copyright © 2005 pearson prentice hall, inc. bi101: general biology spring, 2007 purpose of this...
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Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
BI101: GENERAL BIOLOGY SPRING, 2007
• Purpose of This Course– “BI101 provides the opportunity for nonscience majors
to learn, by participating in lectures and laboratories, the biological concepts and material that the Biology Department faculty deems most critical to any educated individual. In short, if you only take a single Biology course while at Western Oregon University, this is it!!”
(BI101 Syllabus, Spring 2007)
• Topics to be Covered:– Nature of Science Ch1
– Evolution Ch14-17
– Diversity Ch18-23– Ecology Ch39-41
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BI101: GENERAL BIOLOGYSPRING, 2007
• Course MechanicsREAD YOUR SYLLABUS!!!!
• Key Points:– Lab & Lecture Lab Attendance (position in LACC)
– Exam Dates & Grading (last term’s grades)
– Final Exam Date & Time• NO ALTERNATIVES Dept Policy Incomplete
• How to Succeed– At least 2 hrs of study for every 1 hr in class (5 hrs in class)
– Be Able to WRITE the Answers to the Study Questions
FROM MEMORY
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What is Science?
• One Process of Knowing– Not the Only Way of Knowing– One Part of Each Individual’s “Metaphysic”
• Based on Three Assumptions– A Universe is Out There– It Operates According to Constant Rules– We Can Discover the Nature of the Universe and Its Rules
• Results in Models of the Universe & Its Rules– NOT the Universe– Analogous to a Map
• Theory = Scientific Model – Best Map Provides Most Accurate Predictions of the Terrain– Best Theories Make the Most Accurate, Dependable and Encompassing
Predictions
• Importance of Probability & Statistics– Best Theory Predicts What Happens Most Often– Exceptions Weaken, but do Not Invalidate, the Theory
• Not Anecdotal
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“The Scientific Method”
• Observation• Hypothesis• Prediction• Experiment
– Variables• Controlled• Independent• Dependent
– Experimental Situation vs Control Situation
• Analysis• Conclusion• Communication
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Biology
• Characteristics of Organisms
• Are Viruses Alive?
• Hierarchy of Organisms
• Classification of Organisms
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Evolution is a Theory (as is gravity)
• Summary of Darwin’s Theory: O1 – exponential population growth
• O2 – resources are limited• OO3 – more born than survive to reproduce • I1 – individuals compete for resources• O4 – there is variability among the individuals in a
population• O5 – some variability is inherited• I2 – some inherited variability will improve an
individual’s chances of surviving to reproduce• I3 – over generations, population will be of
individuals with the favorable variants
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ESSENTIAL FEATURES OF THEORY OF EVOLUTION
• Common Ancestry– (not man descended from apes)
• Descent with Modification
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COMMON MISCONCEPTIONS ABOUT EVOLUTION
• Natural Selection Produces Variation
• Organisms Produce the Needed Traits
• Evolution Produces Increasingly More Perfect Organisms
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Chapter 14 Principles of Evolution
• How Did Evolutionary Thought Evolve?• Early Biological Thought Did Not Include the Concept
of Evolution• Exploration of New Lands: Staggering Diversity of
Life• Fossil Discoveries Showed That Life Had Changed
Over Time– Figure 14.1 The Grand Canyon of the Colorado
River (p. 266) – Figure 14.2 Types of fossils (p. 266) – Figure 14.3 Fossils of extinct organisms (p. 267)
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14.1
• 14.1.1 Early Biological Thought Did Not Include the Concept of Evolution
• 14.1.2 Exploration of New Lands Revealed a Staggering Diversity of Life
• 14.1.3 Fossil Discoveries Showed That Life Had Changed Over Time– Figure 14.1 The Grand Canyon of the Colorado
River (p. 266) – Figure 14.2 Types of fossils (p. 266) – Figure 14.3 Fossils of extinct organisms (p. 267)
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eggs in nest fossilized feces (coprolites)
bones footprints skin impression
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14.1 How Did Evolutionary Thought Evolve?
