copyright © 2008 pearson allyn & bacon inc. 1 chapter 7 audition, the body senses, and the...

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.1

Chapter 7

Audition, the Body Senses, and the Chemical Senses

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• Chapter 7 Outline

• Audition

• Vestibular System

• Somatosenses

• Gustation

• Olfaction


• The Stimulus

• Sound is produced by objects that ________and set molecules of air into __________.

• Sound travels approximately 700 miles per hour.

• Humans are sensitive to vibrations between ____and _________________ times per second.

• Vibrations of air are perceived as sounds.


• The Stimulus

• ___________• A perceptual dimension of sound; corresponds to

the _______________________of the stimulus.

• _____________• Cycles per second.

• ________________• A perceptual dimension of sound; corresponds to

the ______________ of the stimulus. (__)

• Timbre• A perceptual dimension of sound; corresponds to

the _____________.


• Anatomy of the Ear

• _______________membrane• The ___________; vibrates when stimulated by sound

waves.

• _____________• The bones of the _____________.• The three ________________ in the body.


• Anatomy of the Ear

• __________• The first of the three ossicles; attached to the

tympanic membrane.

• __________• Located between the malleus and the stapes.

• _______________• The third ossicle; attached to the ______________ of

the cochlea.


• Anatomy of the ear

• _______________• The _________, fluid-filled, bony structure of the

inner ear; contains the basilar membrane and the auditory receptor hair cells.

• ____________window• An opening in the bone of the cochlea that reveals a

membrane against which the baseplate of the stapes presses, transmitting sound vibrations into the fluid within the cochlea.

• _____________window• An opening in the bone of the cochlea that permits

vibrations to be transmitter, via the oval window, into the fluid of the cochlea.



• _______________• The sensory organ on the basilar membrane that

contains the auditory hair cell; considered the receptive organ of the auditory system.

• _________________• The sensory receptive cell of the auditory apparatus.

• Deiter’s cell• A supporting cell found in the organ of Corti; sustains

the auditory hair cells.



• _______________ membrane• A membrane in the cochlea of the inner ear; contains

the organ of Corti.

• ______________ membrane• A membrane located above the basilar membrane;

serves as the shelf against which the cilia of the auditory hair cells move.


• Auditory Hair Cells and the Transduction of Auditory Information

• ___________• A _________ appendage of a cell involved in

movement or transducing sensory information; found on the ____________________________________________________________________________________.

• Tip link• An elastic filament that attaches the tip of one cilium

to the side of the adjacent cilium.

• Insertional plaque• The point of attachment of a tip link to a cilium.• Site of origin of ___________________.


• The Auditory Pathway

• Cochlear nerve• A branch of the ____________cranial nerve; the

branch of the auditory nerve that transmits auditory information from the cochlea to the brain.

• _____________________• One of a group of nuclei in the medulla that receive

auditory information from the cochlea.

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.

• Shearing force (left-right bending of the cilia)

• Opens and closes __________________.

• Hair cells _________________________as the cilia bend back and forth.

• ______________ are receptors.

• Outer hair cells ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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• The Central Auditory System

• ______________________• A group of nuclei in the medulla; involved with

auditory functions, including ____________ of the sound source.

• Lateral lemniscus• A band of fibers running rostrally through the medulla

and pons; carries fibers of the auditory system.

Subthalamic auditory system is very complex. The ______________ processing is largely devoted to sound localization.


• The Central Auditory System

• _______________________• A topographical organized mapping of different

frequencies of sound that are represented in a particular region of the brain.


• Perception of Pitch

• ________________• The system by which information about different

frequencies is coded by different locations on the basilar membrane.

• ____________________• An electrical device surgically implanted in the inner

ear that can enable a deaf person to hear.• The implants simulate place coding and improve

speech perception.


• Rate Coding

• Rate code (________________)• The system by which information about different

frequencies is coded by the rate of firing of neurons in the auditory system.


• Perception of Timbre

• _____________________• The _____________, and usually most intense,

frequency of a complex sound; most often perceived as the sound’s basic __________.

• Overtone• The frequency of complex tones that occurs at

______________ of the fundamental frequency.


• Perception Spatial Location

• Humans can determine the location of a sound because auditory neurons respond selectively to _________________________________________________________________________________________.

• _____________ difference• The difference in arrival times of sound waves at each

of the eardrums.


Elevation specific transfer functions produced by head and pinna geometry.


• Perception of Environmental Sounds

• Transfer functions reveal the elevation of the signal.

• ___________ • Loss or impairment of musical abilities, produced by

hereditary factors or brain damage. Inability to recognize ___________, but the emotional quality of the music may be identified (happy/sad).


Blue = dorsal pathway, location.

Orange = ventral pathway, pattern recognition.


Recognized (sound played forward), unrecognized (sound played backwards).



• __________________• One of a set of two receptor organs in each inner ear that

detects changes in the ____ of the head (orientation).

• ______________• One of the three ring-like structures of the vestibular

apparatus that detect changes in head rotation (angular _______________).

• Match the three ____________ of the head: sagittal, transverse, & horizontal.



• Anatomy of the vestibular apparatus

• Utricle• One of the vestibular sacs

• Saccule• One of the vestibular sacs.



• Anatomy of the vestibular apparatus

• ______________• An enlargement in a semicircular canal; contains the

cupula and crista.

• _______________• A ________________ mass found in the ampulla of the

semicircular canals; moves in response to the flow of the fluid in the canals.



