copyright © 2002 prosofttraining. all rights reserved. advanced tcp/ip concepts and practices
TRANSCRIPT
Copyright © 2002 ProsoftTraining. All rights reserved.
Advanced TCP/IPConcepts and Practices
Copyright © 2002 ProsoftTraining. All rights reserved.
Lesson 1:Routing
Objectives
• Explain the difference between direct and indirect routing
• Describe the routing process and explain the function of routing information tables
• Compare static routing with dynamic routing, and manually configure a static routing table
• Explain the difference between interior and exterior routing protocols, and identify routing protocols within each category
Objectives (cont’d)
• Compare and contrast RIP with OSPF, and describe the advantages and disadvantages of each
• Identify the EGP and the BGPv4• Describe distance-vector, link-state and path-
vector protocols• Describe CIDR
Introduction to Routing
• Direct routing• Indirect routing
– The traceroute command
Routing Process
• Routing involves two key elements– The sending host must know which router
to use for a given destination; the router is determined by the default gateway
– The router must know where to send the packet; the destination is determined by the router’s routing information table
Routing Information Table
Router1 Router2 Router3
Network Z
Network Y
Network X
Router2Routing Information Table
Network Router HopsX Router1 2Y Router2 1Z Router3 2
Static vs. Dynamic Routing
• The route command• The ping command
Routing and Packets
• The network, transport, session, presentation and application layers remain unchanged during the routing process
Routing Protocols
• Interior versus exterior protocols– Interior routing protocols include RIP and
OSPF– Exterior routing protocols include EGP and
BGP
Routing Information Protocol
• RIPv1 header• RIPv1 versus RIPv2• How RIP works• Disadvantages of RIP
RIP Count-to-Infinity Disadvantage
Router1 Router2 Router3
Network X
Open Shortest Path First
• Interior gateway routing protocol that uses IP directly
• Overcomes many RIP shortcomings• Contains:
– Various types of service routing– Load balancing– Network areas– Authenticated exchanges– Routing table updates
Exterior Gateway Protocol
• Used to communicate reachability information between autonomous systems
• Has been largely replaced by BGP
Border Gateway Protocol
• Used between the NSFnet backbone and some regional networks
• Exchanges network reachability information with other BGP subsystems
Classless Interdomain Routing
• Minimizes the number of routing table entries• Summarizes multiple IP addresses into single
entry
Summary
Explain the difference between direct and indirect routing
Describe the routing process and explain the function of routing information tables
Compare static routing with dynamic routing, and manually configure a static routing table
Explain the difference between interior and exterior routing protocols, and identify routing protocols within each category
Summary (cont’d)
Compare and contrast RIP with OSPF, and describe the advantages and disadvantages of each
Identify the EGP and the BGPv4 Describe distance-vector, link-state and path-
vector protocols Describe CIDR
Copyright © 2002 ProsoftTraining. All rights reserved.
Lesson 2:TCP/IP Troubleshooting Tools—Files,
Protocols and Commands
Objectives
• Describe useful network files• Compare TCP/IP implementations on various
operating systems• Describe ICMP concepts and message types• Identify general network troubleshooting
commands• Identify name and address troubleshooting
commands
Useful Network Files
• protocols (UNIX) and protocol (2000)• services• xinetd.conf (UNIX only)
Internet Control Message Protocol
• Source-quench error messages• Echo-request and echo-reply query messages• ICMP message types
Troubleshooting General Network Problems
• Commands– ping– traceroute or tracert– netstat
Troubleshooting Name and Address Problems
• Commands– ifconfig (Linux)– ipconfig (Windows 2000)– arp– nslookup– hostname
Summary
Describe useful network files Compare TCP/IP implementations on various
operating systems Describe ICMP concepts and message types Identify general network troubleshooting
commands Identify name and address troubleshooting
commands
Copyright © 2002 ProsoftTraining. All rights reserved.
