copyright © 2005 pearson education, inc. publishing as benjamin cummings polar nature of water...
TRANSCRIPT
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Polar Nature of Water
• Water is a _____________Molecule.
• Water molecules are attracted to each other by _____________ bonds
A. PolarB. Hydrogen
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The 4 Properties of Water are?
• Cohesion
• High Specific Heat
• Ice Floats
• Universal Solvent
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Cohesion
• The process of ___________ in plants occurs due to cohesion.
• Another behavior of water caused by is cohesion is____________________
A. TranspirationB. Surface tension
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Ice Floats/ Universal Solvent
• Water is ____________ in the solid form than in the liquid form.
• Polar regions of water molecule interact with ________compounds.
A. Less denseB. Ionic compounds
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Water: Solvent of Life
• A. Hydophilic
• B. Hydrophobic
The word for water loving is ________________The word for water hating is _______________
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Solute Concentration
• The sum of the masses of all the atoms in a molecule is called the? (Molecular Mass)
• Avogadro's Number is? (6.02 x 10-23)
• Molecular mass x Avogadro’s # is the ? (Molar Mass)
• The number of moles of solute per litter of solution is? (Molarity)
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What is pH?
An acids will _________ H+ concentrationBases __________ H+ concentration
A.IncreaseB.Decrease
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• What is the effect of a Buffer?
– To Minimize changes in pH
• Carbon forms how many covalent bonds? (4)
• Molecules with the same molecular formula but different structures and properties are called? (Isomers)
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• Monomers come together to build __________
• The reactions that bring them together are called _____________reactions
• The reaction to break them down is called____________
A. PolymersB. DehydrationC. Hydrolysis
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• The four major macromolecules are?
– Carbohydrates
– Proteins
– Lipids
– Nucleic acids
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Sugars
• A monomer of sugar is called a? (Monosaccharides)
• Two sugar molecules combined together is called a? (Disaccharide)
• Many sugar molecules combined together is called a ? (Polysaccharide)
• Sugars are joined together via a bond called a? (glycosydic bond)
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• The polysaccharide used for storage in humans is called ? (glycogen)
• The polysaccharide used for storage in plants is called? (Starch)
• The polysaccharide used for structure iin plants is called? (cellulose)
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Fats
• Fats consist of a three carbon molecule called__________ and ____________ Chains
• Fatty acid chains that have the maximum number of hydrogens per carbon are said to be ____________
• Fatty acid chains with carbon double bonds are said to be______________
• A. glycerol, fatty acid
• B. Saturated
• C. Unsaturated
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Phospholipids
• Phospholipds have a _____________ that includes a phosphate group. Two fatty acid chains make up the _________________.
• When phospholidis come together they can spontaneously form a _________________.
• Another lipid frequently found in lipid bilayers is _________________.
a. Hydrophylic head, hydrophobic tailsb. Lipid bilayerc. Cholesterol
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Polypeptides
• ___________ come together to form proteins.
• The bond they form is called a ____________________
• Each amino acid has a unique _______________
A. Amino acidsB. Peptide bondC. Functional group
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Name and describe the 4 levels of protein Structure
• Primary structure: Amino acid sequence
• Secondary structure : Beta sheets and alpha helixes
• Tertiary structure: three dimensional folding of protein
• Quaternary structure: Coming together of multiple subunits
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• When a Protein unravels and loses its native conformation it is called? (Denaturation )
• The class of proteins that help proteins assume their proper 3-dimentional structure are called? (chaperonins)
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The Roles of Nucleic Acids
• DNA and RNA are examples of? (nucleic acids)
• Nucleic acids are formed by the joining of many ? (nucleotides)
• Nucleotides consist of three components they are? (A phosphate group, a pentose sugar or ribose, and a nitrogenous base)
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• Two strands of DNA are held together by? (Hydrogen bonding)
• The 5 nitrogenous bases used to form nucleic acids are? (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, uracil)
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Cells
• What are the two microscopic techniques used to study cells?
– Light microscopy, electron microscopy
• What are the two different kinds of electron microscopy?
– Scanning EM, transmission EM
• Which of these techniques has the highest resolution?
– TEM
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RER’s Forgotten Step Brothers SER and Golgi
• In eukaryotic cells what is the site lipid hormone production?
– Smooth ER
• What is the site of post-translational glycosylation in eukaryotic cells?
– Golgi
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The Cytoskeleton
• The three types of cytoskeletal elements are?– Microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate
filaments
• Microtubules consist of monomers of ?– Tubulin
• Microfilaments consist of monomers of ?– Actin
• MTOC stands for?– Microtubule organizing center.
• The spindle fibers used in mitosis consist of?– Microtubules
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Extracellular Matrix
• The extracellular matrix consist of many Glycoproteins, the most well known of which is?
– Collagen
• The space filling gel in the ECM is made up of?
– Proteoglycans
• Proteins that span the plasma membrane and interact with both the ECM and the cytoskeleton are important for?