• The receptor cells

• Hair cells• Similar to the hair cells found in the cochlea; method

of transduction is also similar to hair cells of the cochlea.

• Vestibular ganglion• A nodule on the vestibular nerve that contains the

cell bodies of the bipolar neurons that convey vestibular information to the brain.


• Somatosenses

• The stimuli

• The cutaneous senses respond to several different types of stimuli: pressure, vibration, heating, cooling, and events that cause tissue damage (and hence pain).

• Some receptors report changes in _______________ to the brain; providing our sense of ______________.

• Additional receptors provide information about the internal organs such as the linings of muscles and the gastrointestinal system.


• Somatosenses

• Cutaneous sense• One of the somatosenses; includes sensitivity to

stimuli that involve the skin.

• Kinesthesia• Perception of the body’s ___________________.

• Organic sense• A sense modality that arises from receptors

located within the inner organs of the body.


• Somatosenses

• Anatomy of the skin and its receptive organs

• __________________• Skin that does not contain ____; found on the palms

and soles of the feet.

• Ruffini corpuscle• Detects _____________ of the skin, located in hairy

skin.

• Pacinian corpuscles• A specialized, encapsulated somatosensory nerve

ending that detects mechanical stimuli, especially _________________________.


•Somatosenses

• Anatomy of the skin and its receptive organs

• ____________________•The touch-sensitive end organs located in the papillae, small elevations of the dermis that project up into the epidermis. Detect low frequency vibration or ________________.

• ___________________•The touch-sensitive end organs found at the base of the epidermis, adjacent to sweat ducts. Detect ___________________ of the skin.


•Somatosenses

•Perception of cutaneous stimulation

•___________________•Sensations that appear to originate in a limb that has been amputated.


•Somatosenses

• The somatosensory pathways

• Trigeminal nerve (5th cranial nerve) [Head & Face]

• Dorsal columns fine touch

• Medial lemniscus

• Ventral posterior nuclei of the thalamus

• Spinothalamic tract poor localization pain & temperature


• Pain

• Free nerve ending are the ________________.

• Three categories of receptors:• High threshold mechanoreceptors – respond to

intense pressure.• Extreme heat and acids (Nerve endings contain

TRPV1 receptors.• Free nerve fibers responsive to ATP – released

from ______________ muscles, blood vessel blockage, and rapidly growing tumors.

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• Pain Perception

• Three components: (see Figure 7.19)• Sensory – intensity of the pain

• Mediated by ventral posterior thalamic pathway

• Emotional consequence – the level of unpleasantness.

• Mediated by pathways reaching the insular cortex, and cingular cortex. (Reduced by ___________________

• Long-term implications of chronic pain• Mediated by pathways reaching the prefrontal cortex.

Patients with prefrontal damage are _____________ with the implications of chronic pain for healthfullness

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Increased activity produced by a placebo that reduced pain.


• Gustation

• The stimuli

• Gustation is related to eating and is our first chemical sense.

• This sense modality helps us to determine the nature of things we put in our mouths.

• The tongue, palate, pharynx, and larynx contain about 10,000 sensory receptor taste buds.

• There are only _____qualities of taste: ___________________________________________________________________________________.


• Gustation

• The stimuli

• The are only five qualities of taste• Bitterness• Sourness• Sweetness• Saltiness• Umami

• Umami• A Japanese word for “good taste, refers to the

taste of monosodium glutamate (MSG). This receptor detects the presence of glutamate, an amino acid found in ___________.


• Most vertebrates detect all 5 taste qualities

• Cats are unable to detect sweetness, it is usually not a part of their diet. Most omnivores like ripe fruit associated with sweetness..

• Saltiness – sodium chloride, necessary to maintain electrolytes.

• Umami – a protein detector.• Sour – associated with acidity associated with

bacterial activity. Causes an avoidance reaction.• Bitter – associated with poisonous plant alkaloids.

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• Gustation

• Taste buds consist of groups of 20-50 receptors cells.

• The receptor cells have a life span of 10 days. There is a high turn over rate for these receptors.

• The gustatory pathway

• Nucleus of the solitary tract• A nucleus of the medulla that receives information

from visceral organs and from the gustatory system.


• Olfaction

• The stimulus

• Olfaction is the second chemical sense. Used to help us avoid _______________.

• For humans, olfaction is the most enigmatic of the modalities. ___________________.

• The stimulus for odor (known as odorants) consists of volatile substances having a molecular weight in the range of approximately 15 to 300.

• Almost all odorous compounds are ______________ and of organic origin.


• Olfaction

• Anatomy of the olfactory apparatus

• Olfactory epithelium• The epithelial tissue of the nasal sinus that covers

the _____________plate; contains the _____of the olfactory ____________.

• Olfactory bulb• The protrusion at the end of the olfactory tract;

receives information from the olfactory receptors.


• Olfaction

• Anatomy of the olfactory apparatus

• Mitral cell• A neuron located in the olfactory bulb that

receives information from olfactory receptors; axons of mitral cells bring information to the rest of the brain.

• Olfactory glomerulus• A bundle of dendrites of mitral cells and

associated terminal buttons of the axons of olfactory receptors.


• Olfaction

• The sense of __________ is a blend of taste and olfaction, the orbitofrontal cortex receives gustatory and taste projections and this may be where flavor is perceived.

• Humans are thought to possess _____different olfactory receptors, and the pattern of stimulation gives rise to over ________________ odors.

• Odors are not easily put into words.

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