Lesson 3:Troubleshooting TCP/IP Networks
Objectives
• Determine factors that can affect the performance of TCP/IP or intranet applications
• Identify potential areas for bottlenecks and traffic congestion
• Establish a baseline with which to compare future network activity
• Monitor network traffic and congestion
Objectives (cont’d)
• Test performance and transfer time• Identify and isolate duplicate address
problems• Determine specific TCP/IP components that
cause failures• Recommend corrective actions for TCP/IP
failures• Use TCP/IP tools to determine problems
Performance Factors
• Baseline– A recording of network activity obtained
through documentation and monitoring– Serves as an example for comparing future
network activity
Identifying Performance Degradation
• System• Network• Client/server application• Establishing guidelines
System Environment
• System hardware– Processor– Memory– Network interface– Disk
• Operating system
Network Environment
• Performance factors– Protocol stack– Routing architecture
• Routing protocol• Routing configuration• Routing hops
– Duplicate IP addresses
Client/Server Applications
• Application architecture in terms of systems and networks
• Application architecture in terms of modules (screens, routines)
• Version control• Testing
Summary
Determine factors that can affect the performance of TCP/IP or intranet applications
Identify potential areas for bottlenecks and traffic congestion
Establish a baseline with which to compare future network activity
Monitor network traffic and congestion
Summary (cont’d)
Test performance and transfer time Identify and isolate duplicate address
problems Determine specific TCP/IP components that
cause failures Recommend corrective actions for TCP/IP
failures Use TCP/IP tools to determine problems
Copyright © 2002 ProsoftTraining. All rights reserved.
Lesson 4:Network
Management Fundamentals
Objectives
• Explain the importance of network management
• Identify effective management strategy components
• Explain the OSI Network Management Functional Areas model
• Describe OSI network management model elements
• Define the network management architecture types
Network Management
• The ideal network management protocol– Proprietary solutions– Open solutions
Management Functional Areas (MFAs)
Network Management Model
• Managed nodes• Agents
– Traversals and traps– Polling– Proxy agents– Gateway agents
• Information base• NMS
Information Baseon a Managed Node
Network Management Architecture
• Centralized architecture• Distributed architecture• Hierarchical architecture
Centralized Management Architecture Model
NMS
Agent Agent Agent Agent
Summary
Explain the importance of network management
Identify effective management strategy components
Explain the OSI Network Management Functional Areas model
Describe OSI network management model elements
Define the network management architecture types
Copyright © 2002 ProsoftTraining. All rights reserved.
Lesson 5:SNMP History,
Process and Architecture
Objectives
• Discuss the history of SNMP• Explain the purpose of the SMI, the MIB tree,
an OID, the ASN.1 and the BER• Summarize the SNMP process• Describe the SNMP architecture• Identify key SNMP communication methods• Install an industry-standard NMS• Install an SNMP agent
Popularity of SNMP
• Simplicity• Wide industry support• Wise use of resources• Standardization and stability• Centralized administration• Portability
History of SNMP
• Chronology• SNMPv1• SNMPv2• SNMPv3• SNMP extensions
The Structure of Management Information
• The object identifier• Naming an object: OIDs and the MIB tree• Creating an MIB: Syntax and encoding
The SNMP Process
• Querying MIB variables• NMS-to-agent PDUs• Agent-to-NMS PDUs• Instance identification• Network discovery• The network map• The NMS management database• Security and the NMS application
SNMP Architecture
• The SNMP message• SNMP and TCP/IP• UDP ports and communication
Common NMS Applications
• Ipswitch Ping Pro• Ipswitch WhatsUp Gold• Scotty• HP OpenView• NetScout• IBM AIX NetView/6000• SunNet Manager product architecture
Agents and Windows 2000 Server
• Configuring an SNMP agent in Windows 2000 Server– Agent tab– Traps tab– Security tab
• SNMP agents and Windows 95/98/Me
SNMP Agents and UNIX
• Configuring a UCD SNMP agent– Default community name– Access– Queries
Agents andInternetworking
• Routers and SNMP support• Smart hubs• Managed hubs• RMON and RMON2 specifications
Summary
Discuss the history of SNMP Explain the purpose of the SMI, the MIB tree,
an OID, the ASN.1 and the BER Summarize the SNMP process Describe the SNMP architecture Identify key SNMP communication methods Install an industry-standard NMS Install an SNMP agent
Copyright © 2002 ProsoftTraining. All rights reserved.
