journalas Publication
RESEARCH FUNDERS
Working Papers
LIBRARY /ACQUIRER
LIBRARIES / ACQUIRERS
tendingoutwards
Reader
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The Digital Era's Impacts on Articles
• Early exposure of PrePrints• 'Living Articles'• Multi-Repository Publishing• Multiple Discovery Mechanisms• Linked 'grey literature' / supporting data• Interactive Publications (animation, video,
models supporting 'what-if' analysis)
• Open Review'interactive public discussion''electronic letters to the editor'
• Central Submission-Points => "a market for articles"
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The Digital Era's Impacts on Journals
• Process: PrePrint Publication first, Review second, Revision third, Accreditation fourth, Final Publication last
• Granularity (Volume, Issue, Article)• Publication-when-ready
• Distributed Storage of 'Separates' in multiple repositories (own, employer's, discipline's)
• The Virtual Journal as an index-page of links to Separates, each carrying a signed certificate
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The Journal inVery Early 21st
Century Academic Life
The Journalas Accreditor
Editor
Reviewers
SCHOLARLY COMMUNITY
INSTITUTION
LIBRARY AS PORTAL
tendingback inwards
Personal and/or Institutional
Repository/ies(1) PrePrint
(2) PostPrint
ResearcherAuthor
INSTITUTION
Reader
The Journalas Publication
RESEARCH FUNDERS LIBRARIES / ACQUIRERS
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Categories of Journal-Publisher
• Unincorporated MutualAn informal association of a modest number of people with a common interest
• Not-For-Profit AssociationA formally constituted not-for-profit association of individuals, usually within a particular discipline, profession and/or geographical region
• For-Profit PublisherA for-profit corporation, or a profit-oriented business unit of a not-for-profit association
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Journal-Publisher Characteristics
• Formincorporated; business-unit; unincorporated
• Motivationa not-for-profit, associated with a community; an outsourced service provider; an entrepreneur
• Revenue Modelcross-subsidised; self-funding; cross-subsidiser; for-profit
• Scopeone Journal; some Journals; many Journals
• Scalelittle cash flow; small business; substantial business
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A Journal Cost-Profile Model
• Establishment• Operations
• Submission-Related• Article-Related• Issue-Related• Generic
• Infrastructure Maintenance
• Financial AspectsClarke R. (2007)'The Cost-Profiles of Alternative Approaches to Journal-Publishing'First Monday 12, 12 (December 2007)
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Cost-Elements within Operations
Submission-Related• Receipt,
Acknowledgement & Management
• Assessment ProcessConduct & Management
Issue-Related• Editorial• Production-Editing• Production• Protection• Distribution
Article-Related• Production-Editing• Cataloguing
Generic• Marketing• Customer Relationship
Management• Archive Management• Indexing• Governance
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The Primary Factors That Affect Costs
? Submission-Load – Count, Communications Intensity• Articles Accepted and Published
• Size, ‘Special Features’• Issues Published
• Size, i.e. article-count, ‘page-count’, special features
• Frequency• Competitive Virility
• Extent of the Brand Image Investment• Emphasis on Market-Penetration, Revenue
Maximisation, Content-Protection and other measures to control leakage of revenue
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‘The Answers’• Unincorporated Mutual
• Subscription-Based Print• Gratis eJournal
• Association• One Print Journal• One eJournal• Five Journals – P or E
• For-Profit Publisher• Subscription-Based Print• Subscription-Based eJnl• Open Access Print / eJnl
• $20,000 pa – $1,000 per art.• Fully-Sponsored, hence ‘Nil’
• $112,000 pa – $3,750 per art.• $22,000 pa – $730 per art.• $3,750 per art. or $730 per
art.
• $137,000 pa – $4,600 per art.• $112,000 pa – $3,700 per art.• $4,200 per art. or $3,400 per
art.
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What Value-Add by For-Profits?
• Pre-production, production, distribution,and their management, are no longer difficult
• There isn’t just one ‘one-stop shop’; there are many• The Web enables aggregation with ease• The Web enables discovery with ease• The Web enables auto-hotlinking generally,
not just across a single publisher’s holdings
• Exploitation of market power (entry barriers, switching costs, control of backlists, bundling) is not value-add
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Is the Higher Price Worth Paying?
• For-Profit Publishers’ higher cost-profiles arise from these additional functions:
• Marketing• Brand Management• Customer Relationship Management• Content-Protection• Profit-Making
• These do not benefit authors • Nor communities (unless profit is made by
Associations, or at least shared with them)
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Digital Era Business Models
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A Confounding FactorEconomic Rationalism in the Tertiary
Sector• Much-Reduced Government Funding• Governance from Collegiality to Managerialism• Objectives and Strategies from knowledge
advancement through research, instruction and supervision to Profit, and henceto revenue, cost, and market-share
• Competitive Exploitation is favoured, and hence Collaborative Research is threatened
• Increased Tensions are inevitable between Universities and Scholarly Communities
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Innovation – and Journals in the Digital Era
CONCLUSIONS• Journals have an Important Role in Innovation,
but:• Openness is Vital (libre / 'free as in speech')• Absence of a Cost-Barrier is Vital
(not necessarily gratis / 'free as in beer',but no monopoly-enabled super-profits)
• Cost-Profiles are now much lower• DIY ePublishing can be sophisticated• Proprietised Journals have been undermined• A Transition Period is in train, and
monopolies are being savagely defended