• 14.1.4 Some Scientists Devised Nonevolutionary Explanations for Fossils
• 14.1.5 A Few Scientists Speculated That Life Had Evolved• 14.1.6 Geology Provided Evidence That Earth Is Exceedingly Old• 14.1.7 Some Pre-Darwin Biologists Proposed Mechanisms for
Evolution• 14.1.8 Darwin and Wallace Proposed a Mechanism of Evolution
– Figure 14.4 Darwin’s finches, residents of the Galapagos Islands (p. 269)
– Figure E14.1 A painting of Charles Darwin as a young man (p. 270)– Figure E14.2 One species of Galapagos island tortoise (p. 271)
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Large ground finch, beaksuited to large seeds
Small ground finch, beaksuited to small seeds
Warbler finch, beaksuited to insects
Vegetarian tree finch, beaksuited to leaves
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14.2 How Does Natural Selection Work?
• Figure 14.5 A flowchart of evolutionary reasoning (p. 272)
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Relatively constant resourcesand population size over time
Potential forrapid reproduction
Competition for survivaland reproduction
Variability instructures and behaviors
NATURAL SELECTION:On the average, the fittest
organisms leave the most offspring
Some variabilityis inherited
EVOLUTION:The genetic makeup of the population
changes over time,driven by natural selection
Observation
Conclusion based on observation
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Relatively constant resourcesand population size over time
Potential forrapid reproduction
Competition for survivaland reproduction
Variability instructures and behaviors
NATURAL SELECTION:On the average, the fittest
organisms leave the most offspring
Some variabilityis inherited
EVOLUTION:The genetic makeup of the population
changes over time,driven by natural selection
Observation
Conclusion based on observation
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14.2 How Does Natural Selection Work?
• 14.2.1 Modern Genetics Confirmed Darwin’s Assumption of Inheritance
• 14.2.2 Natural Selection Modifies Populations Over Time– Figure 14.6 The evolution of the
horse (p. 272)
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35
50
25
5
1
0
Merychippus
Hyracotherium
Mesohippus
Hipparion
AnchitheriumArchaeohippus
Pliohippus
Equus
Paleotheres
graz
ing
mill
ions
of
year
s ag
o
toothforefoot
brow
sing
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14.3 How Do We Know That Evolution Has
Occurred?• 14.3.1 Fossils Provide Evidence of
Evolutionary Change Over Time• 14.3.2 Comparative Anatomy Gives
Evidence of Descent with Modification– 14.3.2.1 Homologous Structures Provide
Evidence of Common Ancestry•Figure 14.7 Homologous structures (p. 274)
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Pterodactyl
Bird
Bat
Dolphin
Seal
Dog
Sheep Shrew
humerus
ulna
metacarpalsphalanges
radiuscarpals
Human
GRASPINGRUNNINGSWIMMINGFLYING
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14.3 How Do We Know That Evolution Has
Occurred?– 14.3.2.2 Functionless Structures Are
Inherited from Ancestors•Figure 14.8 Vestigial structures (p. 275)
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Salamander
Baleen whale
Boa constrictor
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14.3 How Do We Know That Evolution Has
Occurred?– 14.3.2.3 Some Anatomical
Similarities Result from Evolution in Similar Environments•Figure 14.9 Analogous structures (p.
276)
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14.3 How Do We Know That Evolution Has
Occurred?• 14.3.3 Embryological Similarity
Suggests Common Ancestry– Figure 14.10 Embryological stages
reveal evolutionary relationships (p. 276)
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14.3 How Do We Know That Evolution Has
Occurred?• 14.3.4 Modern Biochemical and
Genetic Analyses Reveal Relatedness Among Diverse Organisms
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14.4 What Is the Evidence That Populations Evolve by
Natural Selection?• 14.4.1 Controlled Breeding
Modifies Organisms– Figure 14.11 Dog diversity illustrates
artificial selection (p. 277)
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14.4 What Is the Evidence That Populations Evolve by
Natural Selection?• 14.4.2 Evolution by Natural Selection
Occurs Today– 14.4.2.1 When Fewer Predators Are Present,
Brighter Coloration Can Evolve– 14.4.2.2 Natural Selection Can Lead to Pesticide
Resistance– 14.4.2.3 Experiments Can Demonstrate Natural
Selection– 14.4.2.4 Selection Acts on Random Variation to
Favor the Traits That Work Best in Particular Environments
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14.5 A Postscript by Charles Darwin
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Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.