Lesson 6:The Management Information Base
Objectives
• Describe the MIB tree in detail• Describe the purpose of an OID, and describe
OIDs• Describe specific MIB groups• Define MIB terminology• Explain the MIB query process• Access SNMP information
The MIB Tree
• The ISO branch• The Internet node and its children
MIB Terminology
• MIB-I• MIB-II
MIB Groups
• Groups residing off the enterprises group– Vendor sub-groups
• Groups residing off the management group– System group; interfaces group; address
translation group; IP group; ICMP group; TCP group; UDP group; EGP group; CMOT group; transmission group; SNMP group
Accessing MIB Variables
• Accessing simple variables• Accessing array variables
Summary
Describe the MIB tree in detail Describe the purpose of an OID, and describe
OIDs Describe specific MIB groups Define MIB terminology Explain the MIB query process Access SNMP information
Copyright © 2002 ProsoftTraining. All rights reserved.
Lesson 7:SNMP in
the Enterprise
Objectives
• Identify the five SNMPv1 message formats• Describe the construction of a PDU• Explain the structure of SNMPv1 PDUs• List the common SNMPv1 error messages• Discuss SNMPv1 and security• Implement SNMP on a network• Describe RMON and identify its goals
SNMPv1 Message Format
• GetRequest• GetNextRequest• GetResponse• SetRequest• Trap• SNMPv1 error messages
SNMPv1 Drawbacks
• Security– Trivial authentication: the community name– Lack of encryption– Practical concerns
• Limited communication paths• No multiprotocol support• SNMPv2 and SNMPv3• Defining RMON
Remote NetworkMonitoring MIB (RMON)
• What is RMON?• Defining RMON• RMON goals
Summary
Identify the five SNMPv1 message formats Describe the construction of a PDU Explain the structure of SNMPv1 PDUs List the common SNMPv1 error messages Discuss SNMPv1 and security Implement SNMP on a network Describe RMON and identify its goals
Copyright © 2002 ProsoftTraining. All rights reserved.
Lesson 8:IPv6—Introduction
and IPv4 Comparison
Objectives
• Describe the need for IPv6• Explain the IPv6 history• Compare and contrast the IPv4 and IPv6
headers• Identify removed, revised and new header
fields in IPv6• Capture IPv4 packets for comparison with
IPv6
The Need for IPv6
• Methodology for determining required number of IP addresses
History of IPv6
• Candidates– TUBA– CATNIP– SIPP
• The decision
IPv4 vs. IPv6: Key Differences
• IPv4 header– 20 bytes in length– Ten fields of information and a source and
destination address– Ten fields account for 12 bytes
• IPv6 header– 40 bytes in length– Six fields of information and a source and
destination address– Six fields account for eight bytes
IPv4 Removed Fields
• Fixed format for IP headers• No header checksum• No hop-by-hop segmentation• No Type of Service field
IPv4 Revised Fields
• Datagram Length field Payload Length field• Protocol field Next Header field• Time To Live field Hop Limit field
IPv6 New Fields
• Flow Label field• Class field
Summary
Describe the need for IPv6 Explain the IPv6 history Compare and contrast the IPv4 and IPv6
headers Identify removed, revised and new header
fields in IPv6 Capture IPv4 packets for comparison with
IPv6
Copyright © 2002 ProsoftTraining. All rights reserved.
Lesson 9:IPv6 Header and
Extension Headers
Objectives
• Define each IPv6 header field and its function• Identify IPv6 extension header types• Describe Hop-by-Hop, Destination Options,
Routing, and Fragment extension headers• Explain how IPv6 extension header types
affect routing performance
Objectives (cont’d)
• Identify IPv6 extension header order and explain its significance
• Download and install Windows 2000 IPv6 stack
• Install IPv6 parsers for Windows 2000 Network Monitor
• Capture IPv6 packets and analyze them• Compare and contrast IPv4 packets with IPv6
packets
IPv6 Header in Detail
• Version• Class• Flow Label• Payload Length
• Next Header• Hop Limit• Source Address• Destination Address
IPv6 Extension Headers
• Hop-by-Hop extension header• Destination Options extension header• Routing extension header• Fragment extension header
IPv6 Extension Header Order
1. IPv62. Hop-by-Hop3. Destination Options4. Routing5. Fragment6. Authentication7. Encapsulating Security Payload8. Destination Options9. Upper-layer
Windows 2000 and IPv6
• IPv6 utilities– ipv6– ping6– tracert6– ttcp
Linuxand IPv6
• Linux 2.2.14-5.0 (Red Hat Linux 6.2) kernel allows users to reconfigure the kernel to support IPv6
Summary
Define each IPv6 header field and its function Identify IPv6 extension header types Describe Hop-by-Hop, Destination Options,
Routing, and Fragment extension headers Explain how IPv6 extension header types
affect routing performance
Summary (cont’d)
Identify IPv6 extension header order and explain its significance
Download and install Windows 2000 IPv6 stack
Install IPv6 parsers for Windows 2000 Network Monitor
Capture IPv6 packets and analyze them Compare and contrast IPv4 packets with IPv6
packets
Copyright © 2002 ProsoftTraining. All rights reserved.