– Signaling
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Cell Junctions
• The three types of cellular junctions found in animal cells include?– Tight Junctions, Desmosomes, Gap Junctions
• The type of junction found in the sieve plate of plant cells is called?– Plamodesmata
• The type of cell junction found between the epithelial cells of the small intestine are?– Tight junctions
• The type of junction that can spread an electrical signal between heart cells is called?– Gap Junctions
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• The name of the current model used to describe cellular membranes is?– The fluid mosaics model
• Phospholipids are said to have an ___________nature because they contain both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions– Amphipathic
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Plasma Membrane• The critical feature of membranes that allows
some substances cross more easily than others is called?– Selective Permeability
• What kinds of molecules can pass the membrane freely? Give example.
– Small non-polar objects O2, CO2
• True or false? Because anions such as chloride are single atoms they pass the membrane freely– False
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Membranes are a Fluid Mosaic
• The bacteria that live in a hot spring would want to have more unsaturated fatty acids saturated fatty acids in their membranes? – unsaturated fatty acids
• Would these same bacteria have cholesterol in their membrane? – Yes. Cholesterol reduces fluidity at high
temperatures but prevents packing at low temps
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Major Functions of Membrane Proteins
1. Transport2. Cell-cell recognition3. Enzymatic activity4. Signal transduction5. Intercellular Joining6. Attachment to ECM and cytoskeleton
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Transport Proteins• The two primary types of transport are
– Active and passive
• The two types of passive transport proteins are– Channel proteins and carrier proteins
• These two types of transporters act on the via the mechanism of ?– Facilitated diffusion
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• When molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration it is called?
– Diffusion
• In active transport molecules move against their _______________ and this requires the expenditure of __________.
– Concentration gradient, ATP (energy)
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Sodium-potassium pump
•The sodium potassium pump helps to maintain a cells______________? It is said to be an ________________ pump
• membrane potential, electrogenic•It does this by exchanging ______ sodium ions for _____potassium ions.
•3, 2•Both of these ions are moving __________their concentration gradient therefore each cycle of the pump requires the hydrolysis of ___ATP molecule(s)?
•Against, 1
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Bulk Transport of Large Molecules
• When vesicles migrate to the plasma membrane, fuse, and release their contents this is called?
• Exocytosis
• The three primary types of endocytosis are
• Phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor mediated endocytosis
• When responding to a protein hormone a cell would likely use?
• Receptor mediated endocytosis
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• Movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane to an area of higher solute concentration is called?– Osmosis
• The ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water is called?– Tonicity
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• When the concentration of solutes is the same across a membrane the two solutions are said to be __________– Isotonic
• In this circumstance the will be __________ movement of water.– No net
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• Concentration of solutes is greater outside than it is inside the cell the solution is said to be?– Hypertonic
• In this case the cell will __________water– Lose
• Concentration of solutes outside the cell is less than it is inside the cell the solution is said to be?– Hypotonic
• In this case the cell will __________water– gain
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• The 3 most common prokaryotic shapes are?
– spheres (cocci), rods (bacilli), and spirals (spiroketes)
• Bacteria with a large amount of peptidoglycans in their cell wall are said to be?
– Gram positive
• Many prokaryotes have the ability to move toward a stimulus this is called __________. They may use a whip like structure called a ____________ to move.
taxis, flagella
Figure 27.2a–c
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• Name three differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
– Lack organelles, DNA not in nucleus not organized in multiple chromosomes, have a cell wall, have plasmids….
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Nitrogen Metabolism
• Bacteria are crucial to the biosphere because only they can convert atmospheric N2 to ammonia, this is called?
– nitrogen fixation
• Some bacteria get their energy through photosynthesis and are called?
– Autotrophs, photoautotrophs
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• Archae are referred to as extremophiles. The three groups of extremophiles are?
– Thermophiles, halophiles, methanogens
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Symbiotic Relationships
• Three types of symbiotic relationships are?
– Parasytism, mutualism and commensalism
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• The two different systems of transport in vascular plants are?
– Xylem and phloem
• Xylem transports ____________. And Phloem transports __________.
– Water & minerals, sap or sugars
• Phloem travels from the __________to the __________.
– Source, sink
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• Water potential () equals the
– Solute potential + pressure potential
• Water potential determines the?
– Direction of osmosis
• Addition of solutes _____________ water potential
– reduces
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• Many plants have a mutually beneficial relationship (symbiosis) with fungi called?
– Mycorrhizae
• Plants lose water through the process of ________________.
– Transpiration.
• Movement of water up the plant through the xylem occurs due to __________ of water molecules which is based on _____________.
– Cohesion, hydrogen bonding
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• The transpiration rate is controlled by _________.
– Stomata
• Stomata are flanked by_________?
– guard cells
• Swollen guard cells are ________flacid guard cells are ___________?
– Open, closed