Lesson 10:IPv6 Address Architecture
Objectives
• Compare and contrast IPv4 addresses with IPv6 addresses
• Describe IPv6 address architecture• Convert IPv6 addresses between hexadecimal,
decimal and binary values• Abbreviate and expand IPv6 addresses• Identify address types in IPv6: unicast,
multicast and anycast
Objectives (cont’d)
• Define the Aggregatable Global Unicast address format
• Explain address hierarchy• Create IEEE EUI-64 addresses from IEEE 802
addresses• Define the IPv6 multicast address format• Explain five special-case IPv6 unicast
addresses• Discuss address renumbering advantages and
disadvantages
IPv4 vs. IPv6 Addresses
• Length• Notation• Number system
Hexadecimal Values
Hexadecimal Value Decimal Equivalent
A 10
B 11
C 12
D 13
E 14
F 15
IPv6 Address Abbreviation
• Double-colon convention• Expanding IPv6 addresses
Address Types
• Unicast• Multicast• Anycast
IPv6 Address Assignments
Address Prefix Definition
0000 0000 Reserved
0000 001 Reserved for NSAP
0000 010 Reserved for IPX
001 Aggregatable Global Unicast addresses
100 Reserved for Geographic-based Unicast addresses
1111 1110 10 Link-local addresses
1111 1110 11 Site-local addresses
1111 1111 Multicast addresses
Aggregatable GlobalUnicast Addresses
• Top-Level Aggregator (TLA)• Next-Level Aggregator (NLA)• Site-Level Aggregator (SLA)• Host address
Special Unicast Addresses
• IPv4-based• Loopback• Unspecified• Site local
Multicast Addresses
• Flags• Scope• Group identifier
Fixed Length vs. Variable Length
• Variable-length addresses increase IPv6 growth flexibility, but make it difficult to renumber networks in the provider-based Internet
Summary
Compare and contrast IPv4 addresses with IPv6 addresses
Describe IPv6 address architecture Convert IPv6 addresses between hexadecimal,
decimal and binary values Abbreviate and expand IPv6 addresses Identify address types in IPv6: unicast,
multicast and anycast
Summary (cont’d)
Define the Aggregatable Global Unicast address format
Explain address hierarchy Create IEEE EUI-64 addresses from IEEE 802
addresses Define the IPv6 multicast address format Explain five special-case IPv6 unicast
addresses Discuss address renumbering advantages and
disadvantages
Copyright © 2002 ProsoftTraining. All rights reserved.
Lesson 11:IPv6 Routing and Security
Objectives
• Explain why CIDR will be replaced by the TLA in the IPv6 address
• Describe the aggregatable routing hierarchy concept
• Describe IPv6 multicast routing• Explain why the IPv6 proposed standard
recommends using IDRP instead of BGPv4• Explain why the IPv6 proposed standard
recommends using OSPF instead of RIP
Objectives (cont’d)
• Specify IPv6 security features• Compare Internet-layer security to application-
layer security• Discuss the functions of the Authentication
and ESP extension headers• Identify Authentication extension header fields• Identify ESP extension header fields
IPv6 Routing
• CIDR to aggregate network routes
Aggregatable Routing Hierarchy
• Ensures routing tables are smaller because SLA routers can use NLA routers as default routes, and NLA routers can use TLA routers as default routes
Multicast Routing
• ICMPv6 group management header includes the following fields:– Type– Code– Checksum– Maximum Response Delay– Unused– Multicast Address
IPv6 Routing Protocols
• BGPv4 to IDRP• Updating interior routing protocols to work
with IPv6– OSPF– RIP
IPv6 Security
• Authentication– Authentication extension header
• Confidentiality– Typical ESP extension header– Cipher Block Chaining mode of the Data
Encryption Standard (DES-CBC)
Summary
Explain why CIDR will be replaced by the TLA in the IPv6 address
Describe the aggregatable routing hierarchy concept
Describe IPv6 multicast routing Explain why the IPv6 proposed standard
recommends using IDRP instead of BGPv4 Explain why the IPv6 proposed standard
recommends using OSPF instead of RIP
Summary (cont’d)
Specify IPv6 security features Compare Internet-layer security to application-
layer security Discuss the functions of the Authentication
and ESP extension headers Identify Authentication extension header fields Identify ESP extension header fields
Copyright © 2002 ProsoftTraining. All rights reserved.
Lesson 12:Reduced Network
Management with IPv6
Objectives
• Identify IPv6 elements that reduce network management overhead
• Describe ND and its functions• Compare and contrast ICMPv6 with ICMPv4• Identify removed, revised and new ICMPv6
message types• Define IPv6 plug and play
Objectives (cont’d)
• Describe Router Solicitation and Router Advertisement ICMPv6 messages, and explain how they function with stateless autoconfiguration
• Identify ICMPv6 message headers• Explain address resolution using ND• Compare ND with ARP
Neighbor Discovery Protocol
• Allows hosts to find routers• Enables nodes to determine one another’s link
layer addresses• Enables nodes to discover the existence of
other nodes• Enables nodes to maintain reachability
information• Provides nodes with path status to active
neighbors
Internet Control Message Protocol Version 6
• ICMPv6 header• ICMPv6 messages
Plug-and-PlayAutoconfiguration
• Stateless autoconfiguration• Stateful configuration
Address Resolution
• Neighbor Solicitation message header• Neighbor Advertisement message header
Summary
Identify IPv6 elements that reduce network management overhead
Describe ND and its functions Compare and contrast ICMPv6 with ICMPv4 Identify removed, revised and new ICMPv6
message types Define IPv6 plug and play
Summary (cont’d)
Describe Router Solicitation and Router Advertisement ICMPv6 messages, and explain how they function with stateless autoconfiguration
Identify ICMPv6 message headers Explain address resolution using ND Compare ND with ARP
Copyright © 2002 ProsoftTraining. All rights reserved.
Lesson 13:Transitioning to IPv6
Objectives
• Describe the SIT mechanisms• Explain the issues involved in IPv4-to-IPv6
migration, including addressing and DNS• Discuss the dual IP stack strategy and how it
will be supported• Explain the purpose of the 6Bone• Define tunneling and relate it to the 6Bone• Explain how to join the 6Bone
Simple InternetTransition Mechanisms
• SIT features• SIT mechanisms
Dual IP Stacks
• Dual IP stack support• IPv6 name service
IPv4 Address Compatibility
• IPv6 address can embed in IPv4 addresses using a combination of:– Dotted decimal formats– Double colon formats
IPv6-in-IPv4 Tunneling:The 6Bone
• Tunneling process• Connecting to the 6Bone• Connecting to isolated hosts
Summary
Describe the SIT mechanisms Explain the issues involved in IPv4-to-IPv6
migration, including addressing and DNS Discuss the dual IP stack strategy and how it
will be supported Explain the purpose of the 6Bone Define tunneling and relate it to the 6Bone Explain how to join the 6Bone
Advanced TCP/IP Concepts and Practices
Routing TCP/IP Troubleshooting Tools—Files,
Protocols and Commands Troubleshooting TCP/IP Networks Network Management Fundamentals SNMP History, Process and Architecture The Management Information Base (MIB) SNMP in the Enterprise
Advanced TCP/IP Concepts and Practices
IPv6—Introduction and IPv4 Comparison IPv6 Address Architecture IPv6 Header and Extension Headers IPv6 Address Architecture IPv6 Routing and Security Reduced Network Management with IPv6 Transitioning to IPv6